Various TEX tricks

Helmer Aslaksen
Department of Mathematics
National University of Singapore
Singapore 117543
Singapore
aslaksen@[Link]
[Link]/aslaksen/
Draft: July 22, 2010

1 Graphics
1.1 Programs
1.1.1 LATEX like tools
pict2e Removes the restrictions in the LATEXpicture environment.
epic/eepic The epic package uses the drawline command instead of the line com-
mand, so a line can be specified by its endpoints instead of its length. However,
the slope of the line is still restricted. The eepic package allows for arbitrary
slopes, but is not compatible with pdfTEX.
overpic The overpic package adds TEX labels.
MetaPost Produces purified EPS files that work with either LaTeX or PDFTeX.
Asymptote 3D oriented.

PSTricks Does not work directly with PDFTeX, but must use LaTeX, dvips and ps2pdf.
Unless you are using the microtype package there will be no difference between
a PDF generated in the PSTricks way with LaTeX and one directly generated
with pdflatex.

PGF/TikZ PGF is the base system that provides commands to draw vector images.
TikZ is a frontend that provides a user-friendly environment for writing com-
mands to draw diagrams. Can produce either PostScript or PDF output and works
with PDFTeX.
Sketch 3D oriented. Outputs PSTricks or PGF and TikZ.

1
1.1.2 LATEX friendly drawing programs
TpX Windows drawing program that imports EMF/WMF and SVG (and EPS and
PDF through PStoedit) and outputs LATEX, EPS, PDF, PNG, MetaPost, SVG,
PSTricks, EMF/WMF or PGF. I can import EPS files from Mathematica into
TpX using PStoedit. I can then replace the Mathematica labels with TEX labels
and save in either PGF or PDF. I must manually edit the caption and reference
label.
Ipe Windows/Linux program that imports JPG and PNG and outputs PDF or EPS. IPE
comes bundled with a command line tool called pdftoipe that converts arbitrary
PDF files to a format that can be edited with IPE.
LaTeXDraw Outputs PSTricks. I can see the PSTricks code generated as I draw.
LaTeXPiX Windows drawing program that imports JPG and PNG and outputs eepic
or PGF. Working on eepic, PGF, EMF/WMF and EPS import.
JpgfDraw Outputs PGF, PNG or EPS.
jPicEdt Outputs LATEX, eepic or PSTricks.
mfpic Outputs Metapost.

1.1.3 Conversion programs

jPicEdt jPicEdt can import and output LATEX, eepic and PSTricks code.
PStoedit Converts EPS and PDF to various formats, including EMF/WMF and SVG.
Can be used with TpX.

1.2 Creating graphics

1.2.1 Mathematica
 When creating graphics in Mathematica with labels, use FormatType -> OutputForm,
TextStyle -> FontFamily -> "Times", FontSize -> 12 to avoid Math-
ematica fonts and for proper text size.
To make sure that Mathematics doesn’t use its own fonts for symbols, go to Edit
-> Preferences -> Global options, and set Formatting Options -> Font
Options -> PrivateFontOptions -> OperatorSubstitution to false.
 The default for the Export function in Mathematica is an image that is four inches
wide at 72dpi. When I create an image in Mathematica that I want to use with
width x in LATEX and also on the web, I use

Export["*.pdf", graphics, "PDF", ImageSize -> x*72/2.54];

Export["*.png", graphics, "PNG", ImageResolution -> 600,
ImageSize -> x*72/2.549]
In Mathematica, use export instead of display. Display relies on psrender,
but PDF export still uses psrender.
PDF files from Mathematica use the MediaBox (whole page) instead of the Art-
Box (BoundingBox), but I can remove the white margins in Acrobat. The PNG
files are fine, but I can use ThumbsPlus to autocrop them for an even tighter fit.

