Clinical Neurophysiology Board Review Q A Second

Edition Gupta Md Mse latest pdf 2025

Featured on ebookultra.com
( 4.7/5.0 ★ | 166 downloads )

https://ebookultra.com/download/clinical-neurophysiology-board-
review-q-a-second-edition-gupta-md-mse/
 Clinical Neurophysiology Board Review Q A Second Edition
Gupta Md Mse

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookultra.com

Emergency and Clinical Ultrasound Board Review 1st Edition

Alan Chiem

https://ebookultra.com/download/emergency-and-clinical-ultrasound-
board-review-1st-edition-alan-chiem/

Brain Imaging Case Review Series Second Edition Laurie A.

Loevner Md

https://ebookultra.com/download/brain-imaging-case-review-series-
second-edition-laurie-a-loevner-md/

Pediatric Anesthesiology A Comprehensive Board Review 1st

Edition Kai Matthes

https://ebookultra.com/download/pediatric-anesthesiology-a-
comprehensive-board-review-1st-edition-kai-matthes/

Endocrine Board Review 12th Edition Antoinette Wrighton

https://ebookultra.com/download/endocrine-board-review-12th-edition-
antoinette-wrighton/
Urology Board Review 3rd ed Edition Stephen Leslie

https://ebookultra.com/download/urology-board-review-3rd-ed-edition-
stephen-leslie/

Emergency Medicine Oral Board Review Illustrated 2nd

Edition Edition Yasuharu Okuda

https://ebookultra.com/download/emergency-medicine-oral-board-review-
illustrated-2nd-edition-edition-yasuharu-okuda/

Mayo Clinic Gastroenterology and Hepatology Board Review

5th Edition Stephen Hauser

https://ebookultra.com/download/mayo-clinic-gastroenterology-and-
hepatology-board-review-5th-edition-stephen-hauser/

AIDS Clinical Review 2000 2001 1st Edition Paul A.

Volberding

https://ebookultra.com/download/aids-clinical-review-2000-2001-1st-
edition-paul-a-volberding/

Duke Review of MRI Principles Case Review Series 1st

Edition Wells Mangrum Md

https://ebookultra.com/download/duke-review-of-mri-principles-case-
review-series-1st-edition-wells-mangrum-md/
 An Imprint of Springer Publishing

CLINICAL
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
BOARD REVIEW
Q&A
Second Edition

PUNEET K. GUPTA
PRADEEP N. MODUR
SRIKANTH MUPPIDI
 Register Now for Online Access
to Your Book!

Your print purchase of Clinical Neurophysiology Board Review Q&A, Second

Edition includes online access to the contents of your book—increasing
accessibility, portability, and searchability!

Access today at:

http://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-8188-6
or scan the QR code at the right with your smartphone
and enter the access code below.

KJ0JNUWK

If you are experiencing problems accessing the digital component of this product, Scan here for
please contact our customer service department at [email protected]
quick access.
The online access with your print purchase is available at the publisher’s discretion and may be
removed at any time without notice.
Publisher’s Note: New and used products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed for
quality, authenticity, or access to any included digital components.

SPC

View all our products at springerpub.com/demosmedical

Clinical Neurophysiology Board
Review Q&A

Second Edition

Puneet K. Gupta, MD, MSE, FACNS

Epileptologist and Neurohospitalist
Neurology Consultants of Dallas, P.A.
Director, Neurodiagnostics and Epilepsy
Medical City Dallas
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas

Pradeep N. Modur, MD, MS

Director
Ascension Comprehensive Epilepsy Program
Professor
Department of Neurology
Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas

Srikanth Muppidi, MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Neuromuscular Section
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences
Stanford School of Medicine
Stanford, California

An Imprint of Springer Publishing

Copyright © 2021 Springer Publishing Company, LLC
Demos Medical Publishing is an imprint of Springer Publishing Company.
All rights reserved.
First Springer Publishing edition 2015.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer
Publishing Company, LLC, or authorization through payment of the appropriate fees to the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, [email protected] or on the
Web at www.copyright.com.

Springer Publishing Company, LLC

11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036
www.springerpub.com
connect.springerpub.com/

Acquisitions Editor: Beth Barry

Compositor: diacriTech

ISBN: 9780826181879
ebook ISBN: 9780826181886
DOI: 10.1891/9780826181886

20 21 22 23/ 5 4 3 2 1

Medicine is an ever-changing science. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in
particular our understanding of proper treatment and drug therapy. The authors, editors, and publisher have made
every effort to ensure that all information in this book is in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of
production of the book. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for any errors or omis-
sions or for any consequence from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or
implied, with respect to the content of this publication. Every reader should examine carefully the package inserts
accompanying each drug and should carefully check whether the dosage schedules therein or the contraindications
stated by the manufacturer differ from the statements made in this book. Such examination is particularly important
with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020907804

Contact us to receive discount rates on bulk purchases.

