SECTIONING
(Kesit Alma)
(rev: 18.Nov.2024) by Haluk Bayraktar
1
All the pages in this presentation
have a star !!!
2
Basics – How to
• 45º
Straight & Clean
Thin Lines at 45º !
3
Basics – Creating a Section
for 3rd Angle Projection
4
Basics – Creating a Section
for 3rd Angle Projection
5
Basics – Creating a Section
for 3rd Angle Projection
• Necessary Information Arrows shows the viewing
direction, and also point to
Section Lines : Indicate portion being kept
the type of material cut
Cutting Plane Line:
Indicates where the
part is cut
6
Basics – Creating a Section
for 3rd Angle Projection
• Material Information
This sectioning is used in
general for solids (non-
material specific hatching)
7
Basics – Representation
for 3rd Angle Projection
Section B - B
8
Basics – How to
• Lines should never be parallel or
perpendicular to the object lines.
(esp. never ever parallel)
• If the outline of the object has edges aligned
at 45 degrees, hatch lines should be drawn
at 30 or 60 degrees preferably.
• Assembly Sections with several parts should
be drawn with altering angle hatch lines.
9
Basics – Cutting Planes
for 3rd Angle Projection
Note:
Representation for B-B is showing a removed section. It’s orientation and
alignment is INCORRECT with respect to the related view. 10
Basics – Visualization
for 3rd Angle Projection
• Here is the Part to Cut
11
Basics – Visualization
for 3rd Angle Projection
12
Basics – Visualization
for 3rd Angle Projection
13
Lines in Sectioning – Rules
• Rule 1: A sectioned area (the cut material) is
always completely bounded by a visible outline.
• Rule 2: The section lines in all areas should be
parallel on the same part. Section lines shown in
different directions indicate different parts.
• Rule 3: All the visible edges behind the cutting
plane should be shown.
• Rule 4: Hidden features should preferably be
omitted in all areas of a section view. Exceptions
include threads and broken out sections and
cases otherwise impossible or hard to show. (See
next slide)
14
Lines in Sectioning – Hidden Lines
• Hidden Lines (the invisible edges behind the cut
plane) are NOT added in a section view unless it
adds clarity and substantial ease to drawing and
let’s you omit a view.
15
Lines in Sectioning no
background hidden hidden line different hatch
visibles lines termination directions
Huge Huge Huge
Lines in Sectioning Mistake !! Mistake !! Mistake !!
Otherwise
Omits a view
impossible
and adds clarity
to view
Hidden Lines in Sectioning 16
Lines in Sectioning no
background hidden hidden line different hatch
visibles lines termination directions
Lines in Sectioning
Hidden Lines in Sectioning 17
Common Types of Sectioning
18
All Types of
Sectioning
19
All Types of Sectioning
20
Full Sections – Full, Offset
21
Full Sections – Aligned, Sloped
22
Full Sections – Revolved, Profile, Removed
(also called, Removed Section)
23
Half, Partial (Broken, Local) Sections
24
Intersections
Width of slot Width of slot is Ø of hole is Ø of hole is
is SMALL wrt LARGE wrt Ø SMALL wrt Ø LARGE wrt Ø
Ø of main hole Straight of main hole Indented of main hole Straight of main hole Curved
Cut Slot Slot cut Hole cut Hole
Intersections Straight cut
Hole with 45º
straight
edges, when
dia’s are
equal
25
Intersections
Intersections
26
Examples – Half Section
It is valid to separate
the half views with a
centerline
Half Section 27
Examples – Offset Section
Hidden Lines are added in this section view only because
it adds clarity to drawing and let’s you omit a view.
Offset Section 28
Examples –
Offset Section
• These sectioning
examples are drawn in
ISO-E standard !
Adjusting the offsets and naming
Orientation of arrows
Planes of offset sectioning
and placement of views
differ between ISO-A
and ISO-E
• In Offset sectioning, the
offsets are defined by
thick corners on a
Removing the plane of an
section line. offset section
Section of an empty bullet shell
29
Examples –
Full Section
(Bullet Shell)
Section of an empty bullet shell
30
Large & Thin Sections
• Sections of elements like Profile Steels & Steel Plates,
when joined by rivets or by welding, may be full black, with
spaces between elements.
• Like wise, large sections are only hatched along the sides.
Large Sections Thin Sections
31
Sectioning Shafts
Round Solid
• Sectioning shafts
and long parts
Round Tubular
Do NOT section
Round Tubular
shafts lengthwise,
but use the
methods given
Rectangular
here to specify a
shaft
32
Exceptional
Mechanical
Elements in
Sectioning
33
Examples – Revolved(rotated) Sections
35
Examples – Revolved(rotated) (cont.)
You do not see any line
belonging to the main
view continue across
the section.
36
Examples – Revolved(rotated) (cont.)
