Ionic Compounds and Metals
Section 7.1 Ion Formation
Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic
Compounds
Section 7.3 Names and Formulas
for Ionic Compounds
Section 7.4 Metallic Bonds and the
Properties of Metals
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Section 7.1 Ion Formation
• Define a chemical bond. octet rule: atoms tend to
gain, lose, or share
• Describe the formation of electrons in order to acquire
positive and negative ions. eight valence electrons
• Relate ion formation to
electron configuration. chemical bond
cation
anion
Ions are formed when atoms gain or
lose valence electrons to achieve a
stable octet electron configuration.
Section 7-1
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds
• A chemical bond is the force that holds
two atoms together.
• Chemical bonds form by the attraction
between the positive nucleus of one atom
and the negative electrons of another atom.
Section 7-1
Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds (cont.)
• Atom’s try to form the octet—the stable
arrangement of eight valence electrons in
the outer energy level—by gaining or losing
valence electrons.
Section 7-1
Positive Ion Formation
• A positively charged ion is
called a cation.
• This figure illustrates how
sodium loses one valence
electron to become a
sodium cation.
Section 7-1
Positive Ion Formation (cont.)
• Metals are reactive because they lose
valence electrons easily.
Section 7-1
Positive Ion Formation (cont.)
• Transition metals commonly form 2+ or 3+
ions, but can form greater than 3+ ions.
• Other relatively stable electron arrangements
are referred to as pseudo-noble gas
configurations.
Section 7-1
Negative Ion Formation
• An anion is a negatively
charged ion.
• The figure shown here
illustrates chlorine gaining
an electron to become a
chlorine ion.
Section 7-1
Negative Ion Formation (cont.)
• Nonmetal ions gain the number of
electrons required to fill an octet.
• Some nonmetals can gain or lose electrons to
complete an octet.
Section 7-1
Section 7.1 Assessment
Oxygen gains two electrons to form what
kind of ion?
A. 1– anion
B. 2– anion
C. 1+ cation A. A
D. 2+ cation B. B
C. C
0% 0% 0% 0%
D. D
A
D
Section 7-1
Section 7.1 Assessment
Elements with a full octet have which
configuration?
A. ionic configuration
B. halogen configuration
C. noble gas configuration A. A
D. transition metal configuration B. B
C. C
0% 0% 0% 0%
D. D
A
D
Section 7-1
End of Section 7-1
Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
• Describe the formation of ionic bonds and the
structure of ionic compounds.
• Generalize about the strength of ionic bonds based
on the physical properties of ionic compounds.
• Categorize ionic bond formation as exothermic or
endothermic.
compound: a chemical combination of two or more
different elements
Section 7-2
Section 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
(cont.)
ionic bond
ionic compound
crystal lattice
electrolyte
lattice energy
Oppositely charged ions attract each
other, forming electrically neutral ionic
compounds.
Section 7-2
Formation of an Ionic Bond
• The electrostatic force that holds oppositely
charged particles together in an ionic
compound is called an ionic bond.
• Compounds that contain ionic bonds are
called ionic compounds.
• Binary ionic compounds contain only two
different elements—a metallic cation and a
nonmetallic anion.
Section 7-2
Formation of an Ionic Bond (cont.)
Section 7-2
Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Positive and negative ions exist in a ratio
determined by the number of electrons
transferred from the metal atom to the non-
metal atom.
• The repeating pattern of
particle packing in an
ionic compound is called
an ionic crystal.
Section 7-2
Properties of Ionic Compounds (cont.)
• The strong attractions among the positive
and negative ions result in the formation of
the crystal lattice.
• A crystal lattice is the three-dimensional
geometric arrangement of particles, and is
responsible for the structure of many
minerals.
Section 7-2
Properties of Ionic Compounds (cont.)
• Melting point, boiling point, and hardness
depend on the strength of the attraction.
Section 7-2
Properties of Ionic Compounds (cont.)
• In a solid, ions are locked into position and
electrons cannot flow freely—solid ions are
poor conductors of electricity.
• Liquid ions or ions in aqueous solution have
electrons that are free to move, so they
conduct electricity easily.
• An ion in aqueous solution that conducts
electricity is an electrolyte.
Section 7-2
Properties of Ionic Compounds (cont.)
• This figure demonstrates how and why
crystals break when an external force is
applied.
•Reactions that release
energy are exothermic
while those that absorb
energy are endothermic.
Section 7-2
Energy and the Ionic Bond (cont.)
• The energy required to separate 1 mol of
ions in an ionic compound is referred to as
the lattice energy.
• Lattice energy is directly related to the size of
the ions that are bonded.
Section 7-2
Energy and the Ionic Bond (cont.)
• Smaller ions form compounds with more
closely spaced ionic charges, and require
more energy to separate.
• The smaller the ion, the greater the attraction.
•Greater
charges on
ions increase
lattice
energy.
Section 7-2
Section 7.2 Assessment
Why are solid ionic compounds poor
conductors of electricity?
A. They are non-metals.
B. They are electrolytes.
C. They have electrons that A. A
cannot flow freely.
B. B
D. Solids do not conduct electricity. C. C
0% 0% 0% 0%
D. D
A
D
Section 7-2
Section 7.2 Assessment
What is the electrostatic charge holding
two ions together?
A. covalent bond
B. pseudo-noble gas bond
C. crystal lattice bond A. A
D. ionic bond B. B
C. C
0% 0% 0% 0%
D. D
A
D
Section 7-2
End of Section 7-2
Section 7.3 Names and Formulas for
Ionic Compounds
• Relate a formula unit of an ionic compound to its
composition.
• Write formulas for ionic compounds and oxyanions.
• Apply naming conventions to ionic compounds and
oxyanions.
nonmetal: an element that is generally a gas or a
dull, brittle solid and is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity
Section 7-3
