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 Michael Vince

English G ra m m a r
and Vocabulary
3rd Edition
Macmillan Education
Between Towns Road, Oxford 0 X 4 3PP
A division o f Macmillan Publishers Limited
Companies and representatives throughout the world

ISBN 978 O 2307 2704 5 without key

ISBN 978 0 2307 2703 8 with key

Text © Michael Vince 2009

Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2009

First published 1993

This edition published 2009

Ali rights reserved; no part o f this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any
form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission
o f the publishers.

Designed by Macmillan
Layout and composition by Xen

Illustrated by:
Paul Daviz pp 3,16, 43, 80,117, 135,176, 210, 260;
Julian Mosedale pp 10,12, 24, 27, 56, 8 9 ,1 1 0 ,1 2 2 , 124, 147, 1 5 3 ,191,195, 217, 220, 235, 236.

The author would like to thank the many schools and teachers who
have commented on these materials. Also special thanks to
Peter Sunderland who revised the previous edition.

The publisher would like to thank Helen Forrest for her editorial support.

Printed in Thailand

2014 2013 2012 2011

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
 Contents
Introduction viii

Grammar 1 Presenttime 1
Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous
State verbs and event (action or dynamie) verbs
State verbs normally without a continuous form
Difference o f meaning in stative and active verbs
Other uses o f present continuous
Other uses o f present simple
Grammar 2 Futurę time 7
Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous
Futurę continuous
Futurę perfect
Other ways o f referring to the futurę
Other futurę references
Grammar 3 Past time 14
Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous
Past perfect simple and continuous
Used to and would
Unfulfilled past events
Polite forms
Contrast with present perfect verb forms
Grammar 4 Present perfect 21
Present perfect simple
Present perfect continuous
Contrast o f present perfect simple and present perfect
continuous
Tim e expressions with present perfect verb forms

Consolidation 1 Units 1-4 28

Grammar 5 Passive 1 33
Basic uses
Using and not mentioning the agent
Grammar 6 Passive 2 40
Have and get something done, need doing
Passive get
Reporting verbs
Verbs with prepositions
Com m on contexts for the passive

iii
 CONTENTS

Grammar 7 Conditionals 46
Basic usage: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations
(present and past)
Variations: ifonly, unless, and other alternatives to if, past
events with results in the present, should, were to, happen to,
ifit were not for, ifit hadrit beenfor
Other ways of making a conditional sentence: supposing,
otherwise, but for, ifso, ifnot, colloąuial omission of if, if and
adjectives, if meaning although
Grammar 8 Unreal time and subjunctives 54
Its time, its high time
Wishes
Id rather and Id sooner, Id prefer
As if, as though
Suppose and imagine
Formal subjunctives
Formulaic subjunctive

Consolidation 2 Units 5-8 60

Grammar 9 Modals: present and futurę 65

Dont have to and must not: absence of obligation, obligation
not to do something
Should: expectation, recommendation, criticism o f an action,
uncertainty with verbs o f thinking, with be and adjectives
describing chance
After in case to emphasize unlikelihood
Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to
express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness
Can: criticism, capability
Must and cant: certainty, present time reference only
May and might: although clauses, may/might as well, possibility
or uncertainty with try
Shall: certainty, what the speaker wants to happen
Will: assumption, intention, to refuse or insist
Would: annoying habits, certainty
Need: need to not a modal, need partly a modal
Related non-m odal expressions: had hetter, be bound to
Grammar 10 Modals: past 72
Had to and must have: past obligation, past certainty
Should have and ought to have: expectation, criticism o f an
action, should have and verbs o f thinking, with be and
adjectives describing chance, polite expressions
Could have: past possibility or uncertainty, with comparative
adjectives, unwillingness
Could: past permission or ability, compared with could have
May have and cant have: certainty, with surely

iv
 CONTENTS

Would not: unwillingness

Would have: events in the past which did not happen,
assumptions
Needn’t have and didnt need to: unnecessary actions done
and not done
Adverbs and modals: well, easily, obviously, really, just
Grammar 11 lnversion 78
Inversion
Inversion after negative adverbials
Inversion after so/such with that
Inverted conditional sentences w ithout if
Grammar 12 Emphasis 85
Changing word order to change focus
Adding words for emphasis
Other means
Consolidation 3 Units 9-12 92

