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Shell Model

The document provides an overview of the Nuclear Shell Model, detailing its introduction, evidence supporting it, and various theoretical models including square well, harmonic oscillator, and spin-orbit potentials. It discusses the application of the shell model in determining the spin and parity of nuclei based on the properties of unpaired nucleons. Additionally, it outlines the criteria for a successful nuclear model and presents calculations related to energy levels and magic numbers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

70 views54 pages

Shell Model

Uploaded by

rishi1234kumar.k

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Nuclear Shell Model

Friday 26th November, 2021

Nuclear Shell Model Friday 26th November, 2021 1

Outline

1 Introduction

Nuclear Shell Model Friday 26th November, 2021 2

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Evidence of shell model

Nuclear Shell Model Friday 26th November, 2021 2

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Evidence of shell model

3 Shell model
Square well potential
Harmonic oscillator potential
Spin-orbit potential

Nuclear Shell Model Friday 26th November, 2021 2

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Evidence of shell model

3 Shell model
Square well potential
Harmonic oscillator potential
Spin-orbit potential

4 Application of shell model

Problems and solutions
Nordheim’s rule
Problems and solutions

Nuclear Shell Model Friday 26th November, 2021 2

Theoretical Models

A deliberately oversimplified theory which is mathematically tractable

and rich in physical insight. If the theory is successful in accounting for
at least a few nuclear properties, we can improve it by adding additional
terms.
A successful nuclear model must satisfy two criteria :
1 It must reasonably well account for previously measured nuclear
properties
2 It must predict additional properties that can be measured in new
experiment
Important nuclear models that could account for the nuclear properties

1 Liquid-drop model
2 Shell model
3 Collective model

Nuclear Shell Model Introduction Friday 26th November, 2021 3

Evidence of shell model
Atomic theory based on shell model is successful in explaining observed
characteristics.

Nuclear Shell Model Evidence of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 4
Evidence of shell model

Mayer reported the abundance of nuclei with magic number of nucleons

Doubly magic nuclei 42 He, 16 O, 40 Ca

8 20 and 208 Pb
82 are tightly bound.

Large number of stable isotones for N = 50 (6) and N = 82 (7).

Large number of stable isotopes for Sn, Z = 50 (10) and Ca, Z = 20

(6).

Some isotopes O (N=9), Kr (N=51), Xe (N=83) behave as neutron

emitters when excited.

Low n cross section for nuclei with N = 50, 82 and 126.

Large excitation energy for nuclei with magic number of nucleons.

Nuclear Shell Model Evidence of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 5
Shell model

Atomic shell model cannot be directly applied to nuclear case. In the

atomic case, the potential is supplied by the Coulomb field of the nu-
cleus. We can solve the Schrödinger equation for this potential and
calculate the energies.

In nucleus, there is no such external agent. The motion of each nucleon

is governed by the average attractive force of all other nucleons.

The first step in developing the shell model is the choice of potential.
Once it is known then the Schrödinger equation can be solved to obtain
the respective energy levels.

Calculations began with simple square well, harmonic oscillator, Woods-

Saxon potentials with an aim to reproduce magic numbers 2, 8, 20,
28, 50, 82 and 126.
Introductory Nuclear Physics, Kenneth S. Krane, Oregon State University
Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 6
Schrödinger Equation

The eigenstates available to a nucleon of mass M moving in a potential

V(r) are determined by the solutions of the equation

2 2M
∇ + 2 [E − V (r )] ψ(r ) = 0
~

The solution of the equation can be

ψn`m (r , θ, φ) = un` (r )Y`m (θ, φ)

The radial wavefunction un` (r ) is a solution of the equation

`(` + 1)~2

1 d 2 dun` 2M
r + 2 En` − V (r ) − un` = 0
r 2 dr dr ~ 2Mr 2

The theory is called extreme single particle model - a single nucleon

moving in a potential due to all the rest paired nucleons.

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 7

Square well potential

r V(r) un` (r )
r≤ 0 and r≥ R ∞ 0
0<r <R 0 finite

The radial solutions are regular inside the well and are the spherical
Bessel functions un` (r ) = j` (kn` r ). where
2 2M 2M
kn` = 2 [En` − V (r )] = 2 En`
~ ~
. The level energies are
k 2 ~2
En` = n`
2M
.
Permitted values of kn` selected by boundary condition. The wave
function vanish at nuclear boundary i.e., at r=R
un` (R) = j` (kn` R) = 0.
Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 8
Each ` value has a set of zeros and each of them corresponds to the
eigen value kn` i.e., nth zero of the `th spherical Bessel function j` .
n - radial quantum number - gives the nodes of radial part of the
wavefunction.