2
  A better alternative is to create an EPS file and convert it to PDF using the
epstopdf or epsapdf macros, the eps2pdf GUI or GSview.
In Mathematica, Export["[Link]", %, "EPS"] creates EPS files without
preview that start with %!. Export["[Link]", %, "EPSTIFF"] creates a
binary preview at the beginning of the file.
Mathematica uses PlotRange to define the BoundingBox for EPS export.

1.3 MetaPost
 MetaPost’s PostScript output is a low-featured dialect of the Postscript language,
called purified EPS, which can be converted into PDF on-the-fly. For that reason,
MetaPost graphics can be handled by both TeX and pdfTeX.
When the dvips driver is chosen, the graphicx package assumes all files with an
unknown file extension to be in the EPS format. MetaPost files with a numeric
default file extension are therefore handled correctly Ű even if only in a fall-back
procedure. For the pdfTEX driver, the situation is a bit different. Only files with
file extension .mps are recognized as purified EPS and can be converted to PDF
on-the-fly. There are two solution:

– Change MetaPostŠs output file naming scheme to write files ending with
.mps via outputtemplate := "%j-%[Link]"; and include the graphic
files with the mps extension. This approach works with the dvips driver,
too. Even though, again, this time .mps is an unknown file extension and
triggers EPS file handling in the fall-back procedure.
– Rename MetaPost files to a .mps extension. We then have to add the line
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\DeclareGraphicsRule{*}{mps}{*}{}
\fi
to the document preamble after loading package graphicx. That declaration
tells pdfLaTeX to load all files with unknown file extensions as mps files.

 MPPreview is a MetaPost previewer in WinEdt. At compile time, an .mpt file is

created if any output file (.1, .2, .....) is generated; so, menu items are disabled if
this .mpt file is not found. I cannot use the filenametemplate variable to change
extensions to .mps or .eps.
 Files with .mpx extension contain information about TEXlabels.
 vardef returns a value. The call to the function should not include a ;. save makes
a variable name local inside a vardef.

 Use the latexMP package when printing labels and the emp package to include
the source inside the TEX file.

3
1.4 PSTricks
 The easiest way to get PDF when using PSTricks is to use

latex <file>.tex
dvips <file>.dvi
ps2pdf <file>.ps

To get all images as eps files create a document that holds only the PSTricks
images.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\pagestyle{empty}
\begin{document}
... code for an image ...
\clearpage
... code for an image ...
\clearpage
...
\end{document}

Finish by running pdf2eps <picture number> <pdf file without ext>, where pdf2eps
is the bat file:

pdfcrop "%[Link]"
[Link] -sDEVICE=epswrite -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH
-dFirstPage=%1 -dLastPage=%1 -sOutputFile=%[Link] %[Link]
move %[Link] %[Link]

This has to be run for each figure.

 The Perl script pst2pdf is the best choice when all graphics are needed as exter-
nal images. It extracts all pspicture and postscript environments from the main
text body and then runs these code snippets with the same preamble as the main
document. The PDF output from each of these single documents is then cropped
to get rid of the white space around the figure and also converted into EPS files.
After producing all PostScript-related code as a single image, saved in a default
subdirectory images/, the script pst2pdf runs the source one last time with pdfla-
tex and replaces all PostScript code with the previously created image.
Download the package and copy pst2pdf to [Link] in localtexmf\bin. Then
run [Link] <file>.tex.
 For the pst-pdf package, I write (on Linux I use = instead of #)

\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{pst-pdf}
\pagestyle{empty}
\begin{document}

4
 \begin{pspicture}
...
\end{pspicture}
\end{document}

latex <[Link]>
dvips -Ppdf -o <[Link]> <[Link]>
ps2pdf -dAutoRotatePages#/None <[Link]> <[Link]>
pdflatex <[Link]>

