2-D problems in elasticity

Plane stress and plane strain problems

Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202

Arun Shal U B
Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering Thalassery

February 8, 2018

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Outline

2-D problems in elasticity

Plane stress and plane strain problems

Stress compatibility equation

Airy’s stress function and equation

Polynomial method of solution

Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

2-D problems in elasticity

I The 3X3 matrices of stress and strain at a point in 3D

problems is simplified to 2X2 in 2D problems
I These problems are defined in a region over a plane.
I 2D problems in elasticity can be classified in to
I Plane stress
I Plane Strain
I Axi-symmetric
I The 
stress andstrain tensors of 2D problems in x-y plane are
γxy 
σ τxy 
σ= x and  = γxyx 2
τyx σy 2 y
Rest of the terms in 3D Tensor are either zero or related to
those present in the 2X2 matrices by Hook’s law
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Stress

I Plane stress is defined to

be a state of stress in which
normal stress σz , and shear
stresses τxz and τyz directed
perpendicular to x-y plane
are assumed to be zero.
I Plane stress typically occurs
in thin flat plates that are
acted upon only by load
forces that are parallel to
them.
Figure: Plane stress
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Stress
I Conditions for plane stress
σz = τxz = τyz = 0, All other stress/strain components are
independent of z-coordinate.
I Generalized Hook’s law
1
x = (σx − νσy )
E
1
y = (σy − νσx )
E
−ν
z = (σx + σy ) In plane stress z 6= 0
E
1
xy = τxy Or τxy = G γxy
2µ
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Stress

I Equilibrium conditions

∂σx ∂τxy ∂τxz ∂

+ + + bx = 0, Since =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂τxy ∂σy ∂τyz ∂
+ + + by = 0, Since =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂τxz ∂τyz ∂σz ∂
+ + +bz = 0, Since τxz = τyz = bz = 0, =0
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Stress

I Equilibrium conditions

∂σx ∂τxy
+ + bx = 0
∂x ∂y
∂τxy ∂σy
+ + by = 0
∂x ∂y
I Compatibility conditions

∂ 2 x ∂ 2 y ∂ 2 γxy
+ =
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Strain
In plane strain, all the
I Plane strain is defined to cross-sections parallel to the
be a state of strain in which plane have the same stress
the strain normal to the x-y pattern
plane,z and shear strains
γxz and γyz are assumed to
be zero.
I This is possible, when the
dimension of the solid is very
large in z-direction compared
to x and y directions, or
when the displacement in a
particular direction is
arrested. Figure: Plane strain
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Strain
I Conditions for plane strain
z = γxz = γyz = 0,uz = 0 All other stress/strain components
are independent of z-coordinate.
I Generalized Hook’s law
1
z = (σz − νσx − νσy ) = 0 =⇒ σz = ν(σx + σy )
E
1 (1 − ν 2 ) ν(1 + ν)
x = (σx − νσy − νσz ) = σx − σy
E E E
1 ν(1 + ν) (1 − ν 2 )
y = (σy − νσx − νσz ) = − σx + σy
E E E
1
xy = τxy Or τxy = G γxy
2µ
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Plane Strain

I Equilibrium conditions

∂σx ∂τxy
+ + bx = 0
∂x ∂y
∂τxy ∂σy
+ + by = 0
∂x ∂y
I Compatibility conditions

∂ 2 x ∂ 2 y ∂ 2 γxy
+ =
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Equivalance between Plane stress and Plane strain

I They both seek solutions for σx , σy , τxy and x , y , xy as a
function of x and y.
I They satisfy the same equilibrium and compatibility conditions.
I Only difference is in Generalized Hook’s law.
Plane Stress Plane Strain
1 (1 − ν 2 ) ν(1 + ν)
x = (σx − νσy ) x = σx − σy
E E E
1 ν(1 + ν) (1 − ν 2 )
y = (σy − νσx ) y = − σx + σy
E E E
−ν 1 1
z = (σx + σy ) , xy = τxy z = 0, xy = τxy
E 2µ 2µ
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation

