CHAPTER r In this Chapter... ete ~The Root ~The Stem | ~The Leaf ~The Flower ~The lnflorescence ~The Fruit [ ~The Seed Morphology of Flowering Plants ‘Semi-Technical Description of a Typical lowering Plant ~ Floral Formula = Floral Diagram, ~ Description of important Family-Solanaceae Angiosperms form the most diverse group among all off oer plane groups. They bear seeds enclosed in ovary. | Thismakes angiosperms different from gymnosperms, which have naked seeds. 4 % Angiosperms or flowering plants are described or clasiied based on their external as well as internal stuctue. The branch of biology that deals with the sudy ofthe physical form and external structure of the Pts is termed as morphology. 1 Keowledge of morphology helps us to know other J tect of plants like plant habit and habitat, crop luction, er. y o eno Te | lant body consists of a main axis, which may be ee ot unbranched bearing lateral appendages. es ‘xis is divided into two parts : et Sytem Iris the underground system that_ fe lops fiom the radicle of embryo roots help in ion of the plant as well as absorption of water fp aelminerals shoot System This aerial system develops from * plumule of embryo and contains root, stem, leaves as vegetative parts and flowers, fuits and seeds as reproductive parts. Fig. 8.1 Parts of a flowering plant. vegetative parts are involved in various vegetative fede Tike stractural organisation, fixation, absorption, nourishment, growth and maintenance of various components. On the other hand, reproductive parts are for sexual reproduction and germination of seeds to form new plants.Regioa of the Root AA ppical root contains following five pars. However, ther is uo cea ine of disincaea batons ho Regions, The root is covered at the apex by a thimble or caplikeseructure called the root cap. It proces the foot meinem from fiction ofthe si panicles and Fig. 5.2 The region of the root tip 3. Region of Elongation {cis situated behind the meristematic region (growing point). The cell elongate speedily and increases the Tength of the root. The cells of this region can absorb water and minerals from the soil. Types of Root System There are two major types of root systems found plants. These are 1. Top Root System The tap root develops from the radicle of embap, 2 seed. In most of the plans, primary root pen and becomes stronger to form tap root. The fine root formed by the elongation of radicle, is calle Primary root. It continuously grows and produce lateral roots called secondary roots. The further branches of the secondary roots are cl ‘ertlary roots and so on. These types of roots are Present in dicots, -g. pea, gram, groundnut, etc. 2. Adventitions Root System The roots developing fromm any : part of the plant od than the radicle are known as advenstions Pon (Ladventitia is te ). These are usually fo The advencous root canbe : flowing on the bis of mana ng ed The nt of developmen (id Tee Adveatitions Roog, Patented ce gaane (Paha), roots ot mmened in water (¢ es (Oa apes), et. fF. 5. Diferent types of root system (©) Adventitious root syster of the Roots majo functions of the roots are as follows {)Fiaton Root provides fixation to the plants wih soil (i Absorption Roots absorb water and minerals fm the soil and provide it to all parts of the badly. {i Storage Roots of many plants store food for the 1se of other plant parts and for animals, (h) Aeation Plants growing in waterlogged soil or ‘marshy areas have pia roots, ie, Preumatophores for respiration. {) Conduction Roots transport water and minerals [ean direction for the use of stems and Stem nit scending pat of che axis bearing branches, wes and fruits. Stem develops from the a ofthe embryo of a germinating seed. It shows on into nodes and internodes, where node is oo from where leaves are borne and internodes eye en two nodes. It bears bud, which “minal ot axillary, ‘Various forms of stem include 1. Aerial Stems ‘These stems are usually upright and may be e wreak eg, Lemna, Zea mays, Mangfera indica exe, ‘The aerial stems have two forms, ie, reduced stem erect stem, a4 2. Suboerial Stems In subaerial stems, some part lives unde ‘whereas, the remaining part of the stem is aerial. eg. Bougainvllea, eynodon, Jasminum, etc. 3. Underground Stems The stems of some plants lie below the soil surface. They ate non-green, store food as means