Journal of Electrical Engineering, Energy, and Information Technology (J3EIT)

Vol. 11, No. 3, December 2023, pp. 1~1x

ISSN: 3026-1856, DOI: 10.26418/j3eit.v11i3.68713 158

LoRa and IoT Based Monitoring System for Detecting

Ganoderma Disease Attacks on Oil Palm Plants
Ahmad Dzakiyuddin Muhaimin1, Ferry Hadary2, Iman Suswanto3
1
Undergraduate Program Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
3
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

This research develops a monitoring system based on LoRa and IoT to detect
Received Aug 10, 2023 ganoderma disease attacks on oil palm plants, aiming to detect ganoderma
Revised Sep 15, 2023 disease early. The method used involves the use of MQ-138 and TGS 2611
Accepted Oct 4, 2023 sensors to detect the level of volatile organic compounds gas emitted by palm
trunks affected by ganoderma disease. The research results show that this
system is capable of detecting ganoderma disease with a range of increased
Keywords: values on healthy palm plant samples: 0 - 5 values; moderate oil palm plants:
8 - 22 values; and on sick oil palm plants: 28 - 32 values. The system can also
Ganoderma transmit data up to a range of 757.92 meters with an RSSI value of -105 dBm
Volatile in conditions with minimal obstacles, and send and receive information from
LoRa LoRa devices to Blynk IoT with an average time difference of 0.695 seconds
IoT for LoRa devices and 0.701 seconds for Blynk IoT.
Blynk IoT

This article under the CC BY-SA license

Corresponding Author:
Ahmad Dzakiyuddin Muhaimin
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
West Kalimantan can produce 5,742,925 tons of palm plantation yields with a planting area of 2,109,890
hectares. However, despite these abundant plantation yields, the productivity of palm plantations in West
Kalimantan is still below average, i.e., 3,282 Kg/Ha compared to the national average of 3,339 Kg/Ha [1].
Disease is one of the factors affecting oil palm productivity. Even with good soil nutrient factors, crop
productivity will still decrease if it is infected with diseases.
The type of disease that often and most damages oil palm plants is stem rot disease (Ganoderma) caused
by the fungus Ganoderma boninense [2]. The mortality rate of plants due to ganoderma disease, which reaches
80%, causes a significant decrease in oil palm productivity by up to 50% per hectare area, with potential losses
estimated to exceed USD 250 million [3].
Control of plant diseases is carried out by spraying pesticides, but excessive use of pesticides apart from
causing financial losses also has a bad impact on the environment in the form of a buildup of chemical residues
which can have a bad impact on the lives of living creatures in the surroundings[4], so information on the risk
of plants being attacked by disease is needed so that pesticide use can be carried out wiser and more precise.
The difficulty in detecting infected plants is the cause of the high risk of plant mortality due to disease.
Many oil palm plants are only known to have been diseased after it becomes severe, resulting in delayed
handling and eventually being cut down [5]. Therefore, an early detection system is needed that can know as
early as possible the condition and risk of oil palm plants being infected with diseases. In addition to assisting
in decision-making time and target pesticide use, it also assists in the palm plantation process to be more
efficient because it can be monitored in real-time on smartphone applications.
The system uses Long Range (LoRa) technology that utilizes radio frequency as signal transmission
between the transmitter and receiver devices. The transmitter contains an early ganoderma disease detection
sensor, while the receiver serves as a data recipient that has been transmitted by the LoRa transmitter and will
be forwarded to the Blynk Apps through the internet network, thus forming an IoT (Internet of Things) system.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Previous Research
This research refers to several previous studies as references. In 2021, Agustin Sri Mulyatni and
colleagues from Gadjah Mada University conducted research by testing the electronic nose 118 system in
detecting basal stem rot disease in oil palm based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) parameters, using
TGS sensors with Arduino Uno as the microcontroller [6].
Muhammad Muzakky Al Maududy, Koko Mardianto, and Agus Susanto, in 2021 discussed sensors that
can be used in oil palm plantation management, including temperature sensors as an early warning system for
pest attacks of oil palm leaf-eating caterpillars such as fire caterpillars and bag caterpillars. This journal also
discusses gas sensors that can be used for early detection of ganoderma disease (basal stem rot) [7].
Mhd Feri Desfri, Minarni, Dewi Laila Sari, Dewi Anjarwati Mahmudah, Ihsan Okta Harmaili, and Irfan
Cahyadi, in 2022 conducted a study comparing the sensitivity of several types of TGS sensors in identifying
ganoderma disease in oil palm plants. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by G.Boninensis will be
read by 6 different types of TGS sensors, until it was concluded that the TGS 2611 sensor has the highest
sensitivity[8].
Moh. Nadhif Muttaqin from Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang conducted
research on an electronic nose device in the form of a space made of copper pipes to select beef and pork using
an LM35 temperature sensor and MQ-138 as a gas sensor sensitive to Volatile Organic Compunds (VOC) gas
compounds which were then processed by Arduino Uno as a microcontroller in the system [9].
Siska Wati, Joseph Dedy Irawan, and Yosep Agus Pranoto in 2022 designed a tool for remote monitoring
and control of oil palm seedlings in the IoT system. Arduino Uno and NodeMCU ESP8266 are used in series
so that sensors and components in the system can connect to the internet and can be monitored and controlled
remotely [10].
Hazia Rifka Maulida, Fikra Titan Syifa, and Mas Aly Affandi from the Telkom Institute of Technology
conducted research on the creation of a tool for monitoring temperature and humidity of tea plantation land. In
the system, two devices were made, a transmitter equipped with a sensor and placed on tea plantation land, and
a receiver whose job is to receive data and forward it to the internet network. Both devices are each paired with
a LoRa module to be able to communicate with each other [11].

