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The document contains a series of examination questions for B.Sc. Nursing students focusing on Sociology, covering topics such as the definition and scope of sociology, social factors affecting health, family and marriage dynamics, social stratification, and the impact of population explosion on health. It emphasizes the importance of understanding social determinants in nursing practice and provides insights into healthcare systems, communication skills, and ethical dilemmas. Additionally, it discusses the role of nurses in social control and public health, advocating for equitable care and addressing health disparities.

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RUHS Previous Year

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RUHS Previous Year (B)Sc. Nursing Examination

Jan. 2018

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 (a) Define Sociology, Discuss the scope of sociology for nursing students.

(b) Discuss the nature and scope of the discipline.

Q. 2 (a) What do you understand by population explosion?

(b) Discuss the Malthusian theory of population.

Q. 3 (a) Describe the institution of family and marriage in India.

(b) Discuss the function of family and marriage in India

Q. 4 (a) Discuss the meaning and types of social stratification.

(b) Write down the influence of class and caste on health practice.

Q. 5 (a) Explain the process of social change.

(b) Describe the factors influencing social change.

Q. 6 (a) Describe the types of communities in India

(b) Discuss the availability of health facilities in rural areas in detail.

Q. 7 (a) Explain the nature and process of social control.

(b) Discuss the role of nurse in social control.

Q. 8 (a) Enlist the social problems in India

(b) Discuss the social welfare programmes in India

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B.Sc. Nursing Examination

Nov. 2018

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 (a) Explain the importance and application of sociology in nursing.

(b) Discuss the problems of modern family.

Q. 2 (a) Explain the process of socialization and individualization.

(b) Describe the influence of culture on health and disease.

Q.3 (a) Explain the features of urban community.

(b) Write down major urban health problems.

(c) Explain the process of urbanization and its impact on health.

Q. 4 (a) Explain the meaning of group.

(b) Describe the classification of group.

(c) Explain about accommodation and assimilation.

Q. 5 (a) Describe the family, marriage and their influence on the health and health practices.

(b) Discuss the elements of social organization.

Q. 6 (a) Briefly explain conflict.

(b) Discuss the causes of conflicts.

(c) Briefly discuss the various types of conflicts.

Q. 7 (a) Enumerate the causes of population explosion in India.

(b) Explain how the population explosion has directly affected the health status of People.

(c) Discuss features of Indian Caste System.

Q. 8 Write briefly on (Any four)

(a) Cultural lag

(b) Child abuse

(c) Characteristics of Indian villages.

(d) Social mobility

(e) Primary group

(f) Marriage and family problems in India.

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B.Sc. Nursing (Part-II) Examination

November 2019

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 Define the term 'Sociology' and explain its application in nursing.

Q. 2 (a) Point Out the meaning of society and community.

(b) Describe the process of socialization.

Q. 3 (a) Describe the main characteristics of transcultural society.

(b) Point out the impact of culture on health and disease.

Q. 4 (a) What do you mean by accommodation, assimilation and isolation?

(b) Explain the meaning of social group and point out various types of social groups.

Q. 5 (a) Explain Malthusian theory of population.

(b) Write down in short-Marriage Acts in India.

Q. 6 (a) Describe the concept of urbanisation and also discuss its impact on health.

(b) Explain the criteria of racial classification.

Q. 7 (a) Point-out factors influencing cultural-lag.

(b) Describe the role of nurse as a change agent.

Q. 8 Write briefly on (Any four):

(a) Social organization.

(b) Diversity and uniformity of culture.

(c) Changes in Indian rural life.

(d) Theories of social change.

(e) Process of social control.

(f) Rights of women.

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B.Sc. Nursing (Part-H) Examination

April-2021

SOCIOLOGY

Q. 1 (a) Discuss process of social change and write factors influencing social change.

(b) Difference between society and community.

Q. 2 (a) Write function and types of family.

(b) Explain the process of socialization and individualization.

Q. 3 (a) Describe the influence of family and marriage on health and health practices.

(b) Explain various social welfare programmes.

Q. 4 (a) What mean by social stratification? Why the types of social stratification.

(b) Define community. Explain types of community of India.

Q. 5 (a) Explain the Malthusian theory ofpopulation.

(b) Discuss the impact ofpopulation explosion on the health status of society.

Q. 6 (a) Describe linear and cyclical theory of social change.

(b) Describe nature ofsocial control and role ofnurse in social control.

Q. 7 (a) What do you mean by social organization? Briefly explain elements and types of social organization.

(b) Write a note on social system.

Q. 8 Write short notes on (Any four):

(a) Dowry system

(b) Child labour

(c) Primary and secondary group

(d) Marriage and family problems in India

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B.Sc. Nursing Examination

April-2022

SOCIOLOGY

Q.1 (a) Difference between society and community.

(b) Describe the process of socialization.

Q.2 Explain culture and describe the influence of culture on health and disease.

Q.3 (a) Describe the institution of family and marriage in India.

(b) Discuss the functions of family in detail.

Q.4 (a) Explain Malthusian theory of population.

(b) Write down in short Marriage Acts in India.

Q.5 (a) Classify social groups.

(b) Distinguish between cooperation and competition.

Q.6 (a) What do you mean by social mobility?

(b) Describe the trans cultural society.

Q.7 (a) Discuss the availability of health facilities in rural areas in details.

(b) Describe the role of nurse as a change agent.

Q.8 Write briefly on (Any four)

(a) Cultural lag

(b) Personal Disorganisation

(c) Child labour

(d) Role of nurse in social control

(e) HIV/AIDS

(f) Rights of Women

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B.Sc. Nursing Examination

April-2023

SOCIOLOGY

Q.1 "Culture plays an important role in an individual's health" discuss.

Q.2 a) Describe the nature and scope of sociology.

b) Point out differences between society and community.

Q.3 (a) What do you mean by co-operation competition and conflict?

b) Explain the role of family on an individual's health.

Q.4 a) Define 'caste'. Explain the influence of caste system on health and health practices.

b) Write down a short note on panchayat system.

Q.5 a) Point out the factors influencing cultural-lag

b) Define the meaning and types of social mobility.

Q.6 a) Explain the theories of social change

b) Explain the meaning and types of social system.

Q.7 a) What is social control? Mention the types of social control?

b) Explain social welfare programmes in India.

Q.8 Write briefly on (Any four):

(a) Process of socialization.

(b) Write any four differences between rural and urban community.

(c) impact of population explosion in India.

(d) Discuss ill effects of literacy.

(e) Write a short note on child abuse.

(f) Causes and remedies of prostitution.

Jan. 2018

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 (a) Define Sociology, Discuss the scope of sociology for nursing students.

(b) Discuss the nature and scope of the discipline.

Ans :- (a) The scientific study of society, interpersonal connections, and interactions is known as sociology.

Sociology is the scientific study of society, human behavior, and the social structures and processes that shape and
influence individuals and groups within a society. It explores how people interact, the norms and values they share,
the institutions they form, and the impact of social factors on individuals and communities. Sociology aims to
understand the complex web of relationships, cultures, and social forces that contribute to the functioning of
societies.

Scope of Sociology for Nursing Students:

1. Understanding Social Factors in Health: Sociology provides nursing students with a foundation to comprehend how
social factors, such as socioeconomic status, education, and access to healthcare, influence the health and well-being
of individuals and communities. By understanding these factors, nurses can provide more effective care and advocate
for vulnerable populations.

2. Healthcare Systems and Policies: Nursing students can benefit from sociological insights into healthcare systems,
policies, and structures. This knowledge helps them understand the broader context in which they work, including
the impact of healthcare policies on patient care, access to resources, and healthcare disparities.

3. Patient-Centered Care: Sociology emphasizes the importance of considering patients' social backgrounds, cultural
beliefs, and values when delivering care. Nursing students can learn to provide patient-centered care by recognizing
and respecting diverse perspectives, which can enhance patient trust and outcomes.

4. Communication Skills: Sociology helps nursing students develop strong communication skills, which are essential
for effective patient interactions. Understanding social cues, language, and non-verbal communication can improve
nurse-patient relationships and the overall quality of care.

5. Health Disparities: Sociology highlights the existence of health disparities based on factors like race, gender, and
socioeconomic status. Nursing students can learn how to address these disparities, advocate for equitable care, and
work toward eliminating healthcare inequalities.

6. Ethical Dilemmas: Nursing often involves ethical dilemmas. Sociology provides a framework for understanding the
ethical dimensions of healthcare, such as the allocation of resources, end-of-life decisions, and the rights of patients.
It helps nursing students navigate these complex issues while upholding ethical standards.

7. Public Health and Community Nursing: Sociology provides insights into public health principles and community
nursing. Understanding the social determinants of health, community dynamics, and cultural factors can aid nursing
students in planning and implementing effective public health interventions.

8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice: Nursing research often involves studying the social aspects of health and
healthcare. Sociology equips nursing students with the skills to critically analyze research findings, understand
research methodologies, and apply evidence-based practices to improve patient care.

9. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Sociology encourages interdisciplinary collaboration. Nursing students can work
effectively with professionals from various fields, such as social work, psychology, and public health, to provide
holistic care and address complex health issues.

10. Advocacy and Policy Development: Sociology empowers nursing students to become advocates for social change
and healthcare policy development. They can engage in policy discussions, promote healthcare reforms, and work
toward improving the healthcare system for the benefit of all.

1. Understanding Social Factors in Health

- Socioeconomic status

- Education

- Access to healthcare

2. Healthcare Systems and Policies

- Impact on patient care

- Healthcare disparities

3. Patient-Centered Care

- Cultural competence

- Diverse perspectives

4. Communication Skills

- Social cues

- Non-verbal communication

5. Health Disparities

- Based on race, gender, and socioeconomic status

- Advocacy for equitable care

6. Ethical Dilemmas

- Allocation of resources

- End-of-life decisions

7. Public Health and Community Nursing

- Social determinants of health

- Community dynamics

8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice

- Critical analysis of research findings

- Application of evidence-based practices

9. Interdisciplinary Collaboration

- Collaboration with professionals from various fields

10. Advocacy and Policy Development

- Engagement in policy discussions

- Healthcare reforms

Sociology is a discipline that makes it possible to see how individual experiences—how we act, think, feel, and
remember—are connected to the wider society

the nature and scope of the discipline of sociology:

1. Social Institutions: Sociology explores the functioning and impact of social institutions such as family, education,
religion, economy, healthcare, and government. It investigates how these institutions shape human behavior, values,
and norms.

2. Social Change: Sociologists study social change processes, including modernization, globalization, urbanization,
and social movements. They analyze how these changes affect individuals, communities, and societies.

3. Social Interaction: Sociology delves into the dynamics of social interaction, examining how individuals
communicate, form relationships, and collaborate or conflict with one another.

4. Social Stratification: The study of social inequality, stratification, and social class is a fundamental aspect of
sociology. It examines the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges in society.

5. Culture and Socialization: Sociology explores culture, including its components (language, symbols, norms, values)
and its role in shaping human behavior. It also examines the process of socialization, how individuals learn cultural
norms and values.

6. Deviance and Social Control: Sociologists analyze deviant behavior and how society responds to it. This includes
the study of crime, punishment, and social control mechanisms.

7. Social Movements: Sociology investigates the formation, dynamics, and impact of social movements, including civil
rights movements, environmental activism, and labor movements.

8. Gender and Sexuality: Sociology examines gender roles, sexuality, and the impact of gender and sexual orientation
on individuals and society. It explores issues related to gender inequality and LGBTQ+ rights.

9. Race and Ethnicity: The study of race and ethnicity includes the examination of racial and ethnic identities,
discrimination, and the impact of racial and ethnic categories on individuals' experiences.

10. Globalization: Sociology analyzes the effects of globalization on economies, cultures, and societies worldwide.
This includes topics like migration, transnational corporations, and global inequalities.

11. Environmental Sociology: With growing concerns about environmental issues, sociology examines the
relationship between society and the environment, including issues like environmental justice and sustainability.

12. Political Sociology: It explores political systems, power structures, and political behavior, including voting
patterns, political participation, and the role of governments in society.

13. Technology and Society: Sociology investigates the impact of technology on society, including the digital
revolution and its implications for communication, privacy, and social interaction.

14. Health and Healthcare: Sociology plays a role in understanding healthcare systems, access to healthcare, health
disparities, and the social determinants of health.

15. Education and Social Mobility: Sociology examines the educational system and its role in social mobility, including
issues related to access to quality education and educational inequalities.

16. Family and Marriage: The study of family structures, marriage, and intimate relationships is a key area of
sociology, addressing topics like family dynamics, divorce, and changing family patterns.

17. Religion: Sociology explores the role of religion in society, including religious beliefs, practices, and their impact
on individuals and communities.

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18. Aging and Gerontology: Sociology examines the aging process and challenges faced by older adults, including
issues related to healthcare, retirement, and elder care.

19. Urban and Rural Sociology: It investigates the characteristics, challenges, and dynamics of urban and rural
communities, including issues related to urbanization and rural development.

20. Applied Sociology: Sociology has practical applications in various areas, including policy development, social
work, public health, education, and business. Applied sociologists use sociological knowledge to address real-world
problems.

the nature and scope of the discipline (for short notes questions )

1. Social Institutions

- Family

- Education

- Religion

- Economy

- Healthcare

- Government

2. Social Change

- Modernization

- Globalization

- Urbanization

- Social Movements

3. Social Interaction

- Communication

- Relationships

- Collaboration

- Conflict

4. Social Stratification

- Inequality

- Social Class

- Resource Distribution

5. Culture and Socialization

- Language

- Norms

- Values

- Socialization Process

6. Deviance and Social Control

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- Crime

- Punishment

- Social Control Mechanisms

7. Social Movements

- Civil Rights

- Environmental Activism

- Labor Movements

8. Gender and Sexuality

- Gender Roles

- Sexuality

- Gender Inequality

9. Race and Ethnicity

- Racial and Ethnic Identities

- Discrimination

- Ethnic Experiences

10. Globalization

- Economic Effects

- Cultural Effects

- Migration

11. Environmental Sociology

- Environmental Justice

- Sustainability

12. Political Sociology

- Political Systems

- Power Structures

- Political Behavior

13. Technology and Society

- Digital Revolution

- Privacy

- Social Interaction

14. Health and Healthcare

- Healthcare Systems

- Health Disparities

- Social Determinants

- Educational System

- Educational Inequalities

16. Family and Marriage

- Family Structures

- Intimate Relationships

- Changing Family Patterns

17. Religion

- Role in Society

- Religious Beliefs

- Practices

18. Aging and Gerontology

- Aging Process

- Challenges of Older Adults

19. Urban and Rural Sociology

- Urbanization

- Rural Communities

20. Applied Sociology

- Policy Development

- Social Work

- Public Health

- Education

- Business

Q. 2 (a) What do you understand by population explosion?

(b) Discuss the Malthusian theory of population.

Ans :- (a)

Population Explosion Definition:- A rapid and exponential increase in the population of a specific geographic area,
resulting from high birth rates and low death rates over a relatively short period of time.

Population explosion refers to a rapid and exponential increase in the population of a specific geographic area,
typically a country or region, over a relatively short period of time. It occurs when the birth rate (the number of
births per 1,000 people per year) significantly exceeds the death rate (the number of deaths per 1,000 people per
year), resulting in a substantial net population growth.

Characteristics:

- High Birth Rates

- Low Death Rates

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- Young Population

- Resource Challenges

- Urbanization

- Social and Economic Impact

- Policy Responses

1. High Birth Rates: In regions experiencing a population explosion, birth rates are often exceptionally high. This may
be due to factors such as high fertility rates, cultural norms that encourage larger families, limited access to
contraception, or a lack of family planning programs.

2. Low Death Rates: A low death rate, often resulting from improved healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and disease
control, contributes to population growth. Fewer deaths mean more people surviving into adulthood and
reproducing.

3. Young Population: A population explosion typically results in a significant proportion of the population being
composed of young individuals, particularly children and adolescents. This demographic structure can have social
and economic implications, including increased demands for education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.

4. Resource Challenges: Rapid population growth can strain available resources, including food, water, housing, and
energy. This strain can lead to challenges related to resource scarcity, competition for resources, and environmental
degradation.

5. Urbanization: Population explosions often coincide with urbanization, as people move from rural areas to cities in
search of better opportunities. This can result in the rapid growth of urban areas and the development of informal
settlements or slums.

6. Social and Economic Impact: Population explosions can have a significant impact on a country's social and
economic development. Managing a rapidly growing population requires investments in infrastructure, healthcare,
education, and job creation.

7. Policy Responses: Governments and policymakers may implement policies to address the challenges associated
with a population explosion. These policies may include family planning programs, efforts to improve maternal and
child healthcare, and measures to promote education and women's empowerment.

Causes:

- High Fertility Rates

- Limited Access to Contraception

- Cultural Norms

- Improved Healthcare

- Reduced Mortality Rates

- Lack of Family Planning

Implications:

- Strain on Resources

- Competition for Resources

- Environmental Degradation

- Increased Demand for Services

- Social and Economic Consequences

- Need for Policy and Planning

Management:

- Family Planning Programs

- Maternal and Child Healthcare

- Education and Empowerment

- Infrastructure Development

- Economic Opportunities

Ans :- (b) The Malthusian Theory of Population, proposed by Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century, is a theory
that examines the relationship between population growth and the availability of resources. Malthus argued that
population tends to grow exponentially, while the production of food and resources increases at a slower, linear rate.
This leads to the idea of a "population crisis" or "population trap." Here are the key components and insights of the
Malthusian Theory:

1. Population Growth: Malthus observed that human populations have the potential to grow rapidly because of the
natural desire to procreate. He argued that populations tend to increase at a geometric or exponential rate, where
each generation produces more offspring than the previous one.

2. Food Production: Malthus posited that the production of food and resources, such as agricultural output, can only
increase at a relatively constant or arithmetic rate. In other words, the ability to produce food and resources grows
more slowly compared to population growth.

3. Population Checks: To prevent population from growing uncontrollably, Malthus proposed the existence of two
types of "checks" that keep population in check:

a. Positive Checks: These are factors that increase the death rate or reduce the birth rate. Examples include famine,
disease, wars, and natural disasters. These checks are considered "positive" because they increase mortality.

b. Preventive Checks: These are measures that individuals and societies can take to limit population growth
voluntarily. Examples include delayed marriage, abstinence, and family planning. Preventive checks are considered
"preventive" because they reduce fertility and birth rates.

4. Malthusian Trap: Malthus argued that when population growth outpaces the growth of resources, society enters
what he termed the "Malthusian trap." In this situation, the positive checks (e.g., famine and disease) come into play
to reduce the population to a level that can be sustained by available resources.

5. Cyclical Nature: According to Malthus, population dynamics operate in cycles. As resources become more
abundant (e.g., after a period of relative abundance), population growth accelerates, eventually leading to resource
scarcity, which in turn triggers positive checks, lowering the population. This cycle can repeat over time.

Critiques and Controversies:

Malthusian theory has been a subject of debate and critique over the years:

1. Technological Advancements: Critics argue that Malthus did not foresee the potential for technological innovations
and advancements in agriculture and resource production, which have allowed the world to sustain a much larger
population than he predicted.

2. Fertility Control: The theory didn't account for the role of fertility control methods (such as contraception) and
family planning, which can allow societies to manage population growth without relying solely on positive checks.

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3. Socioeconomic Factors: The theory didn't adequately consider the role of socioeconomic development and how it
can influence population growth. As societies advance, birth rates often decline due to factors such as increased
access to education and employment opportunities.

4. Distribution of Resources: Critics argue that the problem of resource scarcity is often more related to the unequal
distribution of resources rather than absolute scarcity. Global food production can be sufficient, but distribution
issues can lead to localized famines.

Q. 3 (a) Describe the institution of family and marriage in India.

(b) Discuss the function of family and marriage in India.

Ans :- (a) Family: A family is a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live
together; all such related persons are considered as members of one family.

marriage:- marriage, a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated
by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status
to their offspring (if any).

Family Structure:

1. Joint Family vs. Nuclear Family A family unit consisting of parents and their biological or adopted children living
together. Common in many Western societies.

2. Patriarchy: Traditional Indian families tend to be patriarchal, with male members often holding authority and
decision-making power within the household. However, there are variations in gender roles and family dynamics
across different regions and communities.

3. Extended Families: A family structure that includes not only parents and children but also other relatives like
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. Common | in many non-Western and traditional societies.

4. Blended Family:- Formed when parents with children from previous marriages or relationships come together
through marriage or cohabitation. Also known as stepfamilies.

5. Single-Parent Family :- A family led by one parent who is raising one or more children. This can result from
divorce, separation, or the choice to parent independently.

6. Childless Family :- A family consisting of a married or unmarried couple without children. This family type may
arise due to personal choice or circumstances.

Marriage Customs and Practices:

1. Arranged Marriages: Arranged marriages are still prevalent in India, where families play a significant role in
selecting a suitable partner for their children. While individuals may have some say in the decision, family and
compatibility considerations are crucial.

2. Love Marriages: In recent years, there has been a growing acceptance of love marriages, where individuals choose
their partners based on romantic attraction and compatibility. However, these marriages may still involve
negotiations with families for approval.

3. Religious Diversity: India is a religiously diverse country, and marriage customs often reflect the traditions of
specific religious communities. For example, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, and other communities have their unique
marriage rituals and ceremonies.

4. Caste and Social Status: Caste and social status have historically played a significant role in marriage decisions.
While inter-caste marriages are becoming more common, they can still face social challenges and discrimination in
some regions.

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5. Dowry: The practice of dowry, where the bride's family provides gifts, cash, or assets to the groom's family, has
been a subject of controversy and legal restrictions due to its misuse and the associated social issues.

6. Wedding Ceremonies: Indian weddings are known for their elaborate ceremonies and festivities. These ceremonies
can span several days and involve rituals like mehendi (henna application), sangeet (musical celebrations), and the
exchange of vows and blessings.

7. Marital Expectations: Marriages in India are often seen as not just a union of individuals but also a union of
families. There are expectations for couples to contribute to family life, maintain family traditions, and take care of
elders.

8. Legal Age: The legal age for marriage in India is 18 years for females and 21 years for males. Child marriages, once
common, have been declining due to legal reforms and awareness campaigns.

9. Changing Norms: With urbanization, education, and economic development, there are evolving norms regarding
marriage and family life. Younger generations may prioritize career, education, and personal choices when it comes
to marriage decisions.

Ans (b):-

The family and marriage institutions in India serve multiple functions that are deeply rooted in cultural, social, and
economic contexts. These functions have evolved over time but continue to play a crucial role in the lives of
individuals and communities across the country.

Functions of Family:

1. Socialization: Families are the primary agents of socialization in India. They transmit cultural values, traditions, and
norms to younger generations. Children learn about their culture, religion, and societal roles within the family
setting.

2. Emotional Support: Families provide emotional support and a sense of belonging. They offer a safe and nurturing
environment where individuals can express their feelings and seek comfort during times of joy or adversity.

3. Economic Support: In many cases, families serve as economic units, pooling resources to support the household.
This function is especially relevant in joint and extended families where multiple generations live together.

4. Care of Elders: Families play a critical role in caring for elderly members. Respect for elders is a deeply ingrained
cultural value, and it often falls upon the family to provide for the needs of older relatives.

5. Education: Families are involved in the education of children, helping with homework, and making decisions about
their schooling. Education is highly valued in Indian society, and families often prioritize the academic success of their
children.

6. Social Identity: Family affiliation is a crucial component of an individual's social identity in India. A person's caste,
religion, and family background are significant markers of identity.

Functions of Marriage:

1. Social Legitimacy: Marriage provides social and cultural legitimacy to relationships. In India, unmarried
partnerships may face social stigma, and marriage is seen as the proper way to form a family.

2. Procreation: Marriage is the traditional and socially accepted institution for procreation and raising children. It
provides a stable environment for child-rearing.

3. Continuation of Lineage: The concept of lineage and the passing on of family names and traditions are closely tied
to marriage. It ensures the continuity of family and cultural heritage.

4. Alliance and Social Networks: Marriages often establish alliances between families, communities, or castes. They
serve as a means to create and strengthen social networks.

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5. Economic Cooperation: In many cases, marriages involve the merging of economic resources and labor. This can be
especially important in agricultural and traditional settings.

6. Legal Rights and Obligations: Marriage confers legal rights and obligations, such as inheritance, property rights, and
spousal support, which are important in matters of family and property.

7. Social Stability: Marriages are seen as stabilizing factors in society. They provide a framework for individuals to
share responsibilities, support each other emotionally and economically, and contribute to the overall stability of the
community.

Q. 4 (a) Discuss the meaning and types of social stratification.

(b) Write down the influence of class and caste on health practice.

Ans :- (a) Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like
wealth, income, education, family background, and power.

Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in a society based on various
factors such as wealth, power, education, occupation, and social status. It is a fundamental concept in sociology and
is used to analyze and understand how societies organize and distribute resources and opportunities unequally
among their members. Social stratification leads to the division of society into different strata or layers, each with its
own level of access to resources and privileges. There are several types and dimensions of social stratification:

1. Class Stratification:

- Class-Based: This type of stratification is primarily based on economic factors, including income, wealth, and
occupation. Societies are often divided into different social classes such as upper class, middle class, and lower class,
each with distinct access to resources and opportunities.

2. Caste Stratification:

- Caste System: Caste stratification is prevalent in some societies, notably in India. In a caste system, individuals are
born into a specific social group or caste, and their social status, occupation, and even marriage opportunities are
largely determined by their caste. Movement between castes is traditionally very limited.

3. Estate (Feudal) Stratification:

- Feudalism: This type of stratification was prominent in medieval Europe. It divides society into three main estates:
the nobility (landowners and aristocrats), the clergy (religious leaders), and the peasantry (commoners and serfs).
Each estate had its own privileges and obligations.

4. Race and Ethnicity:

- Racial and Ethnic Stratification: In many societies, social stratification is influenced by race and ethnicity. People
from certain racial or ethnic backgrounds may face discrimination and unequal access to resources and opportunities
based on their identity.

5. Gender Stratification:

- Gender Inequality: Gender-based stratification refers to the unequal distribution of resources and power between
men and women. Historically, women have often been assigned lower status and fewer opportunities than men in
many societies.

6. Age and Generational Stratification:

- Age-Based: Stratification can also occur based on age, where older individuals may hold more power and
resources compared to younger generations. This can create generational tensions and inequalities.

7. Education and Occupational Stratification:

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- Educational and Occupational: In modern societies, access to education and the type of occupation one holds can
be significant determinants of social stratification. Higher levels of education and prestigious jobs often lead to higher
social status.

8. Political Stratification:

- Political Power: In some societies, political power and influence play a significant role in social stratification. Those
who hold political office or have control over the government may have greater access to resources and privileges.

9. Global Stratification:

- Global Inequality: Beyond individual societies, global stratification refers to the uneven distribution of wealth and
resources among countries and regions. Developed and industrialized nations tend to have more access to resources
and better living standards compared to less-developed countries.

10. Lifestyle and Cultural Stratification:

- Lifestyle and Cultural Differences: Cultural factors, including lifestyle choices and cultural practices, can also
contribute to social stratification. Some groups may be marginalized or discriminated against based on their cultural
identity.

Ans :- (b)

Class:

Class refers to a system of social categorization based on economic factors such as wealth, income, occupation, and
social status. It determines an individual's or family's place in society's economic hierarchy.

Caste:

Caste is a social system that categorizes individuals into distinct, hereditary groups based on birth. These groups
often have specific roles and social statuses, and mobility between castes is typically limited. Caste systems are
prevalent in some societies, particularly in South Asia.

Class and caste have significant influences on health practices and outcomes in societies where these forms of social
stratification are prevalent. Here's a breakdown of how class and caste can affect health practices:

Influence of Class:

1. Access to Healthcare Services:

- Higher Socioeconomic Classes: Individuals in higher socioeconomic classes often have greater access to
healthcare facilities, including private hospitals and clinics. They can afford health insurance and out-of-pocket
expenses, enabling them to seek medical attention promptly.

- Lower Socioeconomic Classes: Those in lower socioeconomic classes may struggle to access healthcare due to
financial constraints. They may rely on public healthcare systems, which can be underfunded and overcrowded.

2. Preventative Care:

- Higher Socioeconomic Classes: Wealthier individuals are more likely to engage in preventive health practices,
such as regular check-ups, vaccinations, and healthy lifestyle choices, which can lead to better health outcomes.

- Lower Socioeconomic Classes: Limited resources may deter individuals from seeking preventive care, leading to a
higher likelihood of developing chronic conditions that could have been prevented.

3. Nutrition and Diet:

- Higher Socioeconomic Classes: Affluent individuals often have access to a wider variety of nutritious foods and
can afford healthier diets. This contributes to better overall health.

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- Lower Socioeconomic Classes: Lower-income individuals may have limited access to nutritious foods and may rely
on less healthy, processed options due to budget constraints.

4. Stress and Mental Health:

- Lower Socioeconomic Classes: Economic instability, job insecurity, and lack of access to resources can lead to
chronic stress and mental health issues among individuals in lower socioeconomic classes. These factors can
indirectly impact physical health.

Influence of Caste:

1. Access to Healthcare Services:

- Higher Caste Groups: In some caste-based societies, higher caste individuals may have preferential access to
healthcare facilities, resources, and medical professionals. This can result in better healthcare services.

- Lower Caste Groups: Lower caste individuals may face discrimination and bias when seeking healthcare, leading
to delayed or substandard treatment. They may also be relegated to less-resourced facilities.

2. Health Education and Awareness:

- Higher Caste Groups: Members of higher caste groups often have better access to education and health
awareness programs, enabling them to make informed health choices.

- Lower Caste Groups: Lower caste individuals may have limited access to education and health information,
leading to a lack of awareness about preventive health practices.

3. Stigma and Discrimination:

- Lower Caste Groups: Stigmatization and discrimination based on caste can have a profound impact on the mental
health of lower caste individuals. The stress and social exclusion associated with caste-based discrimination can
negatively affect overall well-being.

4. Traditional Practices:

- Caste-Based Professions: In some societies, certain castes are traditionally associated with occupations such as
manual labor, which can expose them to occupational hazards and health risks.

- Healing Practices: Some caste groups may have their own traditional healing practices, which can either
complement or compete with modern healthcare, depending on their efficacy and accessibility.

Q. 5 (a) Explain the process of social change.

(b) Describe the factors influencing social change.

Ans :- (a) Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural
and social institutions.

Social change, in sociology, is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in
cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems.

Social change is the process through which societies and cultures undergo significant alterations in their social,
economic, political, and cultural structures over time. It involves the transformation of established norms, values,
institutions, and behaviors, often driven by various factors and mechanisms.

Here is an overview of the process of social change:

1. Triggering Factors:

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- Cultural Shifts: Changes in beliefs, values, and attitudes within a society can trigger social change. These shifts may
result from generational differences, exposure to new ideas, or changes in the cultural environment.

- Technological Advancements: Innovations and advances in technology can have a profound impact on social
structures. The invention of the internet, for example, revolutionized communication and information sharing.

- Economic Factors: Economic developments, such as industrialization or economic crises, can lead to social change
by reshaping employment patterns, wealth distribution, and consumption patterns.

- Political Events: Major political events, such as revolutions, reforms, or the rise and fall of governments, can alter
power dynamics and social institutions.

- Environmental Changes: Environmental factors, such as climate change or natural disasters, can disrupt societies
and necessitate adaptation and change in response.

- Demographic Changes: Shifting demographics, including changes in population size, age distribution, and
migration patterns, can influence social structures and norms.

2. Social Movements and Activism:

- Social movements, organized efforts by groups of people, can advocate for specific social changes. Examples
include civil rights movements, feminist movements, and environmental movements.

- Activism and advocacy play a critical role in raising awareness about social issues, mobilizing public support, and
pressuring institutions and policymakers to implement change.

3. Institutional Change:

- Changes in institutions, such as government policies, laws, and regulations, can have a significant impact on
society. These changes may be driven by shifts in public opinion or the need to address emerging challenges.

- Institutional reforms can lead to changes in areas like healthcare, education, labor rights, and social welfare.

4. Cultural Diffusion:

- Cultural diffusion occurs when ideas, beliefs, practices, and technologies spread from one society or culture to
another. This can result in the adoption of new customs and practices, influencing social change.

- Globalization, facilitated by modern communication and transportation, has accelerated the process of cultural
diffusion.

5. Social Interaction and Networks:

- Everyday interactions and social networks can contribute to social change. People exchange ideas, norms, and
behaviors through social interactions, potentially leading to the adoption of new practices or values.

- Social networks, both online and offline, can amplify the spread of information and influence social change
movements.

6. Resistance to Change:

- It's important to note that not all social change is embraced uniformly. Resistance to change can come from
individuals or groups who wish to preserve the status quo due to vested interests, cultural conservatism, or fear of
uncertainty.

7. Feedback Loops and Adaptation:

- Social change is often an iterative process. As changes occur, societies and individuals adapt to new circumstances,
which can, in turn, lead to further changes and adaptations.

8. Measurement and Assessment:

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- Sociologists and researchers study social change through various methods, including surveys, data analysis, and
historical analysis, to understand its causes, consequences, and patterns.