of perennation and vegetative propagation. e.g, Curcuma domestica, Solanum tuberosum, Allium cepa, etc. Branching Pattern of Stem The stems may be branched or unbranched, Branching in stems may be dichotomous and lateral. (0 The dichotomous branching occurs by the division of the apical growing point or bud into Tae ee 2 forked manner. We acu in lower plants-cryptogams (non-flowering plants), higher plants-Hyphaene (palm), Canscon Pandanus tectorius (screw pine), etc, (ii) The lateral branching occurs from the axillary buds of the nodes, e.g. Pinus (Pine), ‘Brapevine, etc, Functions of Stem Various primary and secondary Functions of stem include. :n8 Primary Functions (Ie bears leaves, fruits, flowers and seeds in position. (ii) Te conducts water and minerals to roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc. (ii) Te holds flower in suitable position, so that pollination and fertlistaion can take place. Secondary Functions () Many stems store food as reserve food materials. i) Some stems also help in photosynthesis and vegetative propagation. (ii) The underground stems help in perennation. (iv) Stem branches provide support to its various parts. The Leaf Ie is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem. Leaves develop at the node and bear a bud in its axil. The axillary bud later develops into a branch. Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order. They are the most important organs for photosynthesis. Parts of a Leat A typical leaf has three main parts 1. Leaf Base (Hypopodium) ‘The leaf is attached to the stem by the leaf base. In monocots, the leaf base is said to be sheathing as it expands and partially and wholly surrounds the stem. In dicots, the leaf base beats two lateral outgrowths called stipules. In some leguminous plants, the leaf base may become swollen and is called the pulvinus. Leaves with stipules are called stipulate and those without them are termed as exstipulate. 2. Petiole (Mesopodium) Ie is the stalk of a leaf. Petiole helps to hold the leaf blade towards light. Petiole raises the lamina high to the level of stem so as to provide maximum required exposure to light and air. 3. Lamina (Epipodium) ‘The lamina or leaf blade is the green, expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets. It has a prominent median vein ae neu lateral veins whi jidrib. It the branch £0 ig. 8.4 Verious parts of 2 leat ina i 1: of photosynthesis, gaseous The nine et ofp margin, apex, surface and extent of inci of lamina varies in different leaves. exchange, The shape, Venation ‘The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamin leaf is called venation. The midrib, veins and veinla contain vascular tissues, i.e. xylem and phloem for conduction of water, mineral salts and food. Leaves have mainly two types of venation 1. Reticulate Venation ‘When the veinlets form a network, the venation is called ape: Teis found in dicot leaves. Hower some monocot leaves like Smilax, Dioscorea and Alocasia also show reticulate venation. 2. Parallel Venation ‘When the veins run parallel By. lamina, the venation i termed scone Wing ‘monocot leaves, e.g. Calophytiy Parallel. is * ©6: Calophyllum, Zingiber ofiin aT Venation : (a) ) © Paral vencultt venationhse are 60 Major Peso 1. Simple Leaves 3 a sfhavng a single or undivided lamina ise imple leaf. The lamina of a simple leaf may be incised, nF incisions do not touch the midrib, An a tod is always present in the axil of leaf petiole and stem, ‘The mina can have various types of incisions which. ray each upto half (fd), more than half (partite) or pear the base or midrib (sect), aN i i nets into separate lobes or more leaflets as Ca pr the tip of petiole or on the sides of rachis @ ©) ‘Abud lcs in its axl. Individual leaflets do not bear 6 Types of simple leaves : (a) Entire soley ele ee 2 lef of mango (b) Entire palmate ear i tai eee ae ect of oa td imple leaves may “ breil borne in one or more borne in one plane o olanes. Compound Leaves Plan ky ei eh ONS OT Se leafs called compound when the incision of the leaf __Simpleleaves ae eee blade goes down to the midrib (rachis) or to the petiole Fire eey Ahem o that the leaf is broken up into a number of segments Phyllotaxy The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or ‘ branch is called phyllotaxy. It helps to avoid compound leaf can be of