Five out of the six compatibility equations are exactly satisfied by

the components of strain of 2D problems. The only one
compatibility equation that requires agreement is

∂ 2 x ∂ 2 y ∂ 2 γxy
+ =
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y
1 1 2(1 + ν)
Using γxy = τxy and = , we get
G G E
∂ 2 x ∂ 2 y 2(1 + ν) ∂ 2 τxy
+ = (3.1)
∂y 2 ∂x 2 E ∂x∂y

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation

We have the equilibrium equations in 2D
∂σx ∂τxy
+ + bx = 0 (3.2)
∂x ∂y
∂τxy ∂σy
+ + by = 0 (3.3)
∂x ∂y
Differentiating (3.2) with respect to x, and (3.3) with respect to y
and rearranging,
∂ 2 τxy ∂ 2 σx ∂bx
=− 2 − (3.4)
∂x∂y ∂x ∂x
2
∂ τxy 2
∂ σy ∂by
=− 2
− (3.5)
∂x∂y ∂y ∂y
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation

Adding (3.4) and (3.5) =⇒

∂ 2 τxy ∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy
 
∂bx ∂by
2 =− 2
+ 2
+ + (3.6)
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

By putting (3.6) in (3.1) =⇒

∂ 2 x ∂ 2 y ∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy
 
(1 + ν) ∂bx ∂by
2
+ 2
=− 2
+ 2
+ + (3.7)
∂y ∂x E ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation

Rearranging (3.7), we get

∂ 2 x ∂ 2 y ∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy
   
E + + (1 + ν) +
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
 
∂bx ∂by
= −(1 + ν) + (3.8)
∂x ∂y

Now, Hook’s law can be applied to relate x and y in terms of σx

and σy and final equation will be different for plane stress and
plane strain problems as Hook’s law expressions are different.

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Stress

1
x = (σx − νσy ) =⇒ E x = (σx − νσy ) (3.9)
E
1
y = (σy − νσx ) =⇒ E y = (σy − νσx ) (3.10)
E
Differentiating (3.9) partially w.r.t x and (3.10) partially w.r.t y,

∂ 2 x ∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy
E = − ν (3.11)
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 2
2 2
∂ y ∂ σy ∂ 2 σx
E = − ν (3.12)
∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Stress

Adding (3.11) and (3.12) and rearranging,

∂ 2 y
 2 
∂ x
E +
∂y 2 ∂x 2
∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy
 2   2 
∂ σx ∂ σx
= + − ν + (3.13)
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
Substituting (3.13) in (3.8),

∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy
 2   2   2 
∂ σx ∂ σx ∂ σx
+ −ν + +(1+ν) +
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2
 
∂bx ∂by
= −(1 + ν) + (3.14)
∂x ∂y
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Stress

∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
 
∂bx ∂by
+ + + = −(1 + ν) + (3.15)
∂x 2 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

∂2 ∂2
(σ x + σy ) + (σx + σy )
∂x 2 ∂y 2
 
∂bx ∂by
= −(1 + ν) + (3.16)
∂x ∂y

∂2 ∂2
   
∂bx ∂by
+ (σx + σy ) = −(1 + ν) + (3.17)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Stress

 
2 ∂bx ∂by
∇ (σx + σy ) = −(1 + ν) + (3.18)
∂x ∂y

∂2 ∂2
 
Where ∇2
= + is the Laplacian operator.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Now, equations (3.2), (3.3) and the equation (3.18) make three
equations for solving three unknowns σx , σy and τxy of a plane
stress elasticity problem. Equation (3.18) is called Stress
compatibility equation

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Strain

(1 − ν 2 ) ν(1 + ν)
x = σx − σy =⇒
E E
E x = (1 + ν)[(1 − ν)σx − νσy ] (3.19)

ν(1 + ν) (1 − ν 2 )
y = − σx + σy =⇒
E E
E y = (1 + ν)[−νσx + (1 − ν)σy ] (3.20)
Differentiating (3.19) w.r.t y and (3.20) w.r.t x we get,
∂ 2 x ∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy
 