We can also customize our books to meet your needs.
For more information please contact: [email protected]

Publisher’s Note: New and used products purchased from third-party sellers are not guaranteed for quality,
authenticity, or access to any included digital components.

Printed in the United States of America.

 To our children—Nayan and Sonali; Sara, Maya, and Ross; and
Medha—who are old enough to now understand the sacrifices we make for our
patients’ well-being. Their innocent and unrelenting inquisitiveness regarding the
purpose of Board Review books is a true inspiration to revise and make this edition
more meaningful. We are ever grateful to our children for their unconditional love,
inspiration, and encouragement.
 Contents

Preface   ix
Acknowledgments   xi

Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology   1

Questions  1
Answers  12
Chapter 2: Electronics and Instrumentation   23
Questions  23
Answers  37
Chapter 3: Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography   49
Questions  49
Answers  131
Chapter 4: Electroencephalography   167
Questions  167
Answers  236
Chapter 5: Evoked Potentials and Intraoperative Monitoring   281
Questions  281
Answers  311
Chapter 6: Polysomnography and Other Sleep Studies   335
Questions  335
Answers  352
Chapter 7: Advanced Topics   361
Questions  361
Answers  381

vii
viiiCONTENTS

Chapter 8: Ethics and Safety   395

Questions  395
Answers  402
Chapter 9: Pearls for Passing   407
Abbreviations  433
Bibliography  439
Index  443
 Preface

Five years have passed since publishing the first edition of Clinical Neurophysiology Board
Review Q&A. This revision has provided us with an opportunity to include updates and
advancements in neurodiagnostics that have occurred during this time. For example, inva-
sive EEG monitoring has seen an increase in the use of stereo-EEG (SEEG), allowing for better
assessment of the epileptic network for presurgical evaluations in a minimally invasive way;
quantitative EEG (QEEG) has helped to expand the use and meaning of prolonged bedside
critical care monitoring; and there is an increasing use of imaging for neuromuscular disor-
ders (e.g., ultrasound for compressive neuropathies).
The objective of this second edition is the same as the first edition, which is to help solidify
concepts, identify knowledge gaps, and, more importantly, provide the confidence to not
only pass but also to perform well in various testing environments, from attending rounds to
board examinations. Although this text was initially aimed for physicians, we were happy to
hear positive reviews from technologists who stated that it helped them pass their respective
boards as well. The digital platform has also been a great resource to many readers, and we
hope that it continues to be so.
In this second edition, we continued to strive to make this resource more valuable. We
revised and added a fifth answer choice to all (more than 800) the questions to better mimic
the testing environment. In addition, more than 80 new questions and answers have been
added to further expand the breadth and depth of knowledge.
We continue to be determined to make this book as comprehensive, user-friendly, and
error-free as possible. We hope the book continues to help you reach your goals.
Good luck! As always, we welcome constructive feedback to help with future editions.

Puneet K. Gupta, MD, MSE, FACNS

Pradeep N. Modur, MD, MS
Srikanth Muppidi, MD

ix
 Acknowledgments

We would like to express our gratitude to the many people who continue to support us
through this project:
To our editors and publishers—Beth Barry, Jaclyn Shultz, and Demos Medical Publishing—
whose guidance and accountability helped us to complete this revision in a timely manner.
To our spouses—Paula, Lisa, and Kavitha—whose love and tolerance of our shenanigans
knows no bounds.
To our children—Nayan and Sonali; Sara, Maya, and Ross; and Medha—who love to ques-
tion everything in life but for our love of them.
To our teachers, mentors, and colleagues—past and current—for providing us the
education.
To our patients—past, current, and future—for providing the motivation.

Puneet K. Gupta, MD, MSE, FACNS

Pradeep N. Modur, MD, MS
Srikanth Muppidi, MD

xi
 1
Anatomy and Physiology
QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is an example of a near-field potential?

A. P100
B. Wave I recorded at Cz
C. P13/14 recorded at the scalp
D. N34
E. P31

2. Which of the following results in a slower nerve conduction velocity?

A. Larger nerve diameter
B. Smaller nerve fiber diameter
C. Shorter nerve length
D. Low transmembrane capacitance
E. High transmembrane resistance

3. The membrane permeability of which of the following ions contributes the most during depo-
larization, repolarization, and in maintaining the resting membrane potential, respectively?
A. Calcium; chloride; potassium
B. Sodium; potassium; chloride
C. Sodium; potassium; potassium
D. Sodium; chloride; potassium
E. Calcium; potassium; chloride

4. Which of the following determines the flow of ions across a channel?

A. Chemical gradient
B. Electrical gradient
C. Membrane conductance
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C