The package uses the preview package to write the pspicture environment into
a special DVI file. It is important, that pspicture has the correct coordinates,
otherwise you will not get the whole picture. dvips -E writes the contents into a
special PS file with one picture per page. With ps2pdf this file is converted into
PDF images from which the last pdflatex run reads its images page by page and
replaces all with the pspicture environments.
Alternatively I can use the ps4pdf perl script or MiKTeX executable.
 The auto-pst-pdf package uses similar input, but everything is done in a single
pdflatex run, and therefore you must allow execution of external programs from
within pdflatex. Use the shell-escape option for TEX Live or pdflatex --enable-
write18 for MiKTeX. I must first refresh the FNDB in MiKTeX.
 For pdftricks I write

\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf%
\usepackage[miktex]{pdftricks}
\begin{psinputs}
\usepackage{pstricks}
\end{psinputs}
\else
\usepackage{pstricks}
\newenvironment{pdfpic}{}{}
\fi

\begin{document}
\begin{pdfpic}
\begin{pspicture}(5,2)
...
\end{pspicture}
\end{pdfpic}
\end{document}

and run pdflatex --enable-write18. At first I got errors about “(pdftricks) No

\write 18 capability”, but then I installed the file modified by Shujun Li and
refreshed the MiKTeX database and it worked.

5
1.5 Asymptote
 Copy [Link], [Link] and [Link] to

\localtexmf\tex\latex\asymptote

 Add the Asymptote directory to the PATH. Right-click on ‘My Computer’, choose
‘Properties’, click the ’Advanced’ tab and click the ‘Environment Variables’ but-
ton.
 To run Asymptote from WinEdt I create [Link]

WinExe('', 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Asymptote\[Link] "%P\%[Link]"',>

'%P','Asymptote', 100, 0, "", "", "%P\%[Link]");
End;

To “Asymptotify”, I create [Link]

Exe('%B\Exec\TeX\[Link]');
WinExe('', 'C:\Program Files (x86)\Asymptote\[Link] "%P\%[Link]"',>
'%P','Asymptote', 100, 0, "", "", "%P\%[Link]");
Exe('%B\Exec\TeX\[Link]');
End;

I put these in

c:\Program Files (x86)\WinEdt Team\WinEdt 6\Exec\Helmer\

In [Link] I write

BUTTON="Asymptote"
BUTTON="Asymptotify"

and in [Link] I write

ITEM="Asymptote"
CAPTION="Asymptote"
IMAGE="CapLarge"
MACRO="Exe('%b\Exec\Helmer\[Link]');"
REQ_FILTER="%P\%[Link]"
ITEM="Asymptotify"
CAPTION="Asymptotify"
IMAGE="Complete"
MACRO="Exe('%b\Exec\Helmer\[Link]');"

1.6 Scanning
Scan line art and text at grayscale, not black and white.

6
1.7 Converting graphics
1.7.1 EPS to PDF
 MiKTeX comes with several converters. eps2eps and ps2ps, which use gs to
convert (e)ps to simpler, normalized and (usually) faster (e)ps. ps2pdf and pdf2ps
use gs, but beware that pdf2ps converts fonts to bitmaps. ps2eps is a package that
uses a Perl script, gs and [Link].
 There are two versions of [Link]. One is an exe file that is part of
MikTeX and one is a PERL script on CTAN. Both use GS. There is also the
epstopdf package by Oberdiek, which uses shell escapes to automate the process.
[Link] is a stand-alone GUI on CTAN (I install it in localtexmf). They
seem to give files of comparable size, which are smaller than the PDF files from
Acrobat Distiller.
 There are also two WinEdt macros, which must be installed in a subdirectory of
%B\Macros in the install folder %B, which is

c:\Program Files (x86)\WinEdt Team\WinEdt 6\

%b is the local directory

c:\Users\Administrator\Application Data\WinEdt Team\WinEdt 6\

or

c:\Users\Helmer\AppData\Roaming\WinEdt Team\WinEdt 6\

but %b D %B unless I create profiles (single user mode).