following two types ‘overcrowding and provides every leaf with optimum’ () Pinnately Compound Leaves In these leaves, the sunshine, incision of lamina is directed towards the ai Phyllotaxy is usually of three types which is known as rachis. Leaflets are arranged on. () Alternate (Spiral) Phyllotaxy A single leaf arises at both side of the rachis, e.g. neem, rose, etc. each node in alternate eres China rose, ‘mustard and sunflower plants. (ii) Opposite Phyllotaxy A pair of leaves arise at each node and opposite to each other, e.g. Calotropis and Psidium guajava (guava plants). (iil) Whorled (Vertcillate) Phyllotaxy If more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl, itis called whorled. The leaves of one whorl generally alternate with those ofthe adjacent whorls in order to provide Fig. 8.7 Pinnately compound leat ee ee fe), Alon, Fig.120 lower jl Since ae the axil of a leaf like structure g led bracteate bracts are call a Blower ace ae called ebeartentes oak ier} and swollen part of the axis ofthe al The termina ne thalamus. The receptacle comin is the treet ne rypes of whorls arranged in succes aoe Seamens and carpels. Leaves preg als, perals, aa rediel are called bracteoles. A flower at bract. Flowers wit Fig. 5.9 Types of phyllotaxy : (a) Alternate, (©) Opposite, (2) Whoried Pees Functions of Leaves come The leaves have many primary and secon functions. ee Primary Functions () The most important function of leaves is photosynthesis with the help of sunlight and Fig. 5.10 Structure of a typical flower carbon dioxide. (ii) Leaves contain stomata through which gaseous Parts of a Flower exchange occurs. A typical flower consists of four distinct parts the cy (iil) Leaves are the sie of transpiration. the corolla, the androecium and the gynoecium. The (iv) They protect axillary and terminal bud from calyx and corolla are accessory parts and the androesa mechanical injury and desiccation. and gynoecium are essential parts. Seccadity Flies These essential parts consist of two kinds of 2 hylls, the micr (Lewd int te eg no, Rel cpr mae) ad (ii) Leaves undergo modifications as a measure A flower can be unisexual or bisexual. It is bot ; go m . It is borne on __ against eranspiration. short or long axis. The axis contains two regions the (iii) Storage of water in the cells of some succulent pedicel and the thalamus or receptacle, "The pedied hint, eg Alo. ‘ay be short, long or even absent. The thalamus ist (iv) In Salvinia, one leaf of each node is changed into _swollen end of the axis on which the floral whorl at roots that act as balancer for floating. arranged. i (v) In some leaves like of Euphorbia, the young leaves Different whorls prese are brightly coloured to attract insects for 1px en hella stint pollination. aoe tis the outermost whorl of a f) ; d units call a flower. It is made up! The Flower leaflike eee Sepals are generally green, A flower is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It The sepals also = Ie Bower in the bud stage. is meane for sexual reproduction. Morphologically its oF the Romer Coen empitation from inne i considered as a shoot bearing nodes and modified floral Poliinaion ” “°1UtEd sepals attract ineecs for leaves. : They have vein; Flower is called modified shoot because the position of veins and stomata like ordi bot the buds in both flower and shoot is same and can be ure, The ealyg sce ee in terminal or axillary in position. free) 18, **bnia oF polysepalous 8. Crotalaria,4 is composed of petal and lis inner to calyx P eal bight colouted to ace inser ee olination. Like calyx, corolla may alga he Pr opealous (petals United) or ). The shape and colour of c pape. Coola may be tubular, blight anelshaped. The made of arrangement of sepals o respect to the other members of the ‘estvation. The aestivation pattern is ciples htisof folowing types () Wahate Petals are close to. eg. mustard (Brassica) (i Twisted Regular overlapping of petals occurs in which margin of one petal overlaps withthe nest ene, eg. China rose (Hibiscus rasa sinensis." Pe Init There are five petals, ranged in such away that on petal is completely external and another pte is completely internal, while three petals are partaly ‘extemal and partially intemal, eg. Cassia, Oulstemon,Caesajina (Ww Vexilary When the largest petal overlaps the wo lateral petals which inturn overia