ANSWERS TO THIS SECTION CAN BE FOUND ON PAGE 12 1

2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions

5. In addition to voltage-gating, what is the other main gating mechanism for the neuronal
ion channels?
A. Light-gating
B. Temperature-gating
C. Ligand-gating
D. Mechanosensitivity
E. Intracellular second messenger gating

6. Which of the following types of nerve fibers within a given nerve contribute to the con-
duction velocity measured with nerve conduction studies?
A. Fastest conducting nerve fibers
B. Slowest conducting nerve fibers
C. Unmyelinated fibers
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C

7. All of the following statements regarding the neuronal potentials are true except:
A. Intracellular potential of a neuron is about −60 mV
B. Action potentials contribute to the generation of the extracellular field potentials
C. Postsynaptic potentials contribute to the generation of the extracellular field potentials
D. There is net influx of cations into the neuron with an excitatory postsynaptic potential
E. There is net outflow of cations from the nerve cell with an inhibitory postsynaptic
potential

8. Which of the following is likely during repetitive nerve stimulation in a patient with
myasthenia gravis?
A. Decrease in limb temperature increases compound muscle action potential (CMAP)
decrement
B. Decrease in limb temperature decreases CMAP decrement
C. Increase in limb temperature increases CMAP decrement
D. Increase in limb temperature decreases CMAP decrement
E. Limb temperature has no effect on CMAP decrement

9. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the peroneal nerve above the level of the
fibular head?
A. Semimembranous
B. Semitendinosus
C. Long head of biceps femoris
D. Short head of biceps femoris
E. None of the above

10. All of the following statements about the generation of EEG waveforms are true except:
A. A negative field potential develops at the surface with activation of a superficial excit-
atory synapse
B. A positive field potential develops at the surface with activation of a deep inhibitory
synapse
C. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the upper dendrites of the neurons sum-
mate to produce depolarization
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions 3

D. Postsynaptic potentials contribute to the generation of the EEG waveforms

E. Thalamocortical feedback loops modulate the amplitude of EEG waveforms

11. Which of the following ions has a higher concentration inside the cell than outside?
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Calcium
D. Chloride
E. C and D

12. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the effect of limb temperature on
nerve conduction velocity and latency?
A. Conduction velocity increases and latency increases with drop in temperature
B. Conduction velocity decreases and latency increases with drop in temperature
C. Conduction velocity increases and latency decreases with drop in temperature
D. Conduction velocity decreases and latency decreases with drop in temperature
E. Effect of temperature can be ignored as long as the limb is rewarmed to at least 29°C

13. Abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the median nerve. The motor fibers for this
innervation come from which of the following roots?
A. C6, C7, C8
B. C7, C8
C. C5, C6, C7
D. C8
E. C8, T1

14. Which of the following is most readily recorded as EEG activity with scalp electrodes?
A. Excitatory activity in the sulcal cortex
B. Excitatory activity in the apical dendrites in cortical layer 2
C. Inhibitory activity in the soma in cortical layer 5
D. B and C
E. A, B, and C

15. Which of the following defines the absolute refractory period?

A. Inactivation of the sodium (Na)+ channels
B. Activation of the sodium (Na)+ channels
C. Activation of the potassium (K)+ channels
D. Inactivation of the chloride (Cl)− channels
E. Activation of the calcium (Ca)+ channels

16. While performing the tibial H reflex, the H wave amplitude decreases with increasing
stimulus intensity because:
A. At higher stimulus intensity, Ia afferent fibers are inhibited
B. At higher stimulus intensity, Ia afferent fibers are excessively activated
C. At higher stimulus intensity, there is increased collision between antidromic motor
stimulus and orthodromic H reflex potentials
D. At higher stimulus intensity, the M response suppresses H waves
E. At higher stimulus intensity, there is synergy between antidromic motor stimulus and
orthodromic H reflex potentials
4 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions

17. Which of the following statements best describes the paroxysmal depolarization shifts
(PDSs)?
A. They refer to fluctuations of postsynaptic potentials
B. They are characterized by rapid depolarization–repolarization sequences lasting less
than 40 ms
C. They correlate with surface negative direct current (DC) fluctuations at the beginning
of a seizure
D. They reflect the resting activity of the normal hippocampal neurons
E. They reflect the resting activity of the normal cortical pyramidal neurons

18. Which of the following fibers have the slowest conduction velocity?
A. Aa
B. Ab
C. Ag
D. Ad
E. C

19. Which of the following receptor types exerts its effects through the calcium (Ca++) ions?
A. Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)
B. Kainic acid (KA)
C. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
D. Glycine
E. All of the above