2.2. Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is one of the types of Arduino microcontroller boards that has an ATmega328P-based chip.
This microcontroller is open source, making it suitable for use in the design and construction of research tools.
Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins (6 of which can provide PWM output), 6 analog input pins,
a 16 MHz quartz crystal, USB connection, power jack, ICSP header, and reset button [12].

2.3. ESP32 Dev Kit

This module is a successor to the ESP8266, which has 36 GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins that
function as analog and digital input and output pins. The similarity of the ESP32 Dev Kit program to Arduino
allows this module to be programmed via the Arduino IDE with some additional settings. This module is widely
used in IoT applications because it supports Wi-Fi connections [13].

2.4. LoRa RFM95

LoRa is a type of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology that operates at frequencies of
169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868/915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz, where these frequencies are included in unlicensed frequency
that can be used freely [14].

2.5. TGS 2611 Sensor

The TGS 2611 sensor is a sensor capable of measuring methane or other natural gas levels, with high
sensitivity, low power consumption, and good durability. This sensor also could measure volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and odorous gases emitted by certain biological processes [15].

2.6. MQ-138 Sensor

The MQ-138 sensor is sensitive to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs/Aldehyde, Alkanol, Ester, Ether),
n-Hexane, benzene, alcohol, and hydrogen. The sensitive material of the MQ-138 gas sensor is SnO2, which
has lower conductivity in clean air [16].

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2.7 Blynk IoT

Blynk is an open-source server service that offers capabilities such as remote device control, reading data
storage, and visually displaying data, making it very suitable for use in Internet of Things system applications
with Android and iOS operating systems. Blynk has many widgets, each with different functions, ranging from
displaying graphic data, numbers, even images, making it very easy to read and use.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Procedure
The flow in the research process on the design of the LoRa and IoT based monitoring system to detect
ganoderma disease refers to the flow diagram shown in the Figure 1.

Figure 1. Research procedure flowchart

3.2. Research Method

The research method used in this study is the research and development method. Research and
development is a research method used to produce a particular product and test its effectiveness [17]. This
research method is commonly used in various fields, including engineering, to produce a particular product
using need analysis research and to test the effectiveness of the product.