Grammar 13 Reported speech 97

Problems: reported speech with modals, with conditionals,
dont think
Reporting verbs
Functions: verbs that describe a function, verbs that describe
actions
Changes of viewpoint
Grammar 14 Articles 104
Definite article (the), indefinite article (a/an), zero article
Translation problems
Grammar 15 Relative and non-finite clauses 111
Defining and non-defining clauses
Which and that
Who, whom, and whose
When and where
Omitting the relative pronoun
Omitting which/who + be
Clauses beginning with what and whatever
Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form
Grammar 16 Verbs + infinitive or -ing 118
Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with to
Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive
with to
Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to
Verbs normally followed by -ing
Verbs followed by infinitive without to
Verbs followed by an object and to
CONTENTS

Consolidation 4 Units 13-16 126

Grammar 17 Verbs + prepositions 131

Verbs followed by: in,for, of, with,from, on, against, about,
at, to
Grammar 18 Prepositions 138
Following adjectives: of, about, with, at, on, to, by, for, in,from
Following nouns: on, to, over, with, for
Expressions beginning: in, with, at, on, beyond, by, for, out of, under,
without, within, after
Grammar 19 Phrasal verbs 1 144
Add up to get up to
Grammar 20 Phrasal verbs 2 150
Give away to p u t up with
Grammar 21 Phrasal verbs 3 156
Rip off to work out
Consolidation 5 Units 17-21 162

Grammar 22 Linking words and phrases 167

Text organizers: adding a point, developing a point, contrast,
explaining reasons, making generalizations, giving new
information
Grammar 23 Punctuation and spelling 172
Common errors
Problem words
Words with similar spelling but different meanings
Punctuation: commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons
Consolidation 6 Units 22-23 178

Grammar 24 Further practice 182

Vocabulary 1 Leisure activities 188

Vocabulary 2 Travel and movement 192
Vocabulary 3 News events 196
Vocabuiary 4 Places 200
Vocabulary 5 Media and advertising 204
Vocabulary 6 The natural world 208
Vocabulary 7 Work 211
Vocabulary 8 Business and money 215
Vocabulary 9 People and relationships 219
Vocabulary 10 Social problems 223
Vocabulary 11 Entertainment 227
Vocabulary 12 Government and society 231
Vocabulary 13 Health and the body 235
vi
Yocabulary 14 World issues 239
Vocabulary 15 Thinking and feeling 243
Vocabulary 16 Technology 247
Vocabulary 17 Quality and quantity 250
Vocabulary 18 Education 254
Vocabulary 19 Word formation 258
Vocabulary 20 Multiple meaning 262

Words and phrases

1 Expressions with come, expressions with in, idioms based on
hand, wood and metal, prefix un-, verbs of movement 265
2 Expressions with get, colour idioms, expressions with see,
suffix -ful, common expressions, expressions with out 268
3 Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with
break, sounds, words with more than one meaning, words
connected with memory 271
4 Formality, expressions with no, expressions with head, words
connected with people, expressions with m ake, compound
words 274
5 Size, suffixes, headline language, expressions with once, body
movements, expressions with at 111
6 Expressions with set, places, words with more than one
meaning, speaking, expressions with within, adjective
suffix -ing 280
7 Expressions with by, idioms with parts of the body,
adjective-noun collocations, expressions with have, verbs
of seeing, expressions with do 283
8 Collocations of nouns linked with of, size, expressions with
bring, feelings, prefix well, expressions with/ram 286
9 Adverbs, expressions with think, expressions with give,
modifiers, words with more than one meaning, but 289
10 Expressions with put, expressions with run, prefix under-,
names, expressions with cali, verbs with up 292

lndex 295
Yocabulary wordlist 297
Grammar answers 313
Yocabulary answers 331
Words and phrases answers 340

V II
Introduction
This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points
at the level of Cambridge ESOL Proficiency and CAE or Common
European Framework levels C l and C2.

