Answers

9. $150
10. a. -26 °C b. -35 °C
11. a. -9 °C b. -22 °C c. -31 °C
2.1 Integers, pages 6-12 12. 20 km/h
Example 1: Order of Operations Show 13. a. Superior: no; -246 m
You Know Huron: no; -68 m
Erie: yes; 106 m
1. a. -16 b. -12 c. 65 d. -3 Ontario: no; -85 m
2. In a, the order of operations says to perform the b. 4
multiplication by 3 first, followed by subtraction. 14. a.
In b, you must perform the subtraction within the
brackets first before multiplying by 3.

Example 2: Mean Temperature Change Show

You Know
а. -2 °C/h b. 3 °C/h c. 1.6 °C/h

Connect and Reflect

1. a. 15 b. -21 c. -7 d. -26
2. a. subtraction in brackets; -16
b. addition in brackets; 15
c. exponentiation; -7
d. subtraction in brackets; -200
3. a. -2 + 5 - (-8) = 11
b. -4 div ded by (7 - 9) = 2
c. [3 - (-2)] divdedby (-5) = -1
b. 2[8 - (-2)] + 2[6 - (-3)] = 38 units
5. a. - 2 deer/year
c. [8 - (-2)][6 - (-3)] = 90 units2to
b. The negative sign means the deer population
15. a. P = -375 + 13v, where P is the total profit
is decreasing.
and v is the number of visits
б. a. Add 3; -2, 1
b. -$50
b. Subtract 5; -11, -16
c. $925
c. Multiply by -2; 32, -64
d. The equation will have a coefficient of 12
d. Divide by -5; -25, 5 instead of 13. P = -375 + 12v; after 115
7. a. -39 b. -44 c. -128 d. 192 customer visits
8. a. Subtracted 5 - 12 out of order; 16. a. Begin with 7 and subtract 5 each time.
5 - 12 [4 - (-7)] = 5 - 12 (4 + 7) b. 12 - 5n
= 5 - 12 (11) c. -38, -88
= 5 - 132
17. Answers vary.
= -127
b. The square of -6 should be positive. Also,
subtracting (-4) should result in adding 4, not
subtracting 4.
(-6)2to- (-4) = 36 + 4
= 40

415
 _1
2.2 Sets of Numbers, pages 13-19 b. As n gets very large, the fraction 1 over n gets very small
and approaches 0. Thus, as the number of tickets
Example 1: Nature of Number Sets Show sold increases, the limit of the probability of
You Know winning approaches zero.
a. Example 3: Reaching Infinity Show You Know
Negative Positive

b 1 o ver
b
-4-3-2-10 1 2 3 4
2 -0.5
1 -1
Zero is neither
0.5 -2
positive nor negative.
0.1 -10
b. The set of integers is infinite. It has no lower 0.01 -100
bound and no upper bound.
0.001 -1000
c. The set of integers is not dense. For example, you
0.0000001 -10000000
cannot find another integer between -2 and -3.
The limit of as -1 over b approaches 0 for positive
Example 2: Fractions of a Pizza Show
You Know values of b is negative infinity.

b 1 over
a. Sample answer:
b
Number of Tickets Probability of Winning -2 0.5
1 1 -1 1
1 over 3 = 0.5 -0.5 2
2
1 over 3 = 0.3_ -0.1 10
3
-0.01 100
25 1 over 25 = 0.04 -0.001 1000

1 over 50 = 0.02 -0.000 000 1 10 000 000

50
_1
The limit of -1 over b as b approaches 0 for negative
1 over 100 = 0.01
100 values of b is positive infinity.

Probability of Winning the Grand Prize

416
Connect and Reflect 7. Sample answers:
a. 2
1. a. Both are infinitely large.
b. -1 + 4 = 3
b. The set of integers is not dense but the set of
c. 6 over 3 = 2
rational numbers is dense.
c. The integers are a subset of the rational d. -2.4 is between -2 and -3
numbers because any integer can be written in 8. a. About 1379 h or about 57.4 days
fraction form with 1 as the denominator.
b. About 689 h or about 29 days
2. [-0.8 divided by (-0.9)] divided by 2 = -0.85
c. The time would approach 0 h.
9. Sample answer: n = 3.141 592 653 5 . . . , which
-1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
is a non-repeating, non-terminating decimal. So,
3. Sample answers: n is irrational.
a. 0.25 10. a. The intensity approaches 0 lux (very dim).
b. -0.04 b. The intensity approaches infinity (very bright).
c. -0.521 11. Just as you can always find a number between
two negative rational numbers, you can find a
d. 0
e. -2 1 over 2 number between their square roots. Thus, the set
of imaginary numbers is dense.
4. a. Infinity b. 0 12. a. An infinite number of rational numbers exist
between each pair of consecutive integers, so
5.
there are more rational numbers than integers.
Real numbers b. Both sets are infinitely large. One set's infinitely
Rational
numbers
large size cannot be greater than another's. So,
they are equal in size.

Integers
2.3 Negative and Zero Exponents,
Irrational
pages 19-27
Whole
numbers numbers Example 1: Negative and Zero Exponents
Show You Know
Natural
numbers 1. 1 over 7
19
2. 1 over 125

3. 1 over 81

6. a. Sometimes true; For example, -1 + (-3) = -4; 4. -1 over 216

4 + (-3) = 1
5. 1
b. Always true; Consider the products of the 6. 1
numerators and denominators separately.
Each is a multiplication of two integers. The Example 2: Scientific Notation Show
result is a quotient of integers, which is a You Know
rational number.
c. Always true; For example, 4 + (-4) = 0 1. a. 1.366 times 109to

d. Always true; For example, between 0.25 and b. 7.53 times 10-to
7
7.77 there is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Even for a very 2. a. Move the decimal point 6 spaces to the right to
large range between the rational numbers you represent multiplying by 106.to
will always be able to count the number of b. Move the decimal point 31 spaces to the left to
integers between them. represent multiplying by 10-to
31.
e. Sometimes true; If the divisor is 0, then the
quotient is undefined.

417
Connect and Reflect b. i. 160 mg
1. a. ii. 80 mg
1 over 3 4 b. 1 over 5 c. 1 over (-8)2
iii. 1.25 mg
d. 1 over 625 e. 1 over m 4 f. 1
14. a.M = 500 X 5 to -t
over w 7

Time (h) Mass (mg)

0 500
2. a. 1
1 100
over 8 b. -1 2 20
over
3 4
7 c. 1
over 64 d. 1 over 625 e. 1 f. 4 0.8
-1 over 100000 5 0.16
g. 1
3. a. 3-to
2 b. 9-to
-3 Mass of the Drug Remaining
c. (-7)-to
5 d. (-10)-to
7
4. a. 5.62 times 1011to
b. 3.125 times 1018 to
c. 2.3 times 10-to
13
d. 1.568 times 10-to
8
5. a. 4 056 000
b. 920 000 000
c. 0.000 041 04
d. 0.000 000 008 611 3
6. Answers vary.
7. a. 4 b. -1 c. 5000 d. -40
8. (-4)3to= -64
(-4)2to= 16
(-4)1to
= -4
(-4)0to= 1
d. As time increases, the limit of the mass of drug
(-4)-to
1 = 1 over -4 is 0 mg.
(-4)-to
2 = 1 over 16 15. a. i. 732.4 times 109;
to732 billions
- = 16 ii. 81.0 times 10-to
9; 81 billionths
(-4)-3= 1
over -64 b. Standard words for naming numbers, such
9. a. 3 b. 5 c. -5 d. 0 as millions or billionths, and units, such as
10. 1.2756 times 107tom micrometres, are used for numbers that are
multiples of 1000, or 103.to
11. 7.5 times 10-to
6m
16. 3 times 102toor 300
12. a. 33 672
b. 0.000 059 396 5% = 5.939 65 X 10-to
5%

13. a. A negative exponent makes a number smaller.

Since the mass decreases over time, it makes
sense to use a negative exponent. A positive
exponent would mean the mass increases
over time.