level No. of Total no.

particles of particles
1s 2 2
1p 6 8
1d 10 18
2s 2 20
1f 14 34
2p 6 40

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 9

Each ` value has a set of zeros and each of them corresponds to the
eigen value kn` i.e., nth zero of the `th spherical Bessel function j` .
n - radial quantum number - gives the nodes of radial part of the
wavefunction.

level No. of Total no.

particles of particles
1s 2 2
1p 6 8
1p 2s 1d 10 18
2s 2 20
1s 1d 2p 1f 14 34
2p 6 40

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 9

Harmonic Oscillator Potential

Particle moving with simple harmonic

motion isotropically bound in three
dimensions with potential energy
V (r ) = 21 Mω 2 r 2

The energy eigen value corresponding to eigen function ψn`m is

1 3

En` = ~ω 2n + ` − 2 = Λ+ 2 ~ω = EΛ

with n=1,2,3 ..., `=0,1,2... and Λ = 2n + ` − 2.

For each Λ value, there is a degenerate group of levels with different `

values such that ` ≤ Λ and even (odd) ` values corresponds to even
(odd) Λ values.

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 10

Harmonic oscillator levels

Λ EΛ (~ω) ` values n` particles Total particles

0 3/2 0 1s 2 2
1 5/2 1 1p 6 8
2 7/2 0,2 2s,1d 12 20
3 9/2 1,3 2p,1f 20 40
4 11/2 0,2,4 3s,2d,1g 30 70
5 13/2 1,3,5 3p,2f,1h 42 112

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 11

2 2 2
−V0
H = − 2m
~
H = − 2m
~
+ 12 mω 2 r 2 H = − 2m
~
+ 1+exp( r −R
a )

Square well Harmonic Oscillator Woods-Saxon

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 12

2 2 2
−V0
H = − 2m
~
H = − 2m
~
+ 12 mω 2 r 2 H = − 2m
~
+ 1+exp( r −R
a )

Square well Harmonic Oscillator Woods-Saxon

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 12

2 2 2
−V0
H = − 2m
~
H = − 2m
~
+ 12 mω 2 r 2 H = − 2m
~
+ 1+exp( r −R
a )

Square well Harmonic Oscillator Woods-Saxon

2(2` + 1)

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 12

Spin-orbit potential

Borrowing the idea from atomic physics, Mayer, Haxel, Suess and
Jensen proposed the inclusion of spin orbit potential of the form
Vso `.s.
States are labelled with j whose possible values are j = ` ± 21 .
The expectation value of `.s

j 2 =(` + s)2
=`2 + 2`.s + s 2 h`.sij=`+1/2 − h`.sij=`−1/2
1 2 1
`.s = j − `2 − s 2

2 = (2` + 1)~2
2
1
h`.si = [j(j + 1) − `(` + 1) − s(s + 1)]
2

The energy splitting increases with increase in ` value.

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 13

The negative Vso pushes the
member of the pair with larger
j downward.

The 1f7/2 now appears in the

gap between the second and
third shells. Its capacity of 8
nucleons gives the magic
number 28.
n`j 2j + 1

Nuclear Shell Model Shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 14

Application of shell model

The spin and parity of a nucleus determined by the property of the

last unpaired nucleon.

spin = j

parity = (−1)`

15 O 1−
→ 2

17 O 5+
→ 2

Nuclear Shell Model Application of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 15
In the nuclear shell model the spin-parity of 15 N is given by —— .

Nuclear Shell Model Application of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 16
In the nuclear shell model the spin-parity of 15 N is given by —— .

Sol:

Nuclear Shell Model Application of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 16
In the nuclear shell model the spin-parity of 15 N is given by —— .

Sol:

15 N has 7 protons and 8 neu-

trons. Thus the unpaired proton
decides the spin-parity of 15 N.

Nuclear Shell Model Application of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 16
In the nuclear shell model the spin-parity of 15 N is given by —— .

Sol:

15 N has 7 protons and 8 neu-

trons. Thus the unpaired proton
decides the spin-parity of 15 N.

(1s1/2 )2 (1p3/2 )4 (1p1/2 )1

Nuclear Shell Model Application of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 16
In the nuclear shell model the spin-parity of 15 N is given by —— .

Sol:

15 N has 7 protons and 8 neu-

trons. Thus the unpaired proton
decides the spin-parity of 15 N.

(1s1/2 )2 (1p3/2 )4 (1p1/2 )1

15 N 1−
The spin-parity of is 2 .

Nuclear Shell Model Application of shell model Friday 26th November, 2021 16
According to the shell model, determine the spin and parity of the two nuclei
125 Sb and 89 Sr.
51 38