the two smallest anterior petals (kel, the aestvation is called as vexillary or papilionaceous, YVT9 OO @ o © @ » Fa. 8.11 Different types of aestivation of calyx and ‘rola: @) Velvate (b) Twisted (c) Imbricate (¢) Vaxilary Aadroecim sth third whorl of flower composed of stamens or TotPorangium. Each stamen, which represents the 1 "Productive organ consists of a stalk or a ment and an anther. “Litter is usually bilobed and is attached at the $y eile band called connective. Each lobe has bers, the pollen sacs. The pollen grains are ami it pollen sacs, A sterile stamen is called “inode (without anther). Stamens can be of different Petals in floral bud with Same whorl is known as, 's important in classification 'each other, but do not overap, fe (iv) The stamens may be united into one bun one bundle, i.e. monoadelphous as in China r a Filaments may be grouped into two bundles, ie. diadelphous as in pea or into more than two bundles, ie. polyadelphous asin citrus. (©) There may be a variation in the length of filament as in Salvia and mustard. 4. Gynoedum Ics the female reproductive part of the flower. Gynoecium is made up of one or more carpels or megasporangium. Megaspores are produced within the ‘megasporangium. A carpel (or pistl) consists of three parts, ie. stigma, style and ovary. ‘The stigma is the receptive surface for pollen grains, Style is stalk like structure that supports stigma. Ovary is the enlarged basal par. Each ovary bears one ‘or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta. Depending on the number of carpel present, gynoecium can be of following types (@ Apocarpous When more than one carpel is Present, they may be fice are called apocarpous, g, lotus and rose. (i) Syncarpous When carpels are fused together, the gynoccium is called syncarpous, e.g. brinjal and Hibiscus, Locales in the Ovary The cavity enclosed by the ovary wal is called locule, The number of locules in the ovary correspond to the number of carpes in the gynoecium. Based on this, ovary may be () Unilocular only one locule, eg, pea. (i) Bilocular two locules, eg. tomato. (ii) Tilocular three locules, eg. Ricinus. (iv) Multilocular many locules, eg orange and lemon. EE122 Placentation The placenta is a to thi ovary is known as placentation, It can be of different types (@ Marginal The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are borne on this ridge forming two rows is called marginal placentation, e.g. pea, (i) Axile When the placenta is axial and the ovules itis cular ovary, the China rose, tomato and lemon. (ii) Parietal When the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part, itis called parietal placentation. Ovary is one-chambered, but it becomes two-chambered due to the formation of false septum, e.g. inustard and Argemone. (iv) Free central When the ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent, the placentation is called free central, e.g. Dianthus and primrose. (¥) Basal In this type, the placenta develops at the base of ovary and a single ovule is attached to it as in sunflower, matigold. The placenta develops directly on the thalamus. @ @ @ Fi. 5.48ypes of placerat : a) Marga! (8 Ade " (c) Parietal (d) Free central (e) Basal Position of Floral Parts on Thalamus The positions of different whorls of flowers are different. This is due to the position of ovary. These positions may be of three types 1, Hypogynous Flower The thalamus is conical, dome-shaped or flat, The ovary is present at the top of thalamus. The stamen, tals and sepals are separate and successively inserted ieee ovary. Ovary is superior, whereas rest of the structures are inferior, e.g. Brassica, Hibiscus, Petunia, tissue, which develops along the inner wall of the ovary. The ovule or ovules remait attached « placenta. This arrangement of ovules within the 2 ‘The m: re c cup-like structure ovary, and stamens ar pre inferior, eg; £086, PI The thalamus grows UPWa! ovary and also other floral parts are thalamus and ovary. The is Flower argin of thalamus but remains fr lum, calyx tube. This tube aise ic and the s present in it inseparably with the later. The beans the top of the fused 8% grows upwards forming it. The ovary is peach, etc. rds to completely cove, wary is called inferior, eg. | on Helianthus (sunflower), Cucurbita (pumpkin), Py (apple). @ ) Fig. 5.13 Arrangement of fibral