418
2.4 The Power Rules, pages 27-36 3. a. 81to= 8
b. (-7)2to= 49
Example 1: Apply the Product Rule Show c.
You Know 1296
d. 48to= 65 536
1. a. 43totimes 44to= 47to
= 16 384
4. a. 56to= 15 625
b. (-5)7totimes (-5)-to5 times (-5)-to
2 = (-5)0to b. (-2)10 to = 1024
c. 4 - 5 = 1 over 64
=1
c. (6.02 times 10-5) times (2.15 times 108)to= 12.943 times 103to
d. (-3) to
= 12 943 -9 - 1 over 119683
2. a. x6totimes x-to8 = x-to
2 5. a. 2.48 times 109to= 2 480 000 000
b. (3k4)
to (5k3)
to = 15k7to b. 2.483 25 times 10-to
6 = 0.000 002 483 25
c. 6.13 times 104to= 61 300
Example 2: Apply the Quotient of Powers
d. 2.25 times 10-to
8 = 0.000 000 022 5
Rule Show You Know
6. a. 51to= 5
1. a. 127todivdedby 125to= 122to
b. 42to= 16
= 144
c. (-2)-to
2 = 1 over 4
b. (3.328 times 105)to- (6.4 times 108)to= 0.52 times 10-to
3
= 0.000 52 d. 3 to -2 = 1 over 9
c. (-9) to 7 divided by (-9) to -3 over (-9) to
11 = (-9) to -1 =-1 e. 8 - 4 = 1 over 4096
over 9 f. (-12)0to= 1
2. a. x6todivided by x8to= x-to2
7. a. a to 8
b. (30k4)to - (5k3)to = 6k
b. k
Example 3: Apply the Power of a Power Rule c. a3b
to4to
Show You Know d. m10

1. a. (63)
to2to= 66to e. -4c3to
= 46 656 f. 9w-3 = 9overw to3
b.[(-2)3]
to3to= (-2)9to g. d6e
to3to
= -512 h. 49p -4 m to 2 or 49m to 2 over p to 4
c. (5-4to
)2to= 5-to
8
8. a. The bases were multiplied.
= 1390625
over 43toX 42to= 45to
2. a. (y-2) -4 = y (-2) times = 1024
(-4) b. -2 was not subtracted in the exponent.
b. (6a2b) 2 = 6-to
to -to 2(a2) 2b to -2
to-to 7 3 divided by 7 minus 2 = 7 3 - (-2)
=1 over 36 a 4 b 2 = 75to
= 16807
Connect and Reflect 9. a. 25to
1. a. Quotient of powers; 85to b. 24to

b. Power of a power; 512

to c. 25totimes 24to

c. Product of powers; a5b

to8to d. 29to= 512; 32 times 16 = 512
d. None. The bases are not the same. e. Answers vary.
e. Product and quotient of powers; 7-1 10. a. The first earthquake was 100 times
2. a. 27to= 128 b. (-3)5to= -243 more intense.
c. 6-to
2 = 1 over 36 d. 120to= 1 b. The first earthquake was 100 000 times
36 more intense.

419
11. Saturn is about 9.8 times farther than Earth from 5. (1, -8) and (7, -2); (-11, 4) and (-5, 10); (-5, 4)
the Sun. and (1, -2)
12. The mass of a proton is about 1.87 times 103totimes the
mass of an electron.
13. a. Sample answers: 62totimes 66;to610
to divdedby 62;to(62)to4to
b. Sample answers: 22totimes 24to
; 28todiv dedby 22;to(22)
to3to
14.
Repeated Simplified
Expression Multiplication Powers
(9 times 7)2to (9 times 7) times (9 times 7) 92totimes 72to
83to
(8 times 6-to
1)3to (8 times 6-to 1) times (8 times 6-to
1)
times (8 times 6-to
1) 63to

[3 times (-2)3]
to2to [3 times (-2) times (-2) times (-2)] 32totimes (-2)6to
times [3 times ( -2) times (-2) times (-2)]
15. a.263to
b. 264to
c. 263totimes 264;toI used multiplication. One 3-letter
code can be combined with any of the 4-letter
6. Sample answer:
codes, so that's 264to . Since there are 263tothree-
[-2.4 + (-2.5)] + 2 = -2.45
letter codes, there are 263totimes 264tocodes in all.
d. 267to= 8 031 810 176
16. a. 225 -3.0 -2.9 -2.8 -2.7 -2.6 -2.5 -2.4 -2.3 -2.2 -2.1 -2.0

b. -45 7. a. 0 b. Infinity
c. -5 over 3 8. a. Yes. There are infinitely many negative integers.
17. From least to greatest, -243, -27, -1 over 27 , 81; b. The negative integers are not dense because you
cannot always find another number between
k2totimes k3,tok2todivdedby (k2totimes k-to3), k-to3, (k2)
to2to
any two integers. For example, you cannot find
18. a. 1
59over
049 an integer between -4 and -5.
b. 1 over c. The negative integers are a subset of the integers
262 144 and the rational numbers.
9. a. 1 over 2 to 4 = 1
2 Review, pages 37-38 over 16
1. a. -6 b. 68 c. -4 d. 37 b. 1 overc.91to2toover(-7)1to2=1=over149d.1over
over(-3)to5=19over243
2. -5 °C
3. 300 + 35 times 52 times 2.5 = 4850; No, she is $150 short.
4. a. 15 m; The ball is 15 m above the edge of
the cliff.
10. She is right. Both numbers are equal to 1.
b. -25 m; The ball is 25 m below the edge of 11. a. 7.12 x 107;toMove the decimal point 7 spaces to
the cliff.
the right.
c. -60 m; The ball hits the ground after 6 s. b. 4.079 x 1015;
to Move the decimal point 15 spaces
to the right.
c. 6.1 x 10-to10; Move the decimal point 10 spaces
to the left.
d. 2.896 x 10-to
12; Move the decimal point 12
spaces to the left.

420
12. a. 1 over
2 to n 8. a. 0; As m gets very large, the fraction gets
very small.
b. 2 - n
c. 1 over 1024 = 2 b. Infinity; As m gets very large, the fraction gets
to -10 very large.
10 times 5700 = 57000 9. a. (-3)-to
3 = -1 over 27

The radioactivity will reach about 1 over 1024 of its 4 = 1 over 625
b. 5-to
value in 57 000 years.
13. a. 3520 Hz c. 130to= 1
b. 49 Hz 10. The bacterium is bigger by a factor of 3000.
c. F6toby a factor of 24,
toor 16. 11. a. -6 °C b. 9 °C
14. a. 36to= 729
b. (-2)-to
5 = -1 over 32

c. 62to= 36
d. 86to= 262 144
e. 56to= 15 625
f. (-10)-to
3=
- 9 over 1000 3.1 Fractions on Measuring Tools,
15. a. b7to b. w10
to
pages 40-51
c. p5q
to5to d. y-to6 to
e. 24k-to4 Example 1: Unit Fractions on a Ruler
Show You Know
16. There are about 2.4 times 1020
to drops of water in
Lake Superior. _ _ _
a. 56 cm = 56 times 1 over 10 m = 56 over 10 or 14 over 25 m

b. The marks between the 5-inch and 6-inch mark

2 Test Yourself, page 39
are labelled left to right as follows: 1
1. B over 8, 1 over 4, 3 over 8, 1 over 2, 5 over 8, 3 over
4, 7 over
2. D
8.
3. D c. 5 7 over 8 inches

4. A d. i. approximately 6 inches

5. C ii. approximately 6 inches

iii. either approximately 5 3 over 4 or approximately
6. a. -6 b. 4913 c. 604
6 inches
7. Sample answer:
Example 2: Unit Fractions and Other
Measuring Tools Show You Know
a. 360°
b. i. 90° represents 1 over 4 on a circular protractor.

ii. 60° represents 1 _over16 on a circular protractor.

c. The degree measurements of unit fractions on a

circular protractor are exactly double those on a
standard protractor.