The epsapdf macro calls epstopdf, while eps2pdf macro calls GSview directly.
epsapdf used to have trouble with spaces in the file name, but that seems to
have been fixed.
epsapdf can be used to correct the bounding box and to reposition the figure in
the lower right corner.
eps2pdf works on EPS files with binary preview at the beginning, while epstopdf
requires that I edit the beginning first.
In general, WinEdt no longer requires the MUI plugin, but for eps2pdf I must
first install the MUI plugin.
eps2pdf gives full page PDF files and I must change the paper size to a4 when
installing. I can use Remove White Margins in Acrobat or the pdfcrop tool,
which is part of MikTeX.
eps2pdf does not read bounding box information correctly.
 To convert multiple files I use

for %f in (*.eps) do gswin32c -sDEVICE=png16m

-sOutputFile=%~[Link] -dEPSCrop -r600
-dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE %f

7
 or

for %%x in (*.eps) do epstopdf %%x

 To make the Type 1 Mathematica fonts available to Ghostscript, open GSview,

go to Options -> Advanced Configure and under Ghostscript Options
add

c:\Program Files\Wolfram Research\Mathematica\5.1\-

SystemFiles\Fonts\Type1

to -sFONTPATH="c:\psfonts".

1.7.2 EPS to PNG

 GSview conversion to PDF, PGN or JPG gives full page files, but I can use
autocrop in ThumbsPlus for PGN or JPG or Remove White Margins in Ac-
robat.
[Link] (from CTAN) with epstopdf -sDEVICE=png16m outfile=[Link]
[Link] gives a file with nice resolution, reasonable file size and correct Bound-
ingBox.
epsapdf gives a low resolution file. If I select to scan the HiRes BoundingBox,
I get a full page file. If I select advanced options, I get an error message and
cannot convert.
Both the eps2pdf macro and GUI give the wrong BoundingBox. In the GUI, I
can select -sDEVICE=png16m as an additional parameter. I then get a nice file
with the correct BoundingBox, but with a PDF extension. In the macro I can
unselect the BoundingBox. I then get a full page file that I can crop.

1.7.3 Ghostscript
Ghostview is an X11 user interface for Ghostscript, allowing me to view and navigate
PostScript files. GV is a version of Ghostview with an improved user interface and
the ability to display PDF files. A similar program called GSview is available for use
under Linux/X11, Windows and OS/2.

1.8 Including graphics

 \usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
\else
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\fi
If the graphicx package uses the dvips driver, [Link] defines the graphic ex-
tensions .eps and .ps. If the graphicx package uses the pdfTEX driver, pdf-
[Link] defines the graphic extensions .png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps. So under pdfTEX,
includegraphics searches for PNG, PDF, JPG and MPS in that order. Old
versions of PDFTeX (prior to version 1.10a) supported TIFF, too.

8
 10pt Default 11pt Option 12pt Option
tiny 5pt 6pt 6pt
scriptsize 7pt 8pt 8pt
footnotesize 8pt 9pt 10pt
small 9pt 10pt 11pt
normalsize 10pt 11pt 12pt
large 12pt 12pt 14pt
Large 14pt 14pt 17pt

LARGE 17pt 17pt 20pt

huge 20pt 20pt 25pt

Huge 25pt 25pt 25pt

Table 1: Default settings of font sizes in LATEX.

 From MiKTeX 2.4 onwards LATEXsupports EPS, PNG and JPG. But using PNG
or JPG requires some extra work. First, I have to specify the bounding box
(which is the image size in this case) manually. If I want to add a 800x600 JPG
or PNG image, I have to use the following code:

\includegraphics[width=6cm, bb=0 0 800 600]{[Link]}

Notice that I have to give an extension, unless I use the \DeclareGraphicsExtensions

command.
PDFLaTeX will still work if I use this code, but I get a warning message in the
PDFLaTeX output about the bb option.

2 Text tricks
2.1 Font sizes
The default settings of font sizes in LATEX are given in Table 1. The font styles used in
various places by the article style is shown in Table 2.