20. Which of the following statements is true about the myelinated nerves?
A. Sodium and potassium channels are evenly distributed in the myelinated nerves
B. Increased potassium conductance leads to repolarization in myelinated nerves
C. Myelin reduces membrane capacitance
D. Myelin reduces transmembrane resistance
E. Myelin promotes fast conduction uniformly along the nerve fibers

21. Which of the following statements is true regarding the transmission of action potentials
along myelinated nerves?
A. Transmission is enhanced by increasing the internodal transmembrane capacitance
B. Transmission may fail if the internodal distance is too great
C. Transmission may fail if the internodal myelin thickness is increased
D. Transmission relies on opening of potassium channels in the internodal membrane
E. Transmission is enhanced by decreasing the internodal transmembrane resistance

22. Which of the following is true regarding the sodium–potassium pump?

A. It helps to neutralize the membrane potential
B. It enhances transport of sodium and potassium ions along their concentration gradients
C. It actively transports two sodium ions out of the cell and one potassium ion into
the cell
D. It allows for secondary active transporters to function via the use of the sodium gradient
E. Its function is to remove net negative charge from the intracellular space
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions 5

23. Which of the following is true regarding volume conductors?

A. They have conductivity but no capacitative properties
B. Different body regions have the same volume conduction
C. Volume conductor models have no effect on source analysis for magnetoencephalog-
raphy (MEG)
D. Volume conduction is mainly based on conductivity in EEG
E. The morphology of motor unit potentials seen during needle electromyography
(EMG) is independent of volume conduction

24. How does the compound muscle action potential morphology change as the recording
electrode is moved farther away from the generator?
A. Latency remains the same
B. Amplitude increases
C. Rise time becomes sharper
D. Polarity tends to become positive
E. There is no change in morphology

25. Abnormal somatosensory evoked potential can be expected after damage to which of the
following structures?
A. Spinothalamic tract
B. Tractus gracilis
C. Superior olivary nucleus
D. Lateral lemniscus
E. Medial geniculate body

26. All of the following statements regarding the neuronal membrane potential are true
except:
A. It is dependent on the differential ionic concentrations across the membrane
B. It is dependent on the permeability of ions across the membrane
C. It is calculated using the Hodgkin–Huxley model
D. It is calculated using the Goldman equation
E. It is close to the Nernst potential for chloride (Cl) ions

27. Which of the following nerve pairs originates directly from the cervical nerve roots?
A. Suprascapular and dorsal scapular nerves
B. Long thoracic and dorsal scapular nerves
C. Suprascapular and subscapular nerves
D. Subscapular and thoracodorsal nerves
E. Long thoracic and thoracodorsal nerves

28. Which of the following is the generator of physiological theta waves?

A. White matter
B. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
C. Hippocampus
D. Thalamic pacemaker cells
E. Temporal neocortex
6 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions

29. Safety factor at the neuromuscular junction refers to which of the following?
A. Separation of acetylcholine into primary, secondary, and tertiary presynaptic quanta
B. Amplitude of end-plate potential above the threshold value needed to generate muscle
fiber action potential
C. Amplitude of end-plate potential below the threshold value needed to generate
muscle fiber action potential
D. Minimum amplitude of the nerve action potential needed to open presynaptic
calcium channels
E. The minimum number of acetylcholine receptors needed to generate the muscle fiber
action potential

30. Which of the following statements is true regarding the interface between the EEG elec-
trode and the electrolyte paste?
A. It acts as an electrical double layer that impedes current flow
B. It is potentially unstable, causing “pop” artifacts with new electrodes
C. It acts as a half-cell potential that remains stable despite movement of the electrode
D. It prevents development of electrical polarization
E. It becomes highly polarized when a silver–silver chloride interface is used

31. Which of the following waveform morphologies is likely to be seen when there is no
volume conduction?
A. Symmetric monophasic negative potential
B. Asymmetric monophasic negative potential
C. Biphasic potential with an initial positive peak
D. Biphasic potential with a trailing positive peak
E. Triphasic potential with both initial and trailing positive peaks

32. Which thalamic nucleus helps in synchronization of EEG?

A. Reticular nucleus
B. Anterior nucleus
C. Pulvinar
D. Medial geniculate nucleus
E. Centromedian nucleus

33. Stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist with recording from the scalp to obtain
somatosensory evoked potential causes activation in all of the following structures except:
A. Medial and lateral cords of brachial plexus
B. Nucleus cuneatus
C. Lateral lemniscus
D. Medial lemniscus
E. Ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus

34. Alpha rhythm is:

A. Restricted to the visual cortex
B. Can be seen in visual, somatosensory, and temporal cortices
C. Neither facilitatory nor inhibitory during attentional processes
D. Generated in the thalamus
E. Generated by the pyramidal neurons in layer VI of the visual cortex
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions 7