Ans:- (b) Social change is a complex and multifaceted process that is influenced by a wide range of factors. These
factors can be broadly categorized into several key areas:

1. Cultural Factors:

- Values and Beliefs: Changes in societal values and beliefs can drive social change. For example, shifts in attitudes
towards gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, or environmental conservation can lead to significant social changes.

- Norms and Traditions: Societal norms and traditions play a role in shaping behavior and influencing social change.
Changes in norms surrounding issues like marriage, family structure, or religious practices can lead to social
transformation.

2. Technological Factors:

- Technological Advancements: Advances in technology can lead to social change by altering the way people
communicate, work, and live. The internet, social media, and innovations like smartphones have had profound
effects on society.

- Automation and Artificial Intelligence: The adoption of automation and AI technologies can impact employment
patterns and economic structures, leading to changes in the labor force and job market.

3. Economic Factors:

- Economic Development: Economic growth and development can bring about social change by improving living
standards, access to education, and healthcare. However, economic inequality can also lead to social unrest.

- Globalization: The interconnectedness of economies on a global scale can lead to cultural exchange, the spread of
ideas, and changes in consumer behavior.

4. Political Factors:

- Government Policies: Government policies and legislation can drive social change, either by promoting
progressive reforms or by inhibiting them. Civil rights movements, for example, have often resulted in changes in
legislation.

- Political Movements: Grassroots and social movements can advocate for change in areas like civil rights,
environmental protection, or healthcare reform, influencing public opinion and government action.

5. Environmental Factors:

- Climate Change: Environmental challenges, such as climate change, can lead to social change by necessitating
shifts in energy sources, consumption patterns, and policies.

- Natural Disasters: Catastrophic events can disrupt societies and prompt changes in emergency preparedness,
infrastructure, and community resilience.

6. Demographic Factors:

- Population Growth and Aging: Changes in the age structure and size of populations can influence social services,
healthcare, and workforce dynamics.

- Migration: Immigration and emigration can impact cultural diversity, labor markets, and social integration in
receiving and sending countries.

7. Education and Media:

- Education Systems: Educational institutions play a role in shaping values, beliefs, and skills in a society. Changes in
education can lead to shifts in attitudes and behaviors.

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- Media Influence: Mass media, including television, the internet, and social media, can shape public opinion and
influence social change by disseminating information and promoting certain viewpoints.

8. Social Institutions:

- Family, Religion, and Education: These institutions can either reinforce existing social norms or challenge them,
depending on their role and influence within a society.

- Civil Society Organizations: Non-governmental organizations and advocacy groups often drive social change by
mobilizing communities and advocating for specific causes.

9. Historical Events:

- Major historical events, such as wars, revolutions, and economic crises, can have profound and lasting effects on
societies, leading to significant social change.

Q. 6 (a) Describe the types of communities in India.

(b) Discuss the availability of health facilities in rural areas in detail.

Ans:- (a) community:- a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.

major types of communities in India:

1. Religious Communities

- Hindu

- Muslim

- Christian

- Sikh

- Buddhist

- Jain

- Other minority religions

2. Caste-Based Communities

- Scheduled Castes (Dalits)

- Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis)

- Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

- Forward Castes

3. Regional Communities

- North India

- South India

- East India

- West India

- Northeast India

- Central India

4. Linguistic Communities

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- Hindi speakers

- Bengali speakers

- Tamil speakers

- Telugu speakers

- Marathi speakers

- Gujarati speakers

- Punjabi speakers

- Other language groups

5. Tribal Communities

- Various indigenous tribes across the country, each with its unique culture and languages.

6. Urban and Rural Communities

- Urban areas

- Rural areas

- Urban-rural fringe areas

7. Occupation-Based Communities

- Farmers and Agriculturists

- Laborers and Industrial Workers

- Professionals and White-Collar Workers

- Artisans and Craftsmen

8. Socially and Economically Disadvantaged Communities

- Women

- Children

- LGBTQ+ communities

- Persons with Disabilities

9. Community-Based on Social and Cultural Practices

- Nomadic and Semi-nomadic communities

- Various sects and cultural groups

Ans:- (b)

Availability of Health Facilities in Rural Areas in India

1. Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs)

- Sub-Centers: The first point of contact, staffed by a health worker.

- Primary Health Centers (PHCs): More comprehensive services, including doctors and nurses.

- Community Health Centers (CHCs): Provide specialist care and facilities for emergencies.

- Doctors: Typically, general practitioners (GPs) or specialists.

- Nurses and Paramedics: Provide basic healthcare services.

- Community Health Workers: Play a vital role in preventive care and health education.

3. Healthcare Services

- Routine Check-ups: General health assessments, immunizations, and maternal care.

- Emergency Services: Handling medical emergencies and providing basic trauma care.

- Disease Prevention: Programs for vaccinations, sanitation, and health education.

- Maternal and Child Health: Prenatal care, safe deliveries, and child healthcare.

4. Infrastructure

- Buildings: Condition and accessibility of healthcare facilities.

- Equipment and Supplies: Availability of medical equipment and medicines.

- Transportation: Ambulances and transport for patients to reach facilities.

5. Challenges

- Shortage of Personnel: Insufficient doctors and healthcare workers.

- Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate facilities and medical equipment.

- Limited Access: Distant locations and poor road connectivity.

- Health Awareness: Lack of awareness about healthcare practices.

- Financial Barriers: Limited affordability and health insurance coverage.

- Cultural Beliefs: Resistance to modern healthcare in some communities.

6. Government Initiatives

- National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): A program to improve rural healthcare.

- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY): Health insurance for rural populations.

- Telemedicine: Leveraging technology for remote consultations.

7. NGOs and Private Sector

- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Provide healthcare services and awareness campaigns.

- Private Clinics: Some private healthcare providers operate in rural areas.

8. Community Involvement

- Health Committees: Local involvement in healthcare decisions.

- Awareness Programs: Community education on health issues.

9. Outcome Measures

- Health Indicators: Monitoring health metrics, such as infant mortality and life expectancy.

- Accessibility: Measuring the distance and time it takes for rural residents to reach healthcare facilities.

Q. 7 (a) Explain the nature and process of social control.

Ans :- (a) Social control:- Sympathy, sociability, resentment, the sense of justice, public opinion, folkways and mores
are some of the informal means of social control.

Social control is the set of mechanisms, rules, norms, and institutions in a society that regulate and guide individual
behavior to maintain order, conformity, and stability within that society.

Nature and Process of Social Control

1. Nature of Social Control

- Definition: Mechanisms, strategies, and institutions used to regulate and guide individual and group behavior in
society.

- Purpose: Maintain social order, uphold norms and values, prevent deviant behavior, and ensure cohesion.

2. Types of Social Control

- Formal Social Control: Official mechanisms enforced by the government and institutions (e.g., laws, police,
judiciary).

- Informal Social Control: Unofficial means, including social norms, peer pressure, and community expectations.

3. Process of Social Control

a. Norms and Values

- Norms: Societal rules and expectations governing behavior.

- Values: Shared beliefs about what is desirable or morally right.

b. Deviance

- Deviant Behavior: Actions that violate societal norms or values.

c. Detection and Identification of Deviance

- Observation: Individuals or groups notice deviant behavior.

- Reporting: Incidents reported to authorities or relevant institutions.

d. Response to Deviance

- Formal Response: Legal and institutional actions (e.g., arrests, trials, punishment).

- Informal Response: Social disapproval, gossip, exclusion, or shaming.

e. Sanctions

- Positive Sanctions: Rewards for conforming behavior (e.g., praise, promotions).

- Negative Sanctions: Punishments or penalties for deviant behavior (e.g., fines, imprisonment).

f. Control Mechanisms

- Socialization: Instilling norms and values through education, family, and cultural practices.

- Social Institutions: Enforcing norms through family, religion, education, and government.

- Laws and Regulations: Legal systems and authorities set and enforce rules.

- Peer Pressure: Influence from friends and social circles.

4. Outcomes of Social Control

- Maintaining Social Order: Preventing chaos and ensuring stability.

- Preserving Cultural and Moral Values: Upholding societal norms and ethics.

- Preventing Deviance: Discouraging behaviors that harm individuals or society.

- Promoting Conformity: Encouraging people to adhere to acceptable behavior.

5. Challenges

- Overreach: Excessive control can stifle individual freedoms.

- Inequality: Social control can disproportionately affect marginalized groups.

- Resistance: Some individuals or groups may resist social control measures.

6. Adaptation

- Evolution of Norms: Norms and values may change over time.

- Reform of Laws: Legal systems adapt to societal shifts.

- Awareness and Education: Promoting understanding of the need for social control.

Ans :- (b) Role of a Nurse in Social Control

1. Patient Care

- Assessment: Conduct health assessments to identify patient needs.

- Treatment: Administer medications and treatments as prescribed.

- Monitoring: Monitor patient vital signs and symptoms.

- Education: Provide patients with information about their conditions and self-care.

2. Community Engagement

- Health Education: Conduct health education sessions in the community.

- Preventive Care: Promote preventive measures like vaccinations and healthy lifestyles.

- Community Outreach: Participate in community health programs and awareness campaigns.

3. Advocacy

- Patient Advocacy: Act as a patient advocate, ensuring their rights and needs are met.

- Community Advocacy: Advocate for improved healthcare services and policies in the community.

4. Collaboration

- Interdisciplinary Team: Work collaboratively with doctors, therapists, and other healthcare professionals.

- Community Partners: Collaborate with local organizations and agencies to address healthcare needs.

5. Infection Control

- Infection Prevention: Implement infection control measures to prevent the spread of diseases.

- Education: Educate patients and the community about infection prevention practices.

6. Ethical Considerations

- Patient Confidentiality: Ensure patient information is kept confidential.

7. Emergency Response

- Emergency Care: Provide care during emergencies and disasters.

- Disaster Preparedness: Participate in disaster preparedness planning.

8. Mental Health Support

- Psychological Care: Offer emotional support to patients and their families.

- Mental Health Awareness: Promote mental health awareness in the community.

9. Data Collection and Reporting

- Documentation: Maintain accurate patient records.

- Reporting: Report public health concerns and disease outbreaks to authorities.

10. Role Model

- Professionalism: Serve as a role model for ethical and professional behavior.

- Health Promotion: Demonstrate a healthy lifestyle to inspire others.

11. Continuous Learning

- Professional Development: Engage in ongoing education and training.

- Evidence-Based Practice: Stay updated with the latest healthcare practices.

Q. 8 (a) Enlist the social problems in India

(b) Discuss the social welfare programmes in India.

Ans :- (a) The term “social problem” is usually taken to refer to social conditions that disrupt or damage society—
crime, racism, and the like.

A social problem is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large numbers of people and that is
generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed. This definition has both an objective
component and a subjective component.

Social Problems in India

1. Poverty

- Urban poverty

- Rural poverty

- Income inequality

2. Unemployment

- Lack of job opportunities

- Underemployment

3. Education

- Illiteracy

- Dropout rates

4. Healthcare

- Limited access to healthcare services

- Malnutrition

- Disease burden

5. Gender Inequality

- Gender-based violence

- Discrimination

- Gender pay gap

6. Caste Discrimination

- Caste-based discrimination and violence

- Untouchability practices

7. Religious Tensions

- Communal violence

- Religious intolerance

8. Child Labor

- Child exploitation

- Lack of child rights enforcement

9. Corruption

- Political corruption

- Bureaucratic corruption

10. Environmental Issues

- Air pollution

- Water pollution

- Deforestation

- Climate change impacts

11. Child Marriage

- Early marriage practices

- Child brides

12. Human Trafficking

- Forced labor

- Sexual exploitation

13. Elderly Neglect

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- Elder abuse

- Lack of elderly care facilities

14. Mental Health

- Stigma around mental health

- Limited access to mental health services

15. Urbanization Challenges

- Slums and informal settlements

- Overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure

16. Drug Abuse

- Substance abuse issues

- Lack of addiction treatment

17. Disability Rights

- Discrimination against persons with disabilities

- Limited accessibility

18. Aging Population

- Challenges related to an aging population

- Healthcare and social support for the elderly

Ans:- (b) Social Welfare - Schemes to Empower Vulnerable Community

Path to establish a welfare state is by securing Indian citizens by providing political justice, social justice, and
economic justice.

Social Welfare Programs in India

1. Central Government Initiatives

- National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)

- Provides employment opportunities in rural areas.

- Guarantees 100 days of wage employment per household.

- Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

- Financial inclusion program to provide bank accounts and insurance to all.

- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

- Provides free LPG connections to below-poverty-line families.

2. Healthcare Programs

- Ayushman Bharat

- Includes Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) for health insurance and Health and Wellness Centers for
primary healthcare.

3. Education Programs

- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

- Mid-Day Meal Scheme

- Provides free meals to schoolchildren to encourage attendance.

4. Women and Child Welfare

- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao

- Promotes gender equality and the education of girls.

- Anganwadi Services

- Provides healthcare, nutrition, and education to young children and mothers.

5. Rural Development

- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

- Aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural areas.

- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

- Promotes self-employment and livelihood opportunities.

6. Social Security and Pension Schemes

- Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

- Provides pension benefits to the unorganized sector.

- National Social Assistance Program (NSAP)

- Provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows, and disabled.

7. Housing and Urban Development

- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

- Aims to provide affordable housing to urban and rural poor.

8. Food Security

- Public Distribution System (PDS)

- Distributes essential food items at subsidized rates.

- Antyodaya Anna Yojana

- Provides food to the poorest families.

9. Disability Welfare

- National Disability Insurance Scheme

- Provides financial assistance to persons with disabilities.

10. Senior Citizens

- Vayoshree Scheme

- Provides assistive devices to senior citizens.

Nov . 2018

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 (a) Explain the importance and application of sociology in nursing.

(b) Discuss the problems of modern family.

Ans :- (a) :- See paper jan 2018 Q. 1(a)

Ans :- (b)

The modern families are quite small in size consisting of parents and their small children.

Modern families face a range of challenges and problems that are distinct from those encountered by previous
generations. These issues can vary depending on cultural, social, economic, and geographical factors, but some
common problems of modern families include:

1. Time Constraints: In many modern families, both parents work outside the home, which can lead to time
constraints. Balancing work and family responsibilities can be challenging, often resulting in less quality time spent
together.

2. Technology and Screen Time: Excessive screen time, including smartphones, tablets, and video games, can lead to
decreased family communication and bonding. It can also affect children's development and health.

3. Economic Stress: Economic pressures, including rising costs of housing, healthcare, and education, can strain
family finances. This stress can lead to conflicts and impact the overall well-being of the family.

4. Single-Parent Households: The prevalence of single-parent households has increased in recent decades. Single
parents often face the challenge of juggling multiple roles and responsibilities, which can be emotionally and
financially taxing.

5. Divorce and Blended Families: Divorce rates remain high, leading to the formation of blended families. These
families face unique challenges related to co-parenting, step-sibling relationships, and adapting to new family
dynamics.

6. Mental Health Issues: Mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression, can affect both parents and
children in modern families. These issues can strain relationships and require additional support and resources.

7. Work-Life Balance: Achieving a healthy work-life balance is often elusive for modern families. The pressure to excel
in careers while maintaining family life can lead to stress and burnout.

8. Parenting Challenges: Modern parenting is influenced by societal changes and new parenting philosophies. This
can lead to disagreements and confusion about how to raise children, discipline them, and provide for their overall
well-being.

9. Social Isolation: In some cases, modern families may feel socially isolated, particularly in urban settings where
extended family support is not readily available. Loneliness and a lack of community can impact mental health.

10. Technology Addiction: Excessive use of technology, including social media and video games, can lead to addiction
and further erode family bonds and communication.

11. Education Pressure: There is often intense pressure on children to excel academically. This pressure can create a
competitive atmosphere within the family and hinder children's overall development.

12. Cultural and Generational Conflicts: In multicultural families, clashes between different cultural backgrounds or
generational perspectives can create tension and misunderstandings.

13. Health and Well-Being: Modern lifestyles can sometimes lead to unhealthy habits, such as poor dietary choices
and lack of physical activity, which can affect the health and well-being of family members.

(b) Describe the influence of culture on health and disease.

Ans :- (a)

Socialization:

Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, beliefs,
customs, and behaviors of their culture and society. It begins from infancy and continues throughout a person's life.
Socialization plays a crucial role in helping individuals fit into and function within their social environment.

Socialization Process:

1. Primary Socialization (Early Childhood):

- Interaction with Family

- Absorption of Cultural Norms

- Learning Basic Social Skills

2. Secondary Socialization (School Age):

- School Environment

- Peer Interaction

- Exposure to Wider Society

- Development of Educational and Social Skills

3. Tertiary Socialization (Adolescence and Adulthood):

- Social Groups (e.g., Friends, Clubs)

- Workplace and Career

- Reinforcement of Cultural Values

- Acquisition of Specialized Skills

Individualization:

Individualization is the process through which individuals develop a distinct sense of self and personal identity
within the context of their socialization. It represents the balancing act between conforming to societal expectations
and expressing one's unique qualities and desires.

Individualization Process:

1. Self-Discovery (Adolescence):

- Exploration of Identity

- Formation of Personal Values

- Differentiation from Family

2. Autonomy (Late Adolescence/Young Adulthood):

- Independence from Parents

- Decision-Making

3. Integration (Adulthood):

- Balancing Individuality with Social Roles (e.g., Parent, Employee)

- Continued Self-Reflection and Growth

- Adaptation to Life Changes

4. Reconciliation (Later Adulthood):

- Reflecting on Life Choices

- Balancing Individual Goals with Societal Expectations

- Legacy Building

Ans (b) :-

Influence of Culture on Health and Disease:

1. Cultural Beliefs and Practices:

- Cultural norms and values shape perceptions of health and illness.

- Influence lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and substance use.

2. Healthcare Seeking Behavior:

- Cultural beliefs affect when, where, and how individuals seek healthcare.

- Traditional healing practices may be preferred over Western medicine.

3. Health Literacy and Communication:

- Language and communication styles can impact health information understanding.

- Cultural competence in healthcare providers is crucial for effective care.

4. Preventive Measures:

- Cultural practices influence preventive measures, such as vaccinations.

- Health education programs must consider cultural contexts.

5. Diet and Nutrition:

- Cultural diets affect nutrition and susceptibility to diet-related diseases.

- Traditional foods may be rich in nutrients or contribute to health issues.

6. Mental Health Stigma:

- Cultural attitudes toward mental health affect seeking treatment.

- Stigma can hinder access to mental healthcare.

7. Cultural Norms and Risk Factors:

- Cultural practices may expose individuals to unique health risks.

- For example, smoking or substance use in certain cultural contexts.

8. Health Disparities:

- Cultural factors contribute to health disparities among different populations.

9. Disease Prevention and Management:

- Cultural beliefs can affect adherence to treatment plans.

- Integrating cultural competence into healthcare can improve outcomes.

10. Community Support Systems:

- Cultural communities often provide social support during illness.

- Extended families and cultural networks play a role in care.

11. Health Policy and Advocacy:

- Cultural considerations inform healthcare policy and advocacy efforts.

- Addressing cultural needs can lead to more equitable healthcare systems.

Q.3 (a) Explain the features of urban community.

(b) Write down major urban health problems.

(c) Explain the process of urbanization and its impact on health.

Ans :- (a) Urban communities, also known as cities or towns, are characterized by a variety of features that
distinguish them from rural or suburban areas. These features reflect the density, diversity, and complexity of urban
life. Here are some key features of urban communities:

1. High Population Density: Urban areas are densely populated, with a large number of people living in a relatively
small geographic area. This high population density is a defining characteristic of urban communities and contributes
to their vibrant and dynamic nature.

2. Diverse Population: Urban communities are often characterized by a diverse population in terms of culture,
ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic background. People from different parts of the world and varied walks of life
come together in cities, leading to cultural diversity and opportunities for cultural exchange.

3. Economic Opportunities: Cities are economic hubs, offering a wide range of employment opportunities in various
industries such as finance, technology, healthcare, manufacturing, and more. Urban areas tend to have a higher
concentration of businesses and job prospects compared to rural areas.

4. Infrastructure and Services: Urban communities have well-developed infrastructure, including roads, public
transportation systems, utilities (water, electricity, sanitation), and healthcare facilities. They also offer a wide range
of services such as education, entertainment, and healthcare.

5. Educational Institutions: Cities often host numerous educational institutions, including schools, colleges, and
universities. These institutions provide access to a wide range of academic and vocational opportunities, attracting
students from various backgrounds.

6. Cultural and Recreational Activities: Urban areas are known for their cultural richness and vibrant arts scenes. They
offer a wide array of cultural events, museums, theaters, galleries, and recreational activities such as sports, music,
and entertainment.

7. Diversity of Housing Options: Urban communities typically provide a variety of housing options, including
apartments, condominiums, townhouses, and single-family homes. The housing market in cities caters to a range of
preferences and budgets.

8. Transportation Networks: Cities have extensive transportation networks, including buses, subways, trams, and
commuter trains, which facilitate the movement of people within the city and to neighboring areas. Urban areas are
also often hubs for airports and long-distance travel.

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9. Commercial Centers: Urban communities feature commercial districts and shopping centers where residents can
access a wide range of goods and services. These areas are often characterized by a concentration of retail stores,
restaurants, and entertainment venues.

10. Social Diversity and Opportunities: Urban areas offer a wide range of social opportunities, including networking
events, clubs, and interest-based groups. People in cities have the chance to connect with others who share their
interests and passions.

11. Governance and Administration: Urban communities have local governments responsible for managing public
services, infrastructure, and safety. City governments often have specific policies and regulations tailored to the
needs of urban living.

Ans:- (b) Major urban health problems can vary depending on the specific city, region, and the socioeconomic
context, but some common urban health challenges include:

1. Air Pollution: High levels of air pollution in urban areas can lead to respiratory diseases, such as asthma and
bronchitis, as well as cardiovascular problems.

2. Water Contamination: Contaminated water sources in urban areas can result in waterborne diseases, including
cholera and typhoid.

3. Noise Pollution: Persistent noise pollution can contribute to stress, sleep disorders, and even hearing loss.

4. Limited Access to Healthcare: In some urban areas, access to healthcare facilities and services may be limited,
leading to unmet healthcare needs.

5. Food Deserts: Certain neighborhoods in cities may lack access to affordable, nutritious food, which can lead to
malnutrition and diet-related health issues.

6. Sedentary Lifestyle: Urban environments often promote sedentary lifestyles, contributing to obesity, diabetes, and
cardiovascular diseases.

7. Traffic Congestion: Traffic congestion not only results in lost time but can also lead to accidents and injuries.

8. Substance Abuse: Urban areas may have higher rates of substance abuse, leading to addiction and mental health
problems.

9. Infectious Diseases: Overcrowded living conditions in some urban areas can facilitate the spread of infectious
diseases, such as tuberculosis or HIV.

10. Mental Health Issues: The fast-paced, high-stress nature of urban life can contribute to mental health problems
like depression and anxiety.

11. Chronic Conditions: A lack of physical activity and unhealthy diets can contribute to chronic health conditions
such as hypertension and diabetes.

12. Limited Green Spaces: A lack of parks and green spaces in cities can affect mental health and overall well-being.

13. Socioeconomic Disparities: Income inequality and disparities in access to education and healthcare can result in
health inequities within urban populations.

14. Overcrowded Housing: In some urban areas, overcrowded housing conditions can lead to the rapid spread of
illnesses and reduced overall health.

15. Environmental Health Risks: Urban environments may have contaminated soils, lead paint, and other
environmental hazards that pose health risks.

Ans:- (c) Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population comes to live in
cities and towns, leading to the growth and expansion of urban areas. It involves the migration of people from rural
to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities, improved living conditions, and access to amenities and
services. Urbanization has several stages and can have both positive and negative impacts on health.

1. Rural to Urban Migration:

- Rural residents move to urban areas, driven by factors such as job opportunities, better education, and access to
healthcare.

2. Population Growth in Urban Areas:

- As more people migrate to urban areas, the population in these cities and towns grows rapidly.

3. Infrastructure Development:

- Urbanization often leads to the development of infrastructure, including transportation networks, sanitation
systems, and healthcare facilities.

Impact on Health:

- Positive Impact:

- Improved Healthcare Access: Urban areas typically have better healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals,
clinics, and specialized medical services, which can lead to improved access to healthcare.

- Higher Life Expectancy: Due to better healthcare and living conditions, urban populations often experience
higher life expectancy compared to rural populations.

- Healthcare Innovation: Urban areas tend to be hubs for medical research and innovation, leading to
advancements in healthcare practices and technologies.

- Negative Impact:

- Air Pollution: Urbanization can lead to increased industrialization and vehicular traffic, resulting in higher levels of
air pollution, which can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.

- Water Contamination: Overcrowding in urban areas can strain water supply systems and lead to water
contamination, which can result in waterborne diseases.

- Unhealthy Lifestyles: Sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and stress-related to urban living can contribute to
obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health issues.

- Infectious Diseases: Overcrowded living conditions in some urban areas can facilitate the rapid spread of
infectious diseases.

- Health Inequities: While cities offer better healthcare services, disparities in access to healthcare and income
inequalities can result in health inequities within urban populations.

4. Urban Planning and Policies:

- Effective urban planning and policies are crucial to managing the health impacts of urbanization. These policies
can include zoning regulations, environmental protections, and efforts to ensure equitable access to healthcare and
services.

5. Public Health Interventions:

- Public health interventions, such as vaccination campaigns, sanitation initiatives, and health education programs,
are essential to mitigate the negative health impacts of urbanization.

Q. 4 (a) Explain the meaning of group.

(b) Describe the classification of group.

(c) Explain about accommodation and assimilation.

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Ans :- (a) & (b)

definition:- A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations
and who share a common identity.

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.

Groups can be classified in various ways based on different criteria. Here are some common classifications of groups:

1. By Purpose or Function:

- Social Groups: These groups are primarily formed for social interaction and may include friends, family, social
clubs, and recreational groups.

- Professional Groups: These groups are formed for work-related purposes and include teams within organizations,
professional associations, and industry-specific groups.

- Interest-Based Groups: These groups are united by a shared interest or hobby, such as sports teams, hobby clubs,
or fan clubs.

- Support Groups: These groups are formed to provide emotional or practical support for individuals facing specific
challenges, such as health-related support groups or self-help groups.

2. By Composition:

- Homogeneous Groups: These groups consist of members who are similar in terms of characteristics, interests, or
background. For example, a group of students from the same major.

- Heterogeneous Groups: These groups consist of members with diverse characteristics or backgrounds. An
example could be a project team with members from different departments.

3. By Size:

- Small Groups: These typically consist of a limited number of members, often characterized by close interaction
and collaboration. Examples include families, small project teams, or study groups.

- Large Groups: These groups have a significant number of members, which can make coordination and
communication more challenging. Examples include large organizations, communities, or online social networks.

4. By Duration:

- Temporary Groups: These groups are formed for a specific, short-term purpose or project and may disband once
the objective is achieved. Project teams are an example.

- Permanent Groups: These groups are long-lasting and continue to exist beyond specific projects or events.
Families and some professional organizations are examples.

5. By Leadership and Structure:

- Formal Groups: These groups have clearly defined structures, roles, and rules. They often have designated leaders
or managers. Examples include corporate teams and government agencies.

- Informal Groups: These groups have more flexible structures and may lack designated leaders or official roles.
Friendships and social circles are often informal groups.

6. By Interaction Mode:

- Face-to-Face Groups: Members of these groups interact in person. Examples include neighborhood associations or
sports teams.

7. By Affiliation:

- In-Group: This is the group to which an individual belongs and identifies with, often associated with positive
feelings and loyalty.

- Out-Group: This is a group to which an individual does not belong or with which they do not identify. Sometimes,
out-groups can be associated with negative stereotypes or competition.

8. By Geographic Location:

- Local Groups: These are groups that operate within a specific geographic area, such as a neighborhood
association.

- Global or Transnational Groups: These groups operate across geographic boundaries and may have members from
different countries or regions. International organizations are examples.

Ans :- (c) "Accommodation" and "assimilation" are two concepts often used in the context of cultural diversity and
the interaction between different cultural groups within a society.

1. Accommodation:

- Definition: Accommodation is a process in which individuals or groups maintain their distinct cultural identities
and characteristics while coexisting with or adapting to the dominant culture of a society. It involves mutual respect
for cultural differences and may lead to a more diverse and pluralistic society.

- Characteristics:

- Cultural Diversity: In accommodation, multiple cultures coexist within a society, and individuals or groups are
encouraged to maintain their unique cultural traditions, languages, and practices.

- Respect for Differences: Accommodation values cultural diversity and respects the rights of individuals or groups
to practice their culture and maintain their identity.

- Multiculturalism: Accommodating societies often promote multiculturalism, which recognizes the value of
different cultural perspectives and encourages cultural exchange and understanding.

- Integration without Assimilation: Accommodation allows individuals to integrate into the broader society while
preserving their cultural heritage. It does not require or expect individuals to assimilate into the dominant culture.

- Example: In a culturally accommodating society, people from various backgrounds are free to practice their
religions, speak their languages, and celebrate their cultural festivals without pressure to conform to a single,
dominant culture. This can lead to a rich tapestry of cultural diversity within the society.

2. Assimilation:

- Definition: Assimilation is a process in which individuals or groups adopt the culture, norms, values, and practices
of the dominant culture in a society. It often involves a gradual or complete abandonment of one's original cultural
identity and assimilation into the mainstream culture.

- Characteristics:

- Cultural Convergence: In assimilation, there is an expectation that individuals or groups will adopt the cultural
traits, language, and behaviors of the dominant culture.

- Homogeneity: Assimilation aims for a more homogenous society where everyone shares a common culture and
identity, often with the goal of social cohesion.

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- Integration through Conformity: Assimilation involves individuals conforming to the dominant culture's norms
and values, sometimes at the expense of their original cultural practices.

- Pressure to Adapt: In assimilation, there may be societal or institutional pressure for individuals or groups to
adapt and shed their cultural distinctiveness.

- Example: In a culturally assimilative society, newcomers are expected to learn and adopt the language, customs,
and values of the dominant culture. Over time, they may cease to practice their original cultural traditions or speak
their native languages, fully integrating into the mainstream culture.

Q. 5 (a) Describe the family, marriage and their influence on the health and health practices.

(b) Discuss the elements of social organization.

Ans:- (a) Family and marriage play significant roles in influencing an individual's health and health practices. These
social institutions can have both positive and negative impacts on an individual's physical, mental, and emotional
well-being. family, marriage, and their influence on health and health practices:

Family:

1. Support System: Families can serve as critical support systems for individuals. Emotional and social support from
family members can contribute to better mental health and overall well-being. A strong family support system can
help individuals cope with stress, trauma, and life challenges.

2. Health Promotion: Families can promote healthy behaviors and habits. Parents, in particular, play a crucial role in
shaping their children's health practices, including diet, exercise, and hygiene. Families can encourage healthy
lifestyles by modeling good habits.

3. Access to Healthcare: Families often play a role in facilitating access to healthcare. They may help individuals make
medical appointments, provide transportation to healthcare facilities, and offer financial support for medical
expenses.

4. Genetic Factors: Family history of certain health conditions can influence an individual's risk. Knowing about family
medical history can help individuals and healthcare providers make informed decisions about preventive measures
and screenings.

5. Conflict and Stress: On the negative side, family conflicts, dysfunction, or abusive relationships can contribute to
chronic stress and negatively impact mental and physical health. Chronic stress can lead to a range of health issues,
including cardiovascular problems, depression, and anxiety.

6. Socialization: Families often socialize individuals into cultural norms and values related to health. This can include
dietary preferences, beliefs about illness and treatment, and attitudes toward healthcare providers.

Marriage:

1. Social Support: Marriage can provide a strong social support system. Spouses often provide emotional support,
companionship, and a sense of belonging, which can positively impact mental health.

2. Healthier Behaviors: Research has shown that married individuals tend to engage in healthier behaviors compared
to single individuals. They are more likely to have regular check-ups, eat balanced diets, and engage in physical
activity.

3. Lower Risky Behaviors: Marriage is associated with a lower likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors such as
substance abuse and unsafe sexual practices.

4. Longevity: Studies suggest that married individuals tend to live longer and have lower mortality rates compared to
those who are unmarried. This may be due, in part, to the emotional and social support provided within a marriage.

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5. Quality of Marriage: The quality of the marriage relationship matters. A healthy, supportive, and loving marriage is
more likely to have positive effects on health, while a strained or conflicted marriage can have negative health
consequences.

6. Caring Roles: In marriage, spouses often take on caregiving roles when their partners experience illness or
disability. This caregiving can be physically and emotionally demanding, impacting the health and well-being of both
partners.

Ans :- (b) Social organization refers to the structured patterns of relationships, roles, and institutions that shape how
individuals and groups interact within a society. It encompasses various elements that help maintain order, facilitate
cooperation, and define the functioning of a community. The elements of social organization include:

1. Social Structure:

- Statuses: These are positions within a society that individuals occupy, such as parent, teacher, doctor, or citizen.
Statuses can be ascribed (assigned at birth) or achieved (earned through actions or accomplishments).

- Roles: Roles are the expected behaviors, responsibilities, and obligations associated with a particular status. For
example, the role of a parent includes providing care and guidance to children.

2. Institutions:

- Family: The family institution plays a central role in social organization, responsible for reproduction, socialization,
and support.