E = (1 + ν) (1 − ν) −ν (3.21)
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2 y ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
 
E Mechanics
Advanced 2
=of(1
Solids ν) (1 −Two
+ ME202 − Problems
ν)Dimensional
2
ν 2 in Elasticity
(3.22)
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Strain

(3.21)+(3.22) =⇒

∂ 2 y
 2 
∂ x
E + =
∂y 2 ∂x 2
∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
 
(1 + ν) (1 − ν) −ν + (1 − ν) 2 − ν (3.23)
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x 2
Substituting (3.23) in (3.8) we get,

∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
 
(1 + ν) (1 − ν) −ν + (1 − ν) 2 − ν +
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x 2
∂ 2 σy
 2   
∂ σx ∂bx ∂by
(1 + ν) + = −(1 + ν) + (3.24)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Strain

∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
 
(1 − ν) −ν + (1 − ν) 2 − ν +
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂x 2
∂ 2 σy
 2   
∂ σx ∂bx ∂by
+ =− + (3.25)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x ∂y

∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
(1 − ν) + (1 − ν) + (1 − ν) + (1 − ν)
∂y 2 ∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2
 
∂bx ∂by
=− + (3.26)
∂x ∂y

∂ 2 σx ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σy ∂ 2 σx
 
−1 ∂bx ∂by
+ + + = + (3.27)
∂y 2 Advanced
∂y 2Mechanics
∂xof2Solids ME202
∂x 2 (1 − ν) ∂x ∂y
Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation-Plane Strain

∂2 ∂2
 
−1 ∂bx ∂by
2
(σ x + σy )+ 2
(σx + σy ) = + (3.28)
∂x ∂y (1 − ν) ∂x ∂y

∂2 ∂2
   
−1 ∂bx ∂by
+ (σx + σy ) = + (3.29)
∂x 2 ∂y 2 (1 − ν) ∂x ∂y

 
2 −1 ∂bx ∂by
∇ (σx + σy ) = + (3.30)
(1 − ν) ∂x ∂y

This is Stress compatibility equation of plane strain problem.

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Stress compatibility equation

∂σx ∂τxy
+ + bx = 0
∂x ∂y
∂τxy ∂σy
+ + by = 0
∂x ∂y
Plane Stress
 
2 ∂bx ∂by
∇ (σx + σy ) = −(1 + ν) +
∂x ∂y
Plane Strain
 
2 −1 ∂bx ∂by
∇ (σx + σy ) = +
(1 − ν) ∂x ∂y
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Airy’s stress function-Zero body forces

I Introduce a scalar function φ(x, y ), and write different
components of stress tensor as derivatives of φ
I Assume zero body force, bx = by = 0 then the equilibrium
conditions becomes
∂σx ∂τxy ∂τxy ∂σy
+ = 0, + =0
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
I These can be automatically satisfied by defining

∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ

σx = , σy = , τxy = − (4.1)
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y
The equilibrium conditions can be easily verified.
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Airy’s stress function-Zero body forces

I So only PDF we need to worry about is the compatibility
condition.
Plane Stress:
 
2 ∂bx ∂by
∇ (σx + σy ) = −(1 + ν) +
∂x ∂y
plane Strain
 
2 −1 ∂bx ∂by
∇ (σx + σy ) = +
(1 − ν) ∂x ∂y
I In case of Zero body forces both the above equations reduces
to,
∇2 (σx + σy ) = 0 (4.2)
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Airy’s stress function-Zero body forces

I Substituting (4.1) in (4.2), we get

 2
∂2φ

2 ∂ φ
∇ + =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2

∇2 ∇2 φ = 0 Or ∇4 φ = 0

∂4 ∂4 ∂4
 
Where, ∇4 = + +
∂x 4 ∂x 2 y 2 ∂y 4

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Airy’s stress function-in presence of body forces

I When the body force can be expressed as the derivatives of a

potential
∂V ∂V
bx = , by = (4.3)
∂x ∂y
I Then Airy’s stress function can be defined as

∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ

σx = − V, σy = − V, τxy = − (4.4)
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y

The equilibrium conditions can be easily verified.