Connect and Reflect

1. a. 1 over 16

b. 5 1 over 8

c. i. 15 over 4

ii. 15 over 4 = 15 times 1 over 4

421
 _
2. a. 1 over 8 inch b. i. approximately 2 inches
b. 1 over 32 ii. approximately 2 1 over 4
iii. either approximately 2 1_over8 inches of
c. No; 1 11 over 16
approximately 2 over 2 over 8 inches
3. a. 45 over 180 or 1 over 4
9. Answers vary.
10. Answers vary.
b. 135°
c. 45° + 135° = 180°, so together they go all the 11. a. 22 mm wrench
way around the protractor. b. 11 over 16" bolt
3 times 1 over 4 = 3 over 4 so 45° + 45° + 45° = 135° c. A 7 mm wrench, which matches to the 9 over 32"
size, may be the first one to try out, as a over 4"
4. a. 120° wrench is closest in size to a 9 over 32" wrench.
b. 40° Based on the chart, the 5 mm and 6 mm
wrenches are also possibilities.
5. a. 1 over 125
d. Sample answer: Mechanics, plumbers,
electricians, firefighters, furniture builders, etc.
b. 1 over 5
12. a. i. 1 over 5 plus 1 over 10
c. 10 mL
_
6. a. One division mark represents 1 over 60 of an hour or ii.1 over 2 + 1
one minute.
b. 1 over 2 over4 10
iii. 1 over +

c. 1 over 3 1 over 5 iv. 1

d. If the hour hand is on 8, it is 8 o'clock. over 2 + 1 over 9 b.

e. No. At eight o'clock the minute hand will be on
12, the hour hand will be on 8, and the angle will 4 = 1i.over
1 over
28
be 120°. At 10 minutes to two, the minute hand
will be on 10 and the hour hand will be a bit ii. 118over
6 + 1 over iii.
before the 2, so the angle will be less than 120°.
f. Answers vary. over 65 c.1i.over
1 over62++ 11
7. a. _1 over 2, 1 over 3, and 1 over 4
over
1 over 244++11over
over48+ ii.
1
b. 1 over_ 8 cup would be marked at halfway between the
12 + 1over
over8 3iii._ 11over
over6
bottom of the cup and cup.

c. 1over2 cup 3.2 Operations with Positive and

d. metric; Millilitres are a metric measure of Negative Fractions, pages 52-62
capacity or volume.
Example 1: Adding and Subtracting Positive
8. a. Jena should first determine how many parts and Negative Fractions Show You Know
1 inch has been divided into. There are 16 small
markings for each inch, indicating each part a. 19 over 20 b.
3 over 5
is 1 over 16 of an inch. The width of the lumber is Example 2: Multiplying and Dividing Positive
more than 2 inches, so she needs to count the and Negative Fractions Show You Know
number of marks to the edge of the board.
a. 1 over 15 b. -1 7 over 10
There are 3 marks. The width of the lumber
is 2 + 3 over 16 = 2 3 over 16 inches.

422
Example 3: Interpreting Positive and d. The time in Kathmandu is exactly
Negative Fractions Show You Know halfway between the times in Istanbul and
Alice Springs.
_1
The amounts of baseboard used are - 1 over 2 and e. 7:30 a.m.
-1 over 2 (3 over 4) of 64 feet.
9. a. 2 over 10 or 1 over 5

The carpenter has 8 feet of baseboard left.

b. _9 over 20
Example 4: Using Ratios to Solve Problems c. -2 1 over 4
Show You Know
_
a. 5 over 8.5= 0.5882... and 10 over 17 = 0.5882... 10. a. 4 7cups
overis8 very close to the capacity of
the bowl. Given that there are a few other
So 10 over 17 is the correct scale factor for the reduction.
ingredients and there needs to be room to stir
b. The approximate thickness of the medal in the the ingredients together without spilling, Dean
photograph is 7 mm. should use a larger bowl.

Connect and Reflect b. 4 1 over

cups8

1. a. 1 over 2 b. 1 1 over 12 11. Maria's work; Ravi correctly completed the 3 over 4
section of the circle circumference but forgot to
c. - 5 over 6 d. 5 over 6
include the two radii from the quarter that was
e. - 1 over 2 f. 5 ove2
.a
-1
v
o
rrb
e .5
c
9
-1
7
v
o
8e
r2
0
d
.-8
o
3
e
v
r4
f.-7
0
2
a
1
o
e
v
rb
.1
5
c
-o
v
r8
ed
.1
7
v
o
r cut out. The length of two radii equals the length
10 e. 14 over 33 f. 3 over 5 of one diameter.
12. Arthur is about 169 cm tall.
13. a. Biggest answer:
7 over 3 times 5 over 4 = 35 over 12
or 7 over 4 time 5 over 3 = 35 over 12
Smallest answer:
3 over 7 times 4 over 5 = 12 over 35 or
4 over 7 times 3 over 5 = 12 over 35
b. Answers vary.
14. a. 150 mg
b. 192 mg
15. a. Answers vary.
b. 6 : 3 : 1; Designers likely don't simplify the
60 : 30 : 10 rule because when it is written this
way, it clearly describes 100% of the room.

5. $19.50 3.3 Recognizing and Interpreting

6. a. A reduction in price is an amount subtracted Proportional Relationships,
from the price.
pages 63-68
b. An amount used up is an amount subtracted
from the original amount. Example 1: Interpreting Negative Rates
7. Scale factor = 0.156 25 Show You Know
8. a. St. John's is 2 1 over 2 h ahead of the time in Brandon. a. A positive or negative sign on a rate shows the
direction of the change. Here, when the level
b. Victoria is 13 1 over 2 h behind of the time in Mumbai.
of seed in the feeder drops, the rate is given as
c. Locations with positive numbers are located negative. So when the feeder is being filled, the
to the east of London, while locations with rate would be positive.
negative numbers are located to the west of b. Tulu will need to refill the feeder approximately
London. On any day, Istanbul will experience every 9 days.
the sunrise before St. John's because it is
located farther east.

423
Example 2: Reasoning Proportionally Show 10. Answers vary.
You Know 11. Answers vary.

a. 2132 pictures/64 GB card is a rate. Each size of

memory card is double the card one size down.
3.4 Applications of Proportional
b. His camera will hold 8528 pictures. Reasoning, pages 69-75
Connect and Reflect Example 1: Using Proportional Reasoning
Show You Know
1. Ramie's work is correct. Cathy has not written
the ratio in simplest form. She has calculated a. The 100 GB plan offers the best rate.
a decimal value equivalent that can be used to b. He should consider how much data he uses and
check if other ratios are equivalent. how much he wants to spend on data.
2. Either up or down can be defined as the positive
Example 2: Constant of Proportionality
direction. Velocity in the opposite direction will
then be negative. Show You Know
3. a. 4(1.5) = 9m 1950 g of dry pasta is needed to serve 26 people.
b. 7(1.5) = 30h
c. 16r = 1(5.4) Connect and Reflect
4. a. d = 20 1. a. Yes, the ratio between x and y is constant.
b. e = 3.1 b. No, the ratio between x and y is not constant.
c. f = 55 c. Yes, the line is straight and goes through (0, 0).
5. In general, proportions that are set up with the d. No, the line does not pass through (0, 0).
unknown value in the numerator can be easily e. Yes, the equation is of the form y = kx.
solved directly. Proportions with the variable
f. No, the equation is not of the form y = kx.
in the denominator are generally best done
using cross-multiplying. g. Yes, the equation is of the form y = kx.
6. a. 2 : 1 h. No, the equation is not of the form y = kx.
b. No. Azad's debt is twice Camille's, but if you 2. B, because the graph rises as x increases.
make both values negative, then Camille's debt 3. a. She used 28 beads per earring.
is twice Azad's. Ratios need to be expressed as
b. 28 beads per earring is the unit rate. 28 is the
positive values.
constant of proportionality.
7. a. If the bin being emptied were defined as the
4. 40.5 weeks
positive direction, being filled would be the
negative direction. 5. a. 35.35

b. If going down the mountain were defined as b. $176.75

the positive direction, going up would be the 6. 30 feet
negative direction. 7. $13.76 per shirt
c. If the temperature rising were defined as the 8. a. In each set, he needs to check that the ratio
positive direction, the temperature dropping of y to x is constant for all corresponding values
would be the negative direction. of x and y.
8. a. 0.07 L/km b. In Set A, the ratio of y to x is not constant,
b. 7 L/100 km so x is not proportional to y. In Sets B and
c. 14.1 km/L C, the ratio of y to x is constant, so x is
proportional to y.
d. Sample answer: For fuel consumption, the
standard used in Canada is litres per 100 km. 9. a. The rate of 10 mL conditioner per 75 L water
Since a trip meter in a car records distance is given. The constant of proportionality is 10 over 75, or 2 over 15.
driven, I think it is easier to use the litres per
kilometre to calculate fuel used.
9. a. d = $6 b. v is about 3.63 L. b. 6 mL of conditioner
c. 37.5 L of water
c. t = 20 min d. m = 2.5 min