- Education: Educational institutions provide formal learning and socialization, preparing individuals for roles in
society.

- Religion: Religious institutions often guide moral values, rituals, and belief systems.

- Economy: Economic institutions involve the production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services, shaping
individuals' livelihoods.

- Government: Government institutions establish laws, regulations, and governance structures within a society.

- Healthcare: Healthcare institutions provide medical services and contribute to overall public health.

3. Groups and Associations:

- Social Groups: These are collections of individuals who interact regularly and share a common identity or interest,
such as families, peer groups, or professional associations.

- Community Organizations: These groups focus on specific community needs or interests, like neighborhood
associations, social clubs, or advocacy groups.

- Political Parties: Political organizations play a role in shaping government policies and decision-making.

- Interest Groups: These groups represent specific interests, such as environmental, labor, or consumer advocacy
groups.

4. Social Norms and Values:

- Norms: Social norms are shared expectations and rules about appropriate behavior. They vary across cultures and
societies and can include norms related to etiquette, ethics, and legal conduct.

- Values: Values are the core beliefs and principles that guide individuals and societies' preferences and choices.
They influence moral judgments and behaviors.

5. Social Networks:

- Social networks refer to the web of interpersonal connections and relationships that individuals have. These
networks facilitate information exchange, social support, and social influence.

- Language, symbols, traditions, rituals, and cultural practices contribute to social organization by shaping
communication, identity, and shared values.

7. Change and Adaptation:

- Social organization is not static; it evolves and adapts over time in response to changes in technology,
demographics, culture, and other factors.

Q. 6 (a) Briefly explain conflict.

(b) Discuss the causes of conflicts.

(c) Briefly discuss the various types of conflicts.

Ans :- (a) Conflict refers to a disagreement or clash between individuals, groups, or organizations due to differences
in interests, goals, values, or beliefs. It can manifest in various forms, such as disputes, arguments, or confrontations,
and may occur at personal, interpersonal, or societal levels.

Conflict is a natural and common aspect of human interaction and can have both positive and negative outcomes.

Positive aspects of conflict include:

1. Problem Solving: Conflict can prompt discussions and negotiations, leading to the resolution of issues and the
improvement of relationships or systems.

2. Innovation: It can stimulate creativity and new ideas as individuals or groups seek alternative solutions to conflicts.

3. Growth: Conflict can lead to personal or collective growth by challenging individuals to reevaluate their
perspectives and adapt to changing circumstances.

Negative aspects of conflict include:

1. Destruction: Unresolved or poorly managed conflict can lead to harm, damage relationships, or disrupt
organizations and communities.

2. Stress: Conflict can generate stress and emotional distress for those involved, affecting mental and physical health.

3. Divisiveness: Prolonged or intense conflict can create divisions and hostility, making it difficult to find common
ground or collaborate.

Ans:- (b) Conflicts can have various causes, are some common causes of conflicts:

1. Scarce Resources: Competition for limited resources, such as land, water, minerals, or energy sources, can lead to
conflicts. When resources are scarce, groups or individuals may fight over access or control.

2. Differences in Values and Beliefs: Conflicts frequently arise when individuals or groups hold differing values,
beliefs, ideologies, or moral principles. These differences can lead to disagreements on social, political, or religious
issues.

3. Lack of Communication: Poor or ineffective communication can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and
disputes. When communication breaks down, grievances may escalate into conflicts.

4. Power Imbalance: Conflicts can result from power imbalances within relationships, organizations, or societies.
When one party has significantly more power than the other, it can lead to feelings of injustice and resentment.

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5. Social Injustice: Inequalities related to income, education, employment, or access to basic services can fuel
conflicts. When marginalized or disadvantaged groups perceive unfair treatment, they may engage in protests or
advocacy for change.

6. Historical and Cultural Factors: Conflicts can be rooted in historical grievances, ethnic tensions, or cultural
differences. Past events, colonial legacies, or historical injustices can continue to influence contemporary conflicts.

7. Political Disputes: Differences in political ideologies, government policies, or leadership can lead to political
conflicts. These conflicts may manifest as protests, civil unrest, or even armed struggles.

8. Territorial Disputes: Conflicts over land or territory are common causes of international and intergroup conflicts.
Disputes can arise from unresolved borders, competing territorial claims, or historical disputes.

9. Economic Interests: Economic disparities, trade disputes, or competition for economic resources can contribute to
conflicts. Economic interests often play a significant role in conflicts related to trade, labor, or business competition.

10. Religious Differences: Religious conflicts can stem from religious extremism, intolerance, or disputes over
religious sites or practices. These conflicts can escalate into violence or social unrest.

11. Environmental Factors: Environmental issues, such as deforestation, pollution, or climate change, can lead to
conflicts, particularly when communities or nations are affected by resource depletion or environmental degradation.

12. Personal or Interpersonal Factors: Conflicts within families, workplaces, or social circles may arise from personal
conflicts, jealousy, rivalry, or misunderstandings between individuals.

13. Psychological Factors: Personal factors, such as anger, fear, or insecurity, can contribute to conflicts. Emotional
reactions and cognitive biases can escalate conflicts if not managed effectively.

Ans:- (c) the major types of conflicts:

1. Interpersonal Conflict: This occurs between individuals and is often rooted in differences in personality,
communication styles, values, or personal interests. Interpersonal conflicts can arise in personal relationships,
workplaces, or social settings.

2. Intrapersonal Conflict: Intrapersonal conflict refers to an internal struggle within an individual. It occurs when a
person experiences conflicting emotions, thoughts, or desires. For example, someone may experience intrapersonal
conflict when deciding between two job offers.

3. Organizational Conflict: Organizational conflicts arise within groups, teams, or entire organizations. They can be
related to issues like resource allocation, power struggles, differences in goals, or communication breakdowns.
Effective conflict resolution is essential for maintaining a healthy workplace environment.

4. Intergroup Conflict: Intergroup conflict occurs between different groups or factions within a society, organization,
or community. Examples include political conflicts, conflicts between rival sports teams, or disputes between ethnic
or religious groups.

5. Intragroup Conflict: This type of conflict occurs within a single group or team. It can be caused by disagreements
over group goals, leadership, roles, or decision-making processes. Resolving intragroup conflict is vital for group
cohesion and effectiveness.

6. Conflict of Interest: Conflict of interest arises when individuals or entities have competing interests that may
compromise their ability to act impartially. This type of conflict is especially relevant in professions like law, medicine,
and journalism.

7. Cultural Conflict: Cultural conflicts occur when individuals or groups from different cultural backgrounds clash due
to differences in values, customs, beliefs, or traditions. These conflicts can arise in multicultural societies or
international contexts.

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8. Resource Conflict: Resource conflicts are disputes over the allocation or control of valuable resources, such as land,
water, minerals, or energy sources. These conflicts can have significant economic, environmental, and political
implications.

9. Value Conflict: Value conflicts occur when individuals or groups hold opposing values, ideologies, or moral beliefs.
These differences can lead to debates on issues like ethics, religion, or social justice.

10. Environmental Conflict: Environmental conflicts revolve around issues related to the use, preservation, or
management of natural resources and ecosystems. These conflicts often involve stakeholders with competing
environmental, economic, and social interests.

11. Family Conflict: Family conflicts arise within families and can involve disputes over inheritance, parenting styles,
sibling rivalries, or caregiving responsibilities.

12. Legal Conflict: Legal conflicts involve disputes that require legal resolution, such as civil litigation, criminal cases,
or disagreements over contracts and property rights.

13. Political Conflict: Political conflicts center on differing political ideologies, policies, or governance issues. These
conflicts can occur at local, national, or international levels and may involve protests, negotiations, or even armed
conflicts.

Q. 7 (a) Enumerate the causes of population explosion in India.

(b) Explain how the population explosion has directly affected the health status of People.

(c) Discuss features of Indian Caste System.

Ans :- (a) See paper jan 2018 Q. 2(a)

Ans:- (b) some of the ways in which the population explosion has directly affected health:

1. Increased Demand for Healthcare Services:

- The population explosion has led to a greater demand for healthcare services, including primary care, maternal
and child health services, and emergency care. This increased demand can strain healthcare systems, leading to
challenges in providing timely and quality healthcare to all.

2. Overcrowding and Living Conditions:

- In densely populated areas, overcrowded living conditions can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases.
Lack of sanitation, clean water, and adequate housing can result in higher rates of diseases like diarrhea, respiratory
infections, and vector-borne diseases.

3. Maternal and Child Health:

- Rapid population growth can strain maternal and child healthcare services. Access to prenatal care, skilled birth
attendants, and immunization services may become limited, affecting maternal and child health outcomes.

4. Nutrition and Food Security:

- The increased population places additional pressure on food production and distribution systems. Food security
can be compromised, leading to malnutrition, particularly in low-income and densely populated regions.

5. Access to Education and Health Information:

- Rapid population growth can make it challenging to provide access to education and health information to all
segments of the population. Lack of education and awareness about health issues can result in unhealthy behaviors
and practices.

6. Chronic Health Conditions:

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- An aging population, often a consequence of previous population growth, can result in a higher prevalence of
chronic health conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. These conditions require ongoing
healthcare resources and services.

7. Healthcare Infrastructure:

- Rapid population growth can outpace the development of healthcare infrastructure, leading to shortages of
healthcare facilities, medical personnel, and essential medical supplies. This can hinder the ability to respond to
health emergencies effectively.

8. Environmental Health:

- The population explosion can lead to increased pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction, contributing to
environmental health problems. Exposure to pollutants and climate-related health risks can impact public health.

9. Mental Health Challenges:

- Overpopulation and its associated stressors, including overcrowding, unemployment, and resource scarcity, can
contribute to mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression.

10. Access to Reproductive Healthcare:

- Rapid population growth can put pressure on reproductive healthcare services, affecting access to family planning
and contraceptive methods. This can influence family size and maternal health outcomes.

Ans :- (c) The Indian caste system is a social hierarchy that has deep historical roots in India. It is a complex and
stratified social structure characterized by various features. While the caste system has evolved and changed over
time, it remains a significant aspect of Indian society.

1. Hierarchical Social Structure:

- The caste system is characterized by a hierarchical social structure where individuals are categorized into distinct
groups or castes based on birth, occupation, and social status. The hierarchy traditionally consists of four main varnas
(groups): Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and artisans), and
Shudras (laborers and servants).

2. Birth-Based:

- Castes are primarily ascribed at birth, meaning that a person's caste is determined by their family's caste
background. One typically cannot change their caste during their lifetime, and caste is inherited through generations.

3. Endogamy:

- Endogamy is the practice of marrying within one's own caste. This is a fundamental aspect of the caste system,
and inter-caste marriages have historically been discouraged or even forbidden.

4. Occupational Specialization:

- Each caste traditionally had a designated occupation or role in society. This specialization was based on the belief
that each caste had a specific duty, and it was a way to maintain social order. However, in modern India, many
individuals from lower castes have pursued diverse professions.

5. Social Restrictions:

- The caste system imposes social restrictions on individuals based on their caste. This includes restrictions on
dining together, living in the same neighborhoods, and participating in religious rituals.

6. Legal Framework:

- India has enacted laws that prohibit caste-based discrimination and untouchability. The Constitution of India
provides for the fundamental rights and equality of all citizens, regardless of caste.

- While the caste system has faced legal challenges and efforts to promote social equality, it still exerts significant
influence in many aspects of Indian society, including politics, marriage, and social interactions.

8. Caste-Based Political Parties:

- Indian politics often involve caste-based political parties that seek to represent the interests of specific castes or
communities. Caste can play a crucial role in electoral politics.

9. Regional Variations:

- The caste system varies in its intensity and influence across different regions of India. Some states and
communities have made more progress in addressing caste-based inequalities than others.

Q. 8 Write briefly on (Any four)

(a) Cultural lag

(b) Child abuse

(c) Characteristics of Indian villages.

(d) Social mobility

(e) Primary group

(f) Marriage and family problems in India.

Ans :- (a) "Cultural lag" is a concept in sociology coined by sociologist William F. Ogburn in the early 20th century. It
refers to the idea that changes in culture and society do not always occur simultaneously, leading to a time gap or
"lag" between different aspects of cultural change.

1. Definition: Cultural lag is the phenomenon where certain elements of a culture, such as beliefs, values, norms, and
practices, change more slowly than others when faced with technological, economic, or social innovations.

2. Causes: Cultural lag is often caused by the unequal pace of change in different parts of society. Technological
advancements, for example, may outpace changes in attitudes and behaviors.

3. Types of Cultural Lag:

- Technological Lag: This occurs when technological innovations advance more rapidly than society's ability to adapt
to them. For example, the development of artificial intelligence may outpace the development of ethical guidelines
for its use.

- Ideational Lag: Ideational lag refers to the delay in changes in people's beliefs, values, or ideologies compared to
changes in other aspects of culture. For instance, shifts in gender roles may take time to reflect changes in societal
norms and expectations.

- Lag in Legal Systems: Legal systems often lag behind technological and social developments. New laws and
regulations may be needed to address emerging issues, such as internet privacy or environmental protection.

- Economic Lag: Economic practices and policies may lag behind economic developments. Economic systems may
need time to adjust to new forms of commerce, such as the gig economy.

- Political Lag: Political institutions and decision-making processes may lag behind societal changes. It can be
challenging for governments to adapt to changing demographics, values, or citizen demands.

4. Consequences: Cultural lag can lead to social tensions, conflicts, and challenges as different elements of culture
adapt at different rates. It can also create moral, ethical, and policy dilemmas as society grapples with the
implications of rapid change.

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5. Social Change and Adaptation: Cultural lag is not necessarily negative; it can also be a sign of society's attempts to
adapt and ensure that changes align with its core values and principles. It allows for deliberation and reflection in the
face of rapid change.

6. Example: An example of cultural lag can be seen in the development and use of genetic engineering techniques.
While the technology has advanced rapidly, ethical and legal frameworks for its application and potential
consequences have lagged behind.

7. Societal Responses: Societies often respond to cultural lag by engaging in public discourse, policy development,
and education to bridge the gap between changing technologies and societal values.

Ans :-(b) Child abuse refers to the mistreatment, neglect, or harm of children, typically by parents, caregivers, or
authority figures.

1. Types of Child Abuse:

- Physical Abuse: Involves causing physical harm or injury to a child through actions like hitting, beating, or shaking.

- Emotional or Psychological Abuse: Includes behaviors that can damage a child's emotional well-being, such as
constant criticism, humiliation, or threats.

- Sexual Abuse: Involves sexual exploitation or coercion of a child, including molestation, rape, or exposure to
explicit materials.

- Neglect: Occurs when a caregiver fails to provide basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, medical care, or
supervision, leading to a child's physical or emotional harm.

- Child Exploitation: Involves using a child for labor, child trafficking, or child pornography production.

- Abandonment: Leaving a child without appropriate care, support, or supervision.

2. Signs of Child Abuse:

- Physical signs (bruises, burns, unexplained injuries).

- Behavioral changes (withdrawal, aggression, fearfulness).

- Emotional distress (depression, anxiety, low self-esteem).

- Regression in developmental milestones.

- Poor school performance or attendance.

- Sexualized behavior or knowledge inappropriate for age.

- Lack of basic hygiene or nutrition.

- Isolation or social withdrawal.

3. Consequences of Child Abuse:

- Physical injuries, including long-term health issues.

- Emotional and psychological trauma.

- Developmental delays.

- Behavioral problems.

- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

- Relationship difficulties.

- Poor mental health outcomes.

4. Prevention and Reporting:

- Prevention includes education and awareness programs, parenting classes, and support services for families in
need.

- Mandatory reporting laws require professionals working with children (teachers, healthcare providers) to report
suspected abuse to child protective services or law enforcement.

5. Legal Consequences:

- Child abuse is a crime in most jurisdictions, and those found guilty can face criminal charges, imprisonment, and
loss of parental rights.

- Child protective services may intervene to remove the child from an abusive home.

6. Reporting Child Abuse:

- Anyone who suspects child abuse should report it to the appropriate authorities. In the United States, this
typically involves contacting local Child Protective Services (CPS) or a similar agency.

7. Role of Society and Communities:

- Communities play a crucial role in preventing child abuse by supporting families, providing resources, and creating
safe environments for children.

- Society at large should work to reduce stigmatization, promote awareness, and provide help and support to
survivors and their families.

Ans :- (c) Indian villages, the backbone of the country's rural life, exhibit several distinctive characteristics that set
them apart from urban areas.

1. Agricultural Economy: Indian villages predominantly rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. Farming, animal
husbandry, and related activities form the backbone of the rural economy.

2. Close-Knit Communities: Villages are characterized by close-knit communities where people often know each other
and have strong social bonds. Interactions are often based on mutual trust and familiarity.

3. Traditional Lifestyle: Villages often maintain traditional ways of life, including customs, rituals, and cultural
practices that have been passed down through generations.

4. Limited Infrastructure: Rural areas may have limited access to infrastructure such as roads, electricity, clean
drinking water, and healthcare facilities. This lack of basic amenities can pose challenges for villagers.

5. Heterogeneous Social Structure: Villages can have a diverse social structure, including various castes, sub-castes,
and tribes, each with its own customs and traditions.

6. Panchayati Raj System: Many Indian villages are governed by the Panchayati Raj system, which involves local self-
governance through elected representatives at the village, block, and district levels.

7. Simple Housing: Traditional village homes are often simple, made of locally available materials like mud, thatch, or
brick. Modernization has brought changes in housing, but traditional architecture is still prevalent.

8. Agricultural Festivals: Villages celebrate various agricultural festivals, such as harvest festivals, which are significant
events in the rural calendar.

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9. Joint Families: Many rural households are joint families, consisting of multiple generations living together under
one roof. This fosters a sense of unity and shared responsibilities.

Ans :- (d) Social mobility refers to the ability of an individual or family to move up or down the social and economic
ladder within a society. It reflects the degree to which people can improve their socioeconomic status, typically
measured by factors like income, education, occupation, and wealth.

1. Definition: Social mobility is the capacity of individuals or families to change their social position over time, often
by improving their economic circumstances and social standing.

2. Types:

- Upward Mobility: When individuals or families move to higher socioeconomic positions, it is called upward
mobility. This can occur through factors like education, career advancement, or financial success.

- Downward Mobility: Conversely, downward mobility refers to a decline in socioeconomic status, often due to
factors like job loss, economic downturns, or personal setbacks.

3. Factors Affecting Social Mobility:

- Education: Access to quality education is a key driver of upward mobility. Higher levels of education can lead to
better job opportunities and increased earning potential.

- Occupation: Occupational choices and career advancements significantly impact social mobility. Moving from
lower-paying to higher-paying jobs is a common path to upward mobility.

- Income and Wealth: An increase in income and the accumulation of wealth can improve social status. Saving,
investing, and financial literacy play crucial roles.

- Social Capital: Networks and relationships within a community or profession can facilitate opportunities for
advancement.

- Inheritance: Receiving financial or property inheritance can boost one's socioeconomic status, although it can also
perpetuate inequality.

- Government Policies: Social policies, such as access to healthcare, affordable housing, and social safety nets, can
either support or hinder social mobility.

4. Intergenerational vs. Intragenerational Mobility:

- Intergenerational Mobility: This refers to changes in social status between generations. For example, if a child
achieves a higher socioeconomic status than their parents, it represents intergenerational upward mobility.

- Intragenerational Mobility: Intragenerational mobility occurs within an individual's lifetime. It involves changes in
social status during a person's adult life due to factors like career advancement or education.

5. Measuring Social Mobility:

- Social mobility can be measured using various metrics, including income quintiles, educational attainment,
occupational status, and wealth accumulation.

6. Social Mobility and Inequality:

- The level of social mobility in a society can influence income and wealth inequality. Higher social mobility often
correlates with lower levels of income inequality.

7. Barriers to Mobility:

- Barriers to social mobility include discrimination, lack of access to quality education, limited job opportunities,
and unequal access to resources and social networks.

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8. Importance:

- Social mobility is considered a key indicator of a society's fairness and opportunity structure. It reflects the extent
to which individuals can improve their lives through their efforts and abilities.

Ans :- (e) A primary group is a fundamental concept in sociology, referring to a small, intimate, and enduring social
group characterized by close and personal relationships among its members.

1. Definition: Primary groups are social groups characterized by strong emotional ties, face-to-face interactions,
mutual support, and a sense of belonging. They are typically small in size and marked by deep personal connections.

2. Characteristics:

- Intimacy: Members of primary groups share a strong emotional bond, trust, and a sense of togetherness. They
often know each other well on a personal level.

- Frequency of Interaction: Primary group members interact with each other frequently, often on a daily basis.
These interactions are typically in person, allowing for direct communication and emotional expression.

- Longevity: Primary groups tend to exist over an extended period, often spanning many years or even a lifetime.

- Emotional Support: Members of primary groups provide emotional support, comfort, and a sense of security to
one another during times of joy, stress, or crisis.

- Sense of Identity: Being part of a primary group contributes significantly to an individual's sense of identity and
self-worth.

- Common Goals and Values: Primary groups often share common values, goals, or interests that bind their
members together.

3. Examples of Primary Groups:

- Family: The family is perhaps the most classic example of a primary group. It includes parents, siblings, and
sometimes extended family members who share deep emotional bonds and provide support to one another.

- Close Friendships: A close-knit group of friends who share personal experiences, confide in each other, and
provide emotional support can also be considered a primary group.

- Small Neighborhood or Community Groups: In some cases, small neighborhoods or community groups where
residents have close relationships and work together for common goals can function as primary groups.

4. Function:

- Primary groups serve important psychological and emotional functions, providing individuals with a sense of
belonging, acceptance, and social identity.

- They offer a support system that helps individuals cope with life's challenges and enhances their overall well-
being.

- Primary groups are often a source of socialization, where individuals learn cultural norms, values, and behaviors.

5. Role in Society:

- Primary groups play a crucial role in society as they form the foundation of an individual's social life and emotional
well-being.

- They serve as a counterbalance to the larger, more impersonal institutions and organizations in society, helping
individuals maintain a sense of connection and meaning in their lives.

Ans :- (f) see nov 2018 paper

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Nov. 2019

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 Define the term 'Sociology' and explain its application in nursing.

Ans :- See paper jan 2018 Q. 1(a)

Q. 2 (a) Point Out the meaning of society and community.

(b) Describe the process of socialization.

Ans :- (a) Society and community are :-

1. Society:

- Definition: Society refers to a group of individuals who share a common culture, norms, values, and often live
within a defined geographic area. It is a complex web of social relationships and interactions among people who
come together to form a larger, organized structure.

- Characteristics:

- Diverse Membership: Societies can encompass a wide range of people with various backgrounds, beliefs, and
interests.

- Social Structure: Societies often have established hierarchies, institutions, and systems of governance that help
organize and regulate interactions.

- Shared Culture: Members of a society typically share common customs, traditions, and a collective identity.

- Interdependence: People in a society depend on each other for various aspects of life, such as economic, social,
and emotional support.

- Legal Systems: Societies often have legal frameworks to enforce rules and resolve disputes.

- Example: A nation-state, such as the United States or France, is an example of a society where people with diverse
backgrounds come together to form a cohesive social structure.

2. Community:

- Definition: A community is a smaller, more localized group of people who interact with one another, often sharing
common interests, goals, or a sense of belonging. Communities can exist within a larger society.

- Characteristics:

- Shared Interests: Communities are often formed around shared hobbies, interests, beliefs, or geographic
proximity.

- Smaller Scale: Communities are typically smaller and more intimate than societies, with members having closer
relationships.

- Mutual Support: Members of a community often provide emotional, social, or practical support to each other.

- Common Identity: Communities may have a shared identity or sense of belonging that distinguishes them from
other groups.

- Example: A neighborhood or a sports fan club can be considered a community within a larger society. People who
live in the same area or share a passion for a specific sports team form a community based on those commonalities.

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Ans :- (b) Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs,
norms, customs, and behaviors of their culture or society. It is a fundamental process that helps individuals become
functioning members of their society and develop their sense of self and identity. Socialization occurs through
various agents and stages and plays a critical role in shaping human behavior and personality. the process of
socialization:

1. Primary Socialization:

- Family: The family is often the first and most influential agent of socialization. Infants and young children learn
basic skills, language, and values from their parents or caregivers. They also absorb cultural norms and attitudes
within the family unit.

2. Secondary Socialization:

- School: As children grow older, they enter formal education settings like schools. Here, they learn academic
knowledge, social interaction skills, and often, societal values and norms. Peers also become important socialization
agents during this stage.

- Peers: Interactions with peers become increasingly influential during adolescence. Friends and peer groups help
shape individual identity and can influence behaviors, fashion choices, and attitudes.

3. Media and Technology:

- Media: Television, the internet, social media, and other forms of media expose individuals to a wide range of
information, values, and cultural norms. Media can significantly impact how individuals perceive the world and
themselves.

4. Religion and Religious Institutions:

- Religion: Many societies have religious beliefs and practices that play a significant role in socialization. Religious
institutions teach moral values, ethics, and guide individuals in matters of spirituality and morality.

5. Workplace and Occupation:

- Workplace: Adults spend a substantial portion of their lives in the workplace. The workplace can influence values,
attitudes, and behaviors related to professionalism, responsibility, and work ethic.

6. Government and Political Systems:

- Government: Political systems and government policies can influence citizens' views on issues such as justice, law,
and civic responsibility.

7. Mass Media and Popular Culture:

- Mass Media: Beyond personal interactions, mass media exposes individuals to a vast array of cultural influences,
including music, movies, advertising, and fashion, which can shape their preferences and values.

8. Gender and Social Roles:

- Gender Socialization: Society often socializes individuals into gender roles and expectations. This includes learning
what is considered appropriate behavior and responsibilities for males and females.

9. Cultural Norms and Values:

- Cultural Norms: Socialization ensures that individuals conform to the established cultural norms and values of
their society. This includes understanding concepts of right and wrong, manners, and acceptable behavior.

Q. 3 (a) Describe the main characteristics of transcultural society.

(b) Point out the impact of culture on health and disease.

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Ans:- (a) A transcultural society is one characterized by a significant degree of cultural diversity and interaction
among different cultural groups. In such a society, various cultures coexist and influence each other, often leading to
the creation of new cultural forms and shared identities. the main characteristics of a transcultural society:

1. Cultural Diversity: Transcultural societies are marked by the presence of multiple cultures, ethnicities, and cultural
backgrounds. People from various cultural groups live and interact within the same geographic area or social space.

2. Cultural Interaction: Interaction among different cultural groups is a central feature. This interaction can occur
through trade, migration, communication, intermarriage, or other forms of cultural exchange.

3. Hybridization: Transcultural societies often lead to the blending and fusion of cultural elements from different
groups. This process, known as cultural hybridization, results in the creation of new cultural practices, traditions, and
identities.

4. Multilingualism: Due to the presence of multiple cultural groups, transcultural societies often have a variety of
languages spoken within their borders. Multilingualism is a common characteristic of such societies.

5. Cultural Tolerance: Tolerance for cultural diversity and respect for different cultural practices and beliefs are
typically encouraged in transcultural societies. This tolerance promotes peaceful coexistence among diverse
communities.

6. Cultural Exchange: Transcultural societies facilitate the exchange of ideas, art, cuisine, music, and other cultural
expressions. This cross-cultural exchange enriches the cultural tapestry of the society.

7. Integration and Segregation: Transcultural societies may witness both integration, where different cultural groups
coexist harmoniously, and segregation, where certain communities may isolate themselves due to cultural, social, or
economic factors.

8. Cultural Identity: Individuals in transcultural societies often have multiple cultural identities, and they may identify
with various aspects of different cultures simultaneously. This complex sense of identity is a result of exposure to
diverse cultural influences.

9. Cultural Celebrations: Transcultural societies often celebrate various cultural festivals, holidays, and events from
different cultural backgrounds. This contributes to a vibrant and inclusive cultural landscape.

10. Challenges and Conflicts: Despite the benefits of cultural diversity, transcultural societies may also experience
cultural conflicts, misunderstandings, and tensions due to differences in values, norms, and beliefs. Managing these
conflicts is an ongoing challenge.

11. Globalization: Transcultural societies are often influenced by globalization, which further promotes cultural
exchange and interconnectedness on a global scale. Globalization can both amplify cultural diversity and lead to the
spread of dominant global cultures.

12. Evolving Identities: Over time, transcultural societies may witness the evolution of cultural identities as they
adapt to changing social, economic, and technological factors. This can lead to the emergence of new cultural norms
and practices.

Ans:- (b)

Culture has a profound impact on health and disease in various ways. It influences how individuals perceive,
experience, and respond to health-related issues, including illness, wellness, healthcare practices, and healthcare
seeking behavior. culture affects health and disease:

1. Health Beliefs and Practices:

- Cultural beliefs and traditions shape people's understanding of health and illness. Different cultures may have
varying concepts of what constitutes good health, the causes of illness, and the appropriate treatments..

2. Healthcare Decision-Making:

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- Cultural values and norms influence healthcare decision-making processes. For example, in some cultures,
decisions about medical treatment may involve consultation with family members and community leaders, while in
others, it may be more individualistic.

3. Diet and Nutrition:

- Dietary preferences and restrictions are often rooted in culture. Cultural diets can impact nutrition, which in turn
affects overall health. For example, some cultures have specific dietary practices related to religious beliefs or
traditions.

4. Health Disparities:

- Cultural factors can contribute to health disparities, where certain cultural or ethnic groups experience unequal
access to healthcare services, higher rates of diseases, or poorer health outcomes.

- Language barriers, cultural insensitivity in healthcare, and discrimination can all contribute to health disparities
among minority cultural groups.

5. Mental Health:

- Cultural norms and stigmas surrounding mental health and mental illness can vary significantly. Some cultures
may be more accepting and open about discussing mental health, while others may attach stigma to it.

6. Healthcare Practices and Traditional Medicine:

- Many cultures have traditional medicine systems that are deeply ingrained in their heritage. These systems often
coexist with Western medicine and can influence healthcare choices.

- The use of traditional medicine can have both positive and negative effects on health outcomes. In some cases, it
may complement modern medical treatments, while in others, it may delay or hinder effective healthcare.

7. Health Communication:

- Effective health communication depends on cultural sensitivity. Language barriers, cultural nuances in
communication, and differences in health literacy levels can affect the understanding of health information and
instructions.

8. End-of-Life Care and Beliefs:

- Cultural beliefs about death and dying can impact end-of-life care decisions. Some cultures have specific rituals
and preferences regarding the treatment of the deceased, organ donation, and funeral practices.

Q. 4 (a) What do you mean by accommodation, assimilation and isolation?

(b) Explain the meaning of social group and point out various types of social groups.

Ans :-(a) Accommodation, assimilation, and isolation are concepts related to the ways in which individuals or groups
from different cultures or backgrounds interact and adapt to one another. These terms describe various approaches
or strategies that people or groups may employ when encountering cultural diversity:

1. Accommodation:

- Definition: Accommodation refers to the process of adapting or adjusting one's own cultural beliefs, values,
practices, or behaviors to accommodate or accommodate the cultural norms and expectations of another group or
individual. It involves flexibility and a willingness to incorporate aspects of another culture into one's own.

- Example: An individual from one culture who learns and practices the customs and traditions of a different culture
when interacting with members of that culture is engaging in accommodation. This can be seen as a way of showing
respect and understanding for the other culture's practices.

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2. Assimilation:

- Definition: Assimilation is the process in which individuals or groups from a minority or different culture gradually
adopt the cultural norms, values, and behaviors of the dominant or host culture to the extent that they become
indistinguishable from the members of that culture. It often involves a loss or suppression of one's own cultural
identity.

- Example: Immigrants who fully integrate into the culture of their new country, adopting the language, customs,
and lifestyle of the dominant culture to the point where they no longer maintain distinct aspects of their original
culture, are said to have undergone assimilation.

3. Isolation:

- Definition: Isolation, also known as cultural isolation or segregation, refers to the deliberate separation of one
cultural group from another, often resulting in limited or no interaction between the two groups. It can be the result
of social, geographical, or institutional factors.

- Example: In some cases, ethnic or cultural enclaves can form within larger societies, where members of a
particular cultural group live in close proximity to each other and have minimal interaction with the broader society.
This isolation can be a conscious choice or a result of historical factors.

Ans :-(b) Social Group: A social group is a collection of two or more individuals who interact with each other, share a
sense of identity or belonging, and are bound by social relationships. Social groups play a fundamental role in the
structure of society, as they serve as a context for social interaction, the development of norms and values, and the
formation of personal identities. These groups can vary widely in size, structure, purpose, and duration. Here are
various types of social groups:

1. Primary Group:

- Definition: Primary groups are characterized by close, personal, and long-lasting relationships among their
members. These groups are typically small in size and are formed around emotional bonds, trust, and mutual
support.

- Examples: Family, close circle of friends, or a tight-knit community group.

2. Secondary Group:

- Definition: Secondary groups are larger and less personal than primary groups. They are often formed for specific
purposes or goals, such as achieving a task or completing a project. Secondary groups are typically more formal and
may have a temporary existence.

- Examples: Work teams, professional organizations, or online discussion forums.

3. Reference Group:

- Definition: A reference group is a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes,
behaviors, and values. People may compare themselves to reference groups to assess their social identity and status.