2.2 Miscellaneous text tricks

 Use

\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

to input international characters. Use two single quotes instead of double quote.

9
 Title LARGE
Author large
Abstract name small bold
Abstract text small
Section Large bold
Subsection large bold

Table 2: Font sizes in article style.

 The center environment starts a new paragraph, while the centering declara-
tion doesn’t.

 To create a box with width equal to specific text use this construction:

\newlength{\mybox}
\settowidth{\mybox}{\framebox{\Large 10}}

This can then be used for example as in:

\item \framebox[\mybox]{\Large 1}
\item \framebox[\mybox]{\Large 10}

 The command \emph{ ... } gives better spacing than the declaration {\em ... }.
In particular, it automatically handles the italic correction, so I can write \emph{text}
instead of {\em text\/}
 An end of file marker (^ Z) in a DOS text file that is \input prints an æ.
 The form of the footnote mark is determined ny thefootnote. [Link]
sets it to \fnsymbol{footnote}, while maketitle redefines it to narabic-
{footnote}. \footnotetext leaves no mark in the text, and does not step the
counter. But there is no 0 in fnsymbol, so if I use \footnotetext, \maketitle
and fnsymbol it comes out empty!
 Since there might be several captions in a figure or \table environment,
\caption works like a sectioning command within the environment, with the
\label command going either after the \caption command or in its argument.

3 Math tricks
3.1 Displayed math
no alignment alignment
 one equation multiline split
two or more equations gather align

10
 split is actually a twocolumn environment, with the left column right aligned
and the right column left aligned. It is meant to split one formula inside an align
or gather, whereas alligned and gathered collect several formulas, similar
to an array with one column.
 align aligns at one point, alignat align several align’s.
 Do not leave empty lines before math displays. It adds an empty paragraph
indent. Compare

2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 D 16

with
2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 D 16:

 In general, write & =, not = & in align.

Here I write = &

x Dy;

and here I write & =

x D y:

However, if I must break the right hand side, I can write

\begin{align*}
x = {} & y \\
& + z
\end{align*}

to get

xDy
C z:

 To number tables within equations, set

\renewcommand{\fnum@table}{\tablename~\theequation}

and put \addtocounter{equation}{1}\verb before each table.

 \begin{gather}
\begin{gathered}
\end{gathered}
\end{gather}
will put the tag in the middle.

11
3.2 Fonts and symbols
 In math mode, : is a relation symbol while \colon is a punctuation symbol.
 amssymb redefines certain symbols, including \Box for \square. I can’t use
amssymb with MathTime Professional, so to avoid using \square, which will
load a CM font, I use the amsthm package. I use \quedhere if the proof ends
with a displayed equation.
 The eufrak gives fraktur, but not bbb. amsfonts gives fonts, while amssymb
gives the fonts and defines symbols. I write \mathbb{R}.
 \ldots is redefined in the amsmath package, so I must use \dots.
 * gives the raised asterisk *, $*$ gives .
 \mathbf uses a bold roman font.

3.3 Operator names

 \DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{tr} is the amsmath version of
\newcommand{\tr}{\mbox{tr}}.
 There is also a command \operatorname such that using \operatorname{abc}
in a math formula is equivalent to a use of \abc defined by \DeclareMathOperator.
This may be occasionally useful for constructing more complex notation or other
purposes. (Use the variant \operatorname* to get limits.)

4 Tables
4.1 Array package
The array package lets me insert commands automatically before or after a column’s
cell.
\begin{tabular}{|>{\scriptsize\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{2cm}|}
changes the font size, adjusts the spacing in the parboxes and avoids the problem that
redefines \\, so it can’t be recognized as the end of table rows.

4.2 Tabls package

To change the height of all rows in a table, use \renewcommand\arraystretch{2}.
To adjust the row height automatically, use the tabls package.