424 • Answers
10. a. 6 b. Yes. Substituting x = 0 into the equation gives
b. about 15.8 kg y = 0, so the point (0, 0) is on the graph. Or, a
direct proportion passes through (0, 0).
11. 20000 kilometres
c. The constant of proportionality is 3. In a direct
12. a. A 236 mL can costs $1.69, a can costing $6.75
proportion y = kx, k represents the constant
contains 0.945 L or 945 mL, and an 18.9 L can
of proportionality.
costs $135.95.
9. The large bottle is the better buy.
b. The relationship between the volume, x, and
price, y, is y = 7.14x. 10. a. 15

13. When SA increases, V decreases, and vice versa, b. $180

so surface area and volume of a cube are inversely
proportional. SA = 1 over V
3 Test Yourself, pages 78-79
The ratio of surface area to volume is 1. C
SA over V = 6a 2. C
to 2 over a 3. B
to 3 SA over
V=6 over a 4. A
5. D
3 Review, pages 76-77 6. a. x = 21 m
1. a. 0.01 or 1 over 100 mL
b. 4 cm
b. 0.25 mL 7. Sample answer: The constant of proportionality
has the same value as the unit rate. So if a unit
2. a. There are eight division marks from one whole
rate were 70 km/h, the constant of proportionality
inch to the next, so one whole is 8 over 8, is 70.
making
each division mark represent 1 over 8 of the whole. 8. 31.8 km
b. i. 4 3 over 4
ii.
19 over 4

iii. 19 times 1 over 4

c. If the length were halfway between the mark
it is at now and the next mark on the ruler,
4.
4.1 Algebraic
Algebra Expressions,
it would be half of 1 over 8 of an inch greater, pages 80-89
1 over 16 of an inch greater.
or The phone would Example 1 Part A: Model Expressions Show
4 You Know
13 over 16 inches long.
a.
3. a. 5 over 9

b. 1 over 3
b.
4. 1 _of13 of a pot full of soup

5. 1 of 3
c.
6. 40 m
7. A positive or negative sign on a rate shows
the direction of the change. Here, when the
submarine is descending, the rate is given as
d.
negative. So when the submarine is moving up
toward the surface of the water, the rate would be
represented as a positive number.
8. a. Yes. The equation is of the form y = kx, so it
is a direct proportion. The graph of a direct
proportion is a straight line.

425
Example 1 Part B: Identifying Coefficients 2. a. 3x + 2
and Variables Show You Know b. 2x2to+ 3x + 2

a. coefficient = 14; variable = t c. -2x2to+ x - 2

b. coefficient = n; variable = r 3. Term Coefficient Variable
c. coefficient = 12; variables = b and h a. 4x 4 x
d. coefficient = 1.6; no variable b. 9y2to 9 y
Example 2: Classifying Polynomials Show c. 1
1 over 3 xy over 3 x, y
You Know
d. -c2to -1 c
Expression Number Polynomial Degree of e. ac 1 a, c
of Terms Type Polynomial 4.
a. 4b2to- 2 2 binomial 2
Polynomial Type (monomial, Degree of
b. -19 1 monomial 0 binomial, Polynomial
c. x + 4xy - 8y 3 trinomial 2 trinomial)
d. c2to- cd + 5d2to 3 trinomial 2 a. 2x2to+ 3x + 1 trinomial 2
e. -7a 1 monomial 1 b. —4x2to+ 1 binomial 2
c. 1 over 2x —3x2to+ 4 trinomial 2
Example 3: Evaluating an Algebraic
Expression Show You Know d. 5x monomial 1
a. 106 points b. 73 points e. 1 - 5x binomial 1
c. 81 points d. 55 points
5. a. 35 b. -53
Connect and Reflect c. 33 d. 18
1. a. 6. Sample answers:

b.

c.

7. Sample answer: Each polynomial in part a should

d. contain at least one x-tile as the highest degree
tile. Each polynomial in part b should contain at
least one x2-tile as the highest degree tile. Each
polynomial in part c should contain only 1-tiles
e. or -1-tiles.
8. Sample answers.
a. x = 10, expression = 230
f. b. x = 0, expression = -10
 9. Sample answers: c. The coefficient of g is 15, which shows that
gold seats cost $15/seat. The coefficient of b is
8, which shows that blue seats cost $8/seat. The
coefficient of r is 5, which shows that red seats
cost $5/seat.
d. $41 450
15. Sample answers:
a. The expression could model the total skate
rental price. An ice rink charges a deposit
of $5 plus $3/hour to rent skates. The
variable x represents the total number of
hours skating.
10. a. The 1-tile and the x-tile both have a width b. The expression could represent the current
of 1 unit. temperature if the temperature started at
10 oC and is dropping 1 degree per hour.
b. An expression for the length would be x + 3
The x represents the number of hours that
and the width would be x.
have passed.
c. An expression for the area would be x2to+ 3
OR x(x + 3) 16. Sample answer:
While the widths of the x-tile and the y-tile are the
11. a. a represents the number of adults Kayuula
same, one unit, the lengths are different unknowns.
gives lessons to and c represents the number of
Perhaps they are designed this way so that the
children Kayuula gives lessons to.
variables are distinguishable by size, not just colour.
b. $215 17. a.
c. 40a + 17c
12. a. n represents the number of sweaters sold.
b. 25n represents the amount of money raised
b.
from selling school sweaters.
c. binomial
d. $4000
13. a. 4.25 + 1.75n c.

b. n represents the total number of

kilometres travelled.
c. binomial d.
d. 1
e. The expression 4.25 + 1.75n can be
used to represent a 20 km taxi ride by
substituting n = 20 into the expression. 18. a. A tile that represents xy would have side
4.25 + 1.75n lengths x and y.
= 4.25 + 1.75(20)
= 4.25 + 35
= 39.25
Therefore, the total cost of a 20 km taxi ride
is $39.25.
f. The expression 4.25 + 1.75n would change to
5 + 1.75n.
14. a. 15g + 8b + 5r
19. a. Let f represent the distance thrown on the first
b. The variable g represents the number of gold try. Let s represent the distance thrown on the
seats, b represents the number of blue seats, second try. Let t represent the distance thrown
and r represents the number of red seats. on the third try. Total distance = f + s + t.
b. Average distance = f + s + t over 3

c. 847 m

427
20. a. Let c represent the number of correct answers Example 2: Identifying Equivalent Algebraic
and w represent the number of wrong answers. and Graphical Representations Show
An expression to model the total score would
You Know
be 2c - 1w or 2c - w.
b. If all 25 questions are answered correctly, the a. 14.25n
student earns the maximum score of 50 points. b. I chose n to represent the number of hours
If all 25 questions are answered incorrectly, the worked. I did not choose h, because the
student earns the minimum score of -25. abbreviation for hours is h and the expression
could be interpreted the wrong way.
c. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40
c. The coefficient is 14.25. It represents the fact that
4.2 Comparing Algebraic Expressions, Elijah earns $14.25 per hour.
d. The constant is 0. It represents the initial value.
pages 90-97
e. The correct graph is ii. It starts at 0 and
Example 1: Determining Equivalence Show is growing.
You Know Connect and Reflect
a. Both expressions produce the same graph, so they 1. a. Both sets of algebra tiles contain 2 x2-tiles
to and 4
appear to be equivalent. When you substitute x-tiles, therefore the expressions are equivalent.
x = 1 into both expressions, the result is 8.

b. Both sets of algebra tiles contain 3 x-tiles and

15 negative 1-tiles, therefore the expressions
b. Both expressions produce the same graph, so they are equivalent.
appear to be equivalent. When you substitute
x = -2 into both expressions, the result is 28.

c. The sets of algebra tiles do not contain the

same tiles, therefore the expressions are
not equivalent.

c. The expressions do not produce the same graph,

so they do not appear to be equivalent. When you
substitute x = 4 into the expressions, the results
are different.