leaves on thalamus: |G) Can (@) Hypogynous (b) and (c) Perigynous (a) Epigynaus | ‘When the floral appendages are in the multiple of 3, 4or5 flower is considered as trimerous, tetramerous or pentane respectively. Picatyledonous flowers are usually di, tetra or pentamerou while, monocotyledonous flowers are trimerous, Symmetry of a Flower ysis YY ; C Ww J h Pc eee © te cn \ | The symmetry ofa ower depends upon the sta. and arrangement of floral parts, e.g. calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoeci actinomorphic and zygo symmetry. I In this {YP a flower can be divided ; hahes by any veel nes died into exact centre of a flower + Theref ©. mustard, Datura, im. Flowers can be morphic on the basis of LO, hy et ee 'n Passing through the ty fore, it has radial sme x articular vertical plane- metry e.g, Ocimuthof Flowering Plants porphol09y he Inflorescence rangement and distribution of flowers over a is called inflorescence. lowers Fe inflorescence can be of following three types type of inflorescence, the main axis grow and the flowers ae borne laterally fon sown surceton (he older fowen a Fs reresco wards the base and younger ones at the Be tite A renipetl (older towards peiphey ne This inflorescence can be a pes ger cowards centr). This type of inflorescence is__@) Uniparous or monochasial eyme; €g- ‘own as indefinite inflorescence, nigrum, Ranunculus, et. ‘ isfarher categorised into the following types. Gi) Bipaows oy dchasal rme Mii a ngainvile, : e as Serene ane ii) Multiparous or polychasial eyme, e.g, Calosropis, Nerium, etc. (i) Corymbosa raceme - e.g. Mustard (ii) Compound umbel - e.g. carrot, fennel, etc. Inflorescence (x) Compound spadix - e.g. coconut, banana etc, _It maihly involves highly modified and densely crowded (9) Compound spike wheat, oak, etc inflorescénces. It is highly reduced and is a cup-shaped involucre Wf five bracts having nectariferous glands. A single lane female flower is present in the centre of the cup an scorpioid male flowers surround this female flower. kyery male flower is represented by a single stalled borne in the axil of a scaly bract, e.g. Euphordig (i) Verticillaster These Ye two clusters each having 3-9 flowers that develop o& a node in the axils of Fig. 5.14 Racemose inflorescence opposite leaves, e.g. Ocdgum sanctum (basil), Cmose Inflorescence ‘moxe inflorescence, the tip of the main axis condensed into a cup or flask-shaped, fleshy nates in a flower and further growth continues receptacle It bears three kind \of flowers, ive. male one or more lateral branches. These branches flowers (cowards the pore), ous Wve like the main axis. the base) and neutral flowers in between arrangement of flowers in either basipetal male and female flowers, e.g. peepah (Ficus reiiosa) “"6tt flowers occupy basal position, while older and banyan (Ficus benghalensis).es 124 The Fruit ne characteristic feature of flowering plants is fruit. uit is a mature or ripened ovary, dev fe ripened ovary, developed after During fertilisation, some important changes take place in the ovary. These changes are (i The ovules present in it develops into seeds. (ii) The wall of the ovary thickens and ripens into pericarp (fruit wal), The ovary after these changes is known as the fruit. If a fruit is formed without fertilisation, it is called parthenocarpic fruit, e.g. banana, grapes, pineapple, ‘etc. The parthenocarpic fruits do not have seeds. ‘The fruit consists of wall or pericarp and seeds. The pericarp may be dry or fleshy. When pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated into outer epicarp, the middle mesocarp and the inner endocarp. f@ e Fig. 5.16 Parts of a fruit (a) Mango (b) Coconut: Types of Fruits Following are the three types of fruits (i) Simple Fruits A simple fruit develops from the single simple or compound ovary of a lower. These can be dry fruits (pericarp dry) or succulent fruits (pericarp fleshy), (ii) Aggregate (Etacrio) Fruits An aggregate fruit is a group of fruitlets which develops from a flower having polycarpellary apocarpous (free) gynoccium. The aggregate fruits also called etaerio. (iii) Multiple (Composite) Fruits A composite (multiple) fruit develops from an entire inflorescence. The multiple fruit is composed of a number of closely associated fruits (which may or ay not get fused) along with is peduncle. Hence, these