4.3 Easytable package

Use
\RequirePackage{easy,etex}
\documentclass{beamer}
\usepackage[thinlines,thicklines]{easytable}
\begin{document}
to avoid running out of \dimen's when using easytable.

12
5 CJK
 Use IME to input in MS Word or EmEditor. Save as text with encoding
GB2312, Big5 or UTF8. Open in WinEdt.
 WinEdt does not support Unicode, so CJK text will not display properly. This
also includes accented characters with UTF-8 encoding.

 Some Unicode editors may add the “BOM” (Byte Order Mark) at the very
beginning of the file, even if the output file encoding is set to UTF-8. The BOM
under UTF-8 is the byte sequence 0xEF 0xBB 0xBF. If the output file starts
with those three bytes, they should be removed, or I may get strange warnings,
log entries, or even errors while processing with LATEX.
 To get anything unusual into the bookmarks when using hyperref, like for
instance pinyin tone marks, I have to use the \texorpdfstring command, for
example \section{\texorpdfstring{\Jie2 \Qi4}{Ji\'e Q\`i}}. This
example was easy, because the tone marks for the second or fourth tones can be
obtained by standard accented characters. If I want to get for example the tone
marks for the first or third tones, I have to first get the Unicode code from
Reading and Writing Chinese Characters and Pinyin on the Web Using
Unicode. I then write for example
\section{\texorpdfstring{\Tang1}{T{\001\001}ng}}. If I want to use
Chinese characters, I have to find the codes from the links on Chinese TeX
Using the CJK LaTeX Package, Unicode TrueType Fonts and PDFTeX under
Windows, and write for example
\section{\texorpdfstring{o}{\156\157}}. Please note that the
pdfstring uses octal numbers for the hex Unicode strings. I can use
[Link] Table - Decimal, Hexadecimal,
Octal, Binary for the conversion.
The Acrobat reader currently does not change the size of the CJK in the
bookmarks properly. I have to manually switch the size of all the bookmarks to
large.
 Instead of

\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc},
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{CJK}

I just use \usepackage[T1]{CJKutf8}.

 Load [Link] after [Link] to avoid conflicts. If that doesn’t work, use

\makeatletter
\def\PYding#1{\py@hy d\py@i dn#1ng\py@sp{}}
\makeatother

13
6 TeX
 In WinEdt6 the default settings for LaTeX is to compile with option
–synctex=-1 and, in WinEdt5.6, the default settings for LaTeX is without the
–synctex option. However, MiKTeX does not support the synctex option for
filenames with spaces. The solution is to open WinEdt and uncheck ’Use
–synctex switch’ in Options -> Execution Modes -> PDF Viewer or to use
TeXLive.
This is the problem if you get an error saying “Invalid argument:
[Link](busy) [Link]: Data: [Link](busy) texify: [Link]
failed for some reason (see log file). PDFTeXify failed to create a pdf file.”

7 PDFTeX
 The hyperref package defines href and url. \href{URL}{text} gives a
text with link and \url{URL} is the same as
\href{URL}{\nolinkurl{URL}}. The url package redefines url to allow
for line breaks. Load \usepackage{url} \urlstyle{rm} after hyperref.
href uses roman, but url uses tt by default. Use \urlstyle{rm} to make
url use roman. To avoid having the text “[Link] appear in the document, use
\href{[Link]
 When creating PDFs for printing, colored links are not good as they end up in
gray in the final output, making it difficult to read. You can use color frames,
which are not printed by setting colorlinks=false or by making all links
black

colorlinks=true,
anchorcolor=black,
citecolor=black,
filecolor=black,
linkcolor=black,
menucolor=black,
pagecolor=black,
urlcolor=black

 The backref options adds backlinks text to the end of each item in the
bibliography, as a list of section numbers. This can only work properly if there
is a blank line after each \bibitem. Setting backref=page gives a list of page
numbers. Use Alt + left arrow to move to previously viewed page in acrobat
files.
 The report and book styles have different types of page numbers at the start, and
this conflicts with hyperref. The solution is to write:

\begin{document}
\hypersetup{pageanchor=false}
...
\maketitle

14
 \begin{abstract}
...
\end{abstract}
\hypersetup{pageanchor=true}

 \phantomsection
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Title}
adds a bookmark at the right place.
 {\samepage
\PDFbookmark[0]{Mark}{Mark}
\section*{\centering Mark}
}

centers a section without a number, but with a PDF bookmark.