428
2. a. Both expressions produce the same graph,
therefore they are equivalent.

Both expressions produce the same graph,

therefore the expressions are equivalent.
b. The expressions do not produce the same 5. Sample answer:
graph, therefore they are not equivalent. 3x + 6 and 3(x + 1)

The groups of algebra tiles are not the same,

therefore the expressions are not equivalent.
c. Both expressions produce the same graph,
therefore they are equivalent.

The two expressions produce different graphs,

therefore the expressions are not equivalent.
3. a. Sample answer: Both expressions equal 4 when 6. Answers vary.
you substitute x = 2, therefore the expressions 7. Sample answer: I agree with John that the
are equivalent. expressions are equivalent. I can show this
b. Sample answer: Both expressions equal -42 concretely by using algebra tiles.
when you substitute x = 2, therefore the
expressions are equivalent.
4. Sample answer:
3x + 6 and 3(x + 2)

Both expressions contain three x-tiles and six

1-tiles, therefore they are equivalent.

Both groups of algebra tiles are the same. The

expressions are equivalent.

429
 8. a. 50 + 0.05n b.
b. I chose n to represent the number of sales.
c. The coefficient is 0.05. It represents a 5%
commission per sale.
d. The constant is 50. It represents the
signing bonus.
e.

Both expressions produce the same graph,

therefore they are equivalent.
c.

9. a. Sample answer: -2x + 4 and 3x - 1; Both

expressions result in 2 when x = 1, but they
produce different graphs.
b. They are not equivalent expressions.

Both expressions produce the same graph,

therefore they are equivalent.
11. a. The monomial outside the bracket is being
multiplied by each term inside the bracket.
b. 5(x + 3) = 5x + 15

10. a.

12. Answers vary.

4.3 Simplifying Algebraic

Both expressions produce the same graph, Expressions by Multiplying and
therefore they are equivalent.
Dividing, pages 98-109
Example 1: Multiplying Monomials Show
You Know
a. 8x2to b. 15x2to
c. 20xy d. 3 x2to

Example 2: Dividing Monomials Show

You Know
a. -3x
b. 4y

430
Example 3: Multiplying a Polynomial by a b.
Monomial Using a Model Show You Know
a. 2x2to- 8x

There are 15 negative x2-tiles,

to therefore
(-3x)(5x) = -15x2.to
c.

b. 2x2to- 8x
There are 4 x2-tiles,
to therefore (-4x)(-x) = 4x2.to
2. The given x-tiles show the multiplication (2x)(2x).
Use positive x2-tiles
to to represent each product
of x by itself.

Example 4: Multiplying a Polynomial by a

Monomial Show You Know
a. 20m + 10
b. -15xto
3 - 12x2to+ 15x 3. a. 28x2to
c. 16xy - 24x2to b. -24m2to
c. -90p2to
Connect and Reflect
d. 72ab
1. a.
e. 66hk

There are 8 x2-tiles,

to therefore (2x)(4x) = 8x2.to

431
4. a. b. -4x2to+ 6x; The algebra frame shows a rectangle
with the dimensions of -2x by 2x - 3.
The area of the rectangle is -4x2to+ 6x. So,
-2x(2x - 3) = -4x2to+ 6x.
7. 3x2to- x; The algebra frame shows the model
x(3x - 1). The side lengths are represented on
the outside of the algebra frame. One x-tile is on
the left side of the frame and three x-tiles and one
negative 1-tile are on the top side of the frame.

15 x 2 over
3x = 5x
b. -12 x to 2 over 6x =
-2x
The area of the rectangle is 3x2to- x, so
x(3x - 1) = 3x2to- x.
8. a. 6x + 15 b. -x2to- 7x c. 12y2to+ 24y
9. Apply the distributive property by multiplying
3x by each term in the trinomial 2x2to+ 4x - 5.
Multiply each coefficient in the trinomial by 3
and each variable by x.
10. a. Apply the distributive property by multiplying
2 by each term in the trinomial. 6x2to+ 14x +18
b. Apply the distributive property by
multiplying 4x by each term in the trinomial.
12x3to- 24x2to+ 12x
c. Apply the distributive property by
multiplying -2k by each term in the trinomial.
-6k3to- 10k2to+ 20k
d. Apply the distributive property by
multiplying 6c by each term in the trinomial.
24c2to+ 42cd - 18c
11. a. 3x2to b. -32 over 3 k2

c. 1 over 10 mn d. -1.96t2to
c.
12. a. 6x b. 1 over 2

c. -3 over 2 m d. -1 over 8 w

13. a.

_10 xy
over 5x = 2 y

5. a. 6x b. -7k c. 5c
6. a. 6x2to+ 10x; The rectangle has dimensions of
2x by 3x + 5. The rectangle can be decomposed
into two smaller rectangles. The total area of
the rectangle is the sum of the areas of the two
b. 15k
smaller rectangles. A = A1 + A2 = 6x2to+ 10x

432
14. a. Sample answer: Yes, they are equivalent 25. a. V = (2x)(x)(2x + 2)
because when I expand 2x(x + 5) it becomes b. V = 4x3to+ 4x
2x2to+ 10x. I can verify by showing the product
26. Sample answer:
on an algebra frame.
b. Sample answer: No, they are not equivalent
because when I expand 3x(x2to- 1) I get
3x3to- 3x instead of 3x3to- 3. I can verify by
substituting x = 2 into both expressions, which
produces different results.
15. a. A = 40x2to
b. A = 24x2to
16. The distributive property was applied only to the
-2 and not to the x of the monomial -2x.
17. a. -10x + 16
b. 30c2to+ 15c
I drew a rectangle with the dimensions 2x + 2
c. 28k2to- 14k + 7 and x + 5. Then I decomposed the rectangle into
d. -20x2to+ 8xy 4 smaller rectangles as shown. First I determined
18. a. 2x + 3 the area of each of the 4 smaller rectangles. The
area of the large rectangle is equal to the sum of
the areas of the 4 smaller rectangles. Here is an
expression to show that:
A = 2x2to+ 2x + 10x + 10
= 2x2to+ 12x + 10
(2x + 2)(x + 5) = 2x2to+ 12x + 10

4.4 Simplifying Algebraic

b. 4x(2x + 3) = 8x2to+ 12x Expressions by Adding and
19. x2to+ 3x square metres Subtracting, pages 110-124
20. Sample answer: The sum of the coefficients in
the product must be 12, therefore it could be Example 1: Adding Polynomials Show
4x and 2x + 1. If I simplify the expression I will You Know
get 8x2to+ 4x, which means there are 8 x2-tiles
to and
a. 6x
4 x-tiles for a total of 12 algebra tiles.
b. 5x2to- 2x + 4
21. a. 36t -4t2to
b. 72 m Example 2: Subtracting Polynomials
c. Sample answer: I used the expanded version. Show You Know
When I compared it to a classmate's choice a. 3x + 3
of using the original version, we noticed the
expanded version had fewer steps. b. -3x2to- 6x + 4
22. a. 12x2to- 9x Example 3: Modelling and Solving Problems
b. 1110 cm2 with Polynomials Show You Know
c. Sample answer: I used the original expression. a. Denzel: 1.25n + 15 000
I think my answer would be the same because
Felipe: 0.95n + 10 000
if I expand the expression it will become
the expanded expression, which means they Asha: 1.05n + 10 000
are equivalent. Max: 0.85n + 5000
23. a. Area of the square is (2r)(2r), or 4r 2. to Area of the n represents the number of album downloads.
circle is pie r 2.
to The ratio of the area of the square b. (1.25n + 15 000) + (0.95n + 10 000)
to the area of the circle is 4. + (1.05n + 10 000) + (0.85n + 5000)
b. The ratio will remain a constant value of 4 over = 4.1n + 40 000
pie.
24. 583.2 units2to c. $450 000