fruits are called pseudocarpic fruits. ce of Fruits 4 wurce of vitamins, in and sugars and some ca, eg: Okra (lady's fi , cucumber, gourd, ete, dry fruits,) form the Importam (i) Fruits are 2 0 minerals, pect ted as vegetable tomato, pumpl Cereals (one seeded f humans. Gi anes imporent foods for fui eating hg NY (fragivorous) and eee ae i ves are also used as medicines, eg, (Some fui aa ase = meine of jca officina Fakes ee somniferam (poppy), etc, (@) They protect immature seeds against climatic conditions il ther maturin pe fruit itter due to the presen (i) The unripe fruits are bitter di aa (ane biter alkaloids, astringents, sour ac ‘te. This way they keep the animals away frog cating them. The Seed ‘Arripened ovule which contains an embryo or tiny with sufficient reserve food for the development of ‘embryo is known as seed. Outermost covering or seed coat and an embryo. 1 embryo is made up of a radicle, an embryonal ats one cotyledons. Types of Seeds ‘Two different types of seeds based on the number cotyledons and presence or absence of endospems 1. Dicotyledonous Seed These seeds possess two cotyledo: seed i dicot sed ferrmed non c7 dons. Gram seed ist is abecat in a dicot need Pd OF legume: Eade Structure of Dicotyledonous Seed The structure of a dicot seed described below (i wit + A narrow ri ; chalea inte Faphae runs from hil ® Faro - A small pore callednology of Flowering Plants scope present eween the hilum and os 4 ‘ quter hard and leathery layer of the coat i aa ‘and the inner thin and membranous layer Te ween. In some seeds, the tegmen and testa are fused, ee? Seetsost YH" Covfedana Paulo a large shield-shaped corylede scutellum and a short axis are + The plumule and radicle are enclosed ‘Radicle plum a pn SAU which are called eoleoptile and eoleorhizay respectively. 4 ‘he seed coat encloses the embryo, which is + Coleoptile has a terminal pore for the emergence Jifeensiated into a radicle, a plumule and cotyledons. ‘Theraticle develops into root and plumule ee Corfeons may be one or two to serve as reserve food, __shoot in passing through the soil during Hypocosl is a part present between the point of eg maize grain is whitish, yellow, violet or red in sechment of cotyledon and radicle, colour. It has smooth or shiny surface. Fpicuy is present between point of attachment of «Its grain is covered with a single, thin hard cqyedons and plumule, covering. Insome seds, such as castor séeds, the endosperm is * e's formed by the fusion of seed coat or testa formed asa result of double fertilisation. This endosperm is 34 the fruit wall or pericarp. 1 fod ring tissue. Inplans like bean, gram and pea, the endosperm is not present in mature seeds (i.e. non-endospermous seeds). Heaocotyledonous Seed seeds possess one cotyledon. The monocotyledonous ate endospermic, but some as in orchids are -endospermic, In the cereals, such as maize, the seed is membranous and generally fused with the fruie wall. of first leaf during germination. © The sheath is capable of growth. Ichelps the furure Fig. 8.18 Structure of maize grain ; (a) External Internal structure‘The description of a flowering plant should be brief, sequential and in scientific language. This is required to designate a plant in its appropriate taxonomic position, Plants can be described briefly In the following way Habi Herb, shrub, trees, climber, creeper, et. Habitat Mesophyre, xerophyte or hydrophiyte et Vegetative Characters “Roca ileal op ociadrencidoverovtsas sill 2 Stem He yaceous or wood) smooth, hairy, spiny rity, cylindrical, angular or i ‘Deciduous or peritent, phyllowaxy may be alternate, opposite or whorled, petiolate ‘or sesil, reticulate or parallel, blade may be simple or compound, Inflorescence _ Cymose or racemose and their subtypes. acu Floral Formula symbols used it a G - Gynoecium and carpels G = Inferior ovary G~ Superior ovary Br — Bracteate i Male or staminate Epi Epics C— Corolla and petals N=Necar K — Calyx and sepals —Perianth and tepals ‘A~Androecium and Std — Staminodes ‘The floral formula of Brassica (mustard) represen Flower Pans Ses or pedicle brace ot ee yracteate, unisexual or bisexual, Syeomorpic or acinomorphic Ebr @F KaaCy Anu Gey hypogynous, perigynous or epigynous, Description of this formula is ebracteate, complete or incomplete, isomerous or actinomorphic, bisexual, bimerous, calyx-4, heteromerous