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Airy’s stress function-in presence of body forces

I The equilibrium equations can be easily verified.

∂σx ∂τxy
+ + bx = 0
∂x ∂y
∂τxy ∂σy
+ + by = 0
∂x ∂y
I The compatibility conditions become,
Plane stress Plane stain
 
∇4 φ = (1 − ν)∇2 V 4 1 − 2ν
∇ φ= ∇2 V
1−ν

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Polynomial of Degree One - An unstressed body

Consider φ(x, y ) = a1 x + b1 y

∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ

σx = = 0, σy = = 0, τxy = − =0
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y

The components of stress are zero. It represents an unstressed

body.

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Polynomial of Degree Two

Consider φ(x, y ) = a2 x 2 + b2 xy + c2 y 2

∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ

σx = = 2c2 , σy = = 2a2 , τxy = − =0
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x∂y

The components of stress are constant over the region(except

shear). It represents a constant stress field.
F Fy 2
If a2 = b2 = 0 and c2 = , φ(x, y ) = ,
2A 2A
F
σx = , σy = 0, τxy = 0
A
This represents stress in an axial force member of area A applied by
an axial force F

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Polynomial of Degree Three

Consider φ(x, y ) = a3 x 3 + b3 x 2 y + c3 xy 2 + d3 y 3

σx = 2c3 x + 6d3 y , σy = 6a3 x + 2b3 y , τxy = −2(b3 x + c3 y )

The components of stresses represents a linearly varying stress field.

M My 3
Ifa3 = b3 = c3 = 0 and d3 = , φ(x, y ) = ,
6I 6I
My
σx = , σy = 0, τxy = 0
I
This represents stresses in simple (pure) bending of a beam applied
by a bending moment M.

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Polynomial of Degree Four

Consider φ(x, y ) = a4 x 4 + b4 x 3 y + c4 x 2 y 2 + d4 xy 3 + e4 y 4
For this function to represent a stress function, it should satisfy
 4
∂4 ∂4φ

4 ∂ φ
∇ φ= + + =0
∂x 4 ∂φx 2 y 2 ∂y 4

Substituting the partial derivatives,

24a4 + 8c4 + 24e4 = 0 ∴ 3a4 + 3e4 + c4 = 0

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

φ(x, y ) = axy + bxy 3

Clearly this function satisfies biharmonic equation of stress
compatibility
∂φ
= ax + 3bxy 2
∂y
∂2φ
σx = = 6bxy
∂y 2
∂2φ
τxy = − = −(a + 3by 2 )
∂x∂y

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Boundary conditions of the problem are:

1. Stress free top and bottom layers,
i.e. τxy (y = ±h)
−a
Using this, we get −(a + 3bh2 ) = 0 =⇒ b =
3h2
y2
 
τxy = −a 1 − 2
h

2. Sum of total shear force

R −h on any cross section is equal to
applied load P, i.e. h τxy tdy = P

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity

 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Z h
τxy tdy = P
−h
h Z h
y2 y2
Z   
− a 1 − 2 tdy = −at 1 − 2 dy
−h h −h h
h
y3
 
= −at y − 2
3h −h
 
h 4ath
= −2at h − =− =P
3 3
3P P
=⇒ a = − , b=
4th 4th3
Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity
 2-D problems in elasticity
Plane stress and plane strain problems
Stress compatibility equation
Airy’s stress function and equation
Polynomial method of solution
Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

Solution for bending of a cantilever with an end load

P xy 3
 
φ(x, y ) = − 3xy
4th h2
3P
σx = xy
2th3
σy = 0
3P 2
τxy = (h − y 2 )
4th3

Advanced Mechanics of Solids ME202 Two Dimensional Problems in Elasticity