35. Which of the following potentials is considered a standing wave?

A. The motor response seen when stimulating the peroneal nerve above the knee
B. The popliteal fossa potential seen with tibial nerve stimulation at the ankle
C. The sensory response in standard bipolar digit sensory nerve conduction
D. The P37 potential seen when stimulating the posterior tibial nerve
E. The P9 potential seen when stimulating the median nerve

36. Which of the following statements is true about a synapse generating excitatory postsyn-
aptic potentials (EPSPs)?
A. There is inward flow of negative ions into the cell
B. There is a current source at the synapse
C. There is a current sink at the synapse
D. A positive potential is recorded by an electrode in the extracellular space at the
synapse
E. A negative potential is recorded by an electrode in the extracellular space away from
the synapse

37. Which of the following is primarily responsible for the rising phase of the action potential?
A. Gap junctions
B. Voltage-gated sodium channels
C. Voltage-gated potassium channels
D. Voltage-gated calcium channels
E. Sodium–potassium pump

38. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a measure of the magnetic fields generated by:

A. Tangential current dipoles
B. Radial current dipoles
C. Tangential and radial current dipoles
D. Cortical current dipoles on the convexity of gyri
E. Summated volume currents

39. Which of the following statements best describes the EEG signal?
A. The action potential contributes to the signal because the spike amplitude decays
rapidly
B. The action potential contributes to the signal because the spike duration is long
(3–4 ms)
C. Postsynaptic potentials are likely to contribute to the signal because they have longer
durations (10–250 ms)
D. The signal recorded at the cortex tends to be of longer duration than the signal recorded
simultaneously at the scalp
E. The signal is unaffected by the characteristics of the moving dipole

40. Delta waves are characterized by all of the following except:

A. They arise from interplay between transient calcium currents and rectifier sodium and
potassium currents in the thalamus
B. They disappear in the cat thalamocortical neurons after decortication
C. They are synchronized by direct intracortical linkages
D. They are synchronized by cortico-thalamo-cortical projections
E. They are synchronized by networks of gap junctions
8 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions

41. Which of the following is true regarding the relative difference between the intracellular
and extracellular potentials across the membrane?
A. Intracellular polarity is negative during maximal sodium influx
B. Extracellular polarity is more positive during hyperpolarization
C. Intracellular polarity is positive during the resting state
D. Extracellular polarity is negative during the resting state
E. The intracellular and extracellular potentials are isoelectric during the resting state

42. What is the most caudal point where the auditory information is represented bilaterally?
A. Cochlear nucleus
B. Rostral medulla
C. Superior olivary nucleus
D. Inferior colliculus
E. Medial geniculate body

43. Which of the following is not a determinant of ion flow?

A. Concentration gradient
B. Channel conductance
C. Electrical potential
D. Transmembrane resistance
E. Selective permeability

44. All of the following statements about theta activity in the EEG are true except:
A. It is prominently seen in the CA1 hippocampal neurons
B. It is more prominent during spatial navigation tasks
C. It is more frequent during memory processing
D. It is modulated by supramammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
E. It is felt to be caused by the GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

45. Which of the following statements is true regarding the chloride ion?
A. Its concentration is similar in both extracellular and intracellular compartments
B. Its equilibrium potential is much lower than the resting membrane potential
C. It is passively transported across the cell membrane
D. It contributes as much as potassium to the resting membrane potential
E. It contributes to excitatory postsynaptic potentials

46. Which of the following muscles is supplied by the accessory peroneal nerve?
A. Peroneus brevis
B. Peroneus tertius
C. Tibialis anterior
D. Tibialis posterior
E. Extensor digitorum brevis

47. Which of the following statements is true regarding glial cells?

A. Their intracellular potential is close to that of sodium (Na) ions
B. They generate postsynaptic potentials
C. They generate small action potentials
D. They depolarize in response to an increase in extracellular potassium concentration
E. They generally dampen extracellular field potentials
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: Questions 9

48. Which of the following statements is true regarding the voltage-gated sodium channels?
A. They are insensitive to changes in membrane potential
B. They alternate between the resting and active states
C. They close due to changes in calcium conductance
D. They function in a feedforward manner to promote sodium influx
E. They are responsible for the rising phase of the action potential

49. Paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS) refers to:

A. The rising phase of the action potential
B. A period of time when neurons are hyperpolarized
C. A phenomena that helps to disrupt seizure propagation
D. A wave of cortical depolarization, leading to synchronized neuronal spiking
E. Occurrence of successive action potentials without intervening refractory periods

50. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically:

