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Introduction to Cloud Computing

Last Updated : 07 Oct, 2025

Cloud Computing has fundamentally changed how businesses and

individuals store, access, and manage data. It is a technology that allows
you to use data and applications over the internet, moving beyond the
limitations of a local computer's hard drive or a private server. But to
truly understand its impact, we must first look at the problems it solved.

The Problem Cloud Computing Solves: The "Old Way" vs. The
"New Way"

Before the cloud, if a company wanted to launch a website or an

application, it had to follow a slow and expensive process:

The "Old Way" (On-Premises): The company had to buy powerful

physical servers, storage disks, and networking equipment. This
required a huge upfront investment, known as Capital Expenditure
(CapEx). They had to guess their peak traffic needs, often buying far
more capacity than they used day-to-day, leading to wasted
resources. If they needed a new server, the process of ordering,
installing, and configuring it could take weeks or even months.
The "New Way" (Cloud Computing): The cloud changes this model
entirely. Instead of buying hardware, you rent computing power from a
cloud provider (like AWS, Google, or Microsoft). This shifts the cost
from a large upfront investment to a manageable monthly bill, known
as an Operational Expenditure (OpEx). This model eliminates
guesswork, long waiting times, and wasted resources.
What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing is a technology that allows you to store and access

data and applications over the internet instead of using your computer’s
hard drive or a local server.

Architecture Of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and sub-

components required for cloud computing. These components typically
refer to:

1. Front end ( Fat client, Thin client)

2. Back-end platforms ( Servers, Storage )
3. Cloud-based delivery and a network ( Internet, Intranet, Intercloud )

Cloud Computing Architecture

1. Front End ( User Interaction Enhancement )

The User Interface of Cloud Computing consists of 2 sections of clients.

The Thin clients are the ones that use web browsers facilitating portable
and lightweight accessibilities and others are known as Fat Clients that
use many functionalities for offering a strong user experience.
2. Back-end Platforms ( Cloud Computing Engine )

The core of cloud computing is made at back-end platforms with several

servers for storage and processing computing. Management of
Applications logic is managed through servers and effective data
handling is provided by storage. The combination of these platforms at
the backend offers the processing power, and capacity to manage and
store data behind the cloud.

3. Cloud-Based Delivery and Network

On-demand access to the computer and resources is provided over the

Internet, Intranet, and Intercloud. The Internet comes with global
accessibility, the Intranet helps in internal communications of the services
within the organization and the Intercloud enables interoperability across
various cloud services. This dynamic network connectivity ensures an
essential component of cloud computing architecture on guaranteeing
easy access and data transfer.

The 5 Core Characteristics of Cloud Computing

All cloud services share five fundamental characteristics that define

them:

1. On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision computing resources

like servers and storage automatically, without requiring human
intervention from the service provider.
2. Broad Network Access: Capabilities are available over the network
and can be accessed through standard mechanisms by any device,
such as laptops, tablets, and mobile phones.
3. Resource Pooling: The provider's computing resources are pooled to
serve multiple customers using a multi-tenant model. Resources are
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand.
4. Rapid Elasticity (Scalability): Resources can be scaled up or down
quickly and, in some cases, automatically, to meet demand. This
ensures you have enough power during traffic spikes and aren't paying
for idle resources during quiet periods.
5. Measured Service (Pay-as-you-go Model): Cloud systems
automatically control and optimize resource use. Usage is monitored,
controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider
and the consumer. You only pay for what you use.

The Shared Responsibility Model

Security in the cloud is a partnership between the cloud provider and the
customer. This is known as the Shared Responsibility Model.

The Cloud Provider (e.g., AWS, Azure, GCP) is responsible for the
security OF the cloud. This includes the physical security of the data
centers, the hardware, and the core networking infrastructure.
The Customer (You) is responsible for security IN the cloud. This
includes managing who has access to your resources, encrypting your
data, configuring firewalls (like Network Policies), and securing your
applications.

The amount of responsibility you have depends on the service model you
choose.

Types of Cloud Computing Services

The following are the types of Cloud Computing:

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
4. Function as as Service (FaaS)
 Types of Cloud Computing

1. Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a type of cloud computing that gives

people access to IT tools like virtual computers, storage, and networks
through the internet. You don’t need to buy or manage physical
hardware. Instead, you pay only for what you use.

Here are some key benefits of using IaaS:

Flexibility and Control: IaaS comes up with providing virtualized

computing resources such as VMs, Storage, and networks facilitating
users with control over the Operating system and applications.
Reducing Expenses of Hardware: IaaS provides business cost savings
with the elimination of physical infrastructure investments making it
cost-effective.
Scalability of Resources: The cloud provides in scaling of hardware
resources up or down as per demand facilitating optimal performance
with cost efficiency.

2. Platform as a Service ( PaaS )

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model where a third-
party provider offers the software and hardware tools needed to develop,
test, and run applications. This allows users to focus on building their
applications without worrying about managing servers or infrastructure.