3.2.1. Literature Study

This research began with a case study and literature study by collecting references from books and journals
relevant to the research to then formulate the problems to be solved.

3.2.2. System Design and Programming

The system design is divided into two, namely hardware design and software design. The hardware design
is carried out by creating a system work block diagram and an electronic device schematic circuit. The software
design contains program designs and the Blynk IoT application interface. In the hardware design there are two
devices, namely a transmitter device containing an Arduino Uno microcontroller, LoRa RFM95 as a data
sender, and sensors. Meanwhile, the receiver device contains an ESP32 Dev Kit and LoRa RFM95
microcontroller module as a data receiver from the transmitter.

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Figure 2. Hardware design block diagram

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3. Transmitter device appearance design: (a) Front, (b) Back, (c) Side

(a) (b)
Figure 4. Receiver device appearance design: (a) Front, (b) Back

3.2.3. System Testing

The implementation of the design results is then carried out, if the implementation is successful, testing
is performed. However, if the implementation is not successful, an evaluation of the system design is conducted
in terms of both hardware and software. System testing was carried out on several non-target samples such as:
soil, non-ganoderma dead palm plants and ganoderma fungi. Meanwhile, the target samples include oil palm
plants in the categories of healthy, medium, sick, and oil palm trunks infected with ganoderma.
The stages carried out in data collection are sensor stabilization for 20 minutes to 30 minutes to achieve
the sensor's working temperature and stability with the environmental air and optimization of testing time. The
test time is set in the system to collect data every 5 seconds. Testing was also carried out to determine the
length of delivery time between transmitter and receiver devices as well as the length of delivery time between
receiver devices and Blynk IoT.

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3.2.4. Data collection and Analysis

Once testing has been conducted, data collection is carried out to then perform analysis and discussion.
In this case, the parameters that become the performance benchmark of the system to be analyzed are the ability
to read volatile organic compounds for each sensor. In the final stage, conclusions are drawn. The signal
response in the form of voltage and analog data from the sensors used for each sample will be displayed in
graphic data to see the response between sensors to the sample. Then a comparative analysis of each sensor is
carried out to determine the sensor's sensitivity to the given sample.
The results of testing the length of delivery time between the transmitter and receiver devices will be
recorded and then the time difference for each data transmission will be looked for to determine the difference
in the average time for data transmission.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. The Results of System Design and Construction
4.1.1. System Hardware
The hardware transmitter device is used as a device that has components for detecting VOC gas
compounds from ganoderma. This device consists of MQ-138 and TGS 2611 sensors, an I2C 2004 LCD, an
Arduino Uno, a battery indicator, and a 18650 battery. This device uses clear acrylic as the outer casing that
protects the components. The assembled hardware transmitter device is shown in Figure 5.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 5. Transmitter hardware (a) Front view, (b) Side view, (c) Rear view

The receiver hardware is used as a receiving device for the data sent by the transmitter device via the
LoRa communication network. This device consists of a LoRa RFM95 module, ESP32 DevKit, I2C 2004 LCD,
battery indicator, and 18650 battery. This device uses a clear acrylic material as an outer casing to protect the
components. The assembled receiver hardware is shown in Figure 6.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6. Receiver hardware (a) Front view, (b) ide view,(c) Rear view

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4.1.2. System Software

Making system software interfaces is done on Blynk Apps for smartphone interfaces, and Blynk Web
Dashboard on Blynk Console for desktop interfaces. Making the software includes adding widgets, adjusting
virtual pins, setting reading formats, and the type of data used. The system software interface images are shown
in Figures 7 and 8.