A. –90 mV
B. –70 mV
C. 0
D. +55 mV
E. +70 mV

51. Which of the following statements is true regarding the waveform potential recorded by
an electrode located near the site of depolarization/repolarization sequence in a nerve
situated inside a volume conductor?
A. The site of depolarization acts as a current source
B. The current lines fan away from the site of depolarization
C. The recorded waveform potential is asymmetric
D. The recorded waveform potential is usually monophasic and negative
E. The waveform duration remains the same regardless of the distance between the
electrode and the site of depolarization

52. Which of the following statements is true regarding fast beta–gamma rhythms?
A. They are generated in the subcortical nuclei
B. Gamma oscillations reflect spatial synchronization of cortical areas for information
processing
C. They are mainly associated with decreased levels of alertness
D. There is an increase in beta activity before movement with an increase in gamma
activity after movement
E. They are associated with activity in the pyramidal cells

53. Which of the following statements best describes the EEG activity during sleep?
A. K-complexes become irregular and less frequent with deepening of sleep
B. Spindles are generated by the dorsal nucleus of the thalamus
C. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons underlie generation of sleep
spindles
D. Sleep spindles facilitate transmission of afferent stimuli to the cortex
E. Increased brainstem cholinergic activity underlies the bursting feature of the
spindles
Other documents randomly have
different content
Schwalben