433
Connect and Reflect 12. a. 3(5x + 6) + 4(2x - 7) = 15x + 18 + 8x - 28
1. a. 2x and -7.1x, 9x2toand -x2,
to5 and -2 = 15x + 8x + 18 - 28
_ = 23x - 10
b. 3m and 4 over 3m
b. 1 over 2 (2x + 4) + 3 over 4 (8x - 4) = x + 2 + 6x - 3
c. -1.9 and 5, 6p2toand p2to
2. a. (3x + 2) + (2x + 4) = x + 6x + 2 - 3

b. Sample answer: Rearrange the model = 7x - 1

so that like tiles are together. Count the c. 5x(2x + 3) - (3x - 6) = 10x2 + 15x - 3x + 6
number of x-tiles, 5. The coefficient of x is = 10x2 + 12x + 6
5. Count the number of unit tiles, 6. The
13. Sample answer:
constant term is 6. The model shows that
(3x + 2) + (2x + 4) = 5x + 6. (x2to- 3x) - (4x2to+ 3x) = -3x2to- 6x
3. a. -5 (4x2to+ 3x) - (x2to- 3x) = 3x2to+ 6x
b. -2x Yes, the order in which the polynomials are
c. -x - 2 subtracted matters. When I switched the order
of polynomials in my expression and simplified,
d. You can add its opposite to any expression to I got the opposite answer—I got positive
get a total of 0. coefficients instead of the negative coefficients
4. a. i. 3x2to+ 6x + 4 that I got in the first expression.
ii. -2x2to- 3x - 2 14.

b. x2to+ 3x + 2
5. a. The coefficients of x2toadd to 1, the coefficients
of x add to 3, and the constant terms add to 2.
x2to+ 3x + 2.
b. To add polynomials without algebra tiles,
rearrange the terms so the like terms are 15. a. Box C = 2x + 6
together. Add the coefficients of the like terms.
b. Box A: (-x + 5) - (4x - 3) = -5x + 8;
6. a. -4x2to+ 4x b. -3n - 1 Box B: (3x + 1) - (4x - 3) = -x + 4
c. -q2to- q d. c - 4 16. Let w represent the width of the rectangle. Then
e. 5h2to- h f. -j2to+ 5j - 6 the length is 2w - 31.
7. a. 8x + 3 b. 3x2to- 1
c. 3x2to+ 4x + 6 d. 7x2to+ 2x + 4
8. a. 3x + 4 b. 5x + 1
c. 3x2to+ 2x + 3 d. -4x2to- x - 5
9. a. Let C represent the total cost for the yearbooks.
C = (100 + 22n) + (25 + 3n)
b. C = 125 + 25n
c. $15 125
d. $12 000 b. 6w - 62
10. a. Let n represent the number of 100 copies of c. 2w2 - 31w
the flyer. d. If the width is doubled the dimensions would
Cost to design the flyer: 400 be 2w and 4w - 31, where w represents the
original width of the rectangle. An expression
Cost to print the flyers: 100 + 0.7n
to represent this perimeter would be 12w - 62.
Cost of shipping the flyers: 125 + 0.2n
e. If the width is doubled the expression for
b. 0.9n + 625 the area becomes 2w(4w - 31) = 8w2 - 62w,
c. $634; $715 where w represents the original width of
11. a. 6m2to- m - 9 b. -3k2to- 5k + 5 the rectangle.
f. Perimeter: 346 m, Area: 7140 m2to
c. -c2to- 9cd + 9d2to d. 5a2to- 10ab - 2b2to
e. 6x2to+ 4x + 1 f. p2to+ r 2to

434
17.Sample answers: 22. Sample answers:
a. (3x2to+ 7x - 2) - (3x)
b. (4x2to+ 5x + 4) - (x2to+ x + 6)
c. (3x2to+ 5x) - (x + 2)
d. (-x2to+ x - 4) - (-4x2to- 5x - 2)
18.Jacinta incorrectly distributed the subtraction sign
to each term in the second bracket.
(4x2to- 3x + 2) - (5x2to- 4x + 1)
= (4x2to- 3x + 2) + (-5x2to+ 4x - 1)
= 4x2to- 3x + 2 - 5x2to+ 4x - 1
= 4x2to- 5x2to- 3x + 4x + 2 - 1
= -x2to+ x + 1
19. a. $55
b. $55
c. Let l represent the number of large prints
and s represent the number of small prints
shipped. Total = $15 + (20l) + (10s)
20. 9x2to+ 7x + 8 23. a. 5k(3k + 4) - 3(3k2to+ 7k - 3) - (4k2to- 6k + 1)
21. a. 2x2to+ x + 4 = 15k2to+ 20k - 9k2to- 21k + 9 - 4k2to+ 6k - 1
= 15k - 9k2to- 4k2to+ 20k - 21k + 6k + 9 - 1
= 2k2to+ 5k + 8
b. 4(2a - 5) - 6(3a - 2) + 2(5a + 1)
= 8a - 20 - 18a + 12 + 10a + 2
= 8a - 18a + 10a - 20 + 12 + 2
= -6
c. 3(2a - 4b) + 5(3a + 2b)
= 6a - 12b + 15a + 10b
= 6a + 15a - 12b + 10b
= 21a - 2b
d. 5(3p + 6q) - 2(3p - 8q) - (p - q)
= 15p + 30q - 6p + 16q - p + q
= 15p - 6p - p + 30q + 16q + q
= 8p + 47q

e. 2 over 3 (3x + 2) - 3 over 4 (12x - 3)

= 2x + 4 over 3 - 9x + 9 _9

over 43
= 2x-9x + 4 over

+ 9 over 4 =7x =
I verified my answer by adding the algebra tiles 16 over 12 + 27
that represent the side lengths of the triangle, over 12 =-7x
which resulted in the perimeter. Therefore, my + 43 over 12
answer for part a is correct.

435
 f. 1 over 2x (3x - 5 ) -1 over 4 x (5x b. 4 - 5x = -6
4 - 5x - 4 = -6 - 4 Subtract 4 from both sides.
+ 7) =3 over 2 to x2 - 5
over to 2x - 5 over 4 to x2 - 7 -5x = 10
over 4x =3 over 2 to x2 -
5 over 4 to x2 - 5 over 2 x - 7 Divide
10/5 bothsides
-5x over 5
=
by -5
over 4x =6 over 4 to x2 5 over 4 x=2
to x2 - 10 over 4x - 7 over
Check: Substitute x = 2 into the equation.
4x =1 over 4 to
x2 - 17 over 4x Left side = 4 - 5x
24. Sample answer: When subtracting two trinomials, = 4 - 5(2)
the result depends on whether any of the terms in = 4 - 10
the trinomials are the same. The answer could be
= -6
a trinomial, a binomial, or a monomial.
Right side = -6
Trinomial: (4x2to- 3x + 2) - (5x2to- 4x + 1)
= -x2to+ x + 1 = -6
Binomial: (4x2to- 3x + 2) - (4x2to- 4x + 1) = x + 1 The left side is equal to the right side, therefor
the solution is x = 2.
Monomial: (4x2to- 3x + 2) - (4x2to- 3x + 1) = 1
25. When I subtract each pair of corresponding Example 2: Solving a Multi-Step Equation
terms in the polynomials, the result is x. For Show You Know
example, (2x - x) = x, (4x -3x) = x, (6x - 5x) = x, a. 2x -2 = x + 6
(8x - 7x) = x, and so on. In the given expression
2x - 2 + 2 = x + 6 + 2
there are 1010 pairs of corresponding terms. So,
the expression simplifies to 10x. 2x = x + 8
26. a.-6x2to- 40x 2x - x = x - x + 8
b. -216w3to+ 144w2to- 24w + 4 x=8
c. 34k2to- 29k b. 5x + 7 = 2x - 2
d. 48m4to- 12m3to- 12m2to 5x + 7 - 7 = 2x - 2 - 7
5x - 2x = 2x -2x - 9
4.5 Creating and Solving Equations, 3x = -9
pages 124-134 -3x = -9 3x over 3 = -9
over 3
Example 1: Solving a Two-Step Equation
x = -3
Show You Know
a. 3x - 5 = 4 Example 3: Solving Equations Involving
3x - 5 + 5 = 4 + 5 Add 5 to both sides. Brackets Show You Know
3
a. 5(x - 3) = 10
x over 3 = 9 over 3 Divide both sides by 3.
5x - 15 = 10
x= 3 5x - 15 + 15 = 10 + 15
Check: Substitute x = 3 into the equation.
5x = 25
Left side = 3x - 5 -5x over
5= 25 over 25over5
= 3(3) - 5
=9-5 x= 5
=4 Check:
Right side = 4 Left side = 5(x - 3)
=4 = 5(5 - 3)
The left side is equal to the right side, therefore = 5(2)
the solution is x = 3.
= 10
Right side = 10
= 10
The left side is equal to the right side,
therefore x = 5 is the correct solution.