Figure 7. Blynk web dashboard interface

Figure 8. Blynk apps interface

4.2. The Workings of The Gas Sensor

The workings of the gas sensor for VOC compounds are similar to the human nose, which is to recognize
the gas around it, where the gas that enters and hits the sensor will be identified according to the compounds
that can be recognized by the sensor and then the results of the readings are sent to the microcontroller so that
it can be translated into information that can be easily easy to read by users. Each sensor has a different
sensitivity to gas readings according to sensor specifications and configuration.
The transmitter has 2 sensors reading VOC compounds with different specifications to detect 3 target
compounds found in oil palm trees identified as ganoderma, namely: 2-Furan-carboxaldehyde,5-

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(hydroxylmethyl)-, which is included in the aldehyde group; Thiophene, 2-propyl- with an odor resembling
benzene; and other organic compounds namely 4H-Pyran-4-one [18]. Sensors used include:
1. MQ-138 sensor for VOC, Aldehyde, benzene, alcohol, and other gas readings.
2. The TGS2611 sensor is sensitive to VOC gases, methane, and other natural gases.

4.3. Sensor Target Test Results Data

The testing of this sensor was conducted by collecting data from samples of oil palm plants with health
condition categories of healthy, moderate, and diseased. Healthy oil palm plants are characterized by green leaf
morphology and no spear leaves are found, and there are no Ganoderma fruiting bodies; The condition of oil
palm plants with the moderate category is characterized by the morphology of the beginning of spear leaves
and being around sick oil palm plants; while the condition of oil palm plants with the diseased category is
characterized by the morphology of the beginning of at least 2 spear leaves and the presence of Ganoderma sp
fruiting bodies is found. The images of the oil palm plants used as samples are shown in Figures 9 and 10.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 9. Samples of oil palm plant stems: (a) healthy, (b) moderate, (c) diseased

(b) (b) (c)

Figure 10. Samples of oil palm plant leaf: (a) healthy, (b) moderate, (c) diseased

Tests were also conducted on samples of palm trunks known to be infected with ganoderma disease to
understand and calibrate the severity level of ganoderma attacks on oil palm trees. The samples were taken
from the trunk of the oil palm tree from field tests. Testing was done by taking sensor reading data from the
samples placed at a certain distance, then calibration adjustments were made to the palm health category based
on ADC sensor data. The recapitulation of the total ADC values of the results of target testing by the sensor at
an ideal distance of 1 cm to 4 cm is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Sensor Target Test Result Data

ADC Total Value in Time
Component Distance
5 sec 10 sec 15 sec
1 cm 110 112 113
Healthy Palm
2 cm 111 111 111

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ADC Total Value in Time

Component Distance
5 sec 10 sec 15 sec
3 cm 107 110 109
4 cm 110 110 110
1 cm 137 139 140
2 cm 134 136 136
Moderate Palm
3 cm 132 131 133
4 cm 124 127 125
1 cm 181 180 186
2 cm 179 176 177
Diseased Palm
3 cm 175 173 175
4 cm 162 157 158
1 cm 147 148 148
2 cm 145 142 141
Ganoderma samples
3 cm 139 138 136
4 cm 135 136 138

The increase in sensor values is inversely proportional to the increase in reading distance, which can be
seen from the sensor reading graph visualization. The closer the reading distance, the higher the sensor reading
value, and the further the reading distance, the lower the sensor reading value. This is because the reading gas
does not reach the sensor's sensing element at a far distance, resulting in a reduction in value. Even though
there is a decrease in value, at a distance of 1 cm - 4 cm, the sensor can still read the increase in values that
occur in oil palm plants. However, when the reading is set 5 cm from the oil palm plant, the reading starts to
show a significant decrease and unstable readings, so it can be inferred from this data that the limitation of the
sensor is only at a maximum reading distance of 4 cm.
The highest reading value occurred in the sample of sick plants. Besides reading volatile gas at the base
of the diseased plant, the emergence of ganoderma sp fruit bodies at the base of the plant increases the
sensitivity of the sensor in data reading. In the Ganoderma sp. Sample, were found aliphatic compounds with
8 carbon atoms such as 1-octen-3-ol (69.43%), also known as mushroom alcohol, 3-octanone (10.34%), and
1-octanol and (E)-2-octenal (20.23%) [19]. Thus, with the presence of the ganoderma sp fruit body on the outer
part of the palm base, it can increase the reading value of both sensors.