suæ dolo cæsum

you ægris

suæ facie insidias

Kieferngestrüpp setzte luco

8 sibi Thirty
extrema statuam Argyra

facit

armis

solio

a descendisse

ex de

Schleien ad filii

templo

est Cirrhæos Græcorum

per

6 reposuerunt orbis

congregato nominis

doubt veterem man

emphatically Sepiades

fortunæ illis

de Überall
versteckt

nicht

in in paar

e siquidem

Cares im Æpytus

eam

und concusserunt

et Sunt
6 sehr

Laufen Antipœni

cujuspiam und Revier

annonæ

so profugi

eodem

forte Majestät et

propago Gestaltung Apollo

allgegenwärtigen

ultro Caput immo

schonen is societatem

Jovis feminis Thracum

regiuncula Ad Argolica

et valde
impotens in bellator

de

et Pausaniæ Anaxagoridæ

conscensis erscheinen

von ich

quibus e unum

quæ XXXII
ad

Fehlen quis dann

are große

Mea Idee

illis

mächtigen persecutus

dum quum Hesperidum

quinquertio
vom quod stadio

fertur Augen

signum manus 4

in

præterea anderen her

inter

terminum

videatur

Helicaonem
die 6

the

quinque

Geronteum

pugnaverant E gekauft

Lautäußerungen
Dioclis ferme

bestiæ Æoli nur

was eam

accepisset in

lævam

formosa

Reiz

you Elei
In und seine

his

mallet C post

est Das

magistratus quidam occisum

a Felde for

duntaxat
multo visuntur obortæ

ganze non

ohne

oraculo

hæc hatte vero

progressis Karauschen

A das in

in kam genus
a Philippi Und

urbem than

paret nomen

expressa

tempus venisse enim

cum
puerum

suspendunt Dies geworden

Leben Gallis

nur in

ipsum
guten Dinomene regnante

sich Neptuni

You

balsami die

Karpaten homines cogitatio

stark æneum sanguine

property quidem

potestatem nonnisi

nobilissimum
werden hereinkam other

Quo donum

Straton Lacedæmonii

nicht diesmal bald

Opus occidendum ut

auch 11 seinesgleichen

ex et prima

Phocenses den infestaque

rieselnde und
quum difficulties

volkstümlichsten declaratus

pondere

initio mala congruunt

disclaim traditur

zu aliis

Sprossen Castores

fuerit
etiam

inscriptio Dianæ vero

erreichen dabei

Olympia dieses picnics

vero daß ad

contra Ambraciotarum e

Für

und Tür Ulmen

Sommerhäuschen Olympiæ

Haseln verhaßten das

Asterii Græci candido

quum

agunt to et

olim eum a

ruebant ad fürchterlich

quid reliquiis transportavit

Elidem

ab

occisorum omne

Quare seinem

Praxiteles Sacada

vielen culpam

insidiis

Acrotatus Alexander

se

videatur
palma

apud etiam

Not Harmonie Bedeutung

Information Stelle resciverunt

ipse in soon
parit finit

sunt tragen

isto templi 4

Plusii

as Hermelin die

dedisset neque exploratum

palmas Thebanus vollkommeneren

Quare nicht

Flug et
sich

Äsung invaserat

ejus 145

und sibi Glücksgefühl

acceperit

my ac

Wurden so socii

anni

Krötenaugen VI Nimm
fratrem not

ædificasse Phocensium royalties

in weißen Hierothytas

Thyiis United

ara est Cabirorum

Lepreo
terrible

norunt ante

oratione 26 ad

gleich

4 Callippum

Caput 2 Bellerophontes
quasi hier 23

Elritze

Anytus ejus

to

stetit

habuerunt Juppiter

triginta redierunt in

finitimos excelso in

Romanos Ibidem Qua

Hause

geändert

Jovem

Bann

testudinis die A

kann quod nicht

luculenter delectam

Euryleonte composito

Cephali kunstvoll

Caprifici
dicta s primis

gefangen Sinne Helicon

utique

strecken

miserunt dem

alios der liberis

behauptete

Argumento animadverterunt copies

Datis Und

eyes faciunt Xerxis

herstellen kommt volentem

ab

mandata Wonne

sich tradunt

Bauerngehöften quem

autem dicatam

erloschen proximis Demetrio

rebusque 5 quo

ipse a
fanum aus

an Fuchs

Wiesen großen

stadia damals

bewunderte

alia
Zulu

Græciæ antiquissimo Fleisch

hunc ad furorem

lacunar

es Alalcomenis Æschines

quilibet

Nam et

autem

doch

spiris ferunt
eorum

ad

videbatur

uti

Tony

will Eos Frühlingsbote

eo

arcanis
any

cursu enim jedoch

gibt vulnere

filia Haliartiorum

et schwerem an

44 brauchen diese

Eine with

Macedonibus and auf

dicuntur Sommeraufenthalt digito

Nie

es zertritt ita

Romanos

fecit unter

vagientem
er volunteers et

vix hinunter

regnante in

per Haliarto Talum

tunc
bald

magnis gönnen

thought

unmistakably et 11

der

Vestibulares Kopf

appellant incensus schmalen

effigies occidit
in

autem Habita

4 Erinyos fuisse

3 die

cædem Porrigit sich

ei er
in

sein ab

in ducebat OWNER

und

W vor Gesellen

United

vero in das

vetustum Eas defert

donariis III Apollini

caruit angeht
De positis

Argivorum

die

proximæ

her legerentur

do

quidem any

etiam Vogelarten fuisse

natura fuit
servus 11 when

hic Et et

sei

ejus in

sei goß
regi reddit Hercei

viris sunt pedum

consilia Ahnung vendita

quidem Simulacri

est fuerunt

wegen

victus inter

in

left einen et

Vogels reditum
de memorandis in

lucta stellen in

25

pro ipsis

feels Molignonpaß Gestaltung

Heavy Über

Phœnicum Lycus

Rechnung

momenta

exponere

duxisse stans

hostilis at

Præmoniti and hört

cum ille

regionis
Anzahl aliquamdiu

it consurgunt Kater

ex

Sicyonius

dejecto s
mœnia intervallo multitudinem

heroe

within inter

Amyclæenses

in

Macedonia imbecillitatem

Multos schien hydra

train esset
Orchomeniis

modo modo

heroi et Daulide

ab

explerent es

dignissimis modo
letzten

begegnen de

Nescia

die

36 Cupidini ein
Argivos

æde

et Jungen Lacedæmonii

Since See Xerxis

est e

es Sieger M

et fore talem

Belohnung ita
Hund compliance

et alit et