- Examples: A teenager might consider their peer group or a celebrity group as a reference group for fashion and
lifestyle choices.

4. In-Group and Out-Group:

- Definition: In-group refers to a group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging, often
resulting in a positive attitude toward its members. Conversely, an out-group is a group perceived as different or
distinct from one's in-group, potentially leading to biases or prejudices.

- Examples: Sports teams often create in-groups for fans of the same team while considering rival teams as out-
groups.

- Definition: Primary relationships are characterized by deep emotional bonds and strong personal connections,
whereas secondary relationships are typically based on more superficial interactions and shared interests.

- Examples: A marriage partner represents a primary relationship, while a colleague at work represents a secondary
relationship.

6. Formal and Informal Groups:

- Definition: Formal groups are organized around specific roles, responsibilities, and objectives within an
organization or society. Informal groups emerge spontaneously and are often based on shared interests or social
connections.

- Examples: A formal group might be a company's board of directors, while an informal group could be a group of
employees who regularly go out for lunch together.

7. Peer Group:

- Definition: Peer groups are composed of individuals who are typically of the same age and share common
interests and experiences. They play a significant role in shaping an individual's socialization and identity, particularly
during adolescence.

- Examples: High school friends, sports teams, or clubs.

8. Community Groups:

- Definition: Community groups consist of individuals who reside in the same geographic area and may come
together to address local issues, share resources, and build a sense of community.

- Examples: Neighborhood associations, local volunteer groups, or civic organizations.

Q. 5 (a) Explain Malthusian theory of population.

(b) Write down in short-Marriage Acts in India.

Ans :-(a) See paper jan 2018 Q. 2(b)

Ans :-(b) 1. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955:

- Governs marriages among Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs.

- Provides rules for the solemnization and registration of Hindu marriages.

- Specifies conditions for a valid Hindu marriage and grounds for divorce.

- Deals with issues related to maintenance, alimony, and child custody.

2. Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937:

- Applies to Muslims in matters of marriage, divorce, and succession.

- Allows Muslims to follow their personal laws based on Islamic principles.

3. Special Marriage Act, 1954:

- Provides a legal framework for interfaith or inter-caste marriages in India.

- Allows couples to marry without regard to their religion or caste.

- Requires a 30-day notice period for intended marriages.

4. Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872:

- Governs Christian marriages in India.

5. Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936:

- Applies to the Parsi community and governs their marriages and divorces.

- Recognizes Parsi marriage ceremonies and specifies conditions for divorce.

6. Anand Marriage Act, 1909:

7. Jammu and Kashmir Marriages (Validation and Registration) Act, 1981:

8. Goa, Daman and Diu Civil Code (Family Laws) Regulation, 1962:

Q. 6 (a) Describe the concept of urbanisation and also discuss its impact on health.

(b) Explain the criteria of racial classification.

Ans :- (a)

Urbanization:

Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population becomes concentrated in
urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities and towns. It involves the migration of people from rural
to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities, improved living standards, and access to services.
Urbanization is a global phenomenon, and its pace varies across countries and regions.

Impact of Urbanization on Health:

Urbanization has both positive and negative effects on health, and its impact can vary depending on various factors,
including the level of urban development, infrastructure quality, and public policies. Here are some of the ways in
which urbanization influences health:

1. Access to Healthcare:

- Positive Impact: Urban areas generally have better access to healthcare facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and
specialized medical services. This can lead to improved healthcare outcomes and reduced mortality rates.

- Negative Impact: However, in some cases, urban healthcare services may be overburdened due to high population
density, leading to longer waiting times and reduced access for certain populations.

2. Sanitation and Clean Water:

- Positive Impact: Urbanization often brings improved sanitation systems and access to clean drinking water,
reducing the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery.

- Negative Impact: Rapid urbanization can strain existing infrastructure, leading to inadequate sanitation services
and water contamination in some areas, which can result in health hazards.

3. Nutrition and Diet:

- Positive Impact: Urban areas tend to offer a more diverse range of food options, which can improve nutrition and
diet diversity for urban residents.

- Negative Impact: However, urbanization can also lead to increased consumption of processed and unhealthy
foods, contributing to diet-related health issues such as obesity and non-communicable diseases.

4. Air Quality and Pollution:

- Negative Impact: Urbanization often leads to increased industrialization and traffic, which can result in air
pollution. Poor air quality in cities is associated with respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other health
issues.

5. Mental Health:
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- Mixed Impact: Urban living can be associated with both positive and negative effects on mental health. While
cities offer opportunities for social interactions, culture, and entertainment, they can also be stressful and isolating,
leading to mental health challenges.

6. Infectious Diseases:

- Varied Impact: Urbanization can either increase or decrease the risk of infectious diseases. On one hand, cities
may be better equipped to respond to outbreaks through healthcare infrastructure and surveillance. On the other
hand, overcrowding and poor sanitation can facilitate disease transmission.

7. Social Determinants of Health:

- Urbanization can also impact social determinants of health, such as income inequality, housing conditions, and
access to education. These factors can have a significant influence on health outcomes in urban areas.

Ans :- (b) Racial classification is a historically controversial and problematic practice that involves categorizing
individuals or groups into distinct racial groups based on perceived physical, genetic, or cultural characteristics. It's
important to note that the concept of race is a social construct and lacks a universally accepted biological or scientific
basis. Racial classification has been used in the past to justify discrimination, prejudice, and inequality.

1. Physical Characteristics:

- Skin Color: Historically, one of the most common criteria for racial classification has been the color of an
individual's skin. People with similar skin tones were often grouped into the same racial category, such as "Black,"
"White," or "Yellow."

- Facial Features: Facial features like eye shape, nose shape, lip thickness, and hair texture have also been used as
criteria for racial classification.

- Body Build: Body size, stature, and other physical attributes have been considered in classifying races, leading to
categories like "Caucasoid," "Negroid," and "Mongoloid."

2. Geographic Origin:

- Geographic origin or ancestry has often been used as a basis for racial classification. People from different
continents or regions were classified into separate races, such as Africans, Europeans, Asians, and Indigenous
Americans.

3. Genetics and Blood Typing:

- Early attempts at racial classification also involved genetic characteristics, including blood types, in an attempt to
define distinct racial groups based on genetic markers. However, these attempts were simplistic and lacked scientific
validity.

4. Cultural and Behavioral Traits:

- Cultural practices, languages, and behavioral traits were sometimes used to classify races. This approach often
resulted in the categorization of people based on stereotypes and biases.

5. Social and Legal Definitions:

- In some societies, racial classification has been defined by social and legal norms. For example, the United States
historically employed a "one-drop rule," which classified individuals with any African ancestry as Black, regardless of
their physical appearance.

6. Historical and Political Factors:

- Historical events, colonization, and political agendas have influenced racial classifications. Colonizers often used
racial categories to justify their dominance and control over indigenous populations.

7. Self-Identification:

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- Some classification systems allow individuals to self-identify their race. While this approach respects individual
autonomy, it can be influenced by societal perceptions and biases.

Q. 7 (a) Point-out factors influencing cultural-lag.

(b) Describe the role of nurse as a change agent.

Ans :- (a) Cultural lag is a concept introduced by sociologist William F. Ogburn, which refers to the phenomenon
where cultural elements, such as norms, values, and practices, change at different rates, resulting in a temporary
imbalance or "lag" within a society. Cultural lag can occur when certain aspects of culture struggle to keep up with
changes in other aspects or with technological advancements. Several factors influence the occurrence of cultural
lag:

1. Technological Advancements:

- One of the primary factors contributing to cultural lag is rapid technological change. Technological innovations can
outpace society's ability to adapt to and fully understand their implications. New technologies can disrupt traditional
ways of life and challenge established norms and values.

2. Economic Factors:

- Economic changes, such as shifts from agrarian to industrial or from industrial to information-based economies,
can lead to cultural lag. New economic realities may require adjustments in social practices, work arrangements, and
economic policies, which can take time to develop.

3. Social Norms and Values:

- Social norms and values often change more slowly than technological advancements. When new technologies
challenge existing values or social norms, it can create cultural dissonance and resistance to change.

4. Education and Knowledge Diffusion:

- The dissemination of knowledge and information may not keep pace with technological advancements.
Educational systems and institutions might lag in teaching the skills and knowledge required to understand and utilize
new technologies effectively.

5. Generational Differences:

- Different generations may have varying levels of comfort and proficiency with new technologies. Older
generations might lag behind younger ones in adopting and adapting to technological changes.

6. Government and Policy:

- Government regulations and policies may not adapt quickly enough to address new technological challenges and
ethical dilemmas. Legislation and policies often lag behind technological developments, potentially leading to
regulatory gaps.

7. Cultural Resistance:

- Cultural resistance to change, rooted in traditional values and beliefs, can slow down the adoption of new
technologies or practices. People may resist changes that challenge their existing way of life or identity.

8. Cultural Inertia:

- Cultural inertia refers to the tendency of cultures to maintain established norms and practices. Societies may be
slow to adapt to change due to a preference for stability and resistance to novelty.

9. Ethical and Moral Considerations:

- New technologies can raise ethical and moral questions that societies may struggle to address adequately. Cultural
lag can occur as societies grapple with these complex issues.

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10. Globalization:

- The rapid spread of ideas, information, and technologies through globalization can exacerbate cultural lag, as
societies attempt to reconcile global influences with their local customs and values.

11. Environmental and Ecological Changes:

- Changes in the environment and ecological systems can challenge cultural practices and necessitate adjustments.
These changes may be driven by factors such as climate change and resource depletion.

Ans :- (b)

Nurses play a crucial role as change agents in healthcare settings. As frontline healthcare professionals, they are
uniquely positioned to identify areas for improvement, advocate for change, and actively contribute to the
transformation of healthcare systems. the role of nurses as change agents:

1. Advocating for Patients:

- Nurses are often the primary caregivers for patients, spending a significant amount of time with them. They
advocate for patients' needs, rights, and preferences, ensuring that patients receive high-quality, patient-centered
care.

2. Identifying Areas for Improvement:

- Nurses are keen observers of healthcare processes and systems. They can identify inefficiencies, safety concerns,
and areas where patient care can be enhanced. They play a critical role in identifying the need for change.

3. Participating in Quality Improvement Initiatives:

- Nurses are active participants in quality improvement efforts within healthcare organizations. They contribute to
initiatives aimed at enhancing patient safety, improving clinical outcomes, and increasing the overall quality of care.

4. Implementing Evidence-Based Practice:

- Nurses are responsible for delivering evidence-based care. They stay updated on the latest research and best
practices and apply this knowledge in their daily practice to improve patient outcomes.

5. Leading Change at the Bedside:

- Nurses often initiate and lead change directly at the bedside. They implement new protocols, procedures, and
technologies to improve patient care and safety.

6. Patient Education and Empowerment:

- Nurses educate patients about their conditions, treatment options, and self-management strategies. They
empower patients to actively participate in their healthcare decisions and follow treatment plans, which can lead to
improved health outcomes.

7. Collaboration and Communication:

- Nurses collaborate with other healthcare professionals, including physicians, therapists, and social workers, to
ensure coordinated care. Effective communication and collaboration are essential for driving change and improving
patient care.

8. Advocating for Healthcare Policy Changes:

- Nurses often engage in policy advocacy at local, regional, and national levels. They advocate for changes in
healthcare policies, regulations, and legislation that can positively impact patient care and the nursing profession.

9. Promoting Cultural Competence and Diversity:

- Nurses work to create culturally sensitive and inclusive healthcare environments. They promote diversity and
equity in healthcare and advocate for patients from diverse backgrounds.

- Nurses adhere to ethical standards and advocate for ethical decision-making in patient care. They ensure that
patients' rights and dignity are respected.

11. Continuing Education and Professional Development:

- Nurses engage in lifelong learning and professional development to stay current with evolving healthcare
practices and technologies. This commitment to learning positions them as agents of change who can bring new
knowledge and skills to their practice.

12. Leading Change in Nursing Education:

- Nurse educators play a critical role in shaping the next generation of nurses. They influence the curriculum and
educational practices to prepare future nurses to be change agents in the evolving healthcare landscape.

Q. 8 Write briefly on (Any four):

(a) Social organization.

(b) Diversity and uniformity of culture.

(c) Changes in Indian rural life.

(d) Theories of social change.

(e) Process of social control.

(f) Rights of women.

Ans :-(a) Social organization refers to the structured and patterned relationships that individuals and groups form
within a society or community. It encompasses the various ways in which people interact, cooperate, and organize
themselves to fulfill their social, economic, cultural, and political needs.

1. Purpose of Social Organization:

- Social organization serves multiple purposes, including facilitating cooperation, establishing norms and rules,
providing a sense of belonging and identity, and addressing collective needs and challenges.

2. Types of Social Organizations:

- Social organizations can take various forms, such as families, communities, religious institutions, clubs,
professional associations, trade unions, and governments. Each type serves specific functions and objectives.

3. Structure and Hierarchy:

- Social organizations often have hierarchical structures with leaders, members, and specific roles. These structures
help coordinate activities, make decisions, and maintain order within the organization.

4. Norms and Rules:

- Social organizations establish norms, rules, and codes of conduct that guide the behavior and interactions of their
members. These norms help maintain order, resolve conflicts, and reinforce the organization's values.

5. Roles and Responsibilities:

- Members of social organizations typically have defined roles and responsibilities that contribute to the
organization's functioning. These roles can vary widely based on the type of organization.

6. Cultural and Religious Organizations:

- Cultural and religious organizations play a significant role in preserving and promoting cultural traditions, values,
and beliefs. They provide spaces for worship, rituals, and cultural events.

- Governments are the highest-level social organizations responsible for creating and enforcing laws, providing
public services, and managing the affairs of a nation or region. They have complex structures and functions.

Ans :- (b) Diversity of Culture:

- Definition: Diversity of culture refers to the wide variety of cultural practices, beliefs, customs, traditions, languages,
and lifestyles that exist among different groups of people within a society or across the world.

- Causes: Cultural diversity arises from historical, geographical, and social factors. It can result from migration,
colonization, trade, intercultural interactions, and the coexistence of various ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups.

- Examples: Cultural diversity can be seen in the rich tapestry of global cultures, such as the diverse cuisines, clothing,
art forms, religious practices, and languages found in different regions and countries.

- Benefits: Cultural diversity fosters tolerance, cross-cultural understanding, and appreciation for different
perspectives. It enriches societies by promoting creativity, innovation, and a wealth of cultural expressions.

Uniformity of Culture:

- Definition: Uniformity of culture refers to the similarities, commonalities, and shared cultural traits and practices
that exist within a specific group, community, or society.

- Causes: Cultural uniformity can result from cultural homogenization, where globalization and mass media influence
lead to the adoption of common cultural elements, such as clothing styles, music, or fast food.

- Examples: Cultural uniformity can be observed in the global spread of fast-food chains, the popularity of certain
fashion trends, or the use of English as a global lingua franca.

- Benefits and Concerns: Cultural uniformity can promote efficiency, ease of communication, and a sense of
belonging within specific groups. However, it can also lead to cultural homogenization, loss of cultural diversity, and
concerns about cultural imperialism.

Ans :- (c)

Changes in Indian rural life have been significant over the years, driven by various factors, including economic, social,
technological, and environmental changes. Here are some key points in short notes about these changes:

1. Agricultural Modernization:

- Shift from traditional farming methods to modern agricultural practices.

- Adoption of mechanized farming techniques, improved seeds, and irrigation.

- Increased crop yields and diversification of crops.

2. Rural Industrialization:

- Growth of small-scale industries and cottage industries in rural areas.

- Development of rural entrepreneurship and self-employment opportunities.

- Increased income generation and reduced dependence on agriculture.

3. Technology and Connectivity:

- Expansion of mobile and internet connectivity in rural areas.

- Access to information, e-commerce, and digital services.

- Enhanced communication and market access for rural populations.

- Improved access to education and healthcare services.

- Establishment of schools, colleges, and healthcare centers in rural regions.

- Increased literacy rates and better healthcare outcomes.

5. Rural-Urban Migration:

- Rural-to-urban migration due to employment opportunities in cities.

- Impact on rural demographics, family structures, and social dynamics.

- Growth of peri-urban areas and urbanization of rural regions.

6. Infrastructure Development:

- Investment in rural infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and sanitation.

- Enhanced transportation networks connecting rural areas to urban centers.

- Improved living conditions and access to amenities.

Ans :- (d)

Social change is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has been studied and theorized by various social
scientists. Several theories attempt to explain the processes, drivers, and consequences of social change.

1. Evolutionary Theory:

- Key Proponents: Herbert Spencer, Auguste Comte

- Concept: This theory views society as progressing through stages of development, much like biological evolution.
Societies evolve from simple to complex forms, driven by factors like technological advancements, cultural
development, and population growth.

2. Conflict Theory:

- Key Proponents: Karl Marx, Max Weber

- Concept: Conflict theory emphasizes the role of social conflicts and inequalities as drivers of social change. It
posits that social change occurs when different groups with opposing interests clash, leading to power shifts and
social transformation.

3. Functionalism:

- Key Proponents: Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons

- Concept: Functionalism suggests that society is composed of various institutions and structures that perform
specific functions to maintain social order. Social change is viewed as a response to dysfunction or strain in these
institutions, leading to adjustments and adaptations.

4. Modernization Theory:

- Key Proponents: Walt Rostow, Daniel Lerner

- Concept: Modernization theory argues that societies evolve from traditional to modern forms as they industrialize
and adopt Western values and institutions. Economic development and technological progress are seen as catalysts
for social change.

5. Dependency Theory:

- Concept: Dependency theory focuses on global inequalities and the exploitation of less developed countries by
more powerful nations. It suggests that underdevelopment and social change in poor countries are influenced by
their dependence on richer nations.

6. Symbolic Interactionism:

- Key Proponents: George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman

- Concept: Symbolic interactionism explores how individuals create and interpret symbols, meanings, and social
interactions. Social change is seen as the result of evolving shared meanings and symbolic interactions within society.

Other Theory names :-

7. Structural-Functional Theory:

8. Resource Mobilization Theory:

9. Diffusion of Innovation Theory:

10. World-System Theory:

Ans :- (e) Social Control Process -

Social control refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual and
group behavior, maintain order, and uphold societal norms and values. The process of social control involves various
stages and methods:

1. Norms and Values:

- Social control begins with the establishment of social norms (shared expectations about behavior) and values
(beliefs about what is important or desirable). These norms and values serve as guidelines for acceptable behavior
within a society.

2. Socialization:

- Socialization is the process by which individuals, especially during childhood, learn and internalize the norms and
values of their society. Family, schools, religious institutions, and the media play vital roles in this process.

3. Sanctions:

- Sanctions are the consequences or reactions that follow behavior. They can be positive (rewards for conforming
behavior) or negative (punishments for deviating behavior). Sanctions help reinforce societal norms.

4. Informal Social Control:

- Informal social control occurs through everyday interactions among individuals. It includes mechanisms such as
peer pressure, gossip, ridicule, and the disapproval of family and friends. Informal controls help maintain social
cohesion.

5. Formal Social Control:

- Formal social control involves the use of organized institutions and mechanisms to regulate behavior. These
include law enforcement agencies, courts, prisons, and other government bodies responsible for enforcing laws and
regulations.

6. Laws and Regulations:

- Societies establish laws and regulations that codify acceptable and unacceptable behavior. These laws are
enforced by the criminal justice system, which includes police, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officers.

Others:-

8. Institutional Controls

9. Media and Communication:

10. Social Movements:

11. Social Change and Adaptation

Ans :- (f) Rights of Women -

Rights of women refer to the legal, social, and political entitlements and protections that ensure the equal treatment,
dignity, and opportunities of women in society. These rights have evolved over time and continue to be a central
focus of gender equality and women's empowerment efforts worldwide:

1. Equality Before the Law:

- Women have the right to be treated equally before the law, without discrimination based on gender. This includes
equal access to legal processes and remedies.

2. Right to Life and Security:

- Women have the right to life, personal security, and freedom from violence and harassment. This encompasses
protections against domestic violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking.

3. Freedom from Discrimination:

- Women should not face discrimination based on gender, including in employment, education, healthcare, and
other areas of life. Discriminatory laws and practices must be eliminated.

4. Right to Education:

- Women have the right to equal access to education at all levels. Efforts should be made to promote gender
equality in educational opportunities and reduce barriers to girls' education.

5. Reproductive Rights:

- Women have the right to make decisions about their reproductive health, including family planning,
contraception, and access to safe and legal abortion services.

Other rights :-

6. Political Participation:

7. Workplace Equality:

8. Healthcare Access:

9. Freedom of Expression:

10. Property and Inheritance Rights:

11. Freedom from Forced Marriage:

12. Access to Justice:

13. Cultural and Social Rights:

14. Protection in Armed Conflicts:

15. Right to Organize:

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Jan. 2021

Subject: Sociology

Q. 1 (a) Discuss process of social change and write factors influencing social change.

(b) Difference between society and community.

Ans :- (a) See paper jan 2018 Q. 5(a&b)

Ans:- (b)

Society and Community: Differences

1. Definition:

- Society: A society refers to a larger and more complex social grouping that encompasses a broader population and
geographical area. It is characterized by diverse individuals and groups with varying interests, roles, and interactions.

- Community: A community is a smaller, more localized social unit characterized by a group of people who live in
close proximity to each other, share common interests, and often have a sense of belonging and identity.

2. Size and Scope:

- Society: Societies can be large and encompass entire nations or even global populations. They are comprised of
multiple communities, institutions, and organizations.

- Community: Communities are smaller in scale, typically centered around a specific neighborhood, town, or
locality. They are a subset of a larger society.

3. Diversity:

- Society: Societies are diverse and can consist of numerous communities with varying cultures, beliefs, values, and
interests. They often include individuals from different backgrounds and social strata.

- Community: Communities are more homogeneous in terms of shared values and interests. They may have a
relatively uniform cultural identity and may be more closely knit.

4. Interactions:

- Society: Interactions in society are often characterized by a degree of formality and may occur in various settings,
including workplaces, government institutions, and public spaces.

- Community: Interactions in a community tend to be informal and occur within the context of shared daily life,
such as interactions between neighbors, local events, or community gatherings.

5. Purpose and Function:

- Society: Societies serve broader functions, such as governance, the provision of public services, and the
management of complex social and economic systems.

- Community: Communities serve more localized and immediate purposes, such as mutual support, social cohesion,
and the satisfaction of daily needs.

6. Governance and Structure:

- Society: Societies have formal structures of governance, which may include national or regional governments,
legal systems, and institutions that regulate interactions at a larger scale.

- Community: Communities may have informal leadership or local governing bodies, but they lack the complexity
and formalization of larger societal structures.

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7. Scale of Issues:

- Society: Societal issues often encompass national or global concerns, such as politics, economics, and
international relations.

- Community: Community issues are typically more localized and relate to neighborhood safety, local policies, and
social activities.

8. Mobility:

- Society: Individuals in society may have a higher degree of mobility, moving between different communities and
regions for work, education, or other reasons.

- Community: Community members tend to have more stable and long-term connections to a specific locality.

Q. 2 (a) Write function and types of family.

(b) Explain the process of socialization and individualization.

Ans:- (a)

Function and Types of Family -

Function of Family:

The family is a fundamental social institution with various important functions in society:

1. Reproduction and Socialization:

- Families serve as the primary unit for procreation and child-rearing. They provide care, nurture, and socialization
for children, teaching them societal norms, values, and behaviors.

2. Emotional Support:

- Families offer emotional support and a sense of belonging to their members. They provide a safe and loving
environment where individuals can seek comfort, companionship, and intimacy.

3. Economic Cooperation:

- Families often collaborate in economic activities, sharing resources and responsibilities. This economic function
can include income generation, budgeting, and the distribution of resources.

4. Social Placement:

- Families help individuals establish their social identities and roles in society. Family status and background can
influence educational and career opportunities.

5. Social Control:

- Families play a role in socializing individuals to adhere to societal norms and values. They help maintain social
order by instilling a sense of responsibility and discipline.

6. Care and Welfare:

- Families provide care and support for members in times of illness, disability, or old age. They offer a safety net and
assistance during challenging life events.

Types of Family:

1. Nuclear Family:

- A nuclear family consists of two generations living together, typically parents and their dependent children. It is
common in many Western cultures.
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2. Extended Family:

- An extended family includes multiple generations and may also encompass aunts, uncles, cousins, and other
relatives. It is more common in many non-Western cultures.

3. Single-Parent Family:

- A single-parent family consists of one parent raising one or more children. This can result from divorce,
separation, or choice.

4. Blended or Stepfamily:

- A blended family forms when a single parent remarries, bringing together their children and their new spouse's
children. It involves multiple sets of parents and children.

5. Childless Family:

- A childless family consists of a married or cohabiting couple without children by choice or due to infertility.

6. Same-Sex Family:

- Same-sex families consist of couples of the same gender raising children together, whether through adoption,
surrogacy, or previous relationships.

7. Communal Living:

- Communal living involves groups of people living together and sharing responsibilities and resources. It can
include intentional communities, communes, or cooperative housing.

8. Matriarchal and Patriarchal Families:

- Matriarchal families are headed by women, while patriarchal families are led by men. The power dynamics and
roles within these families can vary widely.

9. Transnational or Diaspora Families:

- Transnational families are spread across different countries or regions due to migration, work, or other reasons.
They maintain close ties and communication across borders.

10. Child-Headed Families:

- Child-headed families occur when children are responsible for their siblings due to the absence or death of adult
caregivers. This is often seen in post-conflict or crisis situations.

Ans:- (b) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 2(a)

Q. 4 (a) What mean by social stratification? Why the types of social stratification.

(b) Define community. Explain types of community of India.

Ans:- (a) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 4(a)

Ans:- (b) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 6(a)

Q. 5 (a) Explain the Malthusian theory of population.

(b) Discuss the impact of population explosion on the health status of society.

Ans:- (a) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 2(b)

Ans:- (b) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 2(c)

Q. 6 (a) Describe linear and cyclical theory of social change.

(b) Describe nature of social control and role of nurse in social control.

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Ans:- (a)

Linear Theory of Social Change:

The linear theory of social change suggests that societies evolve and progress in a linear or unidirectional manner,
moving from one stage to the next in a continuous, forward trajectory. This theory implies that societal development
follows a predetermined and predictable path, characterized by a series of stages or phases. Key points about the
linear theory of social change include:

1. Progressive Development: Linear theorists believe that societies naturally progress from a less advanced or
primitive state to a more advanced or modern state. This progression is often associated with economic
development, technological advancement, and cultural sophistication.

2. Social Evolution: The linear theory is often linked to the concept of social evolution, where societies evolve along a
single, linear path, similar to biological evolution.

3. Teleological Perspective: Linear theorists sometimes hold a teleological perspective, suggesting that there is a
predetermined endpoint or goal that societies are working toward. This perspective often assumes that
modernization and Westernization represent the ultimate stage of development.

4. Critiques: Critics of the linear theory argue that it oversimplifies the complex processes of social change and
development. It may not adequately account for cultural diversity, historical contingencies, or the potential for
regression or stagnation.

Cyclical Theory of Social Change:

The cyclical theory of social change, in contrast to the linear theory, posits that societies undergo cycles of change,
with periods of growth and decline recurring in a cyclical pattern. This theory is often associated with the idea that
history repeats itself, and it draws inspiration from natural cycles and rhythms. Key points about the cyclical theory of
social change include:

1. Recurring Patterns: Cyclical theorists argue that history is marked by recurring patterns of growth, decline, and
renewal. These cycles may span economic, political, and cultural dimensions.

2. Notion of Decline and Regeneration: According to this theory, societies experience periods of decline and decay,
but they also have the potential for regeneration and renewal. This cyclical process is seen as natural and inevitable.

3. Examples: The concept of the rise and fall of civilizations in historical literature often aligns with the cyclical theory.
For instance, the Roman Empire's decline and fall followed by the emergence of new civilizations in Europe is seen as
a cycle.

4. Critiques: Critics argue that the cyclical theory can be overly deterministic and lacks predictive power. It may also
oversimplify the complexity of historical processes and societal change.

5. Cultural and Religious Influences: Some versions of the cyclical theory are influenced by cultural or religious
beliefs. For example, Hinduism's concept of Yugas (cycles of time) reflects a cyclical perspective on history.

Ans:- (b)

Nature of Social Control:

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Social control is a fundamental aspect of human societies, encompassing the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions
that regulate individual and group behavior, maintain order, and uphold societal norms and values. The nature of
social control can be described :

1. Norms and Values: Social control is rooted in the establishment and reinforcement of social norms (shared
expectations about behavior) and values (beliefs about what is important or desirable). Norms and values serve as
the foundation for acceptable behavior within a society.

2. Formal and Informal Mechanisms: Social control operates through both formal and informal mechanisms. Formal
mechanisms include laws, regulations, and institutions like the criminal justice system. Informal mechanisms
encompass everyday interactions, peer pressure, socialization, and community norms.

3. Diversity of Agents: Social control is exerted by a variety of agents, including families, schools, religious institutions,
communities, governments, and media. These agents play different roles in shaping and enforcing norms.

4. Conformity and Deviance: Social control seeks to encourage conformity to established norms and values while
addressing deviance (behavior that violates these norms). Deviance can lead to sanctions, which can be positive
(rewards for conforming behavior) or negative (punishments for deviating behavior).

5. Preservation of Order: The primary goal of social control is to preserve social order and stability. It helps prevent
chaos, conflict, and the breakdown of societal structures.

6. Change and Adaptation: Social control mechanisms may evolve and adapt over time to accommodate changing
norms and values within society. This adaptability is necessary to address new challenges and maintain social
cohesion.

Role of Nurse in Social Control:

Nurses play a significant role in the process of social control within healthcare settings and the broader community.
Their contributions are essential for maintaining health, ensuring adherence to healthcare norms and standards, and
promoting well-being. Here's how nurses contribute to social control:

1. Patient Education: Nurses educate patients and their families about health conditions, treatment options, and
preventive measures. This education helps individuals make informed decisions about their health, leading to better
adherence to medical advice and healthier behaviors.

2. Compliance Monitoring: Nurses monitor patients' adherence to prescribed treatment plans, medications, and
lifestyle changes. They help identify and address noncompliance, promoting better health outcomes.

3. Advocacy: Nurses serve as advocates for patients, ensuring that their rights and preferences are respected in
healthcare decision-making. This advocacy contributes to patient-centered care and empowerment.

4. Infection Control: In healthcare settings, nurses play a crucial role in infection control. They implement and enforce
protocols and standards to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, ensuring the safety of patients and staff.

5. Cultural Sensitivity: Nurses promote cultural sensitivity and diversity in healthcare. They ensure that care is
delivered in a culturally competent manner, respecting patients' values and beliefs.

6. Ethical Practice: Nurses adhere to ethical standards in patient care, advocating for ethical decision-making in
healthcare. They ensure that patients' rights, privacy, and dignity are upheld.

7. Health Promotion: Nurses engage in health promotion activities, both in clinical settings and the community. They
educate individuals and communities about healthy behaviors and lifestyles, contributing to disease prevention.

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8. Patient Safety: Nurses are responsible for patient safety and minimizing risks in healthcare settings. They follow
safety protocols, report incidents, and contribute to a culture of safety.

9. Community Health: Community health nurses work to improve the health of populations by addressing social
determinants of health, promoting health equity, and advocating for public health policies.

10. Mental Health and Wellness: Nurses in mental health settings play a role in supporting individuals with mental
health challenges, helping them manage symptoms, access treatment, and reintegrate into the community.

Q. 7 (a) What do you mean by social organization? Briefly explain elements and types of social organization.

(b) Write a note on social system.

Ans :-(a) Social Organization:

Social organization refers to the structured and patterned relationships that individuals and groups form within a
society or community. It encompasses the various ways in which people interact, cooperate, and organize themselves
to fulfill their social, economic, cultural, and political needs. Social organization provides a framework for individuals
to navigate their roles and responsibilities within a given social context. It helps maintain order, cohesion, and
stability in society.

Elements of Social Organization:

1. Individuals and Groups: Social organization involves individuals coming together to form groups, whether they are
families, communities, clubs, or institutions. These groups play specific roles and contribute to the functioning of
society.

2. Roles and Positions: Within social organizations, individuals occupy roles and positions that define their
responsibilities and expectations. Roles can be formal (e.g., a teacher) or informal (e.g., a friend), and they help
individuals understand their place in society.

3. Norms and Values: Social organizations are guided by shared norms (expected behaviors) and values (beliefs about
what is important). These norms and values serve as guidelines for interactions and behavior within the group.

4. Hierarchy and Structure: Many social organizations have hierarchical structures with leaders, members, and
specific levels of authority. The structure helps coordinate activities, make decisions, and maintain order.

5. Communication and Interaction: Interaction and communication are essential within social organizations. They
facilitate the exchange of information, ideas, and cooperation among members.

Types of Social Organization:

1. Families: Families are the most fundamental social organizations, providing emotional support, socialization, and
economic cooperation among members. They can take various forms, including nuclear and extended families.

2. Communities: Communities are groups of individuals living in a specific locality, often sharing common interests
and values. They work together to address local needs and maintain social cohesion.

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3. Religious Institutions: Religious organizations provide a framework for worship, spiritual guidance, and community
involvement. They often have hierarchical structures, rituals, and shared beliefs.