4.4. Non-Target Sensor Test Results Data

Non-target sensor testing was conducted to determine the increase in values that occur on the sensor due
to other components that occur during sensor readings on oil palm plants. These components are components
outside of the VOCs of ganoderma palm disease. Testing components made non-targets for the sensor include
soil, non-ganoderma dead palm plants, and ganoderma sp. fungi. Non-target sensor test data is shown in Table
2.
Table 2. Non-Target Sensor Test Result Data
Difference in ADC
Components Samples Initial ADC Final ADC
Values
Soil 1 108 109 1
Soil 2 109 111 2
Soil Soil 3 110 112 2
Soil 4 104 105 1
Soil 5 108 110 2
Dead palm 1 111 113 2
Non- Dead palm 2 111 112 1
ganoderma
Dead palm 3 106 107 1
dead palm
plants Dead palm 4 105 105 0
Dead palm 5 110 112 2
Ganoderma 1 110 117 7
Ganoderma sp
Ganoderma 2 111 122 11

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Difference in ADC
Components Samples Initial ADC Final ADC
Values
Ganoderma 3 111 132 21
Ganoderma 4 112 135 23
Ganoderma 5 112 142 30

BPPSDMP data, Ministry of Agriculture states thatin the process of soil aeration, the atmosphere above
the soil contains 21% O2, 0.03% CO2, and almost 79% N2 [20]. These three compounds are not included in
group of compounds in ganoderma and are not included in the target gas sensor reading compounds. Hence the
sensor readings on the soil sample did not show a significant increase.

4.5. Testing RFM95 LoRa Connection from Transmitter to Receiver

The testing of the LoRa RFM95 was conducted by placing the transmitter and receiver devices at different
distances. This test uses a frequency of 915 MHz and a 5 db Omni LoRa antenna. The LoRa RFM95
communication test was carried out on Sepakat II Street with reading distances between devices starting from
100 meters, 250 meters, 450 meters, 650 meters, and 750 meters. The location was chosen considering minimal
obstacles and a sufficiently long straight path to obtain the maximum distance between LoRa. The transmitter
will be placed at the 0-meter point with a height of 150cm from the ground, and the receiver will be moved
away from the transmitter until the maximum distance is reached for LoRa communication to get the RSSI
(Received Signal Strength Indication) value. From the tests that have been carried out, the results of reading
LoRa RFM95 communication are as shown in the graph in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Graph of RSSI Value Against the Distance Between LoRa

Based on the data from the graph in Figure 11, it is known that the further the distance between the LoRa
devices, the smaller the RSSI value becomes. The smaller the RSSI value, the worse the signal quality received
by the transmission system. The RSSI value at the maximum distance recorded is -105 dBm at a distance of
757.92 meters.
Testing of the LoRa transmitter and receiver was also carried out in the oil palm plantation area on
Dermaga Kuala Mandor Street, Central Java Village, Sungai Ambawang Subdistrict, Kubu Raya Regency.
From the field testing, the farthest distance between the LoRa transmitter and receiver obtained was 469.13
meters. The maximum distance obtained is not as far as the distance in testing with minimal obstacle conditions
because the destination oil palm plantation area has obstacle conditions in the form of oil palm plants and
residential buildings, thus affecting the ability of radio signal transmission between the transmitter and receiver.

