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7 The curve C1 has polar equation r = a (cos i + sin i) for - 14 r G i G 34 r , where a is a positive constant.

(a) Find a Cartesian equation for C1 and show that it represents a circle, stating its radius and the
Cartesian coordinates of its centre. [4]

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(b) Sketch C1 and state the greatest distance of a point on C1 from the pole. [3]

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ĬÕĊ®Ġ´íÈõÏĪÅĊßú¶Ă×
© UCLES 2024 Ĭê×óÏĢöîêă÷ÁÏćðÁĎĂ
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The curve C2 with polar equation r = ai intersects C1 at the pole and the point with polar coordinates
(az, z) .

(c) Verify that 1.25 1 z 1 1.26 . [2]

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(d) Show that the area of the smaller region enclosed by C1 and C2 is equal to
1 2 3 1 3 1
2 a b4 r + 3 z - z + 2 cos 2zl

and deduce, in terms of a and z , the area of the larger region enclosed by C1 and C2 . [7]

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© UCLES 2024 ĬêØô×ĨúþÏõĊĈċïìÁĞĂ
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© UCLES 2024 ĬêØñ×ĞČċìûāÿéÓĊÑĖĂ
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Additional page

If you use the following page to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be clearly
shown.

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© UCLES 2024 Ĭê×òÏĬĈûÍýðÊíëÎÑĦĂ
ĥĕµĕµµÅµĕÕĕąąĕåµåÕ
9231/12/O/N/24
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5 (a) Show that the curve with Cartesian equation

2
`x 2 + y 2j = 6xy

has polar equation r 2 = 3 sin 2i . [2]

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The curve C has polar equation r 2 = 3 sin 2i , for 0 G i G 12 r .

(b) Sketch C and state the maximum distance of a point on C from the pole. [3]

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ĬÑĊ®Ġ´íÈõÏĪÅĊßù·þ×
© UCLES 2024 ĬĢęòÓĦī÷ÙČČûóõĉâÑĂ
ĥååĕõõĥÕĥĥµąÅĕŵąÕ
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(c) Find the area of the region enclosed by C. [2]

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(d) Find the maximum distance of a point on C from the initial line. [6]

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ĬÓĊ®Ġ´íÈõÏĪÅĊßû·þ×
© UCLES 2024 ĬĢĚñÛĤħćàîõ®çýÍâáĂ
ĥåÕÕµĕąµõĕĥąÅõåõĕÕ
9231/11/O/N/24 [Turn over
 10
1
6 The curve C has polar equation r = e - i - e - 2 r , where 0 G i G 12 r .

(a) Sketch C and state, in exact form, the greatest distance of a point on C from the pole. [3]

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(b) Find the exact value of the area of the region bounded by C and the initial line. [5]

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(c) Show that, at the point on C furthest from the initial line,
1
1 - e i- 2 r - tan i = 0

and verify that this equation has a root between 0.56 and 0.57. [5]

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© UCLES 2023 9231/12/O/N/23 [Turn over
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6 (a) Show that the curve with Cartesian equation

bx - 12l + y 2 =
2
1
4

has polar equation r = cos i . [3]

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The curves C1 and C2 have polar equations

r = cos i and r = sin 2i

respectively, where 0 G i G 12 r . The curves C1 and C2 intersect at the pole and at another point P.

(b) Find the polar coordinates of P. [3]

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(c) In a single diagram sketch C1 and C2 , clearly identifying each curve, and mark the point P. [3]

© UCLES 2023 9231/11/O/N/23

 11

(d) The region R is enclosed by C1 and C2 and includes the line OP.

Find, in exact form, the area of R. [6]

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© UCLES 2023 9231/11/O/N/23 [Turn over

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5 The curve C has polar equation r = a sec 2 i , where a is a positive constant and 0 G i G 14 r .

(a) Sketch C, stating the polar coordinates of the point of intersection of C with the initial line and
also with the half-line i = 14 r . [3]

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(b) Find the maximum distance of a point of C from the initial line. [2]

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(c) Find the area of the region enclosed by C, the initial line and the half-line i = 14 r . [4]

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© UCLES 2022 9231/12/O/N/22

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(d) Find, in the form y = f (x) , the Cartesian equation of C. [3]

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© UCLES 2022 9231/12/O/N/22 [Turn over
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6 (a) Show that the curve with Cartesian equation

`x 2 + y 2j = 36 `x 2 - y 2j
2

has polar equation r 2 = 36 cos 2i . [3]

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The curve C has polar equation r 2 = 36 cos 2i , for - 14 r G i G 14 r .

(b) Sketch C and state the maximum distance of a point on C from the pole. [3]

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© UCLES 2022 9231/11/O/N/22
 11

(c) Find the area of the region enclosed by C. [2]

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(d) Find the maximum distance of a point on C from the initial line, giving the answer in exact form.
[6]

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© UCLES 2022 9231/11/O/N/22 [Turn over
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5 The curve C has polar equation r = 3 + 2 sin i , for - r 1 i G r .

(a) The diagram shows part of C. Sketch the rest of C on the diagram. [1]

O i=0

The straight line l has polar equation r sin i = 2 .

(b) Add l to the diagram in part (a) and find the polar coordinates of the points of intersection of C
and l. [5]

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(c) The region R is enclosed by C and l, and contains the pole.

Find the area of R, giving your answer in exact form. [6]

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© UCLES 2021 9231/12/O/N/21 [Turn over

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6 The curve C has polar equation r = 2 cos i (1 + sin i) , for 0 G i G 12 r .

(a) Find the polar coordinates of the point on C that is furthest from the pole. [5]

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(b) Sketch C. [2]

(c) Find the area of the region bounded by C and the initial line, giving your answer in exact form. [6]

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© UCLES 2021 9231/11/O/N/21 [Turn over
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5 The curve C has polar equation r = ln (1 + r - i) , for 0 G i G r .

(a) Sketch C and state the polar coordinates of the point of C furthest from the pole. [3]

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(b) Using the substitution u = 1 + r - i , or otherwise, show that the area of the region enclosed by C
and the initial line is
1
` j
2 (1 + r) ln (1 + r) ln (1 + r) - 2 + r . [6]

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(c) Show that, at the point of C furthest from the initial line,

(1 + r - i) ln (1 + r - i) - tan i = 0

and verify that this equation has a root between 1.2 and 1.3. [5]

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© UCLES 2020 9231/12/O/N/20 [Turn over
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7 (a) Show that the curve with Cartesian equation

5
(x 2 + y 2) 2 = 4xy (x 2 - y 2)

has polar equation r = sin 4i . [4]

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© UCLES 2020 9231/11/O/N/20

 15

The curve C has polar equation r = sin 4i , for 0 G i G 14 r .

(b) Sketch C and state the equation of the line of symmetry. [3]

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(c) Find the exact value of the area of the region enclosed by C. [4]

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© UCLES 2020 9231/11/O/N/20 [Turn over
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(d) Using the identity sin 4i / 4 sin i cos 3 i - 4 sin 3 i cos i , find the maximum distance of C from the
line i = 12 r . Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [6]

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© UCLES 2020 9231/11/O/N/20
 17

Additional Page

If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

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