436
b. 2 x + 1 over 3 =6
5. a. f = 13 b. w = 34c. m = -11 over 5 or 2.2
3 (2x +1 over 3) = 6(3) d. 7y = 19 0ver 2 or 9.5

2x + 1 = 18 6. a. The error occurred when Jorge expanded the

2x + 1 - 1 = 18 - 1 brackets because he multiplied both sides of the
equation by 4 and not just (m + 2.5).
2x = 17
b. 4(m + 2.5) = 6.5
x = _17 over 2 or 8.5
4m + 10 = 6.5
Check: 4m + 10 -10 = 6.5 - 10
Left side = 2x + 1 over
4m = -3.5
3 =3 (8.5) = 4m over
=-4 3.5over4
1 over 3
= 17 + 1 m = -0.875
over 3
=18 over 3 7. a. The first step in solving 5(k - 3) = 10 is to
= 3 expand the brackets OR divide both sides by 5.
=6 _
b. The first step in solving 4 y + 3 over 2 = 8 is to
Right side = 6
multiply both sides by the denominator, 2.
=6
c. The first step is to remove the brackets and
The left side is equal to the right side, therefore collect the like terms on the left side.
_17
x = 17 over 2 is the correct solution. 8. a. No
b. Solving for x, the correct solution is x = 9. You
Example 4: Applying Algebraic Modelling could also substitute x = -9 into the equation
to a Payroll Problem Show You Know and see if both sides of the equation are equal.
9. a. 3n b. n + 4 c. 1 over 2n d. 2n - 5
a.
10. a. Sample answer: i
Earnings Variable Expression Explanation
b. Sample answer: principal = p; interest rate = r;
Hourly wage h 10h Uma makes time = t
$10 an hour c. Sample answer: i = p x r x t
d. Answers vary.
Commission s 0.5s Uma earns
50 cents per 11. 12 months
snack she 12. width: 11 cm, length: 16 cm
sells 13. x = 6.3 units
Total E 10h + 0.5s Add wage and 14. 3.3 °C
earnings commission 15. $2.99
to get total 16. $6.40
earnings
17. 11.25 hours
Uma earns $61 if she sells 42 snacks in 4 hours.
18. a. Let n represent the number. 4n = 112
b. 84 snacks
b. Let p represent the perimeter. p + 12 = 56
Connect and Reflect c. Let n represent the number. 3n + 5 = 29

1. a. y = 2 b. y = 9 c. y = 5 d. Let n represent the first integer. The next

consecutive integer is n + 1. n + n + 1 = 63
2. a. x = 3 b. x= 6 c. x = 4 19. a. n = 28; This represents the number that equals
112 when multiplied by 4.
3. a. b = -9 b. b = 25 c. b = 3
b. p = 44; This represents the perimeter that when
4. a. x = 1 b. y = -7 increased by 12 equals 56.
c. k = 47 over 5 or 9.4 d. x = -6 c. n = 8; This represents the number that, when
5
e. m = -4.75 f. g = 3.75 multiplied by 3, is five less than 29.
g. c = -11.75 d. n = 31; The sum of this number and the next
consecutive number, 32, is 63.

437
20. a. 15h + 12m, where h is the time worked, b.
in hours, and m is the number of
memberships sold.
b. $204
c. 32 memberships
d. 23 hours
21. Natalie: 11 goals, Chantal: 19 goals,
Samara: 22 goals
Both sets contain the same tiles, therefore the
22. v = -6.25 or 6.25 m/s downward
expressions are equivalent.
23. The three integers are 17, 18, and 19.
5. a. The expressions are equivalent as they produce
24. 72 g the same graph.
25. D

4 Review, pages 135-137

1. a. 5x + 4
b. x2to+ 6x - 3
c. -3x2to- x + 5
2.

Expression Number Type of Degree of

of terms polynomial polynomial
(monomial, b. The expressions are not equivalent as they do
binomial, not produce the same graph.
trinomial)
2x2to 1 monomial 2
-8x + 5 2 binomial 1
a - 6b2to 2 binomial 2
-m2to+ 4mn - 9n2to 3 trinomial 2
2c2to+ 6c - 8d2to+ d 4 polynomial 2
16 1 monomial 0

3. a. 15 + 10n
6. a. 28 + 13n
b. The variable, n, represents the number
of months. b. n, to represent the number of years.
c. binomial; degree of 1 c. The coefficient is 13. It represents that her hair
grows 13 cm per year.
d. $165
4. a. d. The constant is 28. It represents that her hair is
initially 28 cm long.

The two sets do not contain the same tiles,

therefore they are not equivalent.

7. a. 6x2to
b. -6x2to- 4x
c. 35x2to+ 15x

438
 8. a. -35x2to b. -45cd d. Perimeter of square = 8x; Perimeter of
c. -3m d. 5y rectangle = 16x + 8
9. a. -8x - 12 b. 18x2to- 42x 16. 4x + 3 = 2x + 9; x = 3
c. 12xy - 36y d. -4x2to+ 6x 17. a. t = 3
b. h = 15 over 2 or 7.5
e. 6 over 5 x2 - x + 25
c. c = 1 over 3
10. a. -4d to
2 + 24d
b. 32 m; Answers vary. I prefer to substitute into d. x = 6
the expanded expression because there are
e. k = -11 over 2 or -5.5
fewer brackets.
11. a. (x + 3) + (3x - 4) f. b = -17
18. a. t = 3

Left side = 4t - 18
= 4(3) - 18
12. a. 6x + 8 b. 10x2to- 3
= 12 - 18
c. 5x2to+ x + 5 d. 3x + 1
= -6=-6
Right
= -3 -3side = -3 -t
e. -3x - 11 f. x2to+ 8x + 3
13. Sample answer: Simplifying an expression means The left side is equal to the right side,
to remove all the brackets using the distributive therefore t = 3 is the correct solution.
property and then grouping and collecting like b. h = 7.5
terms. For example: 2(x + 1) + 4(x + 2).
Left side = 2(h - 5)
2(x + 1) + 4(x + 2) = 2(7.5 - 5)
= 2x + 2 + 4x + 8 Step 1: Expand using the = 2(2.5)
distributive property to
= 5Right side =5
remove brackets.
The left side is equal to the right side,
= 2x + 4x + 2 + 8 Step 2: Group together therefore x = 7.5 is the correct solution.
like terms.
c. c = 1 over 3
= 6x + 10 Step 3: Collect like terms.
14. a. 2(3x - 4) - 4(5 - 6x) Left side = -2(c + 5)
= 6x - 8 - 20 + 24x
= 6x + 24x - 8 - 20 = -2(1 over 3 + 15 over 3)
= 30x - 28
= -2(1 over 3 + 15 over 3)
b. 8(4x2to- 3x + 2) - 3(2x2to- 7x + 11)
= 8(4x2to- 3x + 2) + 3(- 2x2to+ 7x - 11) =2 (16 over 3) =-32 over 3 Right side = 4 (c - 3) =4
= 32x2to- 24x + 16 - 6x2to+ 21x - 33 (1 over=332
- 9 over
over 3)3 =4 (-8 over 3)
The left side is equal to the right side,
= 32x2to- 6x2to- 24x + 21x + 16 - 33
= 26x2to- 3x - 17 therefore c = 1 over 3 is the correct solution.

c. 3 over 4 (8x - 12) + 1 over 3 (18x - 9) d. x = 6

Left side = x +8
=Right
6 + 8 overover
7 =14 over
side =27 =2 7
= 6x - 9 + 6x - 3
= 6x + 6x - 9 - 3
= 12x - 12
15. a. 15x2to+ 20x - 4x2to= 11x2to+ 20x
b. 159 cm2to
c. The rectangle would be 540% larger than
The left side is equal to the right side,
the square.
therefore x = 6 is the correct solution.