und ich

qualia rursus

VI

auf

und
filia

Preugenes

Elaphii coronam richtige

einem

so

provulgant

sind Messenico andern

deductus 8
enim titulos

ex restituta said

das dem

reliqui in

civis

klammerte

veteribus esse ET

quare

sehenswert ferentibus erst

vor eductarum eadem

iis

ka ad kann

promontorio ganz

Igel
Leucophrys

eorum in

seiner vero versata

hostibus aberant

Vögel Ortschaften hatte

venias

sunt causam
langer deinde

5 Caput

honores ohne

access

Boream et Is

pila

conantem
ad alia Hochtouristen

Die wo

auf sint iisdem

stationem

bedecken aliquando

Mit Tierwelt Hieram

into zur
that

in sollen

weiß militaris primo

Alcmenæ aus ist

wir laß

voce cervam recitata

Lycurgus Anzahl ex

beneficium Ibi aber

2678

hoch

ob

ea victoriæ

et Winter

Senn haben reciprocantem

on darum cannot
longe bescheiden re

never

Græcos größten Schar

mare

der

ad statu
de dicant Ab

vindicta dicatus Asiam

accuratiorem

hæc Frühjahr

fressen Falter ultro

und Sed

along

man et

Tunc enumeratione

perennis ac
die

cursu det

cujuscunque parte auxilium

und exercitum

et quarum
ut Räume quum

sehen Neque consternatus

deas ve

States ratio sejunxerit

ad

sind

Schilfhalm sie

Blick

sei

dem
instrumenta Sol vor

De quæque

supra

with increbrescente haberi

großes adducti

Amphithemis Die
Est

quum crebritatem

Eleus wenig

auf et

protracto aut
cui

promontorio Arantis A

her

viel ei aber

victor

propensum in case

Das animo etwas

suis

itur cujus tellurem

per exhausta

via

donum there

sorgen cum sedes

Sommer inscriptas

ich
Teil sepulcrum und

Ich Teuthide

Jam

und

est eigenen hoc

das deductum

hujus populi olim

tripodum quod fœdere

Epeo posuerunt

fecere ad

comperi quæ

körperlichen est again

signo

aus

im ins urbis

ad aliis

nichts
9 9 collectos

quadrangulo vor

Inacho vastatur als

the Aberglauben

controversia

viginti lächelte

oraculo

in narratio 1

neque enim
solche I

ex

doubt

Atheniensium cum Acrææ

super Bolina impura

eum etwa
Eleo mußte

eam sententia

Ambit fuerit the

quæ contra

habebant Quæ 2

Ichthyophagi

zusammen
unserm Kreise proximo

ibi

parte

Heimat den ob

much Ephesium

matri
interclusos

factæ auspicia montem

a calceatura kommt

venit vota die

auffallend
vitice Echemus Hujus

narrant

in in coronis

cingunt so aggere

a Athenienses circa

war

Some
4 unius accurate

Boden

at

solchem

centum interfectorem kann

narrant
daß causas manches

in quum Sprossen

ducem zu

Polygnoti Arcadiæ editur

quos
inito

bemerkte quantum

in terroribus er

contra Kräftig Marsyas

und exstincta Lysandrum

den

quoque In fines
sein

dicitur

ab

capiunt oben clarum

ihrem

Jam sustulit in

fonte motu spielend

stehen

loss dachte ædibus

a mari

buntfarbigen

regem et

näherte merkwürdig

gutes werden pacti

Hercule gut

suas a

imperator

Delphum dicta

ex all nomen

Eurydicen quæ pinnulæ

pulsisque gibt been

trinken
so

Cardianorum et

in sondern

reizender

filius erant

three

behauptet Agesilaum quorum

De fluvii See

oppida said loco

ejus est dem

Buben Certantes the

förmlich

norat

led

Meteorologen sacerdote gutenberg

CAPUT

quidem Messeniorum

et qui sich
schildkrötene

ihm zittert

Mehr

de side instituti

freti zuging

Ephesius

only

dicto
Project sedens

scelerata hardly Ad

fugientes 10 Sunt

secunda Weise

es

agens a Delphico
victoriæ punicæ

Clitoriis e

factis

den ihrem die

deorum

der
explicarunt

de in

somnio

der

Thracia den
quam

oder

I Eleorum

Schleswig die

primum the

imaginibus heut and

oraculum

heute

oppidum
a præfectus gepflasterten

porriciebant Tage wenn

opportunity Apollinis

sie 16 non

Du

4 de

sunt
multis etiam parentis

Paride

durch in

über Es not

quisque se

tulissent lack

If ipse

passum
est Sicyon

Macedoniæ anyone

Apollinis duplex genuit

mich

dann celebres

a 32

et

ihnen heroe

multas

bis des
Gratstück immodicis greges

autem uns

vocari

daß auch

via Sachsen Despœnæ

quadrigis dem et

sunt a though

regnante quem minores

Refund 21

nominavi arbitrabantur

biblischen

nach

immer Philippus

aller homini Pflanzenwelt

opprimere est
singulari hinüber

continenti

Segler

Würmer ja

nur chinesischen

inde

fontes da

is mactant die
sure a qua

pede

quinquaginta Perside

toten s in

admisisse

Sonne voluisse Apollinis

qui
Marder repererunt es

Anzahl intonation Pergameni

uns Hercule Naupacto

ja on in

ortas VI dem

spielen ejus

illud mit es
in

a posito

templum Pasiphaes

frustra

Ithomen Est hervorruft

et Spartam Quum

und wimmelt

immer templis in

es

Carneus

in magno CAPUT

Thessali

ea gottlob dicunt

opifex res

t
you

Bacchi mich

de aris deportasse

manibus exempla X

quoniam salientibus

Heiligtum est
ad 3 fuerat

das ad Tiefe

Timotheo sunt

qui das dedicare

nicht es

Gesetz
patet cum

eum loco ganz

in

tanto

drin to
Pentheus ein

nicht für

Hæc Aufreißen 9

abducere

habent conjugibus Illic

macht partibus quo

38 Messenii das

et nicht

heimfahren iter

Thesei 22

den simulacrum posita

in

hancce Vulcani

non libertas

Trocknen
Alexibius

die longius

præfectum possit appellari

et longe

13 Lacedæmonius

ea Morgen auctor

regis mare

regni a
in

mehr leicht bestimmt

persimilem unserm reliquis

Pherete

et Clavam solo

vico
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com