 {\samepage
\phantomsection
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Contact Information}
\section*{\centering Contact Information}
}
centers a section without a number, but with ToC and PDF bookmark.

8 Letters
 \address{\vspace*{-3.65truecm}\\ moves the return address up or use
\vspace*{-3truecm}. By using both, I can put a left aligned letterhead logo
and the return address level.
I use the labels package to print mailing labels. Print out with no reduction to
fit margins. It does not like more than five lines in the labels.

 \enlargethispage*{100pt} increases the page.

9 Empty space
 Some commands, e.g., \vspace, uses \@bsphack to put \ignorespaces after
itself if there is a space in front (L, 153). It is a good idea to use
nignorespaces at the end of macros. Spaces are ignored at the beginning of
\halign constructions like tabular and array, but if the first entry is a
control sequence we might want to use \ignorespaces.
 Leaving space before and/or after an “invisible command” can generate
unwanted space (L, 153 and [Link]). When I started writing this
document I wrote

text \vspace{-.5\topsep}
\begin{verbatim}

15
 to decrease the space before and (in a similar way) after verbatim
environments. But one time text happened to fill up the previous line and the
end of line marker started a new line. When \vspace is used within a
paragraph, it inserts space after the current line (using \vadjust). In this case
that meant after the current empty line, which gave me too much vertical space.
One solution is to write text%.
Notice the difference between \vspace and \vskip. If we had written

text \vskip -.5\topsep

\begin{verbatim}

then the \vskip would have finished the paragraph, and the space would have
been removed (K, 99). That would have started a new paragraph, however.
 Spaces are ignored in the following situations.
1. In vertical mode.
2. At the beginning of \halign constructions like tabular and array.
3. At the beginning of input lines (K, 47).
I therefore believe that I can state the following rules.
1. Put a % when the line ends with a horizontal command that ends with a
nonletter.
2. Put a % at the end of a line if spaces are not ignored there and the next line
starts with a \vspace.

10 Spacing
 29.7cm = 11.69in 21cm = 8.27in
27.94cm = 11in 21.59cm = 8.5in
textwidth = 390pt for both letter and a4
390pt = 13.76cm = 5.42in
 \newlength{\test}
\setlength{\test}{\linewidth}
\addtolength{\test}{-3.72in}%
\hspace{\test}
\the\test
\showthe\test
 The tabular environment puts half the intercolumn space before the first
column and after the last column (L, 183). This can be removed by @{} or be
adjusted by \setlength{\tabcolsep}{.5\tabcolsep}.
 When using a \parbox instead of tabular, we must include struts and specify
the size of the box.
 Interrow spacing in the tabular and array environments is obtained by
putting the default strut in each row. The default strut has height
.7nbaselineskip and depth .3\baselineskip. The commands

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 \begin{tabular}{l}table1\\
\begin{tabular}{ll}
table2
\end{tabular}
\\[<glue>]table3
\end{tabular}

will add <glue> to the depth of the default strut in the second row in the outer
tabular. But the inner tabular might already have increased the depth to
something bigger, in which case \\[<glue>] will have no effect. If we write
\\{}\\[<glue-\baselineskip>] we will get the desired spacing.
 The construction