This revised edition updates the materiał in accordance with changes

to Cambridge Proficiency and CAE, but also provides a rangę of
practice formats for this level.

The grammar section includes additional revision and more

advanced points. Units on phrasal verbs, prepositions and hnking
devices are also included. There are also sections on spelling and
punctuation.

T h e gram m atical in form ation provided can be used for reference

w hen needed or w orked through systematically.

The Yocabulary section includes topic-based vocabulary, collocations

and idiomatic phrases, as well as word formation and multiple
meaning. It also recycles work on prepositions and phrasal verbs.

The book can be used as a self-study reference grammar and

practice book or as supplementary materiał in classes preparing for
the CAE and Proficiency exams. If used for classwork, activities can
be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or smali groups.

There are regular consolidation units which include forms of testing

commonly used in both exams and the materiał covers a rangę of
difficulty appropriate to both exams.
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1
GRAMMAR

Present time
Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous
• Present simple generally refers to:
Facts that are always true
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Habits
British people drink a lot oftea .
States
I don’t like gangster films.

• Present continuous (progressive) generally refers to actions which are in progress at the
moment. These can be temporary:
Fm staying in a hotel until Ifin d a fiat.
They can be actually in progress.
The dog is sleeping on our hedl
Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment.
Tm learning to drive.

• State verbs and event (action or dynamie) verbs

State verbs describe a continuing State, so do not usually have a continuous form.
Typical examples are:
believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt,fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, need,
own, prefer, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish

• Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples
are:
be, depend,feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh
Compare these uses:
State Event
Jack is noisy. JiU’s being noisy.
Deirdre has a Porsche. We’re having an interesting conversation!
1 think I like youl D avid’s thinking about getting a new job.
T hisfisk tastes awful! 1’m just tasting the soup.
Ifeel thatyou are wrong. rm feelin g terrible.
This bag weighs a ton! We’re weighing the baby.
It depends what you mean. Bill, 1’m depending on you to win this
contractfor us.
The differences here apply to all tense forms, not just to present tense forms.
ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Other uses of present continuous

• Temporary situations
A rey ou enjoyingyour stay here?

• Repeated actions
My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days.

• Complaints about annoying habits

You are always making sarcastic remarks about my cooking!
Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever.

• With verbs describing change and development

The weather is getting worse!
More and m ore people are giving up smoking.

Other uses of present simple

• Making declarations
Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be State verbs.
I h o p e y o u ll com e to my party.
I bet you d on t know the answer!
I hereby declare this hospital open!

• Headlines
These are written in a ‘telegram’ style, and references to the past are usually simplified
to present simple.
Ship sinks in midnight collision.

• Instructions and itineraries

Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of in imperative
forms. This style is more personal.
First you roli out the pastry.
Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements.
On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon.

• Summaries of events
Plots of stories, films etc, and summaries of historical events use present (and present
perfect) verb forms.
May 1945: The war in Europę cotnes to an end.
...A t the end o f the play both fam ilies realize that their hatred caused the deaths o f
the lovers ...