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Figure 12. Range of RFM95 LoRa Communication Test on Oil Palm Plantations

4.6. Testing of Transmission and Reception Time of LoRa RFM95 Data from Transmitter to Receiver-
Blynk IoT
The data for the transmission and reception times between LoRa RFM95 devices are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Comparison of Transmission and Reception Times Between LoRa RFM95 Devices
LoRa Transmitter Data LoRa Receiver Data
Data
Transmission Time Reception Time Time Difference (seconds)
Number
(hours:minutes:seconds) (hours:minutes:seconds)
1 10:48:31.586 10:48:32.302 0.716
2 10:48:36.737 10:48:37.465 0.728
3 10:48:41.935 10:48:42.636 0.701
4 10:48:47.101 10:48:47.793 0.692
5 10:48:52.267 10:48:52.984 0.717
6 10:48:57.433 10:48:58.037 0.604
7 10:49:02.569 10:49:03.296 0.727
8 10:49:07.736 10:49:08.493 0.757
9 10:49:12.919 10:49:13.580 0.661
10 10:49:18.086 10:49:18.776 0.690
11 10:49:23.270 10:49:23.960 0.690
12 10:49:28.421 10:49:29.074 0.653
Average 0.695

Based on the data in Table 3, it is known that there is a time difference between the transmission and
reception of data between LoRa devices. The average time difference is 0.695 seconds. Therefore, with an
average time of 0.695 seconds, the RFM95 LoRa module can transmit data between two LoRa transmitter and
receiver devices.

Table 4. Comparison of Data Transmission and Reception Time between LoRa Receiver Devices and Blynk
IoT
Data Receiver Data Transmission Blynk IoT Data Receipt Time
Time Difference (seconds)
Number Time (hours:minutes:seconds) (hours:minutes:seconds)
1 10:48:32.968 10:48:34 1.032
2 10:48:38.154 10:48:39 0.846
3 10:48:43.213 10:48:44 0.787
4 10:48:48.461 10:48:49 0.539
5 10:48:53.526 10:48:54 0.474

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Data Receiver Data Transmission Blynk IoT Data Receipt Time

Time Difference (seconds)
Number Time (hours:minutes:seconds) (hours:minutes:seconds)
6 10:48:59.037 10:49:00 0.963
7 10:49:03.962 10:49:05 1.038
8 10:49:09.151 10:49:10 0.849
9 10:49:14.267 10:49:15 0.733
10 10:49:19.448 10:49:20 0.552
11 10:49:24.640 10:49:25 0.360
12 10:49:29.758 10:49:30 0.242
Average 0.701

Based on the data in Table 4, it is known that there is a difference in precision in the time format between
the receiver device and Blynk IoT. The receiver device can obtain data up to an accuracy of 0.000 seconds that
can be displayed on the serial monitor, while on Blynk IoT, data can only be obtained up to an accuracy of 0
seconds. The average time difference that occurs in the process of sending and receiving data between the
receiver device and Blynk IoT is 0.701 seconds.

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the testing results of the LoRa and IoT based monitoring system to detect ganoderma disease
attacks on oil palm plants, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The ganoderma disease detection system with MQ-138 sensor and TGS2611 sensor can detect the level
of ganoderma volatile organic compounds, with the following results: The optimal sensor reading distance for
oil palm plants is in the range of 1 cm to 4 cm. Sensor testing on non-target components such as soil and dead
palm not due to ganoderma results in a minimum total ADC difference of 0 - 2 values. Meanwhile, the
ganoderma mushroom produces a total ADC difference between 7 - 30 values according to the maturity level
of the ganoderma mushroom body.
The LoRa and IoT-based monitoring system for detecting ganoderma disease attacks on oil palm plants
can transmit data from the transmitter to the receiver with a range of up to 757.92 meters and an RSSI value of
-105 dBm in conditions with minimal obstacles.
The system can send and receive information from LoRa devices to Blynk IoT with the following time
differences: The time difference for sending and receiving data between the RFM95 LoRa transmitter and
receiver devices averages 0.695 seconds. The time difference for sending and receiving data between the
receiver device and Blynk IoT averages 0.701 seconds.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the lecturers who have provided support and support, as well as
colleagues who have helped in the writing and research process. Hopefully this research can have a positive
impact on both writers and readers.

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LoRa and IoT Based Monitoring System for Detecting… (Ahmad Dzakiyuddin Muhaimin)