For example, AWS Elastic Beanstalk is a PaaS offered by Amazon Web

Services that helps developers quickly deploy and manage applications
while AWS takes care of the needed resources like servers, load
balancing, and scaling.

Here are some key benefits of using PaaS:

Simplifying the Development: Platform as a Service offers application

development by keeping the underlying Infrastructure as an
Abstraction. It helps the developers to completely focus on application
logic ( Code ) and background operations are completely managed by
the AWS platform.
Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity: PaaS lowers the Management
of Infrastructure complexity, speeding up the Execution time and
bringing the updates quickly to market by streamlining the
development process.
Automation of Scaling: Management of resource scaling,
guaranteeing the program's workload efficiency is ensured by PaaS.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a way of using software over the internet

instead of installing it on your computer. The software is hosted by a
company, and you can use it just by logging in through a web browser.
You don’t need to worry about updates, maintenance, or storage the
provider takes care of all that.

A common example is Google Docs. You can write and share documents
online without downloading any software.

Here are some key benefits of using SaaS:

 Collaboration And Accessibility: Software as a Service (SaaS) helps
users to easily access applications without having the requirement of
local installations. It is fully managed by the AWS Software working
as a service over the internet encouraging effortless cooperation and
ease of access.
Automation of Updates: SaaS providers manage the handling of
software maintenance with automatic latest updates ensuring users
gain experience with the latest features and security patches.
Cost Efficiency: SaaS acts as a cost-effective solution by reducing the
overhead of IT support by eliminating the need for individual software
licenses.

4. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Function as a service (FaaS) is a cloud-computing service that allows

customers to run code in response to events, without managing the
complex infrastructure. You just write the code, upload it and the cloud
provider runs it only when it's needed. You pay only for the time your
code runs.

For example, with AWS Lambda, you can write a function that resizes
images whenever someone uploads a photo to your website. You don’t
need to keep a server running all the time AWS runs your function only
when a photo is uploaded.

Here are some key benefits of using SaaS:

Event-Driven Execution: FaaS helps in the maintenance of servers

and infrastructure making users worry about it. FaaS facilitates the
developers to run code as a response to the events.
Cost Efficiency: FaaS facilitates cost efficiency by coming up with the
principle "Pay as per you Run" for the computing resources used.
Scalability and Agility: Serverless Architectures scale effortlessly in
handing the workloads promoting agility in development and
deployment.
Cloud Deployment Models
1. Private Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a single
organization. It can be managed internally or by a third party and can
exist on-premise or off-premise. It offers the highest level of security
and control.
2. Public Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is owned and operated by a
third-party cloud service provider (like AWS or Google) and is made
available to the general public over the internet. It offers massive
scalability and a pay-as-you-go model.
3. Hybrid Cloud: This model combines a private cloud with one or more
public clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between
them. This offers flexibility, allowing companies to keep sensitive data
on a private cloud while leveraging the scalable resources of a public
cloud for other applications.
4. Multi-Cloud: A strategy where an organization uses a combination of
clouds from two or more different public cloud providers. This helps
avoid vendor lock-in and allows a company to use the "best-of-breed"
service from each provider.

Top Leading Cloud Computing Companies

The following tables show the top leading cloud computing companies
along with key details about their cloud services:

Company Cloud Service Key Offerings

Name

1. Amazon AWS (Amazon Web Compute, Storage, AI/ML,

Services) Databases, Networking

2. Microsoft Cloud computing, AI, Analytics,

Azure
Hybrid Cloud
 Company Cloud Service Key Offerings
Name

3. Google Google Cloud AI/ML, Big Data, Kubernetes, Cloud

Platform (GCP) Storage

4. Alibaba IaaS, AI, Big Data, Cloud Security,

Alibaba Cloud
CDN

5. Oracle Enterprise Cloud, Databases, SaaS,

Oracle Cloud
PaaS

6. IBM AI, Quantum Computing, Hybrid

IBM Cloud
Cloud, Security

7.
Salesforce Cloud CRM, SaaS, AI, Analytics
Salesforce

8. Tencent Tencent Cloud AI, Gaming Cloud, IoT, Big Data

Cloud Security
Cloud security recommended to measures and practices designed to
protect data, applications, and infrastructure in cloud computing
environments. The following are some of the best practices of cloud
security:

1. Data Encryption

Encryption is essential for securing data stored in the cloud. It ensures

that data remains unreadable to unauthorized users even if it is
intercepted.
2. Access Control

Implementing strict access controls and authentication mechanisms

helps ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive data and
resources in the cloud.

3. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide multiple

forms of verification, such as passwords, biometrics, or security tokens,
before gaining access to cloud services.

Use Cases Of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is used across all industries for various applications:

Scalable Websites and Applications: Host applications that can

handle millions of users.
Data Storage, Backup, and Recovery: Cost-effectively store vast
amounts of data and ensure it can be recovered in case of a disaster.
Big Data Analytics: Process and derive insights from enormous
datasets efficiently.
Software Development and Testing: Create and dismantle
development environments quickly.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Access powerful GPU
resources to train complex AI models.

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