• ‘Historie present’ in narrative and funny stories

In informal speech, it is possible to use what we cali the ‘historie present’ to describe
past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic.
... So then the second man asks thefirst one why he has a banana in his ear and the
first one says ...
 GRAMMAR1 PRESENTTIME

1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1 I haven’t decided yet about whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one. But I
think about it/Im th in k im about it.
AU right, you try to fix the television! But I h o p e/lm h op in g jou know what you’re
doing.
Every year I visit/Tm visiting Britain to improve my English.
It s time we turned on the central heating. It gets/lts getting colder every day.
O f course, youre Mary, arent you! Irecognize/1 am recognizingyou now.
The film o f ‘War and Peace is very long. It lasts/It is lasting over four hours.
I can see from what you say that your mornings are very busy! But what do you d oi
areyou doing m the afternoons?
Tm gołng to buy a new swimming costume. My old one doesn’t fit/isn t fitting any
more.
That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What happens/is
happening now?
10 Whats the matter? Why do you look/areyou looking at me like that?

2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

1 I work in this office all this year/all the time.
2 Harry Potter is currently/for long top of the best-sellers list.
3 I am not making much money these days/so ja r this year.
4 The food tastes even worse now/presently. You’ve put too much salt in.
5 Normally/Previously we get in touch with customers by post.
6 Pete was ill but he is getting over his illness soon/now.
7 I’m feeling rather run down lately/at present, doctor.
8 I always stay on duty since/until six oclock.
9 I’m often/forever tidying up the mess in your room!
10 Fortunately the baby now/recently sleeps all night.
ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

3 Com plete each sentence with the present sim ple or present continuous form of
the verbs in brackets.
1 I (h ear)...............................that you have been promoted. Congratulations!
are drinking
2 British people (drink)............................... more and more wine, apparently.
depend
3 I hope Sarah will be here soon. I (depend)............................... on her.
are forever interrupting
4 Please be ąuiet, David. You (forever/interrupt)..................................
do you think
5 Hey, you! What (you/think)............................... youre doing?
want
6 Could you come here, please? I (w ant)...............................to talk to you now.
is handling
7 Jane is away on holiday so Linda (handle)............................... her work.
doubt
8 To be honest, I (doubt)...............................whether Jim will be here next week.
are getting on
9 YouVe only just started the job, havent you? How (you/get o n )..............................
is just being
10 Pay no attention to Graham. He (just/be)................................sarcastic.

4 Com plete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of the
verbs in brackets.

I work in a larga office with about thirty other peopie, most of whom 1 ( 1 ) ............................... (know)
spend
quite wali. Wa ( 2 ) ................................(spend) most of the day together, so we have all bacome friends.
am thinking
In fact, most of my colleagues are so intarasting, that I ( 3 ) ................................(think) of writing a
Take
book about theml ( 4 ) ................................(take) Helen Watson, for axample. Helen
runs is going out
( 5 ) ................................(run) the Accounts dapartmant. At the moment she ( 6 ) ..................................(go
seem
out) with Kaith Ballantina, one of tha salas raprasentatives, and thay ( 7 ) ................................(seem)
knows
very happy together. But avaryone - except Helen apparently - ( 8 ) ................................(know) that

Kaith
fancies happen
( 9 ) ................................(fancy) Susan Porter. But 1 ( 1 0 ) ..................................(happan) to know that
dislikes stop
Susan ( 1 1 ) ............................... (dislike) Kaith. 1 can’t stand people who navar ( 1 2 ) ................................
deceives
(stop) apologizing all tha tima!’ she told me, ‘And besides, I know ha ( 1 3 ) ................................
is seeing
(deceive) poor Halan. He ( 1 4 ) ................................(sea) Batty Wills from the Oversaas dapartment’
are curently going on
And planty of other interesting things ( 1 5 ) ................................(currantly/go on). For instance, every

week we ( 1 6 are experiencing

) .....................(experiance) mora and mora problems with theft - parsonal balongings

and aven money have bean stolan. Whan you ( 1 7 ) realize

............ ...................(raalize) that someone in your

upsets also try

Office is a thiaf, it ( 1 8 ) ................................(upsat) you at first. But 1 ( 1 9 ) ..................................(aiso/try)

to catch whoever it is befora the polica ara callad in. I’m not going to tell you who I
suspect
( 2 0 ) ................................(suspact). Wall, not yet anywayl
 GRAMMAR1 PRESENTTIME

