01295328
Optical Fiber Communications
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Dr. Natsupa Taengnoi The content provided throughout this presentation is for educational and
informational purposes only and is conducted in an in-person class.
What topics have we learned so far?
2.1) Nature of Light
2.2) Optical Fiber Structures and Light Guiding Principles
3) Light Sources for Fibre Links
4) Photodetection Devices
5) Electro-Optic Modulator
6) IMDD Formats and Eye Diagrams
7) Coherent Formats and Constellation Diagrams
8) Optical Receiver Operation
9.1) Amplifications - Properties of Optical Amplifiers
9.2) Amplifications - Types of Optical Amplifiers
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The Optical Fibre Transmission Link We’ve Built
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
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Lecture 2.1: Nature of Light
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
• We explain the properties of light as a wave by using the Electromagnetic Wave and Lightwave Equations.
• The refractive index 𝑛 of the medium causes light to slow down as it propagates through the medium compared to in a vacuum
• The light is guided within a fibre based on the concept of the difference in refractive index (𝑛) between the core and cladding of the fibre to form
a scenario of the total internal reflection (recall Snell’s Law for Reflection and Refraction).
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Lecture 2.2: Optical Fiber Structures and Light Guiding
Principles
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
• The max angle that we can guild the light into the fibre is the acceptance angle 𝜃 , which is related to the numerical aperture (NA) of the fibre.
• There could be one mode (single-mode), or more than one mode (multi-mode) propagated in the fibre.
• But the V number of the fibre will determine how many modes it can support through the use of parameter 𝑀 (the total number of modes)
• We define the wavelength when a certain mode stops propagating (no longer properly guided) in the fibre as its cut-off wavelength.
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If
Reflexibility 100 % light can
pass through
Lecture 3: Light Sources for Fibre Links
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
what want
RF signal-3 Bias-3 we
LO-3
create
noise
&
LAS-4 IQ-MOD ↓
COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
~
• LED (Semiconductor Device -> PN junction -> Direct/Indirect Bandgap) [in gain medium
• LASER (Stimulated emission in the gain medium creates to a very strong intensity signal through the population inversion condition. The strong intensity
signal will then travel forward and backwards within the cavity, once its intensity is high enough to compensate all the loss in the cavity, it will then start
to leak out of the laser cavity and become a lasing light)
• The THREE processes involved in laser operation: photon absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission.
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Lecture 4: Photodetection Devices
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
optical - &
RF signal-4 Bias-4 photo current .
LO-4
v
I Photo "RP
current -Power incident
optical
• Important characteristics of a PD: Quantum Efficiency and Responsivity.
• Noise Sources of PD: Thermal noise, Shot noise, Dark-current noise.
• SNR is used to define the quality of the signal as it is a ratio of signal-to-noise.
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Lecture 5: Electro-Optic Modulator
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
MZl Stimulation
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
b
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
turn into
voltage
-
101 = High low
high
• Pockels Effect: 𝑛 ∝ 𝐸
• Electro-optic modulator based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer
[
Apply Phase shift (MZI) configuration
(Pockel Effect) • Power Transfer Function and Field Transfer Function
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Lecture 6: IMDD Formats and Eye Diagrams
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
• IMDD Formats: NRZ-OOK and NRZ-PAM-n, RZ-OOK and RZ-PAM-n.
• Baud Rate, Number of bits per symbol, Spectral Efficiency (SE, bit/s/Hz)
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Lecture 7: Coherent Formats and Constellation Diagrams
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
USE SQUARE LAW
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
• Coherent formats have better SE than IMDD formats since they encode the
RF signal-4 Bias-4 intensity, phase, and polarisation of the waveform. (Coherent formats: BPSK, LO-4
QPSK, 16QAM, DP-QPSK)
• The limitation of Square-Law Detection of IMDD Systems is that cannot retrieve
the phase+pol info of the signal.
• 90-degree Optical Hybrid is used to detect coherent formats with the signal and
LO are used to extract the phase+pol.
O
• To generate coherent formats, we use an IQ Modulator. (
• Constellation Diagram is used to represent coherent signals (recall: the decision- Local Oscillator
making region of each alphabet).
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Lecture 8: Optical Receiver Operation
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
Bit error to total Bit
O
• Typically, we evaluate a received optical signal using BER and Q-factor.
• Optical received power must be above Rx sensitivity so it can be properly detected.
• The best time to sample the received waveform is when the height of the eye-opening
is the largest. L
good
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Lectures 9.1-9.2: Optical Amplifiers
LAS-1 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-1 Bias-1 LO-1
𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km 𝛼 dB/km
LAS-2 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
WDM WDM
RF signal-2 Bias-2 MUX DE- LO-2
𝐿 km 𝐿 km 𝐿 km MUX
LAS-4 IQ-MOD SMF SMF SMF COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-3 Bias-3 LO-3
-
LAS-4 IQ-MOD COH PD(s) BERT
RF signal-4 Bias-4 LO-4
lock like PN
June
• Types of Optical Amplifiers: SOA (electrical pumping + population inversion), DFA (optical pumping + population inversion), Raman amplifier
men
(optical pumping + SRS).
gen y see : Sponsors meroon corros so population yo light come in
• Properties of Optical Amplifiers: Gain, Gain bandwidth, OSNR, Output power saturation, Gain non-uniformity (flatness), ASE Noise, and NF.
~ Spontanous 9 Random
• Cascaded amplifier scenario: Accu. ASE, Accu. NF
~
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17302
Note Before the Exam!
• You are allowed to bring ONE A4-paper note [you can use both sides of the paper] Final Scores Assigned Grade
• Remember to bring the uni calculator and your student ID!
• Arrive at the exam room well before 16:00 hrs
• It’s a 3-hour exam (16:00-19:00 hrs), so you should bring a bottle of water
o Remember to stay calm, find all parameters in the questions, and then try to map
them to your knowledge, if you can’t remember any equations, so just note them
down on that A4 paper (but it’s best trying to understand and remember the
concept of each key topics first, because you can’t write every down within just
one paper, of course!) • If the total score is less than 50 points, it will be
o Remember, you did those quizzes every lecture, so you know how to analyse (crack) considered not passing (Grade F).
the questions and link them to the theory/knowledge we learned in the class! • Grading may slightly be different from the
criteria in the table. This is because the gap
o Study with your classmates is better than alone -> Trust me! between scores is taken into account as well.
o Make it fun, not stress, YOU CAN DO IT!
“Good luck to all of you!”
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