4. Clubs and Associations: Clubs, associations, and social groups form around shared interests or hobbies, such as
sports clubs, hobbyist groups, or professional organizations.

5. Government and Political Organizations: Government institutions and political parties are social organizations
responsible for governance, policy-making, and the administration of public affairs.

6. Educational Institutions: Schools, colleges, and universities are social organizations focused on education and
knowledge dissemination. They have structured hierarchies, curricula, and roles.

7. Economic Organizations: Businesses, corporations, and trade unions are economic social organizations that engage
in production, trade, and labor relations.

8. Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations: Nonprofits and voluntary organizations operate for charitable,
humanitarian, or social purposes. They often rely on volunteers and donations to fulfill their missions.

9. Cultural and Artistic Groups: Cultural and artistic organizations promote and preserve cultural traditions, arts, and
creative expressions. They include museums, cultural centers, and artistic collectives.

10. Social Movements: Social movements are collective efforts to bring about social or political change. They mobilize
individuals around specific issues or causes, advocating for reforms or transformation.

11. Sports Organizations: Sports clubs, leagues, and federations organize and promote athletic activities,
competitions, and events.

12. Healthcare Institutions: Healthcare organizations provide medical services, research, and public health initiatives.
They include hospitals, clinics, and public health agencies.

13. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs): CBOs are grassroots organizations that focus on community
development, social services, and advocacy within specific localities.

Ans :- (b) Social System - A Brief Note

A social system is a complex and interconnected network of individuals, groups, institutions, and organizations that
interact and function together within a given society. It represents the structured and organized relationships and
patterns of behavior that define the functioning of a society. some points about social systems:

1. Elements of a Social System:

- Individuals: The people who make up a society and participate in social interactions.

- Groups: Various groups, such as families, communities, organizations, and clubs, that individuals belong to.

- Institutions: Established structures like governments, education systems, religious bodies, and economic
institutions that provide order and stability.

- Roles: Positions and responsibilities that individuals occupy within the social system.

- Norms and Values: Shared expectations (norms) and beliefs (values) that guide behavior within the society.

- Communication: The exchange of information, ideas, and messages among members.

- Hierarchy and Structure: Organized arrangements of power, authority, and social status.

- Functions: Specific roles and purposes served by different components of the social system.

2. Interactions and Relationships:

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- Social systems are characterized by intricate interactions and relationships among individuals, groups, and
institutions. These interactions may be cooperative, competitive, or conflictual.

3. Order and Stability:

- Social systems provide a framework for order and stability within a society. They establish rules, norms, and
structures that guide behavior and maintain social cohesion.

4. Adaptation and Change:

- Social systems are adaptable and capable of evolving over time. They respond to changes in the environment,
technology, culture, and societal values.

5. Functions of Social Systems:

- Socialization: Transmitting culture, norms, and values to new generations.

- Economic Production: Organizing economic activities and resource allocation.

- Political Governance: Managing political structures and decision-making processes.

- Social Integration: Promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging.

- Conflict Resolution: Handling disputes and conflicts within the society.

- Cultural Preservation: Preserving and transmitting cultural heritage.

- Social Control: Regulating behavior and maintaining order.

- Innovation: Adapting to and adopting new ideas, technologies, and practices.

6. Examples of Social Systems:

- Political systems (e.g., democracy, monarchy, communism).

- Economic systems (e.g., capitalism, socialism, mixed economies).

- Educational systems (e.g., school systems, universities).

- Religious systems (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism).

- Healthcare systems (e.g., public healthcare, private healthcare).

- Family systems (e.g., nuclear families, extended families).

- Legal systems (e.g., common law, civil law, religious law).

Q. 8 Write short notes on (Any four):

(a) Dowry system

(b) Child labour

(c) Primary and secondary group

(d) Marriage and family problems in India

Ans:-(a) The dowry system is a social practice prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in South Asia and
some other regions. It involves the exchange of gifts, money, or property from the bride's family to the groom's
family as a condition of marriage. some points about the dowry system:

1. Exchange of Gifts: Dowry typically consists of cash, jewelry, household items, and other valuable assets that the
bride's family provides to the groom's family during or before the wedding.

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2. Social Expectations: In many societies, the dowry system is deeply ingrained and considered a social tradition or
expectation. The bride's family often faces social pressure to provide a substantial dowry to secure a suitable
marriage for their daughter.

3. Economic Burden: The dowry system can be financially burdensome for the bride's family, leading to substantial
expenses that may include taking on debt to meet dowry demands.

4. Gender Inequality: The dowry system is often rooted in gender inequality and discrimination against women. It
reflects the unequal power dynamics and expectations placed on brides and their families.

5. Violence and Abuse: Dowry-related violence and harassment, including physical abuse and emotional torment of
brides for not meeting dowry expectations, are significant concerns. Such violence can have severe consequences,
including injury and even death.

6. Legislation: Many countries have enacted laws to address dowry-related issues and protect the rights of women.
These laws may include provisions against dowry demands, dowry harassment, and dowry-related violence.

7. Impact on Marriage and Relationships: The dowry system can strain marital relationships, as financial disputes
related to dowry may arise. Women may face pressure and harassment if they are unable to provide a dowry.

8. Economic Factors: Economic factors, such as the groom's financial status and social standing, often play a role in
determining the size and nature of the dowry demanded.

Ans:-(b) child labour refers to the employment of children in work that is exploitative, harmful, and detrimental to
their physical and mental development. It is a pressing global issue with social, economic, and ethical dimensions.
Some points about child labour:

1. Definition: Child labour involves children, typically under the age of 18, engaging in work that is physically,
mentally, socially, or morally harmful and interferes with their education and development.

2. Forms of Child Labour:

- Hazardous Work: Involves dangerous or harmful conditions, such as working in mines, factories, or with toxic
substances.

- Exploitative Labour: Includes forced or bonded labour, child trafficking, and involvement in illicit activities.

- Informal Labour: Children may work in agriculture, domestic service, or as street vendors, often in poor
conditions.

3. Causes:

- Poverty: Economic hardship and lack of access to basic needs force children into work to supplement family
income.

- Lack of Education: Limited access to quality education deprives children of alternatives to work.

- Cultural Norms: Some societies have cultural practices that condone child labour.

- Unemployment: High adult unemployment rates can lead to child labour as a source of income.

4. Impact on Children:

- Physical and Mental Health: Child labour can result in physical injuries, chronic health problems, and mental
distress.

- Education: It disrupts a child's education, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and limiting future opportunities.

5. Global Concerns:

- Global estimates suggest that millions of children are engaged in child labour worldwide, with the majority in
developing countries.

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6. Legal Framework:

- International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions, such as Convention No. 182, aim to eliminate the worst forms
of child labour globally.

- Many countries have enacted laws to regulate and restrict child labour, setting minimum working ages and
working hour limits.

7. Efforts to Eradicate Child Labour:

- Access to Quality Education: Ensuring that children have access to free and quality education is a key strategy to
reduce child labour.

- Poverty Alleviation: Addressing the root causes of child labour through poverty reduction programs.

- Social Awareness: Raising awareness about the consequences of child labour and advocating for its eradication.

Ans:-(c) Primary Group:

1. Definition: A primary group is a small, intimate, and long-lasting social group characterized by close, personal
relationships, emotional connections, and face-to-face interactions.

2. Members: Primary groups typically consist of a small number of individuals who have frequent, direct, and
enduring contact with each other. These groups often include family members, close friends, and peers.

3. Functions: Primary groups serve essential functions in individuals' lives, including emotional support, socialization,
identity formation, and the satisfaction of basic human needs for belonging and companionship.

4. Communication: Communication within primary groups is usually informal, personal, and based on trust and
shared experiences. Members often know each other well and have a deep understanding of one another.

5. Examples: Family units (parents and children), close-knit friendship circles, and small, tight-knit communities are
typical examples of primary groups.

Secondary Group:

1. Definition: A secondary group is a larger, more impersonal, and goal-oriented social group characterized by formal
relationships, limited emotional connections, and a focus on specific tasks or objectives.

2. Members: Secondary groups involve a larger number of individuals who come together for specific purposes or
activities. These groups often include colleagues, classmates, professional organizations, or members of clubs and
associations.

3. Functions: Secondary groups serve functional purposes, such as achieving common goals, completing tasks, and
accomplishing specific objectives. They are often formed to fulfill particular roles or responsibilities.

4. Communication: Communication within secondary groups is typically more formal and task-oriented. Members
may not have deep personal relationships, and interactions are often based on roles and responsibilities.

5. Examples: Work teams, academic study groups, sports teams, professional associations, and online communities
can be considered examples of secondary groups.

Ans:-(d) Marriage and Family Problems in India

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India, a diverse and culturally rich country, faces various challenges and issues related to marriage and family life.
These issues are often influenced by traditional norms, socioeconomic factors, and cultural diversity. some points
about marriage and family problems in India:

1. Arranged Marriages: Arranged marriages are common in India, where families play a significant role in selecting a
spouse for their children. While this practice has its advantages, it can sometimes lead to mismatches or pressure on
individuals to marry against their will.

2. Dowry System: The dowry system, although illegal, persists in many parts of India. It places financial burdens on
the bride's family and can lead to dowry-related violence and harassment.

3. Gender Inequality: Gender inequality remains a pervasive issue in Indian society. It affects marriage and family
dynamics, leading to unequal power dynamics, domestic violence, and limited opportunities for women.

4. Early Marriages: Despite legal restrictions, early marriages, especially in rural areas, are still prevalent. Child
marriages can result in negative consequences for the physical, emotional, and educational development of young
brides.

5. Inter-caste and Inter-religious Marriages: Marriages between individuals from different castes or religions can face
resistance and discrimination. Such unions can challenge traditional norms and face societal pressure.

6. Domestic Violence: Domestic violence, including physical, emotional, and economic abuse, remains a significant
issue in Indian families. Victims often face social stigma and barriers to seeking help.

7. Lack of Education: Limited access to education, especially for girls, can contribute to early marriages and
perpetuate traditional gender roles and inequalities within families.

8. Economic Stress: Economic challenges, including poverty and unemployment, can strain family relationships and
lead to conflicts. Economic pressures can also contribute to dowry demands and disputes.

9. Parental Expectations: High parental expectations for academic and career success can create stress and mental
health issues for children. Pressure to meet these expectations can strain family bonds.

10. Urbanization: Urbanization and changing lifestyles are impacting family structures. Extended families are often
giving way to nuclear families, leading to shifts in support systems and caregiving responsibilities.

April. 2022

Subject: Sociology

Q.1 (a) Difference between society and community.

(b) Describe the process of socialization.

Ans :- (a) See paper April 2021 Q. 2(b)

Ans :- (b) See paper Nov 2019 Q. 2(b)

Q.2 Explain culture and describe the influence of culture on health and disease.

Ans :- (a) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 2(b)

Q.3 (a) Describe the institution of family and marriage in India.

(b) Discuss the functions of family in detail.

Ans :- (a) See paper jan 2018 Q. 3(a)

Ans :- (b) See paper jan 2018 Q. 3(b)

Q.4 (a) Explain Malthusian theory of population.

(b) Write down in short Marriage Acts in India.

Ans :- (a) See paper jan 2018 Q. 2(b)

Ans :- (b) See paper Nov 2019 Q. 5(b)

Q.5 (a) Classify social groups.

(b) Distinguish between cooperation and competition.

Ans :- (a) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 4(b)

Ans :- (b) Cooperation and Competition :- Cooperation and competition represent two distinct social dynamics with
differing goals and effects:

- Cooperation emphasizes collaboration, shared goals, and mutual benefit, leading to positive relationships and often
producing win-win outcomes.

- Competition focuses on rivalry, individual or group success, and gaining a competitive edge, which can lead to both
positive and negative outcomes, depending on the context and degree of competition.

Cooperation:

1. Definition: Cooperation refers to the process of individuals or groups working together to achieve a common goal
or objective. It involves mutual assistance, collaboration, and shared effort to attain a desired outcome.

2. Nature: Cooperation is inherently collaborative and focuses on achieving mutual benefits or goals. It often involves
a sense of shared purpose and working in harmony with others.

3. Goal: The primary goal of cooperation is to maximize collective welfare or achieve a shared objective that benefits
all parties involved. It emphasizes unity and mutual support.

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4. Relationship: Cooperation tends to foster positive and harmonious relationships among individuals or groups. It
promotes teamwork, trust, and reciprocity.

5. Example: Teamwork in a workplace, collaborative projects, joint ventures, and international alliances for mutual
benefit are examples of cooperation.

Competition:

1. Definition: Competition is a social or economic process in which individuals or groups strive to outperform or
outdo others in order to achieve a specific goal or gain an advantage. It involves rivalry and comparison with others.

2. Nature: Competition is inherently competitive and focuses on individual or group success at the expense of others.
It often involves a sense of rivalry and the pursuit of self-interest.

3. Goal: The primary goal of competition is to gain a competitive advantage, achieve personal or group success, and,
in some cases, outperform or surpass others.

4. Relationship: Competition can lead to both positive and negative relationships. While healthy competition can
drive innovation and improvement, excessive or cutthroat competition can strain relationships and lead to conflict.

5. Example: Sports competitions, business rivalries, academic grading curves, and competitive exams are examples of
competition.

Q.6 (a) What do you mean by social mobility?

(b) Describe the trans cultural society.

Ans :- (a) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 8(d)

Ans :- (b) A transcultural society, sometimes referred to as a multicultural or pluralistic society, is a social and cultural
environment characterized by the coexistence and interaction of diverse cultural, ethnic, religious, and linguistic
groups within a single overarching societal framework. In a transcultural society, different cultural elements blend,
interact, and influence one another, contributing to a rich tapestry of traditions, practices, and perspectives.

1. Cultural Diversity: Transcultural societies are marked by a wide array of cultural groups that may have distinct
languages, customs, traditions, and belief systems. These groups often have unique histories, values, and ways of life.

2. Interconnectedness: Cultural groups within a transcultural society are interconnected through various means, such
as trade, migration, communication, and intermarriage. This interconnectedness fosters cultural exchange and
interaction.

3. Cultural Hybridization: Transcultural societies often witness the blending and hybridization of cultural elements.
People from different backgrounds may adopt aspects of each other's cultures, leading to the creation of new
cultural expressions.

4. Cultural Tolerance: A key aspect of transcultural societies is cultural tolerance and acceptance. People from diverse
backgrounds coexist with respect for each other's differences, promoting a sense of inclusivity and social cohesion.

5. Cultural Pluralism: Transcultural societies celebrate cultural pluralism, recognizing the value of multiple cultures
coexisting harmoniously. This pluralistic approach emphasizes the importance of preserving and respecting cultural
diversity.

6. Language Diversity: In a transcultural society, various languages may be spoken, and multilingualism is common.
Language is both a reflection of and a vehicle for cultural diversity.

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7. Cultural Festivals and Celebrations: Transcultural societies often host cultural festivals, events, and celebrations
that provide opportunities for different cultural groups to share their traditions and heritage with the broader
community.

8. Cultural Exchange and Education: Educational institutions and cultural exchange programs promote cross-cultural
understanding, encourage learning about different cultures, and facilitate cultural appreciation.

9. Cultural Challenges: While transcultural societies offer many benefits, they can also face challenges related to
cultural clashes, misunderstandings, or discrimination. Addressing these challenges requires education and
awareness.

10. Cultural Evolution: Over time, transcultural societies may witness the evolution and adaptation of cultural
practices and traditions, as they are influenced by the changing social and global context.

Q.7 (a) Discuss the availability of health facilities in rural areas in details.

(b) Describe the role of nurse as a change agent.

Ans :- (a) See paper jan 2018 Q. 6(b)

Ans :- (b)

1. Advocating for Patients:

- Nurses advocate for patients by ensuring that their needs, rights, and preferences are respected and addressed in
the healthcare process.

- They communicate patient concerns and preferences to the healthcare team and assist patients in making
informed decisions about their care.

2. Quality Improvement:

- Nurses actively engage in quality improvement initiatives within healthcare organizations. They identify areas for
improvement, assess processes, and implement changes to enhance patient care and safety.

- They participate in quality assurance programs and contribute to evidence-based practice by incorporating the
latest research into their clinical work.

3. Innovation and Adoption of Technology:

- Nurses play a crucial role in adopting and integrating new technologies and innovations into healthcare practice.

- They provide input on the selection and implementation of healthcare technologies that improve patient
outcomes and streamline workflows.

4. Patient Education and Empowerment:

- Nurses educate patients and their families about health conditions, treatment options, and self-care techniques,
empowering patients to actively participate in their own healthcare.

- They promote health literacy and help patients make informed lifestyle choices.

5. Advocating for Change in Healthcare Policies:

- Nurses advocate for policy changes at the local, state, and national levels to improve patient care and public
health.

- They may be involved in lobbying for legislation related to healthcare access, safety, and quality.

6. Leadership and Management:

- Many nurses assume leadership roles in healthcare organizations, serving as nurse managers, directors, or
administrators. In these positions, they shape policies, procedures, and the organizational culture.

7. Patient Safety and Infection Control:

- Nurses are responsible for ensuring patient safety and infection control in healthcare settings. They implement
and enforce protocols to prevent errors and the spread of infections.

8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice:

- Nurses engage in research and evidence-based practice to improve patient care. They conduct studies, participate
in research teams, and implement research findings in clinical settings.

9. Teaching and Mentorship:

- Nurses serve as educators and mentors for nursing students, new nurses, and other healthcare professionals. They
impart knowledge, skills, and ethical values to the next generation of healthcare providers.

10. Advocacy for Nursing Profession:

- Nurses advocate for the nursing profession by participating in professional organizations, contributing to the
development of nursing standards and policies, and promoting the recognition and value of nursing care.

Q.8 Write briefly on (Any four)

(a) Cultural lag

(b) Personal Disorganisation

(c) Child labour

(d) Role of nurse in social control

(e) HIV/AIDS

(f) Rights of Women

Ans :- (a) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 8(a)

Ans :- (b) Personal Disorganization -

1. Definition: Personal disorganization involves a lack of order, structure, and efficiency in managing one's life and
responsibilities. It may manifest as difficulty in maintaining routines, setting priorities, or staying organized.

2. Causes:

- Stress: High levels of stress, whether from work, personal relationships, or other sources, can disrupt an
individual's ability to stay organized and focused.

- Mental Health Issues: Conditions like depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can contribute to personal disorganization.

- Life Changes: Major life events such as a divorce, loss of a loved one, relocation, or job change can disrupt
established routines and lead to disorganization.

- Physical Health: Chronic illnesses or physical conditions that affect energy levels and cognitive function can impact
a person's ability to stay organized.

3. Symptoms and Signs:

- Forgetfulness: Difficulty remembering important tasks, appointments, or deadlines.

- Lack of Focus: Difficulty concentrating on tasks and a tendency to become easily distracted.

- Impaired Time Management: Poor time management skills, resulting in lateness or missed appointments.

- Disordered Finances: Difficulty managing finances, keeping track of bills, or budgeting effectively.

4. Impact:

- Personal disorganization can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and a sense of being overwhelmed.

- It can negatively affect work or academic performance, leading to missed opportunities and career setbacks.

- In relationships, disorganization may strain personal connections due to forgetfulness, missed commitments, or
disordered living spaces.

5. Management:

- Seeking Professional Help: Individuals experiencing severe personal disorganization due to mental health issues
may benefit from therapy or counseling.

- Time Management and Organization Strategies: Developing effective time management techniques, creating to-do
lists, and decluttering living spaces can help.

- Stress Reduction: Implementing stress-reduction techniques, such as mindfulness, exercise, and relaxation, can
improve overall organization and well-being.

- Support Systems: Enlisting the support of family, friends, or support groups can provide assistance and motivation
for staying organized.

6. Prevention:

- Building Healthy Routines: Establishing and maintaining daily routines can help prevent personal disorganization.

- Self-Care: Prioritizing self-care practices, including adequate sleep, nutrition, and exercise, can improve overall
cognitive function and organization.

Ans :-(c) See paper april 2021 Q. 8(b)

Ans :- (d) See paper april 2021 Q. 6(b)

Ans :- (e) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus):

1. Definition: HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), weakening the body's
ability to fight infections and diseases.

2. Transmission: HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing of needles or syringes
among drug users, from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through contact with infected blood.

3. Stages of Infection:

- Acute HIV Infection: The initial stage with flu-like symptoms.

- Clinical Latency: A period of dormancy with few or no symptoms.

- AIDS: The advanced stage when the immune system is severely damaged, leading to opportunistic infections.

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome):

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1. Definition: AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely compromised immune system and
the occurrence of specific opportunistic infections or cancers.

2. Diagnosis: AIDS is diagnosed when an individual with HIV infection has a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm³ or
develops an AIDS-defining illness.

3. Symptoms: Symptoms of AIDS include weight loss, chronic diarrhea, pneumonia, and opportunistic infections like
tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Facts:

1. Global Pandemic: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide. Sub-Saharan
Africa has been particularly hard-hit.

2. Prevention: Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, using clean needles, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP),
and early antiretroviral therapy (ART) for those with HIV.

3. Treatment: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV. It helps control the virus, preserve the
immune system, and prevent progression to AIDS.

4. No Cure: While there is no cure for HIV, treatment and care have improved significantly, allowing people with HIV
to lead longer and healthier lives.

5. Stigma and Discrimination: HIV/AIDS is associated with stigma and discrimination, which can hinder prevention,
testing, and treatment efforts.

6. Research: Ongoing research aims to develop an HIV vaccine and find a cure for the virus.

7. Awareness: World AIDS Day on December 1st is a global observance dedicated to raising awareness about
HIV/AIDS and showing support for those living with the virus.

Ans :- (f) See paper Nov 2019 Q. 8(f)

April. 2023

Subject: Sociology

Q.1 "Culture plays an important role in an individual's health" discuss.

Ans:- Culture does indeed play a significant role in an individual's health, influencing various aspects of their well-
being, including behaviors, beliefs, access to healthcare, and the social determinants of health. some culture impacts
an individual's health:

1. Health Behaviors:

- Dietary Habits: Cultural norms and traditions often dictate what people eat and how they prepare their food. For
example, some cultures emphasize healthy diets with plenty of fruits and vegetables, while others may have diets
that are high in saturated fats and sugars. These dietary choices can have a profound impact on an individual's
health, influencing their risk of conditions like obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

- Physical Activity: Cultural values and traditions can also affect an individual's approach to physical activity. Some
cultures prioritize regular exercise and physical fitness, while others may have sedentary lifestyles. This can affect the
risk of conditions like obesity and cardiovascular diseases.

2. Health Beliefs and Practices:

- Traditional Medicine: Many cultures have their own traditional healing practices and beliefs. These can influence
an individual's choice of healthcare, sometimes leading them to seek traditional remedies before or in addition to
modern medical treatments.

- Stigma and Taboos: Cultural stigmas and taboos can impact an individual's willingness to seek help for certain
health issues, such as mental health problems or sexually transmitted infections. Cultural attitudes can shape how
individuals perceive and respond to illness.

3. Access to Healthcare:

- Language and Communication: Cultural and language barriers can hinder effective communication between
patients and healthcare providers. This can lead to misunderstandings, misdiagnoses, and inadequate treatment.

- Cultural Competency: Healthcare professionals who are culturally competent are better equipped to provide care
that respects and accommodates patients' cultural backgrounds. Lack of cultural sensitivity in healthcare settings can
lead to disparities in care.

4. Social Determinants of Health:

- Socioeconomic Status: Culture can influence an individual's socioeconomic status, which, in turn, affects their
access to resources like education, housing, and employment opportunities. These social determinants of health play
a crucial role in overall well-being.

- Social Support: Cultural norms can shape an individual's social support network. Strong social support can have a
positive impact on mental health and overall health outcomes.

5. Health Education and Awareness:

- Cultural norms and values can influence health education and awareness campaigns. Tailoring health information
to be culturally relevant can enhance its effectiveness in reaching and resonating with specific communities.

Q.2 a) Describe the nature and scope of sociology.

Ans:- (a) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 1(a)

Ans:- (b) See paper April 2021 Q. 1(b)

Q.3 (a) What do you mean by co-operation competition and conflict?

(b) Explain the role of family on an individual's health.

Ans:- (a) See paper april 2022 Q. 5(b) & nov 2018 Q.6(a)

Ans:- (b) The role of the family is pivotal in shaping an individual's health and well-being. Families provide the
primary social, emotional, and sometimes financial support systems, which can significantly influence an individual's
physical and mental health. Some of the family impacts an individual's health:

1. Genetic and Biological Factors: Families share genetic traits and are susceptible to similar genetic health
conditions. Therefore, family medical history can provide valuable information for assessing an individual's risk of
inherited diseases and conditions, enabling early detection and prevention.

2. Health Behaviors and Lifestyle: Family members often have similar lifestyle habits, including diet, exercise routines,
and smoking or drinking habits. These shared behaviors can either promote or jeopardize an individual's health. For
example, if a family encourages healthy eating and regular physical activity, it is more likely that its members will
adopt these habits and have better overall health.

3. Social Support: Emotional and social support from family members is crucial for an individual's mental and
emotional well-being. Having a supportive family can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, which can, in turn,
positively impact physical health. Supportive family environments can also contribute to resilience in the face of
health challenges.

4. Health Education: Families often serve as the primary source of health education and awareness for individuals,
especially during childhood. Parents and caregivers play a significant role in teaching children about healthy habits,
hygiene, and safety.

5. Access to Healthcare: The family can influence an individual's access to healthcare in several ways:

- Financial Support: Families may help pay for health insurance or medical expenses, making healthcare more
affordable.

- Transportation: They may provide transportation to medical appointments, ensuring that individuals can access
healthcare services.

- Decision-Making: Family members may be involved in healthcare decision-making, which can affect treatment
choices and adherence.

6. Caretaking Roles: In many cultures, family members often assume caregiving roles for sick or elderly relatives. This
can impact both the health of the caregiver and the person receiving care. Caregiver stress, for instance, can have
detrimental effects on the caregiver's health.

7. Cultural and Social Influences: Family traditions, beliefs, and cultural practices can shape an individual's health-
related choices and behaviors. These cultural factors can impact everything from dietary preferences to healthcare-
seeking behaviors.

8. Role Modeling: Family members serve as role models, especially for children. The behaviors and attitudes they
display regarding health and wellness can have a lasting impact on a child's lifelong health choices.

9. Early Life Experiences: Family environments during childhood can leave lasting effects on an individual's health.
Positive experiences, such as a nurturing and stable family environment, can contribute to better mental and physical
health outcomes in adulthood.

Q.4 (a) Define 'caste'. Explain the influence of caste system on health and health practices.

Ans:- (a) caste :- Caste refers to a rigid and hereditary social stratification system that has historically been prevalent
in certain societies, particularly in South Asia, including India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In a caste system,
individuals are categorized into distinct social groups, or "castes," based on their birth, and membership in a caste
determines a person's social status, occupation, and social interactions. This system is often characterized by strict
rules, customs, and traditions that govern various aspects of life, including marriage, occupation, and social
relationships.

The influence of the caste system on health and health practices is a complex and multifaceted issue. Some caste
system can impact health:

1. Access to Healthcare: In some caste-based societies, individuals belonging to lower castes historically have had
limited access to healthcare services and facilities. Discrimination and social stigma have prevented people from
lower castes from receiving proper medical care and attention, leading to health disparities.

2. Nutrition and Diet: Caste-based dietary restrictions and norms can influence the nutritional status of individuals.
Some castes may have dietary practices that limit their access to nutritious foods, while others may have dietary
customs that promote healthy eating habits. These dietary patterns can impact the overall health of caste members.

3. Occupational Hazards: The caste system often dictates the type of work individuals are expected to do. Some
castes may be associated with occupations that expose them to health hazards, such as unsanitary conditions,
physical labor, or exposure to harmful substances. These occupational factors can affect the health of individuals and
communities.

4. Social Determinants of Health: Caste-based discrimination and social inequalities can contribute to disparities in
education, income, and living conditions. These social determinants of health, including poverty and lack of
education, can have a profound impact on health outcomes.

5. Access to Clean Water and Sanitation: Access to clean water and sanitation facilities can vary based on caste.
Lower-caste individuals may have less access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation, increasing their risk of
waterborne diseases and other health problems.

6. Healthcare Decision-Making: In some societies with a strong caste system, healthcare decisions may be influenced
by caste considerations. Family members or healthcare providers may make decisions about treatment and care
based on caste, rather than medical necessity.

7. Mental Health: Discrimination and social stigma associated with caste can have detrimental effects on the mental
health of individuals. Experiencing caste-based discrimination and prejudice can lead to stress, anxiety, and
depression.

8. Traditional Healing Practices: Some caste groups have their own traditional healing practices and systems of
medicine. While these practices can be beneficial in some cases, they may also lead to delays in seeking modern
medical care when necessary.

Ans:- (b) The Panchayat system, also known as the Panchayati Raj system, is a decentralized form of local self-
government in India. The term "Panchayat" originates from the Sanskrit words "panch" (meaning five) and "ayat"
(meaning assembly), signifying an assembly of five elected members at the grassroots level. The Panchayat system
was introduced to promote local democracy, empower rural communities, and facilitate participatory governance.

some key features and aspects of the Panchayat system in India:

1. Three-Tier Structure: The Panchayat system in India operates at three levels:

- Gram Panchayat: This is the village-level Panchayat, responsible for local governance in rural areas.

- Block Panchayat (Taluka or Mandal): These Panchayats oversee a group of villages within a block or taluka.

2. Elections: Members of the Panchayats are elected through periodic democratic elections. The elections are held at
regular intervals, and eligible residents of the area can vote and stand for office. This democratic process ensures
representation and accountability at the local level.

3. Functions and Responsibilities: Panchayats are entrusted with various functions, including:

- Rural Development: Planning and implementing development projects, such as roads, sanitation, and water
supply.

- Welfare Programs: Administering social welfare programs, including education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation
schemes.

- Natural Resource Management: Managing and conserving local natural resources like land, water, and forests.

- Local Governance: Enforcing local laws and regulations and resolving disputes at the grassroots level.

4. Financial Autonomy: Panchayats have financial autonomy and control over local resources. They receive funds
from the central and state governments through grants and their revenue sources, such as property taxes and fees.
This financial independence enables them to carry out local development activities.

5. Reservation for Marginalized Groups: To promote social justice and inclusivity, a significant percentage of seats in
Panchayat elections are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women. This reservation
system ensures greater representation of marginalized and underprivileged communities in local governance.

6. Empowerment of Women: The Panchayat system has played a crucial role in promoting women's participation in
rural governance. One-third of the seats are reserved for women in Panchayats, leading to increased female
representation and empowerment at the grassroots level.

7. Decentralization of Power: The Panchayat system aims to decentralize power and decision-making, allowing local
communities to have a say in their own development. This system reduces bureaucracy and promotes citizen
engagement in governance.

Q.5 a) Point out the factors influencing cultural-lag

b) Define the meaning and types of social mobility.

Ans:- (a) See paper Nov 2019 Q. 7(a)

Ans:- (b) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 8(d)

types of social mobility:

1. Horizontal Mobility: Involves changing one's social or economic position within the same social stratum or class,
typically without a significant change in overall social standing.

2. Vertical Mobility: Involves a significant change in an individual's social or economic position, either upwards
(upward mobility) or downwards (downward mobility), often crossing social strata or classes.

3. Intragenerational Mobility: Examines changes in an individual's social or economic status over the course of their
own lifetime, comparing their positions at different points in life.

4. Intergenerational Mobility: Focuses on changes in social or economic status between generations within a family,
comparing an individual's status to that of their parents or grandparents.

5. Structural Mobility: Occurs due to changes in the overall structure of society, driven by larger socioeconomic and
political factors, often leading to shifts in the mobility of many individuals.

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6. Exchange Mobility: Involves a situation where some individuals or groups move up the social or economic ladder
while an equal number move down, resulting in a trade-off between upward and downward mobility.

Q.6 (a) Explain the theories of social change

(b) Explain the meaning and types of social system.

Ans:- (a) See paper Nov 2019 Q. 8(d)

Ans:- (b) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 8(d)

A social system refers to a complex network of social structures, relationships, norms, and institutions within a
society that work together to organize and govern human interactions. Social systems are essential for maintaining
order, facilitating communication, and regulating behavior within a given community or society. They help shape the
way individuals and groups interact with each other and with their environment. There are various types of social
systems, each with its own characteristics and functions. some common types of social systems:

1. Family Systems: The family is a fundamental social system that plays a crucial role in socializing individuals,
providing emotional support, and organizing daily life. Family systems vary across cultures and may include nuclear
families, extended families, or other forms of familial organization.

2. Economic Systems: Economic systems determine how resources are produced, distributed, and consumed within a
society. Capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies are examples of economic systems that influence wealth
distribution, job opportunities, and access to goods and services.

3. Political Systems: Political systems establish the framework for governance and decision-making within a society.
Types of political systems include democracy, monarchy, authoritarianism, and communism, each with distinct
structures of power and governance.

4. Religious Systems: Religious systems encompass beliefs, rituals, and practices that provide a framework for
understanding the world, moral guidance, and the relationship between individuals and the divine. Various religions
and belief systems exist worldwide, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and many others.