5 Com plete the second sentence so that it has a similar m eaning to the first
sentence, using one of the words in bold. Do not change the word in bold.
1 Charles and his father are exactly alike in appearance.
looks/looking
Charles................................................................................................... his father.
2 Take all your possessions and walk slowly to the exit.
belongs/belonging
what belongs to you
Take everything...................................................... and walk slowly to the exit.
3 Tm finding it really enjoyable to work here.
enjoy/enjoying
really enjoy to work
I ................................................................................................here.
4 I take work home regularly because of my new responsibility at work.
means/meaning
means taking the
My new responsibility at w ork..................................................................... work home
regularly.
5 In my cycling group theres George, Tom, Harry and me.
consists/consisting
cycling group consists of
M y .................................................................... George, Tom, Harry and me.
6 In your opinion, whos going to win the Cup?
think/thinking
you think is going to
Who d o ...................................................................................... win the Cup?
7 I’m seeing how wide the door is.
measure/measuring
am measuring
I ...........................................................................................................the door.
8 Neil always forgets his wifes birthday.
remembers/remembering
never remembers
N eil................................................................................... his wifes birthday.
9 Its ability to catch fish is the key to the polar bears survival.
depends/depending
survival depends on the ability
The polar b e a rs..........................................................................to catch fish.
10 Whats on your mind at the moment?
think/thinking
are you thinking about
W h at....................................................................................... at the moment?
ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

6 Correct any errors in these sentences. Som e sentences are correct.

1 Tm depending on you, so dont make any mistakes!
............................................/ .............................................
2 Is this total including the new students?
Poes this. totaL ItA^aLuele the lA-ew [Link]-ts?
3 Excuse me, but do you wait for somebody?

4 These potatoes are tasting a bit funny.

5 How are you feeling today?

6 I look forward to hearing from you.

7 I have a feeling that something goes wrong.

8 Whats that youre eating?

9 Are you hearing anything from Wendy these days?

10 I thinkyoure being rather mean about this.

7 Com plete each sentence with a word from the box.

coming maldng tryifłg asking

talking hstening taking shooting

1 I’m ....... ....................... to concentrate.

2 Are y o u ...............................off now, or can we talk?
3 Go on, F m .................................
4 I think w ere............................... at cross purposes.
5 Y ou re............................... for trouble.
6 It s ............................... along nicely.
7 You dont seem to b e ............................... much interest.
8 Y ou re............................... a fuss about nothing.

Which expression means one of the following?

a Are you in a hurry to leave?
b Were talking about different things without realizing it.
c If you say or do this you will get into difficulties.
2
GRAMMAR

Futurę time
Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous
• Will is normally known as the predictive futurę, and describes known facts, or what
we suppose is true.
r i l be late hom e this evening.
The company will make a profit next year.
This can also take the form of an assumption.
T h a fll be Jim at the door. (This means that I suppose it is Jim.)

• Will is also used to express an immediate decision.

r i l take this one.

• Going to describes intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plans have
already been made.
7’m going to wait here until Carol gets bach.
Going to is also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident.
L ook at that treel It’s going to fali.
Compare the following with the will examples above:
1’m going to be late this evening. Vvegot lots ofpaperw ork tofinish off.
The figures are good. I can sec the company is going to make a profit this year.
Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the futurę.

• Present continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel

arrangements. A time reference is usually included. Note the strong similarity to the
going to futurę. I am having a party next week and I am going to have a party next
week are communicating the same message.

Futurę continuous
• This describes an event which will be happening at a futurę point.
Come round in the morning. U l be painting in the kitchen.

• It can also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events
which we choose to make happen,
I w ont bother to fix a time to seeyou , because f i l be calling into the office anyway
several times next week.

• In some contexts futurę continuous also sounds more polite than will.
Witt you be going to the shops later? Ify o u go, could you get m e som e milk?