tc. polysepalous, in two whorls of two each corals Calyx olysepalous or gamosepalous, deciduous polypetalous, cruciform, androecium-6, polyandia or persistent. tetradynamous in two whorl, one with ovo, Corolla Polypetalous (free) or gamopetalous gynoecium-bicarpellary syncarpous, superior. oz aestivation and special Symbols for Nur of Floral Parts appendages. umber = : The number of floral inven at tight Pc idrous of united. If united, parts are written Andes Cp garam i al hee id hie be 4 me examples are given below jum Free or united earpels, ovary superior or .Seemplesians given below savin. Gynec infin et Sepal 6 free % Fruits Simple, aggregate oF multiple, true or false Serisfued Kw i Petals 5 free Cs “Monocot or dicot, endospermic or eens Le ee pon-endospermic, et. Petals 5 fused Cs Floral Formula : “Same 10in ive who of Seach AS Br iyrabolie eprseoonion of etl are papmiekinn Gc) Ag flower is called floral formula. ——————— ee‘stamens 10, diadelphous (9 fy and 1 fee) _ g lay ynearpous gq — Epipetalous CA floral Diagram um provides informati See ace ofa agen ae aba he win, they have with one another, re fol digram of flower tel Braces ofthe flower {)Prsence or absence of bract and bractoles, (i) The postion of odd sepa {i) The number and arrangement of floral leaves in relation to one another, (x) The cohesion and adhesion of floral leaves. 6) Asivation of sepals and petals. (9) Symmetry of the flower, (i) Monothecous and bithecous nature of anther, (vi)Number of locules in the ovary. (i) Types of placentation, ‘Symbols. Description 0 = —— Mother axis AS —— Corolla or petals ‘0 —— Nectar secreting disc around carpel the floral diagram, the position of the mother axis ith respect to the flower is represented by a dot on ¥ 0 ofthe floral diagram. Calyx, corolla, jotcium and gynoecium are drawn in successive hots, calyx being the outermost and the gynoecium the centre, See (@} @g Kay CaAae 480) F4.5.18 Flora ‘diagram with floral formula arrangement and the Us about the following Subdivision Chass Subclass Series = Order E Family = 2. Distribution ‘The family is represented by 90 genera and 2800 species distributed in both tropical and temperate regions. 3. Habit Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or rarely soft wooded trees, 4, Vegetative Characters ( Root Usually tap roots. (il) Stem Herbaceous rarely woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid hair or prickles often present, sometimes underground tubers (Solanuni tuberosum). (iil) Leaf In vegetative parts alternate and floral regions opposite, exstipulate, simple, rarely Pinnately compound as in potato and tomato, 5. Floral Characters @ Inloscence Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Gi) Flower Bisexual, actinomorphic, ebracteate, Pedicllate, pentamerous and hypogynous . Gas Sepals 5, united, valvateaestvation, ec ly persistent as in brinjal, tomato, chilli, * Corolla Petals 5, united, va 4 » Valvate ivati Fotate or tubular, rarely funnel shaped130 * Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating with petals, inserted in corolla tube, filaments usually of unequal length, anthers bithecous, * Gynoecium Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, bilocular, placenta swollen with many ovules, * Fruits Berry or capsule. * Seeds Endospermic, many embryo straight. ii) Floral Formula Ebr@ ¢ Ky) Cy A, G2) Alijnone Biology Om \ Economic Importance with Examples Plants belonging ro the family Solanacea hare yy importance in the following fields 6) Food The family-Solanaceae includes a pay of vegetables and spice yielding plants, eg. Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum mei (brinjal), Lycopersicon esculentum (comate), Physalis peruviana (ground cherry), Capccyy, annuum (chillies), etc. (i) Tobacco Nicotiana tobacum and N. rustica contain toxic alkaloid nicotine. They are ise for chewing, smoking and snuff. (iii) Medicines Atropa belladonna is used to obtain bellodona and atropine. Bellodonna is used for relieving pain and treating cough. Atropine is used for dilating gp pupil. Datura stramonium is used in asthma. Other ‘medicinal plants are Solanum xanthocarpum, Withania somnifera, Hyoscymus niger, ete. Gy) Ormamentals The common ornamental plans are Cestrum nocturnum (Rat-ki-Rani), Petunia bybrida, Phyrals peruviana (cape goosebery), ete,