5. Educational Systems: Educational systems are responsible for imparting knowledge and skills to individuals,
preparing them for future roles in society. These systems include schools, colleges, universities, and vocational
training institutions.

6. Legal Systems: Legal systems establish and enforce laws and regulations that govern behavior within a society.
Different countries have their own legal systems, such as common law, civil law, and religious-based legal systems like
Sharia law.

7. Healthcare Systems: Healthcare systems provide access to medical care and services, ensuring the health and well-
being of individuals within a society. These systems vary widely in terms of public and private provision, accessibility,
and quality of care.

8. Cultural Systems: Cultural systems encompass the beliefs, values, customs, traditions, and norms that define a
society's identity. They influence language, art, music, literature, and the way individuals interact with one another.

9. Communication Systems: Communication systems facilitate the exchange of information and ideas within a society.
These systems include various forms of communication, such as spoken language, written language, mass media, and
digital communication technologies.

Q.7 (a) What is social control? Mention the types of social control?

(b) Explain social welfare programmes in India.

Ans:- (a) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 7(a)

Ans:- (b) See paper Jan 2018 Q. 8(d)

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Q.8 Write briefly on (Any four):

(a) Process of socialization.

(b) Write any four differences between rural and urban community.

(c) impact of population explosion in India.

(d) Discuss ill effects of literacy.

(e) Write a short note on child abuse.

(f) Causes and remedies of prostitution.

Ans:- (a) See paper Jav 2019 Q. 2(b)

Ans:- (b) Rural and urban communities differ in several ways due to their distinct settings, lifestyles, and socio-
economic factors. differences between rural and urban communities:

1. Population Density:

- *Rural:* Rural areas are characterized by low population density. They have fewer residents spread out over larger
geographic areas, often living in villages or isolated homes.

- *Urban:* Urban areas have high population density. They are densely populated with many residents living in
close proximity, typically in cities and towns.

2. Economic Activities:

- *Rural:* Rural economies often revolve around agriculture, farming, and primary industries. Livelihoods are
frequently tied to the land, with farming and related activities being the primary sources of income.

- *Urban:* Urban areas are centers of diverse economic activities, including manufacturing, commerce, trade,
services, technology, and finance. A wide range of job opportunities is available in urban settings.

3. Infrastructure and Services:

- *Rural:* Rural communities may have limited access to infrastructure and services such as paved roads, public
transportation, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions. Basic amenities may be less readily available.

- *Urban:* Urban areas tend to have better-developed infrastructure, including well-maintained roads, public
transportation systems, healthcare facilities, schools, and a wider range of services, including entertainment and
cultural venues.

4. Lifestyle and Culture:

- *Rural:* Rural communities often have a slower-paced, traditional way of life. There is often a stronger sense of
community and connection to nature. Cultural practices and values may be rooted in agriculture and local traditions.

- *Urban:* Urban lifestyles tend to be more fast-paced and diverse, with greater exposure to multiculturalism and
globalization. Cities offer a wider range of entertainment, dining, and cultural experiences. The culture is often
influenced by the cosmopolitan nature of urban environments.

Ans:- (c) The impact of population explosion in India has far-reaching consequences across various aspects of society,
including economic, social, environmental, and healthcare. some key points on the impact of population explosion in
India:

1. Economic Challenges:

- Unemployment: Rapid population growth has led to increased competition for jobs, resulting in higher
unemployment rates, especially among the youth.

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- Strain on Resources: The demand for resources such as food, water, and energy has surged, straining the country's
ability to meet the needs of its population.

- Low Per Capita Income: India's per capita income remains relatively low due to the large population, limiting the
overall standard of living.

2. Education and Healthcare:

- Limited Access: Providing quality education and healthcare to such a large population is challenging, resulting in
limited access to these essential services, particularly in rural areas.

- Overcrowded Schools and Hospitals: Schools and healthcare facilities in many parts of the country are
overcrowded and undersupplied, affecting the quality of education and healthcare.

3. Environmental Impact:

- Resource Depletion: Overpopulation contributes to the depletion of natural resources, including forests, water,
and arable land, leading to environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.

- Air and Water Pollution: High population densities in urban areas often result in increased pollution levels,
affecting air and water quality and posing health risks.

4. Urbanization:

- Rapid Urban Growth: Population explosion has driven rapid urbanization, resulting in the growth of informal
settlements, inadequate infrastructure, and urban sprawl.

- Slums and Informal Housing: Many urban areas in India are characterized by slums and informal settlements with
inadequate housing, sanitation, and access to basic services.

5. Social Challenges:

- Gender Imbalance: Gender imbalances have emerged due to cultural preferences for male children, resulting in
skewed sex ratios.

- Social Inequalities: Overpopulation exacerbates social inequalities, with marginalized and vulnerable populations
facing greater challenges in accessing resources and opportunities.

Ans:- (d)

1. Limited Access to Information: Illiterate individuals struggle to access and understand written information, which
can hinder their ability to make informed decisions about their health, education, finances, and more.

2. Reduced Economic Opportunities: Illiteracy limits job prospects and earning potential. Illiterate individuals often
find themselves limited to low-skilled, low-paying jobs, perpetuating a cycle of poverty.

3. Social Isolation: Illiterate individuals may experience social isolation and exclusion. They may feel embarrassed or
ashamed of their inability to read and write, leading to limited participation in social activities and community life.

4. Healthcare Disparities: Illiteracy can lead to difficulties in understanding medical instructions, prescription labels,
and health-related information. This can result in poorer health outcomes and a higher likelihood of medication
errors.

5. Ineffectiveness in Parenting: Illiterate parents may struggle to provide their children with adequate educational
support at home, potentially impacting their children's academic performance and future prospects.

6. Political and Civic Participation: Illiteracy can inhibit active participation in democratic processes, such as voting
and engaging in civic activities. This may limit the representation of marginalized groups in politics.

7. Economic Burden on Society: Illiteracy places an economic burden on society through increased healthcare costs,
reduced productivity, and the need for remedial education and social welfare programs.

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8. Vulnerability to Exploitation: Illiterate individuals may be more susceptible to fraud, exploitation, and manipulation
by others who take advantage of their limited knowledge and inability to read contracts or legal documents.

9. Limited Cultural Engagement: Illiterate individuals may miss out on the cultural enrichment that comes from
reading literature, participating in literary events, and engaging with written art forms.

10. Generational Impact: Illiteracy tends to be passed down through generations, perpetuating a cycle of limited
educational attainment and social mobility.

Ans:- (e) See paper Nov 2018 Q. 8(b)

Ans:- (b) Causes of Prostitution:

1. Economic Factors: Poverty and economic hardship are significant drivers of prostitution. Many individuals turn to
sex work as a means of survival when they have limited access to education, job opportunities, and basic resources.

2. Human Trafficking: Human trafficking, including sex trafficking, is a major cause of prostitution. Victims are often
coerced, deceived, or forced into prostitution against their will, making this a form of modern slavery.

3. Lack of Education: Limited access to education can leave individuals with few options for employment. Inadequate
education can also lead to a lack of awareness about the risks associated with sex work.

4. Gender Inequality: Gender-based discrimination and inequality can push women and transgender individuals into
prostitution, as they may face limited access to other forms of work and economic empowerment.

5. Drug Addiction: Substance abuse and addiction can lead individuals to engage in prostitution to support their drug
habits and lifestyles.

6. Violence and Abuse: Some individuals enter prostitution as a result of childhood abuse, domestic violence, or
other traumatic experiences that can leave them vulnerable and without support systems.

Remedies for Prostitution:

1. Legal Reforms: Many countries have decriminalized or legalized prostitution to regulate the industry, improve the
safety and rights of sex workers, and combat human trafficking. Legal reforms can include regulating brothels,
providing access to healthcare and social services, and addressing issues related to consent and exploitation.

2. Education and Awareness: Public awareness campaigns and educational programs can help inform individuals
about the risks and consequences of prostitution and provide alternative options for economic empowerment.

3. Economic Empowerment: Initiatives that focus on providing job training, education, and economic opportunities to
marginalized and vulnerable populations can help reduce the prevalence of prostitution.

4. Victim Support Services: Comprehensive support services for individuals who wish to exit prostitution are crucial.
These services can include access to housing, counseling, healthcare, and job placement assistance.

5. Addressing Human Trafficking: Governments and organizations must work together to combat human trafficking,
including sex trafficking, through law enforcement efforts, victim identification, and prosecution of traffickers.

6. Drug Rehabilitation Programs: Access to drug rehabilitation programs and mental health services is important for
individuals with substance abuse issues who may turn to prostitution.

7. Empowering Women: Addressing gender inequality and promoting women's rights can help reduce the
vulnerability of women and transgender individuals to prostitution.

8. Community Support: Building strong community support systems that provide social and emotional support to at-
risk individuals can play a crucial role in preventing prostitution.

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FULL GUESS
PAPER
AS PER RUHS & INC NEW EXAM PATTERN

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1st Semester

Modal Paper:- 1

Subject: Sociology

Section- (A) Total marks :- 37 MARKS

Note:- Accourding to RUHS & INC Syllabus

(Q.1-Q.6 EVERY QUES. EQUAL 1 MARKS )

Q.1 What is the primary focus of clinical sociology?

- a. Studying societal trends

- b. Providing medical diagnoses

- c. Enhancing individual well-being

- d. Analyzing economic systems

Q.2 Which of the following theories suggests that social disorganization is a result of the breakdown of traditional
social bonds and the weakening of social institutions in urban areas?

a) Anomie theory

b) Social exchange theory

c) Social conflict theory

d) Symbolic interactionism

Q.3 Which term refers to the process by which individuals or groups are excluded from mainstream society and
denied access to resources and opportunities?

- A) Social differentiation

- B) Socialization

- C) Social integration

- D) Social exclusion

Q.4 Which term refers to the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own social or cultural group?

a) Endogamy

b) Exogamy

c) Heterogamy

d) Homogamy

Q.5 What is an ascribed status?

- A) A status that an individual achieves through their own efforts

- B) A status assigned at birth or involuntarily

- C) A temporary status

- D) A status held by all members of society

Q.6 What is sociology?

b. The study of society and human behavior

c. The study of plants

d. The study of ancient civilizations

Q.7 Define the term ‘Sociology’ and explain its application in nursing. 10 MARKS

Q.8 write short notes (any three) 3x5=15 MARKS

(a) Discuss the Malthusian theory of population.

(b) Discuss the function of family and marriage in India.

(c) Explain the process of social change.

(d) Discuss the social welfare programmes in India.

Q.9 write short answer (any three) 3x2=6 MARKS

(a) the factors influencing social change.

(b) Causes of conflict.

(c) meaning of group.

(d) enlist the problems of modern family.

1st Semester

Modal Paper:- 2

Subject: Sociology

Section- (A) Total marks :- 37 MARKS

Note:- Accourding to RUHS & INC Syllabus

(Q.1-Q.6 EVERY QUES. EQUAL 1 MARKS )

Q.1 Which of the following best describes clinical sociology?

- a. The study of social institutions

- b. The application of sociological principles to address social issues

- c. The analysis of political systems

- d. The study of individual behavior in isolation

Q.2What is the term for the process of being labeled as deviant and subsequently internalizing that label, which can
lead to further deviant behavior?

a) Secondary conformity

b) Labeling theory

c) Anomie

d) Social control

Q.3 What is the term for the awareness of one's social class and the economic disparities in society?

- A) Class consciousness

- B) Socialization

- C) Status quo

- D) Social differentiation

Q.4 What is the primary purpose of the family in most societies?

a) Economic production

b) Childcare and socialization

c) Religious observance

d) Entertainment

Q.5 Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

- A) Gender

- B) Race

- C) Occupation

- D) Ethnicity

Q.6 Who is considered the founder of sociology?

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a. Charles Darwin

b. Karl Marx

c. Auguste Comte

d. Sigmund Freud

Q.7 What mean by social stratification? Why the types of social Stratification. 10MARKS

Q.8 write short notes (any three) 3x5=15 MARKS

(a) Cultural lag

(b) Population Explosion

(c) meaning of society and community.

(d) Social organization.

Q.9 write short answer (any three) 3x2=6 MARKS

(a) Enlist factors influencing cultural-lag.

(b) enlist the Rights of Women -

(c) Define Individualization Process

(d) Enlist Marriage Acts in India.

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RUHS (B)Sc. Nursing Examination

1st Semester

Modal Paper:- 3

Subject: Sociology

Section- (A) Total marks :- 37MARKS

Note:- Accourding to RUHS & INC Syllabus

(Q.1-Q.6 EVERY QUES. EQUAL 1 MARKS )

Q.1 Which sociological perspective is often associated with clinical sociology?

- a. Functionalism

- b. Conflict theory

- c. Symbolic interactionism

- d. Feminist theory

Q.2 What is the term for a form of deviance that is highly stigmatized by society and results in severe social
sanctions?

a) Primary deviance

b) Secondary deviance

c) Primary conformity

d) Secondary conformity

Q.3 In a class system, what primarily determines an individual's social position?

- A) Religion

- B) Birth and heredity

- C) Income, education, and occupation

- D) Ethnicity

Q.4 A society in which cultural diversity is celebrated and multiple cultural groups coexist is said to have:

- A. Assimilation

- B. Segregation

- C. Cultural relativism

- D. Cultural pluralism

Q.5 What is the term for the behavior expected of a person who holds a particular status?

- A) Identity

- B) Norm

- C) Role

- D) Labeling

a. Studying individual psychology

b. Analyzing economic markets

c. Examining social interactions and institutions

d. Investigating natural ecosystems

Q.7 Explain culture and describe the influence of culture on health and disease. 10MARKS

Q.8 write short notes (any three) 3x5=15 MARKS

(a) Primary and secondary group

(b) Discuss the role of nurse in social control.

(c) the institution of family and marriage in India.

(d) Distinguish between cooperation and competition.

Q.9 write short answer (any three). 3x2=6 MARKS

(a) briefly child labour.

(b) Socialization Process.

(c) elements of social organization.

(d) Dowry system.

1st Semester

Modal Paper:- 1

Subject: Sociology

Section- (A) Total marks :- 37

Note:- Accourding to RUHS & INC Syllabus

Q.1 What is the primary focus of clinical sociology?

- a. Studying societal trends

- b. Providing medical diagnoses

- c. Enhancing individual well-being

- d. Analyzing economic systems

- Answer: c. Enhancing individual well-being

Q.2 Which of the following theories suggests that social disorganization is a result of the breakdown of traditional
social bonds and the weakening of social institutions in urban areas?

a) Anomie theory

b) Social exchange theory

c) Social conflict theory

d) Symbolic interactionism

Answer: a) Anomie theory

Q.3 Which term refers to the process by which individuals or groups are excluded from mainstream society and
denied access to resources and opportunities?

- A) Social differentiation

- B) Socialization

- C) Social integration

- D) Social exclusion

Answer: D) Social exclusion

Q.4 Which term refers to the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own social or cultural group?

a) Endogamy

b) Exogamy

c) Heterogamy

d) Homogamy

Answer: b) Exogamy

Q.5 What is an ascribed status?

- A) A status that an individual achieves through their own efforts

- B) A status assigned at birth or involuntarily

- D) A status held by all members of society

Answer: B) A status assigned at birth or involuntarily

Q.6 What is sociology?

a. The study of insects

b. The study of society and human behavior

c. The study of plants

d. The study of ancient civilizations

Answer: b. The study of society and human behavior

Q.7 Define the term ‘Sociology’ and explain its application in nursing.

Ans :- The scientific study of society, interpersonal connections, and interactions is known as sociology.

Scope of Sociology for Nursing Students:

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8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice: Nursing research often involves studying the social aspects of health and
healthcare. Sociology equips nursing students with the skills to critically analyze research findings, understand
research methodologies, and apply evidence-based practices to improve patient care.

the nature and scope (applications) of the discipline of sociology:

3. Social Interaction: Sociology delves into the dynamics of social interaction, examining how individuals
communicate, form relationships, and collaborate or conflict with one another.

6. Deviance and Social Control: Sociologists analyze deviant behavior and how society responds to it. This includes
the study of crime, punishment, and social control mechanisms.

7. Social Movements: Sociology investigates the formation, dynamics, and impact of social movements, including civil
rights movements, environmental activism, and labor movements.

12. Political Sociology: It explores political systems, power structures, and political behavior, including voting
patterns, political participation, and the role of governments in society.

13. Technology and Society: Sociology investigates the impact of technology on society, including the digital
revolution and its implications for communication, privacy, and social interaction.

14. Health and Healthcare: Sociology plays a role in understanding healthcare systems, access to healthcare, health
disparities, and the social determinants of health.

15. Education and Social Mobility: Sociology examines the educational system and its role in social mobility, including
issues related to access to quality education and educational inequalities.

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16. Family and Marriage: The study of family structures, marriage, and intimate relationships is a key area of
sociology, addressing topics like family dynamics, divorce, and changing family patterns.

17. Religion: Sociology explores the role of religion in society, including religious beliefs, practices, and their impact
on individuals and communities.

18. Aging and Gerontology: Sociology examines the aging process and challenges faced by older adults, including
issues related to healthcare, retirement, and elder care.

19. Urban and Rural Sociology: It investigates the characteristics, challenges, and dynamics of urban and rural
communities, including issues related to urbanization and rural development.

Q.8 write short notes (any three)

(a) Discuss the Malthusian theory of population.

Ans :-The Malthusian Theory of Population, proposed by Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century, is a theory that
examines the relationship between population growth and the availability of resources. Malthus argued that
population tends to grow exponentially, while the production of food and resources increases at a slower, linear rate.
This leads to the idea of a "population crisis" or "population trap." Here are the key components and insights of the
Malthusian Theory:

3. Population Checks: To prevent population from growing uncontrollably, Malthus proposed the existence of two
types of "checks" that keep population in check:

(b) Discuss the function of family and marriage in India.

Ans :- (a) Family: A family is a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live
together; all such related persons are considered as members of one family.

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The family and marriage institutions in India serve multiple functions that are deeply rooted in cultural, social, and
economic contexts. These functions have evolved over time but continue to play a crucial role in the lives of
individuals and communities across the country.

Functions of Family:

6. Social Identity: Family affiliation is a crucial component of an individual's social identity in India. A person's caste,
religion, and family background are significant markers of identity.

Functions of Marriage:

2. Procreation: Marriage is the traditional and socially accepted institution for procreation and raising children. It
provides a stable environment for child-rearing.

3. Continuation of Lineage: The concept of lineage and the passing on of family names and traditions are closely tied
to marriage. It ensures the continuity of family and cultural heritage.

4. Alliance and Social Networks: Marriages often establish alliances between families, communities, or castes. They
serve as a means to create and strengthen social networks.

5. Economic Cooperation: In many cases, marriages involve the merging of economic resources and labor. This can be
especially important in agricultural and traditional settings.

6. Legal Rights and Obligations: Marriage confers legal rights and obligations, such as inheritance, property rights, and
spousal support, which are important in matters of family and property.

(c) Explain the process of social change.

Ans :- (a) Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural
and social institutions.

Social change, in sociology, is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in
cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems.

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or

the process of social change:

1. Triggering Factors:

- Cultural Shifts: Changes in beliefs, values, and attitudes within a society can trigger social change. These shifts may
result from generational differences, exposure to new ideas, or changes in the cultural environment.

- Economic Factors: Economic developments, such as industrialization or economic crises, can lead to social change
by reshaping employment patterns, wealth distribution, and consumption patterns.

- Political Events: Major political events, such as revolutions, reforms, or the rise and fall of governments, can alter
power dynamics and social institutions.

- Environmental Changes: Environmental factors, such as climate change or natural disasters, can disrupt societies
and necessitate adaptation and change in response.

- Demographic Changes: Shifting demographics, including changes in population size, age distribution, and
migration patterns, can influence social structures and norms.

2. Social Movements and Activism:

- Social movements, organized efforts by groups of people, can advocate for specific social changes. Examples
include civil rights movements, feminist movements, and environmental movements.

- Activism and advocacy play a critical role in raising awareness about social issues, mobilizing public support, and
pressuring institutions and policymakers to implement change.

3. Institutional Change:

- Institutional reforms can lead to changes in areas like healthcare, education, labor rights, and social welfare.

4. Cultural Diffusion:

- Globalization, facilitated by modern communication and transportation, has accelerated the process of cultural
diffusion.

5. Social Interaction and Networks:

(d) Discuss the social welfare programmes in India.

Ans:- Social Welfare - Schemes to Empower Vulnerable Community

Path to establish a welfare state is by securing Indian citizens by providing political justice, social justice, and
economic justice.

1. Central Government Initiatives

- National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)

- Provides employment opportunities in rural areas.

- Guarantees 100 days of wage employment per household.

- Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

- Financial inclusion program to provide bank accounts and insurance to all.

- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

- Provides free LPG connections to below-poverty-line families.

2. Healthcare Programs

- Ayushman Bharat

- Includes Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY) for health insurance and Health and Wellness Centers for
primary healthcare.

3. Education Programs

- Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

- Aims to provide free and quality education for all children.

- Mid-Day Meal Scheme

- Provides free meals to schoolchildren to encourage attendance.

4. Women and Child Welfare

- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao

- Promotes gender equality and the education of girls.

- Anganwadi Services

- Provides healthcare, nutrition, and education to young children and mothers.

5. Rural Development

- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

- Aims to provide all-weather road connectivity to rural areas.

- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)

- Promotes self-employment and livelihood opportunities.

6. Social Security and Pension Schemes

- Atal Pension Yojana (APY)

- Provides pension benefits to the unorganized sector.

- National Social Assistance Program (NSAP)

- Provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows, and disabled.

7. Housing and Urban Development

- Aims to provide affordable housing to urban and rural poor.

Q.9 write short answer (any three)

(a) the factors influencing social change.

Ans:- Sociologists define social change as changes in human interactions and relationships that transform cultural
and social institutions.

Social change, in sociology, is the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in
cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems.

1. Cultural Factors:

2. Technological Factors:

3. Economic Factors:

4. Political Factors:

5. Environmental Factors:

6. Demographic Factors:

7. Education and Media:

8. Social Institutions:

9. Historical Events:

(b) Causes of conflict:-

Ans:- Conflict refers to a disagreement or clash between individuals, groups, or organizations due to differences in
interests, goals, values, or beliefs. It can manifest in various forms, such as disputes, arguments, or confrontations,
and may occur at personal, interpersonal, or societal levels.

Conflict is a natural and common aspect of human interaction and can have both positive and negative outcomes.

Causes of conflict:-

3. Lack of Communication: Poor or ineffective communication can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and
disputes. When communication breaks down, grievances may escalate into conflicts.

5. Social Injustice: Inequalities related to income, education, employment, or access to basic services can fuel
conflicts. When marginalized or disadvantaged groups perceive unfair treatment, they may engage in protests or
advocacy for change.

(c) meaning of group.

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Ans:- definition:- A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual
expectations and who share a common identity.

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.

some common classifications of groups:

- Social Groups: These groups are primarily formed for social interaction and may include friends, family, social
clubs, and recreational groups.

- Professional Groups: These groups are formed for work-related purposes and include teams within organizations,
professional associations, and industry-specific groups.

- Interest-Based Groups: These groups are united by a shared interest or hobby, such as sports teams, hobby clubs,
or fan clubs.

- Support Groups: These groups are formed to provide emotional or practical support for individuals facing specific
challenges, such as health-related support groups or self-help groups.

(d) enlist the problems of modern family.

Ans :-

The modern families are quite small in size consisting of parents and their small children.

1. Time Constraints

2. Technology and Screen Time

3. Economic Stress

4. Single-Parent Households

5. Divorce and Blended Families

6. Mental Health Issues

7. Work-Life Balance

8. Parenting Challenges

9. Social Isolation

10. Technology Addiction

11. Education Pressure

12. Cultural and Generational Conflicts

13. Health and Well-Being

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RUHS (B)Sc. Nursing Examination

1st Semester

Modal Paper:- 2

Subject: Sociology

Section- (A) Total marks :- 37

Note:- Accourding to RUHS & INC Syllabus

Q.1 Which of the following best describes clinical sociology?

- a. The study of social institutions

- b. The application of sociological principles to address social issues

- c. The analysis of political systems

- d. The study of individual behavior in isolation

- Answer: b. The application of sociological principles to address social issues

Q.2What is the term for the process of being labeled as deviant and subsequently internalizing that label, which can
lead to further deviant behavior?

a) Secondary conformity

b) Labeling theory

c) Anomie

d) Social control

Answer: b) Labeling theory

Q.3 What is the term for the awareness of one's social class and the economic disparities in society?

- A) Class consciousness

- B) Socialization

- C) Status quo

- D) Social differentiation

Answer: A) Class consciousness

Q.4 What is the primary purpose of the family in most societies?

a) Economic production

b) Childcare and socialization

c) Religious observance

d) Entertainment

Answer: b) Childcare and socialization

Q.5 Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?

- A) Gender

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- B) Race

- C) Occupation

- D) Ethnicity

Answer: C) Occupation

Q.6 Who is considered the founder of sociology?

a. Charles Darwin

b. Karl Marx

c. Auguste Comte

d. Sigmund Freud

Answer: c. Auguste Comte

Q.7 What mean by social stratification? Why the types of social Stratification.

Ans :- Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings based on factors like wealth,
income, education, family background, and power.

1. Class Stratification:

2. Caste Stratification:

3. Estate (Feudal) Stratification:

4. Race and Ethnicity:

5. Gender Stratification:

7. Education and Occupational Stratification:

- Educational and Occupational: In modern societies, access to education and the type of occupation one holds can
be significant determinants of social stratification. Higher levels of education and prestigious jobs often lead to higher
social status.

8. Political Stratification:

9. Global Stratification:

10. Lifestyle and Cultural Stratification:

Q.8 write short notes (any three)

(a) Cultural lag

Ans :- "Cultural lag" is a concept in sociology coined by sociologist William F. Ogburn in the early 20th century. It
refers to the idea that changes in culture and society do not always occur simultaneously, leading to a time gap or
"lag" between different aspects of cultural change.

2. Causes: Cultural lag is often caused by the unequal pace of change in different parts of society. Technological
advancements, for example, may outpace changes in attitudes and behaviors.

3. Types of Cultural Lag:

- Economic Lag: Economic practices and policies may lag behind economic developments. Economic systems may
need time to adjust to new forms of commerce, such as the gig economy.

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4. Consequences: Cultural lag can lead to social tensions, conflicts, and challenges as different elements of culture
adapt at different rates. It can also create moral, ethical, and policy dilemmas as society grapples with the
implications of rapid change.

5. Social Change and Adaptation: Cultural lag is not necessarily negative; it can also be a sign of society's attempts to
adapt and ensure that changes align with its core values and principles. It allows for deliberation and reflection in the
face of rapid change.

7. Societal Responses: Societies often respond to cultural lag by engaging in public discourse, policy development,
and education to bridge the gap between changing technologies and societal values.

(b) Population Explosion

Ans:- Population Explosion Definition:- A rapid and exponential increase in the population of a specific geographic
area, resulting from high birth rates and low death rates over a relatively short period of time.

Characteristics:

- High Birth Rates

- Low Death Rates

- Young Population

- Resource Challenges

- Urbanization

- Social and Economic Impact

- Policy Responses

Causes:

- High Fertility Rates

- Limited Access to Contraception

- Cultural Norms

- Improved Healthcare

- Reduced Mortality Rates

- Lack of Family Planning

Implications:

- Strain on Resources

- Competition for Resources

- Environmental Degradation

- Increased Demand for Services

- Social and Economic Consequences

- Need for Policy and Planning

Management:

- Family Planning Programs

- Maternal and Child Healthcare

- Education and Empowerment

- Infrastructure Development

- Economic Opportunities

(c) meaning of society and community.

Ans :- Society and community are :-

1. Society:

- Characteristics:

- Diverse Membership: Societies can encompass a wide range of people with various backgrounds, beliefs, and
interests.

- Social Structure: Societies often have established hierarchies, institutions, and systems of governance that help
organize and regulate interactions.

- Shared Culture: Members of a society typically share common customs, traditions, and a collective identity.

- Interdependence: People in a society depend on each other for various aspects of life, such as economic, social,
and emotional support.

- Legal Systems: Societies often have legal frameworks to enforce rules and resolve disputes.

- Example: A nation-state, such as the United States or France, is an example of a society where people with diverse
backgrounds come together to form a cohesive social structure.

2. Community:

- Characteristics:

- Shared Interests: Communities are often formed around shared hobbies, interests, beliefs, or geographic
proximity.

- Smaller Scale: Communities are typically smaller and more intimate than societies, with members having closer
relationships.

- Mutual Support: Members of a community often provide emotional, social, or practical support to each other.

(d) Social organization.

Ans :- Social organization refers to the structured and patterned relationships that individuals and groups form
within a society or community. It encompasses the various ways in which people interact, cooperate, and organize
themselves to fulfill their social, economic, cultural, and political needs.

1. Purpose of Social Organization:

2. Types of Social Organizations:

3. Structure and Hierarchy:

4. Norms and Rules:

5. Roles and Responsibilities:

- Members of social organizations typically have defined roles and responsibilities that contribute to the
organization's functioning. These roles can vary widely based on the type of organization.

6. Cultural and Religious Organizations:

- Cultural and religious organizations play a significant role in preserving and promoting cultural traditions, values,
and beliefs. They provide spaces for worship, rituals, and cultural events.

7. Government and Governance:

Q.9 write short answer (any three)

(a) Enlist factors influencing cultural-lag.

Ans:- Cultural lag is a concept introduced by sociologist William F. Ogburn, which refers to the phenomenon where
cultural elements, such as norms, values, and practices, change at different rates, resulting in a temporary imbalance
or "lag" within a society. Cultural lag can occur when certain aspects of culture struggle to keep up with changes in
other aspects or with technological advancements.

Several factors influence the occurrence of cultural lag:

1. Technological Advancements:

2. Economic Factors:

3. Social Norms and Values:

5. Generational Differences:

6. Government and Policy:

7. Cultural Resistance:

8. Cultural Inertia:

9. Ethical and Moral Considerations:

10. Globalization:

11. Environmental and Ecological Changes:

(b) enlist the Rights of Women -

1. Equality Before the Law:

2. Right to Life and Security:

3. Freedom from Discrimination:

4. Right to Education:

5. Reproductive Rights:

6. Political Participation:

7. Workplace Equality:

8. Healthcare Access:

9. Freedom of Expression:

10. Property and Inheritance Rights:

11. Freedom from Forced Marriage:

12. Access to Justice:

13. Cultural and Social Rights:

14. Protection in Armed Conflicts:

15. Right to Organize:

(c) Define Individualization Process

Individualization:

Individualization Process:

1. Self-Discovery (Adolescence):

- Exploration of Identity

- Independence from Parents

3. Integration (Adulthood):

- Balancing Individuality with Social Roles (e.g., Parent, Employee)

4. Reconciliation (Later Adulthood):

- Reflecting on Life Choices

(d) Enlist Marriage Acts in India.

Ans :-1. Hindu Marriage Act, 1955:

2. Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937:

3. Special Marriage Act, 1954:

4. Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872:

5. Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936:

6. Anand Marriage Act, 1909:

7. Jammu and Kashmir Marriages (Validation and Registration) Act, 1981:

8. Goa, Daman and Diu Civil Code (Family Laws) Regulation, 1962:

9. Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939:

10. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006:

11. Foreign Marriage Act, 1969:

12. Goa Family Law, 2005:

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RUHS (B)Sc. Nursing Examination

1st Semester

Modal Paper:- 3

Subject: Sociology

Section- (A) Total marks :- 37

Note:- Accourding to RUHS & INC Syllabus

Q.1 Which sociological perspective is often associated with clinical sociology?

- a. Functionalism

- b. Conflict theory

- c. Symbolic interactionism

- d. Feminist theory

- Answer: a. Functionalism

Q.2 What is the term for a form of deviance that is highly stigmatized by society and results in severe social
sanctions?

a) Primary deviance

b) Secondary deviance

c) Primary conformity

d) Secondary conformity

Answer: b) Secondary deviance

Q.3 In a class system, what primarily determines an individual's social position?

- A) Religion

- B) Birth and heredity

- C) Income, education, and occupation

- D) Ethnicity

Answer: C) Income, education, and occupation

Q.4 A society in which cultural diversity is celebrated and multiple cultural groups coexist is said to have:

- A. Assimilation

- B. Segregation

- C. Cultural relativism

- D. Cultural pluralism

- Answer: D Cultural pluralism

Q.5 What is the term for the behavior expected of a person who holds a particular status?

- A) Identity

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- B) Norm

- C) Role

- D) Labeling

Answer: C) Role

Q.6 Which of the following is a primary focus of sociology?

a. Studying individual psychology

b. Analyzing economic markets

c. Examining social interactions and institutions

d. Investigating natural ecosystems

Answer: c. Examining social interactions and institutions

Q.7 Explain culture and describe the influence of culture on health and disease.

Ans:- defination of culture:- Culture can be defined as the shared set of beliefs, values, customs, traditions,
behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a particular group of people or society. It encompasses the way people
think, act, interact, and express themselves within their social and historical context. Culture plays a fundamental
role in shaping the identity and social norms of a community or society.

Influence of Culture on Health and Disease:

1. Cultural Beliefs and Practices:

- Cultural norms and values shape perceptions of health and illness.