• It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans.

The band will be perform ing live in Paris this summer.
ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Futurę perfect
• This has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we look back at
from a futurę point.
In two years time PU have finished the book.
By the end o fth e month, U l have been w orkin g for this firm fo r ayear.

• It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker.

You won’t have heard the news, ofcourse. (I assume you have not heard the news.)

Other ways of referring to the futurę

• Is/are to be
This is used to describe formal arrangements.
AU students are to assemble in the hall at 9.00.
See also Grammar 9 and 10 for uses expressing obligation.

• Be about to, be on the poin t of, be due to, just/just abou t to

Be about to and be on the point o/both refer to the next moment.
I think the play is about to start now.
Be due to refers to scheduled times.
A nnsflight is due to arrive at 6.20. (or is due at 6.20)
Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening.
Hurry up! The train isjust leaving/just about to leave.

• Present simple and present perfect

Present simple is used to refer to futurę time in futurę time clauses.
When we get there, we’ll have dinner
Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the
event is emphasized.
When we’ve had a rest, w ellg o out.

• Present simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes
of the speaker.
Tom retires in three years.
Similarly, calendar references use the present simple.
Christmas is on a Tuesday next y ear

Other futurę references

• Hope
This can be followed by either present or futurę verb forms.
I hope it doesn’t rain. I hope it won’t rain.

• Other verbs followed by will

Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is futurę reference. These
include: think, believe, expect, doubt.
I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win.

• Skali
The use of shall for first person in futurę reference is declining in use in everyday
8 informal speech. See Grammar 9 and 10 for other uses of shall and will.
 GRAMMAR 2 FUTURĘ TIME

1 Com plete each sentence using the cues in brackets.

1 In twenty-four hours’ time I (relax) on my yacht.
2 ‘Theres someone at the door.’ ‘That (b e ).................................... the postman.’
3 By the time you get back Harry (leave)......................................
4 It’s only a short trip. I (b e ).................................... back in an hour.
5 What (you/do)...................................this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out?
6 By the end of the week we (decide).................................... what to do.
7 It (not/be).................................... long before Doctor Smith is here.
8 We 11 go to the park when you (finish).................................... your tea.
9 It s very hot in here. I think I (faint)......................................
10 What (you/give).................................... Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet?

2 Underline the most suitable verb form in each sentence.

In July Gordon (1) will be/wiU have been a t his company for 3 0 years and (2) he’s finally
retiring/hell finally retire on his 6 5 tli birthday. WeVe decided to have a long holiday and
(3) we’re going to tal<e/we’ll tatethe opportunity to visit some old friends in Hungary,
and then tra^el around in th at region. (4) leave/'He’ll be leaving towards the end of
August, and our aim is to v isita s many countries as we can. (5) We’re flying/We’ll fly to
Budapest on the 25 th and then (6) we etop over/we’Ube stopping o/er with our friends
- theyVe got a house on Lake Balaton. (7) We’ll have spent/W e’llprobably spend a couple
of weeks in Hungary and travel around. A fter th at (8) we’re thinking/we’ll think of going
to Romania, but we haven’t planned anything definite. (9) We’llknow/We’llhave known a
bit more this weekend when (1 0 ) we’ll research/we’ll be researching the whole thing on
the Internet. We’d like to go on from there to Bułgaria or Ukrainę, but I doubt whether
(1 1 ) we’ll have/we’re having time. Money couid be a problem too - I hope the whole trip
(1 2 ) won’t b'e/won’t ha\^e been to o expensiv'e. From nowon (13 ) we are really having to /
we’ll really have to save as much as we can. We’re really looking forward to it - 1can
hardly wait! J u s t think, injust over two months’ time (14 ) we’llbetravelling/we’llhave
travelled arom d Europę like a couple of old hippies! When we come back, (15 ) youaren’t
recognizing us/you won’t recognize us!
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