\makebox[\textwidth]{%
\makebox[0in][l]{\@nameofcourse}%
\hfill Tutorial #1 \hfill
\makebox[0in][r]{\@academicyear}
}

puts the number of the tutorial on the middle of the line, and not halfway
between the name of the course and the year. We need \hfill since
nmakebox[textwidth] uses \hfil.
 \hss has both infinite stretchability and shrinkability so it can put things flush
left or right in a box without complaining about an overfull box if the contents
exceeds the box.
 Article style sets \floatpagefraction to be .5. If we try to put a bigger float
on a page, we must increase \floatpagefraction.
 \newpage puts 0pt plus 1fil at the bottom of the page. The
\raggedbottom declaration defines \@textbottom to be
0pt plus .0001fil. The reason for the number .0001 is to make sure that I
still have (essentially) 1fil at the bottom. This is important if I use some other
\fil command earlier on the page and the write \newpage.
 In order to print mailing labels, \end{letter} issues a npagebreak. Since
\raggedbottom is in effect, \@textbottom is 0pt plus .0001fil2, so
[Link] sets \@texttop to be 0pt plus .00006fil.
 eqnarray uses \halign to \displaywidth{...} while array uses
\vcenter{nhalign{...}}. TEX is in internal vertical mode when it works on
a \noalign. A\noalign inside an array environment uses the width of the
array. \makebox and \mbox use \leavevmode. Hence
nnoalign{nhbox{and} puts it on the left, while \noalign{\mbox{and}}
enters horizontal mode, includes a \parindent and creates a paragraph, i.e., a
box of width \textwidth. If this happens inside an array, no centering will
take place, since the width of the array is already \textwidth. \makebox
includes horizontal glue, so \makebox[\textwidth]{and} works, while
\hbox to \textwidth{and} gives an underfull \hbox error.

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11 Macro expansion
 The &’s and \\’s serve as delimiters for the \tabular macro, so if we have an &
or a \\ in a conditional inside a macro, we get in trouble. If we include the
troublesome parts in braces, TEX will not see the & or \\ (K, 202), so it won’t
complain about the \ifx’s, but it will mess up my \tabular. This might also
cause a \\ to appear inside a group. The solution is to write
\edef\tabcontents{...the contents of the table, with noexpand in front of all
the “nonconditional” commands...} and then say

\begin{tabular}{...}
\tabcontents
\end{tabular}

Then all the “iffy” stuff gets expanded in peace, and then put inside the macro.
 If \test is defined, \csname test \endcsname calls \test. If \test is
undefined, \csname test \endcsname defines \test to be \relax.
 TEX sets \catcode`@=12, so if we write \def\@test{a} TEX will think that
we are trying to redefine \@ to be a macro with parameter text test. If we write
\def\test@at{a} TEX will think that we are trying to define \test to be a
macro with parameter text @at. LATEX allows us to use @ in style files that are
called in the \documentstyle command, but not in files that are called by
\input. We can’t use commands with @ in them in the text (unless we change
the category code), but we can use macros that involve commands with @ in
them, because TEX uses the category code that was in force when the command
was read.
 The command

\uppercase{\romannumeral2}

prints ii. \romannumeral2 is the argument of the primitive command

uppercase so it is not expanded before \uppercase acts on it, and since it is a
control sequence it is not changed by \uppercase. The result of

\expandafter\uppercase{\romannumeral2}

is ii. The second token after \expandafter is {, so \expandafter does not

have any effect. If we write

\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral2}

we will get II. Here the second token after \expandafter is \romannumeral,
so the argument is read and expanded (K, 213) and then transformed by
\uppercase.
 After

\def\up#1{\uppercase{#1}} \def\text{test}

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 the command \up\text prints test, while \expandafter\up\text prints
Test. But if we use

\def\text{{test}}
\expandafter\up\text

we get TEST.
 A \verb command may not appear in the argument of any other command.

12 Modes
Vertical mode generates pages from vertical boxes. Internal vertical mode is used
inside a \vbox. Pages are not broken in internal vertical mode. Horizontal mode
generates paragraphs. Internal horizontal mode is used inside a \hbox. Lines are not
broken in internal horizontal mode.

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