Vector Calculus
1. r r (t ) Where t is the scalar point function
2. If f is a vector point function & f1 (t ) , f 2 (t ) , f3 (t ) are the component along
x axis , y axis & z axis respectively the f1 (t ) iˆ f 2 (t ) ˆj f 3 (t ) kˆ
dr r dr
3. lim t 0 , then is a vector & called the differential coefficient of r
dt t dt
dr
4. is also called the ve;ocity of the particle
dt
Formulae for vector differentiation-:
1.
d
F G dF dG 3.
d
F G F dG dF G
dt dt dt dt dt dt
2.
d
F dF F dG 4.
d
F G F dG dF G
dt dt dt dt dt dt
Note-: The order of the functions F , G is not to be changed.
Field-: If a function is defined in any region of space, for every point of region, then this region is
known as field.
Scalar Point Function-: If at each point p( x, y, z) of a region R, a space there corresponds a unique
scalar f ( p), f is called scalar point function.
Vector Point Function-: If at each point p( x, y, z) of a region R, a space there corresponds a unique
vector f ( p), f is called vector point function.
Vector Differential operator (Del )-: The vector operator del is denoted by . It is defined as
i j k
x y z
Normal-: If x, y, z c , represents a family of surfaces for different values of the constant c. on
differentiating , we get d 0 . But d dr so dr 0 , thus is a vector normal to
the surface x, y, z c
Directional derivatives-: The component of in the direction of a vector d is equal to d̂
and is called the directional derivatives of in the direction of d . lim r 0 is called
r r r
the directional derivatives of at P in the direction PQ.
Gradient-: The product of ∇ and given vector is called gradient of vector point function. i.e
grad i j k
x y z
Divergence of a vector function-: The scalar product of ∇ and given vector is called divergence
of vector point function. i.e. div f f i j k f x iˆ f y ˆj f z kˆ
x y z
Curl of a vector function-: The vector product of ∇ and given vector is called curl of vector point
i j k
function. i.e. curl f f i j k f x iˆ f y ˆj f z kˆ
x y z x y z
fx fy fz
Note-:
If 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑉̅ = 0 then V is called a Solenoidal vector function
If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑉̅ = 0 then V is called a irrotational vector function
Vector Integration
𝑑𝑟̅
Line integral-: ∫𝑐 (𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑠 ) = ∫𝑐 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅
Work-: If 𝐹̅ represents the variable force acting on a particle along arc AB, then the total
𝐵
work done =∫𝐴 𝐹̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅
Circulation-: If 𝑉̅ represents the velocity of a liquid the ∮ 𝑉̅ . 𝑑𝑟̅ is called the circulation of
V round the closed curve c. If the circulation of V round every closed curve is zero, then V
is said to be irrotational.
Surface integral of F-: S=∬𝑠 (𝐹̅ . 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠
Flux S=∬𝑠 (𝐹̅ . 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹̅ represents the velocity of a liquid
If =∬𝑠 (𝐹̅ . 𝑛̂) 𝑑𝑠=0, then 𝐹̅ is said to be a Solenoidal vector point function
Volume Integral-: Let F be vector point function and volume V enclosed by a closed
surface. The volume integral V
F dV F dx dy dz
Green’s Theorem (For a plane)-:
Statement-: If