- Influence lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and substance use.

2. Healthcare Seeking Behavior:

- Cultural beliefs affect when, where, and how individuals seek healthcare.

- Traditional healing practices may be preferred over Western medicine.

3. Health Literacy and Communication:

- Language and communication styles can impact health information understanding.

- Cultural competence in healthcare providers is crucial for effective care.

4. Preventive Measures:

- Cultural practices influence preventive measures, such as vaccinations.

- Health education programs must consider cultural contexts.

5. Diet and Nutrition:

- Cultural diets affect nutrition and susceptibility to diet-related diseases.

- Traditional foods may be rich in nutrients or contribute to health issues.

6. Mental Health Stigma:

- Cultural attitudes toward mental health affect seeking treatment.

- Stigma can hinder access to mental healthcare.

7. Cultural Norms and Risk Factors:

- For example, smoking or substance use in certain cultural contexts.

8. Health Disparities:

- Cultural factors contribute to health disparities among different populations.

- Access to healthcare and quality of care may vary based on culture.

9. Disease Prevention and Management:

- Cultural beliefs can affect adherence to treatment plans.

- Integrating cultural competence into healthcare can improve outcomes.

10. Community Support Systems:

- Cultural communities often provide social support during illness.

- Extended families and cultural networks play a role in care.

11. Health Policy and Advocacy:

- Cultural considerations inform healthcare policy and advocacy efforts.

- Addressing cultural needs can lead to more equitable healthcare systems.

Q.8 write short notes (any three)

(a) Primary and secondary group

Ans:- Primary Group:

1. Definition: A primary group is a small, intimate, and long-lasting social group characterized by close, personal
relationships, emotional connections, and face-to-face interactions.

5. Examples: Family units (parents and children), close-knit friendship circles, and small, tight-knit communities are
typical examples of primary groups.

Secondary Group:

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3. Functions: Secondary groups serve functional purposes, such as achieving common goals, completing tasks, and
accomplishing specific objectives. They are often formed to fulfill particular roles or responsibilities.

5. Examples: Work teams, academic study groups, sports teams, professional associations, and online communities
can be considered examples of secondary groups.

(b) Discuss the role of nurse in social control.

Ans :- Social control:- Sympathy, sociability, resentment, the sense of justice, public opinion, folkways and mores are
some of the informal means of social control.

Social control is the set of mechanisms, rules, norms, and institutions in a society that regulate and guide individual
behavior to maintain order, conformity, and stability within that society.

Role of a Nurse in Social Control

1. Patient Care

- Assessment: Conduct health assessments to identify patient needs.

- Treatment: Administer medications and treatments as prescribed.

- Monitoring: Monitor patient vital signs and symptoms.

- Education: Provide patients with information about their conditions and self-care.

2. Community Engagement

- Health Education: Conduct health education sessions in the community.

- Preventive Care: Promote preventive measures like vaccinations and healthy lifestyles.

- Community Outreach: Participate in community health programs and awareness campaigns.

3. Advocacy

- Patient Advocacy: Act as a patient advocate, ensuring their rights and needs are met.

- Community Advocacy: Advocate for improved healthcare services and policies in the community.

4. Collaboration

- Interdisciplinary Team: Work collaboratively with doctors, therapists, and other healthcare professionals.

- Community Partners: Collaborate with local organizations and agencies to address healthcare needs.

5. Infection Control

- Infection Prevention: Implement infection control measures to prevent the spread of diseases.

- Education: Educate patients and the community about infection prevention practices.

6. Ethical Considerations

- Ethical Decision-Making: Navigate ethical dilemmas in patient care and healthcare delivery.

- Patient Confidentiality: Ensure patient information is kept confidential.

(c) the institution of family and marriage in India.

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Ans :- Family: A family is a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption who live together;
all such related persons are considered as members of one family.

Family Structure:

1. Joint Family vs. Nuclear Family A family unit consisting of parents and their biological or adopted children living
together. Common in many Western societies.

4. Blended Family:- Formed when parents with children from previous marriages or relationships come together
through marriage or cohabitation. Also known as stepfamilies.

5. Single-Parent Family :- A family led by one parent who is raising one or more children. This can result from
divorce, separation, or the choice to parent independently.

6. Childless Family :- A family consisting of a married or unmarried couple without children. This family type may
arise due to personal choice or circumstances.

Marriage Customs and Practices:

5. Dowry: The practice of dowry, where the bride's family provides gifts, cash, or assets to the groom's family, has
been a subject of controversy and legal restrictions due to its misuse and the associated social issues.

8. Legal Age: The legal age for marriage in India is 18 years for females and 21 years for males. Child marriages, once
common, have been declining due to legal reforms and awareness campaigns.
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(d) Distinguish between cooperation and competition.

Ans :- Cooperation and Competition :- Cooperation and competition represent two distinct social dynamics with
differing goals and effects:

- Cooperation emphasizes collaboration, shared goals, and mutual benefit, leading to positive relationships and often
producing win-win outcomes.

Cooperation:

2. Nature: Cooperation is inherently collaborative and focuses on achieving mutual benefits or goals. It often involves
a sense of shared purpose and working in harmony with others.

3. Goal: The primary goal of cooperation is to maximize collective welfare or achieve a shared objective that benefits
all parties involved. It emphasizes unity and mutual support.

4. Relationship: Cooperation tends to foster positive and harmonious relationships among individuals or groups. It
promotes teamwork, trust, and reciprocity.

5. Example: Teamwork in a workplace, collaborative projects, joint ventures, and international alliances for mutual
benefit are examples of cooperation.

Competition:

2. Nature: Competition is inherently competitive and focuses on individual or group success at the expense of others.
It often involves a sense of rivalry and the pursuit of self-interest.

3. Goal: The primary goal of competition is to gain a competitive advantage, achieve personal or group success, and,
in some cases, outperform or surpass others.

5. Example: Sports competitions, business rivalries, academic grading curves, and competitive exams are examples of
competition.

Q.9 write short answer (any three).

(a) briefly child labour.

Ans:- child labour refers to the employment of children in work that is exploitative, harmful, and detrimental to their
physical and mental development. It is a pressing global issue with social, economic, and ethical dimensions. Some
points about child labour:

2. Forms of Child Labour:

- Exploitative Labour: Includes forced or bonded labour, child trafficking, and involvement in illicit activities.

- Informal Labour: Children may work in agriculture, domestic service, or as street vendors, often in poor
conditions.

3. Causes:

- Poverty: Economic hardship and lack of access to basic needs force children into work to supplement family
income.

- Lack of Education: Limited access to quality education deprives children of alternatives to work.

- Cultural Norms: Some societies have cultural practices that condone child labour.

- Unemployment: High adult unemployment rates can lead to child labour as a source of income.

(b) Socialization Process.

Ans:- Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, beliefs,
customs, and behaviors of their culture and society. It begins from infancy and continues throughout a person's life.
Socialization plays a crucial role in helping individuals fit into and function within their social environment.

Socialization Process:

1. Primary Socialization (Early Childhood):

- Interaction with Family

- Absorption of Cultural Norms

- Learning Basic Social Skills

2. Secondary Socialization (School Age):

- School Environment

- Peer Interaction

- Exposure to Wider Society

- Development of Educational and Social Skills

3. Tertiary Socialization (Adolescence and Adulthood):

- Social Groups (e.g., Friends, Clubs)

- Workplace and Career

- Reinforcement of Cultural Values

- Acquisition of Specialized Skills

(c) elements of social organization.

Ans:-

The elements of social organization include:

1. Social Structure:

- Statuses:

- Roles:

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2. Institutions:

- Family:

- Education:

- Religion:

- Economy:

- Government:

- Healthcare:

3. Groups and Associations:

- Social Groups:

- Community Organizations:

- Political Parties:

- Interest Groups:

4. Social Norms and Values:

5. Social Networks:

6. Cultural Elements:

- Language, symbols, traditions,

7. Change and Adaptation:

- Social organization is not static;

(d) Dowry system

Ans:- The dowry system is a social practice prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in South Asia and some
other regions. It involves the exchange of gifts, money, or property from the bride's family to the groom's family as a
condition of marriage. some points about the dowry system:

1. Exchange of Gifts: Dowry typically consists of cash, jewelry, household items, and other valuable assets that the
bride's family provides to the groom's family during or before the wedding.

2. Social Expectations: In many societies, the dowry system is deeply ingrained and considered a social tradition or
expectation. The bride's family often faces social pressure to provide a substantial dowry to secure a suitable
marriage for their daughter.

3. Economic Burden: The dowry system can be financially burdensome for the bride's family, leading to substantial
expenses that may include taking on debt to meet dowry demands.

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TOP 175
MCQ
TOPIC WISE
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MOST IMP. TOP 25 MCQ FROM EVERY TOPIC
Introduction
1. What is sociology?
a. The study of insects
b. The study of society and human behavior
c. The study of plants
d. The study of ancient civilizations
Answer: b. The study of society and human behavior
2. Who is considered the founder of sociology?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Karl Marx
c. Auguste Comte
d. Sigmund Freud
Answer: c. Auguste Comte
3. Which of the following is a primary focus of sociology?
a. Studying individual psychology
b. Analyzing economic markets
c. Examining social interactions and institutions
d. Investigating natural ecosystems
Answer: c. Examining social interactions and institutions
4. What is the sociological imagination, as defined by C. Wright Mills?
a. The ability to predict future social trends
b. The capacity to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social forces
c. The study of small, isolated societies
d. The analysis of religious beliefs and practices
Answer: b. The capacity to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social forces
5. Which of the following is not a social institution?
a. Family
b. Religion
c. Marriage
d. Sports
Answer: d. Sports
6. What is the term for the shared beliefs and behaviors that are passed down from one generation to the next?
a. Culture
b. Tradition
c. Religion
d. Morality
Answer: a. Culture
7. What is the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors of their culture?
a. Socialization
b. Assimilation
c. Isolation
d. Segregation
Answer: a. Socialization
8. Which theoretical perspective in sociology focuses on the macro-level analysis of society, emphasizing social structures and
institutions?
a. Symbolic interactionism
b. Conflict theory
c. Functionalism
d. Rational choice theory
Answer: c. Functionalism
9. Emile Durkheim is known for his work on which aspect of society?
a. Class struggle
b. Social change
c. Anomie and suicide
d. Symbolic interactionism
Answer: c. Anomie and suicide

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10. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the importance of symbols and face-to-face interactions in understanding
society?
a. Functionalism
b. Conflict theory
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Feminist theory
Answer: c. Symbolic interactionism
11. Who coined the term "double consciousness" to describe the experience of African Americans in the United States?
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. W.E.B. Du Bois
d. Émile Durkheim
Answer: c. W.E.B. Du Bois
12. What is the term for the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and resources in society?
a. Socialism
b. Capitalism
c. Social stratification
d. Communism
Answer: c. Social stratification
13. What is the process by which individuals and groups change their culture to adapt to a new or dominant culture?
a. Cultural relativism
b. Ethnocentrism
c. Cultural assimilation
d. Cultural pluralism
Answer: c. Cultural assimilation
14. Which sociological perspective focuses on how gender inequality is perpetuated through social institutions and structures?
a. Conflict theory
b. Functionalism
c. Symbolic interactionism
d. Feminist theory
Answer: d. Feminist theory
15. What is the term for a group's shared beliefs and values that guide behavior and distinguish the group from others?
a. Norms
b. Socialization
c. Culture
d. Interaction
Answer: c. Culture
16. Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal?
a. Wearing sunglasses
b. Celebrating birthdays
c. Speaking a language
d. Driving a car
Answer: c. Speaking a language
17. What is the term for the systematic study of human society and social interactions?
a. Anthropology
b. Psychology
c. Sociology
d. Political science
Answer: c. Sociology
18. Who is known for the theory of "social self" and the "looking-glass self," which explain how individuals develop their self-
concept through social interactions?
a. Karl Marx
b. Max Weber
c. Charles Cooley
d. Émile Durkheim
Answer: c. Charles Cooley
19. Which term refers to the phenomenon where people tend to marry others with similar social characteristics, such as race,
class, education, and religion?

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a. Social stratification
b. Homogamy
c. Heterogamy
d. Endogamy
Answer: b. Homogamy
20. What is the term for the process by which a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the dominant
culture?
a. Cultural relativism
b. Assimilation
c. Cultural pluralism
d. Ethnocentrism
Answer: b. Assimilation
21. Which sociological perspective views society as a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts, each with a
specific function?
a. Symbolic interactionism
b. Conflict theory
c. Functionalism
d. Feminist theory
Answer: c. Functionalism
22. Who developed the concept of the "iron cage" to describe the rationalization and dehumanization of modern society?
a. Max Weber
b. Karl Marx
c. Émile Durkheim
d. Charles Cooley
Answer: a. Max Weber
23. What is the term for the study of how individuals and societies create meaning and interpret symbols in their everyday lives?
a. Social psychology
b. Symbolic interactionism
c. Cultural relativism
d. Functionalism
Answer: b. Symbolic interactionism
24. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of power, conflict, and inequality in society and how they shape social
relationships?
a. Symbolic interactionism
b. Conflict theory
c. Functionalism
d. Rational choice theory
Answer: b. Conflict theory
25. What is the term for the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of one's culture?
a. Assimilation
b. Socialization
c. Acculturation
d. Cultural pluralism
Answer: b. Socialization

Social structure
1. What is social structure in sociology?
- A) A building's framework
- B) A pattern of organized relationships among individuals and groups
- C) The study of social media
- D) A type of economic system
Answer: B) A pattern of organized relationships among individuals and groups
2. Which of the following is NOT a component of social structure?
- A) Status
- B) Norms
- C) Emotions
- D) Roles
Answer: C) Emotions

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3. Which term refers to a socially recognized position in society that an individual occupies?
- A) Role
- B) Status
- C) Norm
- D) Identity
Answer: B) Status
4. What is a role in the context of social structure?
- A) A personal goal
- B) A set of expectations and behaviors associated with a particular status
- C) A type of social norm
- D) A form of government
Answer: B) A set of expectations and behaviors associated with a particular status
5. Which term refers to a position in the social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations and duties?
- A) Role
- B) Identity
- C) Norm
- D) Status
Answer: D) Status
6. What is the term for the behavior expected of a person who holds a particular status?
- A) Identity
- B) Norm
- C) Role
- D) Labeling
Answer: C) Role
7. Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?
- A) Gender
- B) Race
- C) Occupation
- D) Ethnicity
Answer: C) Occupation
8. What is an ascribed status?
- A) A status that an individual achieves through their own efforts
- B) A status assigned at birth or involuntarily
- C) A temporary status
- D) A status held by all members of society
Answer: B) A status assigned at birth or involuntarily
9. Which term refers to the process through which individuals come to learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of
their society?
- A) Socialization
- B) Assimilation
- C) Segregation
- D) Conflict
Answer: A) Socialization
10. What is the term for the rules and expectations that guide behavior within a society or social group?
- A) Roles
- B) Values
- C) Norms
- D) Status
Answer: C) Norms
11. What is the term for a violation of societal norms and rules?
- A) Deviance
- B) Conformity
- C) Identity
- D) Role strain
Answer: A) Deviance
12. Which type of social structure is characterized by a rigid hierarchy and limited mobility between social classes?
- A) Caste system
- B) Democracy

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- C) Oligarchy
- D) Anarchy
Answer: A) Caste system
13. What is the term for a social structure in which individuals have relatively equal access to resources and opportunities?
- A) Meritocracy
- B) Oligarchy
- C) Feudalism
- D) Plutocracy
Answer: A) Meritocracy
14. In a democracy, what is the source of political power?
- A) Religious leaders
- B) The military
- C) The people
- D) Corporations
Answer: C) The people
15. What term describes the process by which individuals and groups adapt to their environment and the social structures within
it?
- A) Socialization
- B) Adaptation
- C) Conformity
- D) Innovation
Answer: B) Adaptation
16. Which sociological perspective views social structure as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability
and order?
- A) Conflict theory
- B) Functionalism
- C) Symbolic interactionism
- D) Feminist theory
Answer: B) Functionalism
17. According to conflict theory, what is the primary driver of social change?
- A) Cooperation
- B) Competition and conflict
- C) Symbolic interaction
- D) Norms and values
Answer: B) Competition and conflict
18. Which sociological perspective focuses on the everyday interactions and symbols that people use to make sense of the social
world?
- A) Conflict theory
- B) Functionalism
- C) Symbolic interactionism
- D) Feminist theory
Answer: C) Symbolic interactionism
19. What is the term for the ability of individuals or groups to exercise control over others and achieve their goals, even in the
face of resistance?
- A) Power
- B) Authority
- C) Influence
- D) Coercion
Answer: A) Power
20. Which type of authority is based on traditional and long-established customs and beliefs?
- A) Charismatic authority
- B) Legal-rational authority
- C) Traditional authority
- D) Patriarchal authority
Answer: C) Traditional authority
21. In sociology, what is the term for the process through which individuals and groups are ranked in a hierarchical order within a
society?
- A) Socialization

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- B) Stratification
- C) Segregation
- D) Assimilation
Answer: B) Stratification
22. What is the term for the systematic, institutionalized practice of providing unequal access to resources, opportunities, and
privileges based on race or ethnicity?
- A) Assimilation
- B) Discrimination
- C) Prejudice
- D) Racism
Answer: D) Racism
23. Which term refers to the division of society into distinct social classes, often based on factors like income, wealth, education,
and occupation?
- A) Segregation
- B) Stratification
- C) Assimilation
- D) Pluralism
Answer: B) Stratification
24. What is the term for a group of people who share a similar social and economic status within a society?
- A) Social class
- B) Caste
- C) Subculture
- D) Reference group
Answer: A) Social class
25. Which theory argues that social structure and power are based on the ownership and control of the means of production?
- A) Functionalism
- B) Conflict theory
- C) Symbolic interactionism
- D) Feminist theory
Answer: B) Conflict theory

Culture

1. What is culture in sociology?

- A. Biological traits
- B. Learned and shared behaviors
- C. Genetic characteristics
- D. Physical environment
- Answer: B
2. Which of the following is NOT an element of culture?
- A. Language
- B. Religion
- C. Biology
- D. Values
- Answer: C
3. The process through which individuals learn and internalize their culture is called:
- A. Socialization
- B. Assimilation
- C. Discrimination
- D. Stereotyping
- Answer: A
4. A set of cultural beliefs, values, and practices that help a group maintain social order is known as:
- A. Subculture
- B. Counter-culture
- C. Norms
- D. Social structure
- Answer: A
5. Which term refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others?

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- A. Cultural relativism
- B. Ethnocentrism
- C. Cultural diffusion
- D. Cultural pluralism
- Answer: B
6. The spread of cultural elements from one society to another is called:
- A. Cultural relativism
- B. Cultural diffusion
- C. Ethnocentrism
- D. Cultural assimilation
- Answer: B
7. Cultural norms that are widely accepted and followed within a society are known as:
- A. Folkways
- B. Mores
- C. Taboos
- D. Laws
- Answer: B
8. Which of the following is an example of a taboo?
- A. Wearing casual clothes to a formal event
- B. Speaking loudly in a library
- C. Eating human flesh
- D. Using slang in a formal speech
- Answer: C
9. A society that values individual achievement, personal success, and competition is said to have a ________ culture.
- A. Collectivist
- B. Traditional
- C. High-context
- D. Individualist
- Answer: D
10. The process by which individuals adopt the cultural norms and values of their host society is called:
- A. Cultural assimilation
- B. Cultural relativism
- C. Cultural diffusion
- D. Ethnocentrism
- Answer: A
11. A cultural group's way of life, including its beliefs, values, norms, and material possessions, is known as its:
- A. Ideology
- B. Ethos
- C. Culture
- D. Traditions
- Answer: C
12. Which sociologist introduced the concept of "cultural capital"?
- A. Max Weber
- B. Émile Durkheim
- C. Pierre Bourdieu
- D. Karl Marx
- Answer: C
13. The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society is known as:
- A. Cultural integration
- B. Cultural adaptation
- C. Cultural diffusion
- D. Cultural relativism
- Answer: C
14. The set of cultural norms and values that distinguish one group from another is known as:
- A. Cultural pluralism
- B. Subculture
- C. Counter-culture
- D. Cultural universal

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- Answer: B
15. Which of the following is an example of non-material culture?
- A. Clothing styles
- B. Language
- C. Technology
- D. Architecture
- Answer: B
16. A subculture that opposes and seeks to change the dominant culture is referred to as a:
- A. Counter-culture
- B. High culture
- C. Folk culture
- D. Material culture
- Answer: A
17. Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population are known as:
- A. Subculture
- B. Cultural relativism
- C. Counter-culture
- D. Ethnocentrism
- Answer: A
18. Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal?
- A. Language
- B. Clothing
- C. Religion
- D. Cuisine
- Answer: A
19. The cultural values and behaviors that distinguish one generation from another within a society are known as:
- A. Subculture
- B. Counterculture
- C. Generational culture
- D. Cultural relativism
- Answer: C
20. A society in which cultural diversity is celebrated and multiple cultural groups coexist is said to have:
- A. Assimilation
- B. Segregation
- C. Cultural relativism
- D. Cultural pluralism
- Answer: D
21. The spread of American culture, including movies, music, and fast food, to other countries is an example of:
- A. Cultural relativism
- B. Cultural diffusion
- C. Ethnocentrism
- D. Cultural assimilation
- Answer: B
22. Which of the following is an example of a material aspect of culture?
- A. Beliefs
- B. Values
- C. Language
- D. Clothing
- Answer: D
23. The process of abandoning one's own cultural beliefs and practices in favor of another culture is called:
- A. Cultural diffusion
- B. Cultural assimilation
- C. Cultural relativism
- D. Ethnocentrism
- Answer: B
24. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of cultural relativism?
- A. Belief in the superiority of one's own culture
- B. Judging other cultures by one's own cultural standards

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- C. Understanding and respecting other cultures without imposing one's own values
- D. Opposing the spread of cultural diversity
- Answer: C
25. The process of socializing individuals to conform to the norms and values of their own culture is known as:
- A. Cultural diffusion
- B. Cultural relativism
- C. Socialization
- D. Assimilation
- Answer: C
Family and Marriage

1. What is the primary purpose of the family in most societies?

a) Economic production
b) Childcare and socialization
c) Religious observance
d) Entertainment
Answer: b) Childcare and socialization
2. Which term refers to a form of marriage where a person can have multiple spouses simultaneously?
a) Monogamy
b) Polygyny
c) Polyandry
d) Exogamy
Answer: b) Polygyny
3. In sociology, the family of orientation refers to:
a) The family into which a person is born or adopted.
b) The extended family.
c) The family of procreation.
d) The nuclear family.
Answer: a) The family into which a person is born or adopted.
4. The term "nuclear family" refers to:
a) A family consisting of two generations: parents and children.
b) A family consisting of multiple generations living together.
c) A family consisting of extended relatives.
d) A family consisting of unmarried individuals.
Answer: a) A family consisting of two generations: parents and children.
5. What is exogamy in the context of marriage?
a) Marriage between people of the same social class.
b) Marriage between people of different religions.
c) Marriage between people from the same ethnic background.
d) Marriage outside one's social group or community.
Answer: d) Marriage outside one's social group or community.
6. Which theory suggests that the family serves as a means of preserving and transmitting social and economic inequality across
generations?
a) Structural-functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory
Answer: b) Conflict theory
7. A matrilocal residence pattern is one where:
a) The husband and wife live with the husband's parents.
b) The husband and wife live with the wife's parents.
c) The husband and wife live separately from both sets of parents.
d) The husband and wife live with extended family members.
Answer: b) The husband and wife live with the wife's parents.
8. Which type of family structure is characterized by multiple generations living together in a single household?
a) Nuclear family
b) Extended family
c) Blended family

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d) Cohabiting family
Answer: b) Extended family
9. The concept of "patriarchy" refers to:
a) A family structure where men and women share equal power and authority.
b) A family structure where women have more power and control.
c) A social system where men hold primary power and dominate in roles of leadership.
d) A family structure where there are no clear gender roles.
Answer: c) A social system where men hold primary power and dominate in roles of leadership.
10. Which of the following is NOT considered a primary function of the family in sociology?
a) Socialization
b) Economic production
c) Emotional support
d) Religious observance
Answer: d) Religious observance
11. What is the term for the practice of marrying within one's own social, cultural, or ethnic group?
a) Exogamy
b) Homogamy
c) Heterogamy
d) Polygamy
Answer: b) Homogamy
12. According to functionalist theory, which function of the family involves providing emotional support, love, and
companionship?
a) Reproduction
b) Socialization
c) Emotional support
d) Economic production
Answer: c) Emotional support
13. Which term refers to a family unit consisting of two generations, such as parents and their dependent children?
a) Nuclear family
b) Extended family
c) Blended family
d) Single-parent family
Answer: a) Nuclear family
14. What is the term for the practice of marrying more than one spouse at the same time?
a) Monogamy
b) Polygamy
c) Endogamy
d) Exogamy
Answer: b) Polygamy
15. Which sociological perspective views the family as a source of inequality and perpetuator of gender roles and power
dynamics?
a) Symbolic interactionism
b) Structural-functionalism
c) Feminist theory
d) Conflict theory
Answer: c) Feminist theory
16. What is the primary function of the family of procreation?
a) Providing emotional support to children
b) Raising children to be responsible adults
c) Producing offspring and expanding the family line
d) Caring for elderly family members
Answer: c) Producing offspring and expanding the family line
17. In which type of residence pattern do newlywed couples establish their own separate household?
a) Patrilocal
b) Matrilocal
c) Neolocal
d) Bilocal
Answer: c) Neolocal

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18. What is the term for the practice of marrying someone from a similar social or economic background?
a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
c) Heterogamy
d) Homogamy
Answer: d) Homogamy
19. Which sociological perspective views the family as a social institution that contributes to the stability and functioning of
society?
a) Conflict theory
b) Symbolic interactionism
c) Structural-functionalism
d) Feminist theory
Answer: c) Structural-functionalism
20. Which type of family structure is formed when two individuals marry, each with children from previous relationships?
a) Nuclear family
b) Extended family
c) Blended family
d) Single-parent family
Answer: c) Blended family
21. What is the term for a marriage system in which an individual can have only one spouse at a time?
a) Monogamy
b) Polygamy
c) Endogamy
d) Exogamy
Answer: a) Monogamy
22. Which term refers to a family structure consisting of a single parent and their dependent children?
a) Nuclear family
b) Extended family
c) Blended family
d) Single-parent family
Answer: d) Single-parent family
23. Which type of family residence pattern is common in societies where agriculture is the primary economic activity?
a) Matrilocal
b) Patrilocal
c) Neolocal
d) Bilocal
Answer: b) Patrilocal
24. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the micro-level interactions and meanings attached to family roles and
relationships?
a) Conflict theory
b) Structural-functionalism
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory
Answer: c) Symbolic interactionism
25. Which term refers to the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own social or cultural group?
a) Endogamy
b) Exogamy
c) Heterogamy
d) Homogamy
Answer: b) Exogamy
Social stratification

1. What is social stratification?

- A) The equal distribution of wealth in society
- B) The ranking of individuals or groups in a hierarchy based on various factors
- C) A system of government
- D) A type of cultural practice
Answer: B) The ranking of individuals or groups in a hierarchy based on various factors

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2. Which of the following is NOT a basis for social stratification?
- A) Wealth and income
- B) Education
- C) Religion
- D) Occupation
Answer: C) Religion
3. What term refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one social stratum to another?
- A) Social integration
- B) Social mobility
- C) Socialization
- D) Social differentiation
Answer: B) Social mobility
4. The caste system in India is an example of which type of social stratification?
- A) Class system
- B) Estate system
- C) Caste system
- D) Slavery
Answer: C) Caste system
5. What is the term for the belief that one racial or ethnic group is superior to others?
- A) Assimilation
- B) Pluralism
- C) Racism
- D) Multiculturalism
Answer: C) Racism
6. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of social institutions in perpetuating social stratification?
- A) Functionalist perspective
- B) Conflict perspective
- C) Symbolic interactionist perspective
- D) Feminist perspective
Answer: B) Conflict perspective
7. In the United States, which racial or ethnic group tends to have the highest median income on average?
- A) African Americans
- B) Hispanic Americans
- C) Asian Americans
- D) Native Americans
Answer: C) Asian Americans
8. What term refers to the ability of individuals or groups to control resources and make decisions in society?
- A) Prestige
- B) Power
- C) Wealth
- D) Class consciousness
Answer: B) Power
9. Which concept refers to the extent to which individuals experience consistency in their social standing over time?
- A) Social mobility
- B) Social inequality
- C) Social stability
- D) Social stratification
Answer: A) Social mobility
10. What term describes the practice of marrying individuals within one's own social stratum or group?
- A) Exogamy
- B) Endogamy
- C) Monogamy
- D) Polygamy
Answer: B) Endogamy
11. What is the term for the movement of individuals or groups from one social stratum to another, often involving significant
changes in social status?
- A) Horizontal mobility
- B) Vertical mobility

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- C) Structural mobility
- D) Intergenerational mobility
Answer: B) Vertical mobility
12. Which theory suggests that social stratification is necessary for the functioning of society because it motivates individuals to
work hard and achieve success?
- A) Conflict theory
- B) Structural functionalism
- C) Symbolic interactionism
- D) Feminist theory
Answer: B) Structural functionalism
13. What concept refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, income, and resources in society?
- A) Social mobility
- B) Social integration
- C) Social inequality
- D) Social cohesion
Answer: C) Social inequality
14. Which sociological perspective focuses on the ways in which individuals construct their social reality through interactions and
symbols?
- A) Functionalist perspective
- B) Conflict perspective
- C) Symbolic interactionist perspective
- D) Feminist perspective
Answer: C) Symbolic interactionist perspective
15. In the context of social stratification, what does the term "meritocracy" mean?
- A) A system in which social status is determined by inherited characteristics
- B) A system in which social status is based on individual achievement and ability
- C) A system in which social status is determined by age
- D) A system in which social status is determined by ethnicity
Answer: B) A system in which social status is based on individual achievement and ability
16. Which of the following is NOT a form of social mobility?
- A) Upward mobility
- B) Downward mobility
- C) Horizontal mobility
- D) Static mobility
Answer: D) Static mobility
17. What is the term for the process by which individuals and groups acquire and maintain social standing or status?
- A) Social differentiation
- B) Socialization
- C) Social integration
- D) Social stratification
Answer: B) Socialization
18. Which type of social stratification is characterized by a hereditary system in which individuals are born into their social
positions and have limited mobility?
- A) Class system
- B) Caste system
- C) Estate system
- D) Slavery
Answer: B) Caste system
19. What is the term for the social, economic, and political differences that exist between men and women in society?
- A) Gender inequality
- B) Racial inequality
- C) Age inequality
- D) Religious inequality
Answer: A) Gender inequality
20. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of culture, beliefs, and values in shaping social stratification?
- A) Functionalist perspective
- B) Conflict perspective
- C) Symbolic interactionist perspective

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- D) Feminist perspective
Answer: D) Feminist perspective
21. What is the term for the rigid social and legal system in which individuals are considered property and can be bought and
sold?
- A) Class system
- B) Caste system
- C) Estate system
- D) Slavery
Answer: D) Slavery
22. Which concept refers to the extent to which individuals or groups experience changes in their social standing between
generations within a family?
- A) Social mobility
- B) Social inequality
- C) Social stability
- D) Intergenerational mobility
Answer: D) Intergenerational mobility
23. What is the term for the awareness of one's social class and the economic disparities in society?
- A) Class consciousness
- B) Socialization
- C) Status quo
- D) Social differentiation
Answer: A) Class consciousness
24. In a class system, what primarily determines an individual's social position?
- A) Religion
- B) Birth and heredity
- C) Income, education, and occupation
- D) Ethnicity
Answer: C) Income, education, and occupation
25. Which term refers to the process by which individuals or groups are excluded from mainstream society and denied access to
resources and opportunities?
- A) Social differentiation
- B) Socialization
- C) Social integration
- D) Social exclusion
Answer: D) Social exclusion

Social organization and disorganization

1. What is social organization in sociology?
a) A state of chaos
b) The arrangement and structure of social relationships
c) Isolation from society
d) Lack of social norms
Answer: b) The arrangement and structure of social relationships
2. Which of the following is an example of a formal social organization?
a) A group of friends meeting for coffee
b) A non-profit organization with a board of directors
c) A family gathering for a holiday
d) A spontaneous street protest
Answer: b) A non-profit organization with a board of directors
3. What is a characteristic of a social institution?
a) It is fluid and constantly changing
b) It lacks clear norms and values
c) It is a stable and enduring structure
d) It is limited to small groups
Answer: c) It is a stable and enduring structure
4. Which term refers to the breakdown or disruption of social norms and values within a society?
a) Social order
b) Social disorganization