NO !
37
Examples –
Revolved &
Assembly
Sections
(Hatched as multiple parts)
(Translated
(Hatched as a single part)
40
Examples – Revolved & Assembly
Sections
41
Examples – Revolved Sections on a
Shaft
(Translated
42
Ribs, Webs and Lugs
Flange
(Flanş) Lug
Rib (Kulak,
(Kanat) kulp)
Web
(Profil
gövdesi)
(You may see Rib and Web named in place of each other. In
principle, webs are usually continuous and connect main bodies,
whereas ribs are stiffener elements between bodies.) 43
Sectioning Ribbed Parts
(Note: Drawings are in ISO-E)
Rib
NOT hatched
44
Sectioning Ribbed Parts
(Note: Drawings are in ISO-E)
True section is
NOT prefered !
(Sectioning ribbed parts)
45
Ribs in Section
47
Spokes
Not Hatched !
48
Web / Rib / Spoke
(Alternate sectioning of rib could be omitted) 49
Examples – Aligned Sections
50
Examples – Aligned Sections
51
Examples – Aligned Sections
Lugs are NOT hatched lengthwise. They are hatched otherwise.
53
Ribs
54
Types of
Hatch Lines
(may differ
due to
regional
standards)
55
Types of
Hatch Lines
At least, one
should be able
to differentiate
materials in a
tech.dwg., &
preferably be
able to tell the
very basic
ones
56
Example #1 – a Single Rotary Part
• Examine the part, and think up its production steps
57
Examples –
Sectioning Assemblies
58
Example #2 –
Salmastra Kutusu
(Seal Casing)
1. Body (Gövde)
2. Cover (Kapak)
3. Bushing (Burç)
4. Stud (Saplama)
5. Nut (Somun)
6. Gasket (Salmastra)
59
Example #2 –
Salmastra Kutusu
(Seal Casing)
1. Body (Gövde)
2. Cover (Kapak)
3. Bushing (Burç)
4. Stud (Saplama)
5. Nut (Somun)
6. Gasket (Salmastra) Note: (symbols are in DIN norm)
StSteel (Çelik)
GGCast Iron (Dökme Demir)
Ms Brass (Pirinç)
60
Example #3 –
Safety / Relief Valve
61
Example #3 (explained) –
Safety / Relief Valve
1. Main Body (Gövde)
2. Cover (Kapak)
3. Securing Head (Emniyet Kafası)
4. Sealing (Conta)
5. Spring Shaft (Yay mili)
6. Spring (Yay)
7. Pressure Plate (Baskı Plakası)
8. Adjustment Bolt (Ayar cıvatası)
9. Adjustment Nut (Ayar somunu)
10. Cover Bolt (Kapak Somunu)
11. Cover Nut (Kapak cıvatası)
12. Pin (Pim).
62
Example #4 – Safety / Relief Valve
65
Example #4 – Safety / Relief Valve
When pressure P increases beyond the limit determined by the adjustment of counterweight
M sliding on lever L resting on joint C, needle N rises and releases P thru B.
66
Example #5 – Rear Wheel Connection of
a Race Car
67
Example #5 24
23 6 7 8 9 10 11
2 3 4 5
1
12
13
14
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
68
Example #5 • Rear wheel connection of a race car
(explained) Bearing Bearing
Sealing
outer ring inner ring
(Yalıtım elemanı)
Shaft (Mil)
Oil Thrower
(Yağ Sıçratma
Halkası) Bushings
(Burç)
Ball Bearing
(Bilyali Rulman)
69
Example #5 24
23 6 7 8 9 10 11
2 3 4 5
1
12
Order of 13
Assembly:
14
{[1,13] , 2,
23}, 22, {[3,4-
5], 20, 6, 18,
7, [19-8], 24,
[16-17], 9, 15,
10, 14, 12, 11
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
70
Example #6 –
Hook Block
71
Example #6 – Hook Block (cont)
72
Example #6 (itenary) Sealing
(Sızdırmazlık Elemanı)
Axial R.
Adjustment Ring Bearing
(Ayar Bileziği) (Eksenel
Rulman)
Oil Thrower (Yağ
Sıçratma Halkası /
Plakası)
Axle
(Aks, Perno)
Sealing Body Cover
(Sızdırmazlık (Kasnak
Elemanı / Conta) Haznesi)
Radial R. Bearing Pulley Hub
(Radyal Rulman ) (Kasnak Gövdesi)
73
Example #6 (order of assembly)
8 7 6
5
10
4
11
12 3
13
2
14
1
15
74
Example #6 (order of assembly-1) Order of Assembly:
8 7 6
{ [8,12],11,9,14,
[10,12],15},2,13,
1,4,3,5,7
9
5
10
4
11
12 3
13
2
14
1
15
75