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c) Social integration
d) Social stratification
Answer: b) Social disorganization
5. What is the primary concern of social disorganization theory in sociology?
a) The impact of technology on society
b) The role of social institutions in maintaining order
c) The causes of crime and deviance in neighborhoods with weak social ties
d) The benefits of globalization
Answer: c) The causes of crime and deviance in neighborhoods with weak social ties
6. Which sociologist is known for developing the concept of "anomie" as a form of social disorganization?
a) Max Weber
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Karl Marx
d) Herbert Spencer
Answer: b) Emile Durkheim
7. Which factor is often associated with social disorganization in urban neighborhoods?
a) High levels of social cohesion
b) Strong community organizations
c) Poverty and economic inequality
d) Effective law enforcement
Answer: c) Poverty and economic inequality
8. Which theory suggests that individuals engage in criminal behavior when they experience a lack of social bonds and
attachment to society?
a) Strain theory
b) Social control theory
c) Labeling theory
d) Conflict theory
Answer: b) Social control theory
9. What is the term for the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors of their
culture?
a) Socialization
b) Deviance
c) Stigmatization
d) Alienation
Answer: a) Socialization
10. Which of the following is an example of primary deviance?
a) A person arrested for shoplifting once
b) A repeat offender who has been in and out of prison multiple times
c) A law-abiding citizen who occasionally speeds while driving
d) A politician caught in a corruption scandal
Answer: a) A person arrested for shoplifting once
11. What term describes the stigmatizing reaction of society to an individual's deviant behavior, which can result in the person
becoming more entrenched in deviance?
a) Labeling theory
b) Primary deviance
c) Social control
d) Rehabilitation
Answer: a) Labeling theory
12. Which of the following is an example of a formal social control mechanism?
a) Peer pressure from friends
b) Family values and expectations
c) A police officer enforcing the law
d) Informal social norms in a community
Answer: c) A police officer enforcing the law
13. Which type of conformity involves changing one's behavior to fit the expectations of a group or society without necessarily
believing in or internalizing those norms?
a) Internalization
b) Compliance

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c) Obedience
d) Rebellion
Answer: b) Compliance
14. What is the term for a form of deviance that is highly stigmatized by society and results in severe social sanctions?
a) Primary deviance
b) Secondary deviance
c) Primary conformity
d) Secondary conformity
Answer: b) Secondary deviance
15. Which of the following theories suggests that social disorganization is a result of the breakdown of traditional social bonds
and the weakening of social institutions in urban areas?
a) Anomie theory
b) Social exchange theory
c) Social conflict theory
d) Symbolic interactionism
Answer: a) Anomie theory
16. What is the term for the process of being labeled as deviant and subsequently internalizing that label, which can lead to
further deviant behavior?
a) Secondary conformity
b) Labeling theory
c) Anomie
d) Social control
Answer: b) Labeling theory
17. Which type of deviance involves actively rejecting and opposing the norms and values of society and seeking to replace them
with alternative norms and values?
a) Conformity
b) Innovation
c) Rebellion
d) Ritualism
Answer: c) Rebellion
18. What theory suggests that deviance and crime are the result of individuals' inability to achieve culturally defined goals
through legitimate means?
a) Social control theory
b) Strain theory
c) Labeling theory
d) Differential association theory
Answer: b) Strain theory
19. Which of the following factors is associated with social disorganization in a neighborhood, according to social disorganization
theory?
a) High levels of social cohesion
b) Effective law enforcement
c) Economic stability
d) Residential mobility
Answer: d) Residential mobility
20. Which type of deviance involves individuals conforming to societal norms and values but doing so in unconventional or
unconventional ways?
a) Rebellion
b) Ritualism
c) Conformity
d) Innovation
Answer: d) Innovation
21. What term describes the process through which individuals and groups create and maintain social order and stability within a
society?
a) Socialization
b) Social control
c) Deviance
d) Anomie
Answer: b) Social control

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22. What is the term for a process in which individuals learn deviant behaviors and values from others through social interactions
and associations?
a) Socialization
b) Internalization
c) Differential association
d) Obedience
Answer: c) Differential association
23. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of deviant behavior?
a) It is always illegal.
b) It violates societal norms and values.
c) It varies across cultures and societies.
d) It may result in social sanctions.
Answer: a) It is always illegal.
24. What is the term for a set of informal social norms and expectations that regulate behavior within a particular group or
community?
a) Social control
b) Anomie
c) Subculture
d) Folkway
Answer: d) Folkway
25. What is the term for the process of reintegrating individuals who have engaged in deviant behavior back into society through
rehabilitation and support?
a) Labeling
b) Socialization
c) Reintegration
d) Obedience
Answer: c) Reintegration
Clinical sociology
1. What is the primary focus of clinical sociology?
- a. Studying societal trends
- b. Providing medical diagnoses
- c. Enhancing individual well-being
- d. Analyzing economic systems
- Answer: c. Enhancing individual well-being
2. Which of the following best describes clinical sociology?
- a. The study of social institutions
- b. The application of sociological principles to address social issues
- c. The analysis of political systems
- d. The study of individual behavior in isolation
- Answer: b. The application of sociological principles to address social issues
3. Which sociological perspective is often associated with clinical sociology?
- a. Functionalism
- b. Conflict theory
- c. Symbolic interactionism
- d. Feminist theory
- Answer: a. Functionalism
4. What is the role of a clinical sociologist in the context of client interventions?
- a. Providing medical treatment
- b. Diagnosing mental illnesses
- c. Designing and implementing interventions to address social issues
- d. Conducting market research
- Answer: c. Designing and implementing interventions to address social issues
5. Which of the following is a key skill for a clinical sociologist?
- a. Surgical expertise
- b. Statistical analysis
- c. Active listening and empathy
- d. Computer programming
- Answer: c. Active listening and empathy

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6. In clinical sociology, what is the term for the process of identifying and understanding a client's social issues and challenges?
- a. Societal analysis
- b. Social diagnosis
- c. Sociological therapy
- d. Social critique
- Answer: b. Social diagnosis
7. Which of the following is an example of a social issue that clinical sociologists might address?
- a. Heart disease
- b. Employment discrimination
- c. Bacterial infections
- d. Geological phenomena
- Answer: b. Employment discrimination
8. What is the primary goal of clinical sociology in the context of social interventions?
- a. Achieving political power
- b. Enhancing individual well-being and social justice
- c. Gaining financial profit
- d. Promoting cultural diversity
- Answer: b. Enhancing individual well-being and social justice
9. Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the importance of social change and advocacy in clinical sociology?
- a. Symbolic interactionism
- b. Functionalism
- c. Conflict theory
- d. Rational choice theory
- Answer: c. Conflict theory
10. What is the primary aim of clinical sociological research?
- a. Generating profit
- b. Advancing theoretical sociological knowledge
- c. Informing evidence-based interventions
- d. Promoting individual isolation
- Answer: c. Informing evidence-based interventions
11. Which of the following best describes the relationship between clinical sociology and applied sociology?
- a. They are the same field.
- b. Clinical sociology is a subset of applied sociology.
- c. Applied sociology is a subset of clinical sociology.
- d. They have no connection.
- Answer: b. Clinical sociology is a subset of applied sociology.
12. What is the primary difference between clinical sociology and medical sociology?
- a. Clinical sociology focuses on individual well-being, while medical sociology studies healthcare systems.
- b. Clinical sociology is only concerned with mental health, while medical sociology covers physical health.
- c. There is no difference between the two.
- d. Clinical sociology is a subset of medical sociology.
- Answer: a. Clinical sociology focuses on individual well-being, while medical sociology studies healthcare systems.
13. In clinical sociology, what term is used to describe the planned interventions and actions taken to address a client's social
issues?
- a. Social critique
- b. Societal analysis
- c. Social prescription
- d. Social therapy
- Answer: d. Social therapy
14. Which of the following is NOT a common setting for clinical sociologists to work in?
- a. Hospitals
- b. Social service agencies
- c. Corporations
- d. Schools
- Answer: c. Corporations
15. What role does collaboration with other professionals play in clinical sociology?
- a. It is not necessary for clinical sociologists.
- b. Clinical sociologists work in isolation.

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- c. Collaboration enhances the effectiveness of interventions and interventions.
- d. Collaboration is primarily for research purposes.
- Answer: c. Collaboration enhances the effectiveness of interventions and interventions.
16. What is the ultimate aim of clinical sociology's focus on social interventions and well-being?
- a. Generating academic research
- b. Promoting social conformity
- c. Enhancing the quality of life for individuals and communities
- d. Advancing political agendas
- Answer: c. Enhancing the quality of life for individuals and communities
17. What is the central principle guiding clinical sociology's approach to understanding and addressing social issues?
- a. The promotion of individualism
- b. Evidence-based practice
- c. The preservation of traditional values
- d. Exclusively qualitative research
- Answer: b. Evidence-based practice
18. What is the primary goal of sociological therapy in clinical sociology?
- a. Achieving personal wealth
- b. Addressing mental health disorders
- c. Promoting individual empowerment and resilience
- d. Isolation from social issues
- Answer: c. Promoting individual empowerment and resilience
19. Which of the following statements is true about the ethical considerations in clinical sociology?
- a. Ethical considerations are not relevant in clinical sociology.
- b. Ethical principles guide the conduct of clinical sociologists in their interactions with clients.
- c. Ethical principles only apply to research, not interventions.
- d. Clinical sociologists do not need to adhere to ethical guidelines.
- Answer: b. Ethical principles guide the conduct of clinical sociologists in their interactions with clients.
20. In clinical sociology, what is the term for the process of systematically collecting information about a client's social issues and
challenges?
- a. Social prescription
- b. Social diagnosis
- c. Societal analysis
- d. Social critique
- Answer: b. Social diagnosis
21. Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between clinical sociology and social work?
- a. Clinical sociology and social work are synonymous.
- b. Clinical sociology is a subset of social work.
- c. Social work is a subset of clinical sociology.
- d. Clinical sociology and social work are distinct fields with some overlap in their objectives.
- Answer: d. Clinical sociology and social work are distinct fields with some overlap in their objectives.
22. What role does research play in the practice of clinical sociology?
- a. Clinical sociologists do not engage in research.
- b. Research informs evidence-based interventions and helps clinical sociologists understand social issues.
- c. Research is the primary focus of clinical sociology.
- d. Clinical sociologists only rely on personal experiences.
- Answer: b. Research informs evidence-based interventions and helps clinical sociologists understand social issues.
23. What does the ecological perspective in clinical sociology emphasize?
- a. The influence of individual choices on social issues
- b. The interconnection between individuals and their social environments
- c. The superiority of qualitative research methods
- d. The exclusion of cultural factors in interventions
- Answer: b. The interconnection between individuals and their social environments
24. What is the primary role of a clinical sociologist in addressing social issues?
- a. Providing financial assistance to clients
- b. Designing interventions to address social issues
- c. Conducting medical examinations
- d. Engaging in political advocacy
- Answer: b. Designing interventions to address social issues

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25. Which of the following is a fundamental principle in clinical sociology's approach to addressing social issues?
- a. Maintaining the status quo
- b. Promoting individualism over community well-being
- c. Focusing exclusively on qualitative research
- d. Enhancing social justice and well-being
- Answer: d. Enhancing social justice and well-being

OTHER
MOST Top 100 multiple-choice questions (MCQs)
1. Sociology is the study of:
a) Human anatomy
b) Society and social behavior
c) Medicinal practices
d) Physical therapy

2. Which sociological perspective focuses on how individuals interact with one another and the symbols they use?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory

3. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the role of power and inequality in society?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Structural functionalism

4. The concept of "socialization" refers to:

a) The process by which individuals become socially isolated.
b) The process of learning and internalizing the values, norms, and culture of society.
c) The study of social hierarchies.
d) The impact of economic factors on society.

5. What term is used to describe a group's shared beliefs, values, and practices?
a) Culture
b) Subculture
c) Counter-culture
d) Norms

6. The family is considered a fundamental social institution. Which function of the family involves providing emotional support
and nurturing?
a) Reproduction
b) Socialization
c) Emotional support
d) Economic production

7. The process by which an individual is integrated into a society or social group is known as:
a) Socialization
b) Isolation
c) Exclusion
d) Segregation

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8. Which social institution is responsible for the formal education and socialization of children and young adults?
a) Religion
b) Government
c) Education
d) Healthcare

9. The process through which individuals or groups are ranked hierarchically in society based on factors like income, education,
and occupation is called:
a) Culture
b) Socialization
c) Social stratification
d) Assimilation

10. The mass media, including television, radio, and the internet, is a part of which social institution?
a) Family
b) Religion
c) Education
d) Media

11. What is the term for the unequal distribution of health outcomes and healthcare access in society?
a) Healthcare stratification
b) Health disparities
c) Medical segregation
d) Health inequality

12. Which sociological perspective focuses on how social factors, including race, class, and gender, impact health and healthcare?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Social epidemiology

13. The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own culture and the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's
own is called:
a) Ethnocentrism
b) Cultural relativism
c) Multiculturalism
d) Assimilation

14. The study of the distribution of diseases and health outcomes across populations is known as:
a) Medical sociology
b) Social epidemiology
c) Cultural anthropology
d) Clinical psychology

15. Which social factor is often associated with health disparities and access to healthcare in many societies?
a) Education level
b) Marital status
c) Eye color
d) Hobbies

16. Which term refers to the social, psychological, and cultural attributes and expectations associated with being male or female?
a) Sex
b) Gender
c) Hormones
d) Sexuality

17. The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender is known as:

18. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying the gender pay gap and its impact on women's
economic well-being?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory

19. What term is used to describe the expectation that women should primarily assume the role of caregivers and homemakers?
a) Gender identity
b) Gender role
c) Patriarchy
d) Sexism

20. The term "intersectionality" in the context of gender and health refers to:
a) The study of how multiple social factors intersect to create unique experiences and inequalities.
b) The overlap between men and women in the workplace.
c) The idea that gender is the only factor that matters in health outcomes.
d) The concept of binary gender.

21. Social change refers to:

a) The gradual decline of societies over time.
b) The process by which individuals change their personal habits.
c) The alteration of societal institutions, norms, values, and behaviors over time.
d) The spread of a new disease in a community.

22. Which sociological perspective is most likely to focus on the role of social movements in advocating for healthcare reform?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory

23. The process of "medicalization" refers to:

a) The transformation of a non-medical problem or issue into a medical one.
b) The process of becoming a medical doctor.
c) The globalization of medical practices.
d) The decline of medical care in society.

24. Which term refers to the phenomenon where healthcare providers receive financial incentives for providing more medical
services, often leading to overuse and unnecessary medical procedures?
a) Medicalization
b) Fee-for-service
c) Holistic medicine
d) Medical pluralism

25. What role does healthcare play in socializing individuals in a society?

a) It has no role in socialization.
b) It teaches people how to become doctors.
c) It reinforces cultural norms and values related to health and illness.
d) It encourages individualism.

26. In medical research, what does "informed consent" mean?

a) Participants are not told about the risks of the study.
b) Participants are coerced into participating.

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c) Participants are fully informed about the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
d) Participants are kept in the dark about the purpose of the study.

27. The principle of "non-maleficence" in medical ethics refers to:

a) The duty to do good and provide benefits to patients.
b) The duty to avoid causing harm to patients.
c) The duty to prioritize the needs of the healthcare provider.
d) The duty to follow all medical guidelines, regardless of the consequences.

28. Which ethical principle involves treating individuals fairly and distributing healthcare resources equitably?
a) Autonomy
b) Beneficence
c) Justice
d) Veracity

29. Which medical ethics principle allows patients to make their own decisions about their healthcare, including the right to
refuse treatment?
a) Autonomy
b) Beneficence
c) Non-maleficence
d) Justice

30. What is the term for the deliberate falsification of research results or unethical research practices?
a) Research bias
b) Scientific fraud
c) Ethical dilemmas
d) Research ethics

31. The World Health Organization (WHO) is an example of:

a) A non-governmental organization (NGO)
b) A national healthcare system
c) A pharmaceutical company
d) A private health clinic

32. What is the term for a contagious disease that spreads across international borders and affects a large number of people?
a) Pandemic
b) Epidemic
c) Endemic
d) Outbreak

33. The concept of "global health disparities" refers to:

a) The unequal distribution of healthcare workers within a country.
b) Differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare between different countries and regions.
c) The global spread of infectious diseases.
d) The impact of climate change on health.

34. Which term is used to describe a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity?
a) Health equity
b) Health literacy
c) Health promotion
d) Health definition

35. Which international agreement aims to improve global health by addressing issues such as infectious diseases, access to
healthcare, and public health emergencies?
a) Paris Agreement
b) Geneva Convention
c) Universal Declaration of Human Rights

36. Medical sociology is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the:

a) Study of human anatomy.
b) Social aspects of healthcare, illness, and medical practices.
c) Development of medical technologies.
d) Role of religion in healthcare.

37. Which of the following is a sociological perspective that would be particularly interested in studying the doctor-patient
relationship and its impact on healthcare outcomes?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Structural functionalism

38. What term is used to describe the tendency for people to seek out and follow the advice of healthcare providers even when
it may not be the best course of action for their health?
a) Patient compliance
b) Patient empowerment
c) Medical pluralism
d) Medicalization

39. The concept of "patient-centered care" emphasizes:

a) The central role of the healthcare provider in making decisions for the patient.
b) The importance of patients actively participating in their own healthcare decisions.
c) The exclusion of patients from healthcare decisions.
d) The use of traditional medicine exclusively.

40. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying the role of pharmaceutical companies in shaping
healthcare policies and practices?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory

41. Social determinants of health refer to:

a) Genetic factors that influence a person's health.
b) Social factors and conditions that impact an individual's health and well-being.
c) The role of healthcare providers in determining health outcomes.
d) Environmental factors that affect health.

42. Which of the following is considered a social determinant of health?

a) Blood type
b) Income level
c) Eye color
d) Shoe size

43. The "social gradient in health" refers to:

a) The idea that health outcomes are unrelated to social factors.
b) The pattern of better health among individuals with higher social status and income.
c) The relationship between the use of social media and mental health.
d) The impact of geography on health outcomes.

44. Food insecurity, lack of access to safe housing, and limited access to education are examples of:
a) Social determinants of health
b) Genetic factors
c) Healthcare disparities
d) Medical conditions

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45. Which of the following is NOT typically considered a social determinant of health?
a) Education level
b) Employment status
c) Race and ethnicity
d) Blood type

46. What type of healthcare system is characterized by the government owning and operating healthcare facilities and providing
healthcare services to all citizens?
a) Private healthcare system
b) Market-based healthcare system
c) Universal healthcare system
d) Socialized healthcare system

47. In a market-based healthcare system, healthcare services are primarily:

a) Provided by the government.
b) Paid for by private insurance companies and individuals.
c) Funded by charitable organizations.
d) Offered for free to all citizens.

48. Which country is often cited as an example of a socialized healthcare system?

a) Canada
b) United States
c) Germany
d) Japan

49. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as "Obamacare," aimed to:
a) Eliminate all private healthcare insurance options.
b) Provide healthcare services exclusively to the elderly.
c) Expand healthcare coverage and improve access in the United States.
d) Privatize the entire healthcare system.

50. What is the term for a healthcare system that combines elements of both government-funded healthcare and private
healthcare options?
a) Universal healthcare system
b) Hybrid healthcare system
c) Socialized healthcare system
d) Market-based healthcare system

51. Telemedicine refers to:

a) The practice of medicine through the use of telekinesis.
b) The use of technology to provide healthcare services remotely.
c) Traditional in-person medical consultations.
d) The study of ancient medical practices.

52. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are used to:

a) Store and manage patients' medical history and treatment records electronically.
b) Conduct medical research.
c) Schedule medical appointments.
d) Communicate with patients via email.

53. How has the use of technology, such as smartphones and health apps, influenced healthcare practices?
a) It has decreased patient engagement.
b) It has reduced the availability of medical information.
c) It has increased patient access to health information and self-monitoring.
d) It has eliminated the need for healthcare professionals.

54. Which ethical concern is often associated with the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare?

55. The term "telehealth" includes various forms of remote healthcare delivery, but which of the following is NOT typically part
of telehealth?
a) Video consultations with healthcare providers
b) Remote monitoring of vital signs
c) Sending physical prescriptions through the mail
d) Telephonic consultations with healthcare providers

56. Which term is used to describe the psychological and emotional aspects of health, illness, and healthcare?
a) Medical sociology
b) Social epidemiology
c) Social psychology of health
d) Ethical decision-making

57. The concept of "stigma

" in the context of health refers to:

a) The social rejection and discrimination experienced by individuals with certain health conditions.
b) The promotion of healthy behaviors.
c) The cultural rituals surrounding illness.
d) The belief that everyone should be healthy.

58. The "sick role" is a concept developed by sociologist Talcott Parsons and refers to:
a) The idea that individuals with chronic illnesses should be stigmatized.
b) The social expectations and behaviors associated with being sick.
c) The role of healthcare providers in society.
d) The role of the pharmaceutical industry in healthcare.

59. Social support, such as emotional and practical assistance from family and friends, is associated with:
a) Increased stress levels.
b) Improved mental and physical health outcomes.
c) Decreased access to healthcare.
d) Greater use of prescription medications.

60. The "placebo effect" in healthcare refers to:

a) The negative side effects of medication.
b) The positive health outcomes associated with receiving a placebo treatment.
c) The tendency of patients to overuse prescription medications.
d) The use of alternative medicine exclusively.

61. What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

a) Tuberculosis
b) Malaria
c) Cardiovascular disease
d) HIV/AIDS

62. The term "pandemic" is commonly associated with which infectious disease?
a) Influenza (flu)
b) Tuberculosis
c) Measles
d) Zika virus

63. What is the primary mode of transmission for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)?
a) Airborne transmission

64. Which organization plays a critical role in addressing global health challenges, including immunization programs and disease
prevention?
a) United Nations (UN)
b) World Health Organization (WHO)
c) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
d) World Trade Organization (WTO)

65. What term is used to describe the phenomenon where infectious diseases become resistant to the drugs used to treat them?
a) Drug addiction
b) Drug resistance
c) Drug efficacy
d) Drug development

66. Which sociological concept refers to the negative health outcomes experienced by individuals who occupy lower social and
economic positions in society?
a) Social mobility
b) Health disparities
c) Medicalization
d) Functionalism

67. Which racial and ethnic group in the United States is more likely to experience health disparities and poorer health outcomes
compared to others?
a) Asian Americans
b) African Americans
c) Hispanic Americans
d) White Americans

68. Which of the following is a key determinant of health disparities based on race and ethnicity?
a) Genetic differences
b) Access to healthcare
c) Personal choices
d) Blood type

69. The concept of "food deserts" refers to:

a) Areas with a surplus of fast-food restaurants.
b) Areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food options.
c) The global distribution of food resources.
d) The concept of "farm-to-table" dining.

70. Which term is used to describe the process by which individuals and communities are excluded from the resources,
opportunities, and benefits of society based on their social status or identity?
a) Socialization
b) Social stratification
c) Social justice
d) Social exclusion

71. What is the primary goal of public health policy?

a) To increase healthcare costs for individuals.
b) To prioritize the interests of pharmaceutical companies.
c) To improve and protect the health of the population.
d) To limit access to healthcare services.

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72. Health insurance coverage provided by the government for eligible low-income individuals and families in the United States is
known as:
a) Medicare
b) Medicaid
c) Private insurance
d) Social Security

73. What is the term for a systematic and intentional effort to shape and influence public policy and decisions related to
healthcare?
a) Healthcare reform
b) Healthcare advocacy
c) Healthcare privatization
d) Healthcare administration

74. The "precautionary principle" in healthcare policy suggests that:

a) Healthcare providers should always prioritize speed over safety.
b) New medical treatments should be tested on the general population without any prior research.
c) In the absence of scientific consensus, measures to protect public health should be taken.
d) Healthcare providers should never take any preventive measures.

75. Which organization advocates for the rights and interests of patients and works to ensure that they receive safe and quality
healthcare?
a) American Medical Association (AMA)
b) World Health Organization (WHO)
c) Patient Advocacy Foundation
d) American Hospital Association (AHA)

76. The stigma surrounding mental illness can result in:

a) Increased awareness and understanding of mental health issues.
b) Improved access to mental healthcare services.
c) Delayed or avoided seeking help and social exclusion for individuals with mental health conditions.
d) Decreased rates of mental illness in society.

77. Which term is used to describe the negative stereotypes and attitudes held by society toward individuals with mental health
conditions?
a) Stigma
b) Prejudice
c) Discrimination
d) Stereotype

78. Which sociological perspective is particularly interested in understanding how societal norms and values contribute to the
stigmatization of mental illness?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory

79. The "medical model" of mental illness suggests that:

a) Mental illness is primarily a result of personal weakness.
b) Mental illness is caused by societal factors.
c) Mental illness should be treated primarily through psychotherapy.
d) Mental illness is a medical condition that can be diagnosed and treated.

80. The concept of "deinstitutionalization" in mental healthcare refers to:

a) The increased use of psychiatric hospitals.
b) The practice of integrating individuals with mental illness into community-based care settings.
c) The development of new psychiatric medications.

81. Environmental health focuses on the relationship between:

a) The healthcare system and patients.
b) Human health and the environment.
c) Technology and medical advancements.
d) Genetic factors and disease.

82. Air pollution, water contamination, and exposure to toxic chemicals are examples of:
a) Social determinants of health
b) Environmental hazards
c) Infectious diseases
d) Genetic factors

83. The concept of "environmental justice" in healthcare policy aims to:

a) Prioritize the interests of corporations in environmental decisions.
b) Ensure that all individuals have equal access to clean and healthy environments.
c) Promote environmental destruction for economic growth.
d) Ignore the impact of the environment on health outcomes.

84. Which term is used to describe the

idea that environmental problems, such as pollution and climate change, disproportionately affect vulnerable and marginalized
communities?
a) Environmental sustainability
b) Environmental racism
c) Environmental degradation
d) Environmental conservation

85. The study of the impact of climate change on human health is known as:
a) Environmental ethics
b) Environmental sociology
c) Environmental epidemiology
d) Environmental anthropology

86. The study of the aging process and the challenges faced by older adults is known as:
a) Gerontology
b) Pediatrics
c) Obstetrics
d) Neurology

87. The concept of "ageism" refers to:

a) The promotion of healthy aging practices.
b) Discrimination and prejudice against individuals based on their age, especially older adults.
c) The medicalization of aging.
d) The role of healthcare providers in aging societies.

88. What term is used to describe the process of planning and coordinating care for individuals with complex healthcare needs,
often involving multiple healthcare providers and services?
a) Palliative care
b) Geriatric care management
c) Hospice care
d) Long-term care

89. What is the term for the process of providing physical, emotional, and social support to individuals with a life-limiting illness
and their families?
a) Geriatric care

90. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying the impact of an aging population on healthcare
systems and policies?
a) Functionalism
b) Conflict theory
c) Symbolic interactionism
d) Feminist theory

91. What is the term for the unequal access to healthcare services and resources based on factors such as income, race, and
geographic location?
a) Health equity
b) Health disparities
c) Health insurance
d) Health literacy

92. Which of the following is NOT a potential barrier to healthcare access?

a) Lack of health insurance
b) Limited transportation options
c) Availability of healthcare providers
d) Language barriers

93. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aimed to address healthcare disparities by:
a) Expanding Medicaid eligibility to cover more low-income individuals.
b) Eliminating all private health insurance options.
c) Reducing access to healthcare for the elderly.
d) Privatizing the entire healthcare system.

94. Which term is used to describe the practice of providing healthcare services in underserved areas or to populations with
limited access to care?
a) Medicalization
b) Rural health
c) Urban health
d) Health disparities

95. The concept of "universal healthcare" refers to:

a) A healthcare system where only certain individuals have access to care.
b) A healthcare system where all individuals have access to affordable healthcare services.
c) A healthcare system based on market competition.
d) A healthcare system exclusively for the wealthy.

96. Which healthcare profession is responsible for diagnosing and treating a wide range of medical conditions, prescribing
medications, and performing surgery?
a) Nurse
b) Physician
c) Pharmacist
d) Social worker

97. The field of "nursing" is often associated with which healthcare role?
a) Providing emotional support to patients
b) Diagnosing and treating medical conditions
c) Performing surgery
d) Dispensing medication

98. Which healthcare profession focuses on providing mental health counseling and support to individuals and families?
a) Physician

99. The process of "medicalization" can impact the roles and responsibilities of healthcare professionals by:
a) Expanding their scope of practice.
b) Reducing their ability to provide care.
c) Eliminating the need for healthcare professionals.
d) Standardizing their training and education.

100. What is the term for the process of individuals seeking out and using a wide range of healthcare providers, practices, and
treatments, often without coordination?
a) Medicalization
b) Holistic medicine
c) Medical pluralism
d) Healthcare reform

Answers:
1. b) Society and social behavior
2. c) Symbolic interactionism
3. b) Conflict theory
4. b) The process of learning and internalizing the values, norms, and culture of society.
5. a) Culture
6. c) Emotional support
7. a) Socialization
8. c) Education
9. c) Social stratification
10. d) Media
11. b) Health disparities
12. d) Social epidemiology
13. a) Ethnocentrism
14. b) Social epidemiology
15. a) Education level

16. b) Gender
17. b) Gender discrimination
18. b) Conflict theory
19. c) Patriarchy
20. a) The study of how multiple social factors intersect to create unique experiences and inequalities.

21. c) The alteration of societal institutions, norms, values, and behaviors over time.
22. b) Conflict theory
23. a) The transformation of a non-medical problem or issue into a medical one.
24. b) Fee-for-service
25. c) It reinforces cultural norms and values related to health and illness.

26. c) Participants are fully informed about the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
27. b) The duty to avoid causing harm to patients.
28. c) Justice
29. a) Autonomy
30. b) Scientific fraud

31. b) World Health Organization (WHO)

32. a) Pandemic
33. b) Differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare between different countries and regions.
34. c) Health promotion
35. d) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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36. b) Social aspects of healthcare, illness, and medical practices.
37. c) Symbolic interactionism
38. a) Patient compliance
39. b) Geriatric care management
40. b) Conflict theory

41. b) Human health and the environment.

42. b) Environmental hazards
43. b) The pattern of better health among individuals with higher social status and income.
44. b) Environmental racism
45. d) Blood type

46. d) Socialized healthcare system

47. b) Paid for by private insurance companies and individuals.
48. a) Canada
49. c) Expand healthcare coverage and improve access in the United States.
50. b) Hybrid healthcare system

51. b) The use of technology to provide healthcare services remotely.

52. a) Store and manage patients' medical history and treatment records electronically.
53. c) It has increased patient access to health information and self-monitoring.
54. c) Job loss among healthcare workers
55. d) Telephonic consultations with healthcare providers

56. c) Social psychology of health

57. a) The social rejection and discrimination experienced by individuals with certain health conditions.
58. b) The social expectations and behaviors associated with being sick.
59. b) Improved mental and physical health outcomes.
60. b) The positive health outcomes associated with receiving a

placebo treatment.

61. c) Cardiovascular disease

62. a) Influenza (flu)
63. c) Sexual contact and sharing of needles
64. b) World Health Organization (WHO)
65. b) Drug resistance

66. b) Health disparities

67. b) African Americans
68. b) Access to healthcare
69. b) Areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food options.
70. c) Social justice

71. c) To improve and protect the health of the population.

72. b) Medicaid
73. b) Healthcare advocacy
74. c) In the absence of scientific consensus, measures to protect public health should be taken.
75. c) Patient Advocacy Foundation

76. c) Delayed or avoided seeking help and social exclusion for individuals with mental health conditions.
77. a) Stigma
78. c) Symbolic interactionism
79. d) Mental illness is a medical condition that can be diagnosed and treated.
80. b) The practice of integrating individuals with mental illness into community-based care settings.

81. b) Human health and the environment.

82. b) Environmental hazards

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83. b) Ensure that all individuals have equal access to clean and healthy environments.
84. b) Environmental racism
85. c) Environmental epidemiology

86. a) Gerontology
87. b) Discrimination and prejudice against individuals based on their age, especially older adults.
88. b) Geriatric care management
89. c) Hospice care
90. a) Functionalism

91. b) Health disparities

92. c) Availability of healthcare providers
93. a) Expanding Medicaid eligibility to cover more low-income individuals.
94. b) Rural health
95. b) A healthcare system where all individuals have access to affordable healthcare services.

96. b) Physician
97. a) Providing emotional support to patients
98. c) Psychologist
99. a) Expanding their scope of practice.
100. c) Medical pluralism

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MOST IMPORTANT AND MOST REPEATED QUESTION RUHS LAST YEARS

EXAMINATIONS
SOCIOLOGY
Q. 1
a) Explain the importance and applications of sociology in Nursing
b) Discuss the problem of Modem Family
Q. 2
a) Explain the process of Sociolisation and individualization.
b) Describe the influence of culture on health and disease.
Q. 3
a) Explain the feature of urban community.
b) Write down major urban health problems
c) Explain the process of urbanization and its impact on health
Q.4
a) Explain the meaning of group
b) Describe the classification of group.
c) Explain about accommodation and assimilation
Q.5
a) describe the family ,marriage and their influenceon health and health practices.
b) Define Social Organization . Discus the elements of social organization.
c) What is marriage. Discuss functions of marriagesin india.
Q.6 What is social stratification. Discuss its various types. Explain the types of social process.
Q.7 what is the difference between society and community.describe the types of communities in india.
Q.8 Write Short Notes:
a) Marriage & family problems in India.
b) Child Abuse
c) Role of Nurse in Social Control
d) Population Explosion and it’s cause
e) Social welfare programme in india.
f) Demographic
g) Conflict
h) Social changes
i) Socialization

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