439
 e. k = -5.5 8. a. k = 3
Left side = 2 over 3 (k - 5) b. x = 5
c. r = 3 over 5
= 2 over 3 (-5.5 - 5)
d. w = -9
= 2 over 3 (-10.5)
9. a. An equation to model this situation
is C = 1.75n + 4.25, where C is the total cost of
= 7Right side = 7 the taxi ride, in dollars, and n is the number of
The left side is equal to the right side, kilometres driven.
therefore k = -5.5 is the correct solution. b. The taxi can take Alex 8 km for $18.25.
f. b = -17 10. The lengths of fencing needed are 2(20 - 2),
Left side = 5(20) - 4, 4(20 + 2), and 2(20), or 36 m, 96 m,
b + 5 over 2 = -17 88 m, and 40 m, respectively.
+ 5 over 2 = -12 11. Charlene earns $700, Kristi earns $550, and Sacha
over 2 =-6 Right
earns $800.
side = b-1 over
3 = -17 -1 over
3 =-18 over 3 =-6
The left side is equal to the right side,
5: Linear Relations
therefore b = -17 is the correct solution.
19. a. Let E represent Remo's earnings, let h represent
the number of hours worked, and let n represent
5.1 Graphs of Linear and Non-Linear
the number of dogs walked. E = 12h + 2n Relationships, pages 140-156
b. $44 Example 1: Describing the Pattern and
c. 16 dogs Making a Prediction Show You Know
1. Answers vary.
4 Algebra Test Yourself,
2. Answers vary.
pages 138-139
3. Answers vary.
1. B
2. A Example 2: Interpolating and Extrapolating
3. C
from Data Show You Know
4. D 1. a. As the elevation increases, the boiling point of
5. C water decreases.
6. 8x3to- 4x2to+ 3x + 6 b. linear; the relationship is represented by a
straight line
7. a. 2x(5x - 3)
c. The relationship is continuous because it is
= 2x(5x) - 2x(3)
represented by a continuous line. Also, both
= 10x2to- 6x elevation and temperature are real numbers.
b. 3(y + 4) + 6(y - 2) d. independent: elevation; dependent:
= 3(y) + 3(4) + 6(y) + 6(-2) temperature. The temperature at which water
= 3y + 12 + 6y - 12 boils changes based on the elevation.

= 3y + 6y + 12 - 12 2. 100 °C

= 9y 3. I read from -418 m on the x-axis up to the line

of the graph. Then I read across to the value on
c. -4(6b - 3) - (3b + 5)
the y-axis. The boiling point of water at the Dead
= -4(6b) - 4(-3) - 1(3b) - 1(5) Sea is about 102 °C.
= -24b + 12 - 3b - 5 4. I read from 8848 m on the x-axis up to the line
= -24b - 3b + 12 - 5 of the graph. Then I read across to the value on
= -27b + 7 the y-axis. The boiling point of water at the top of
Mount Everest is about 72 °C.

440
5. No. Since the graph applies to areas with b. Sample answer: Interpolate the graph by
atmospheric pressure, at some point you will drawing a horizontal line segment to the graph
reach the lowest point on Earth that is not below line from 4 on the y-axis. Draw a vertical
ground, and you cannot go lower. At some point line segment from that point on the graph to
in positive elevation you reach space, and there the x-axis. The corresponding x-coordinate is
is no atmospheric pressure in space, so the about 1.5.
relationship may be different. 4. a. Sample answer: Extrapolate the graph by
extending it to a point past t = 10. Draw a
Connect and Reflect
vertical dotted line from 10 on the t-axis and
1. a. i. Sample answer: Interpolate the graph by a horizontal dotted line to the d-axis. The
drawing a vertical line segment to the corresponding d-coordinate is 30 m.
graph line from -10 on the i-axis. Draw a b. Sample answer: Extrapolate the graph by
horizontal line segment from that point on extending it to a point past d = 33. Draw a
the graph to the s-axis. The corresponding horizontal dotted line from 33 on the d-axis
speed of sound is about 1170 km/h. and a vertical dotted line to the t-axis. The
ii. At a temperature of 0 °C, the speed of sound corresponding t-coordinate is 11 min.
is about 1190 km/h. This is also the graph's 5. a. Theo's Lawn Cutting Time
vertical intercept.
iii. Sample answer: Interpolate the graph by
drawing a vertical line segment to the graph
line from 20 on the t-axis. Draw a horizontal
line segment from that point on the graph
to the s-axis. The corresponding speed of
sound is about 1230 km/h.
iv. Sample answer: Extrapolate the graph by
extending it to a point past -40 °C. Draw a
vertical dotted line from -40 on the t-axis
and a horizontal dotted line to the s-axis.
The corresponding speed of sound is about
1100 km/h.
b. The independent variable is the temperature.
The dependent variable is the speed of sound,
because it changes based on the temperature.
2. a. Sample answer: Interpolate the graph by drawing b. The pattern starts at 20 min for 100 m2 and
a vertical line segment to the graph line from increases by 5 min for every additional 100 m2.
5 on the t-axis. Draw a horizontal line segment c. From the graph, this is a linear relation because
from that point on the graph to the d-axis. The the points line up in a straight line.
corresponding d-coordinate is about 14 km. d. Yes, it would be appropriate to extrapolate to
b. Sample answer: Interpolate the graph by drawing smaller lawns or larger lawns since the rate at
a horizontal line segment to the graph line from which Theo cuts a lawn does not change.
20 on the d-axis. Draw a vertical line segment 6. a. Growth of Plant
from that point on the graph to the t-axis. The
corresponding t-coordinate is about 7 h.
c. Sample answer: The graph could represent a
backpacker's progress on a hike.
3. a. Sample answer: Interpolate the graph by
drawing a vertical line segment to the graph
line from -2.5 on the x-axis. Draw a horizontal
line segment from that point on the graph to
the y-axis. The corresponding y-coordinate is
about 14.25.

b. Use a curve to join the points, as this is a

non-linear relation.

Answers • 441
 b. The relationship begins at 200 bpm at age 20
and decreases to 150 bpm at age 70.
c. This is a linear relationship since the points
form a straight line.
d. No, it would not be reasonable to extrapolate
to younger or older ages. Young people are still
growing, so the relationship between age and
maximum heart rate may be different. Similarly,
seniors may also have a different relationship
between age and maximum heart rate.

Yes, this is a linear relationship. The points 10. a. Place the length on the horizontal axis because
form a straight line with a constant rate of the distance from the wall depends on the
change of 5.5 m/s. length of the ladder.
Safest Distance between Foot of
Ladder and Base of Wall

b. about 58 cm
No, this is not a linear relationship. The points
form a curve. c. about 1.7 m long
8. a. A: 1.25 m/s d. about 118 cm

B: 0.375 m/s 11. The pattern rule is start at $400 and add $75
per tonne.
C: 1.75 m/s
12. Sample answer:
D: 0 m/s a.
E: -3.333 m/s
b. E; the line is steepest (Ingrid covered the most
distance in the least time)
c. Ingrid stopped moving.
d. 0.375 m/s
e. 32 s
9. a. Sample Answer: Interpolate the graph.
The recommended maximum heart rate
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
for age 20 is 200 bpm. The recommended b. The pattern starts with 3 squares and increases
maximum heart rate for age 40 is 180 bpm. The by 1 square in each figure.
recommended maximum heart rate for age 60 is
160 bpm.

442
 c. Growing Number of Squares 15. a.

b. There are three linear relations. The initial mass

is 180 kg. The growth rate is greatest between
ages 24 months and 36 months and least during
13. Sample answer: The graph could represent the
the first 24 months.
cost of renting a boat for an afternoon.
16. a. The parachutist began the descent from an
14. a. Volume of Gas Remaining
altitude of 2500 m and was accelerating until
she opened her parachute at a height of 1000 m.
She then fell at a steady rate for 180 s, or 3 min,
which is when she landed.
b. Her parachute opens after 20 s, when the
rate of descent changes dramatically and
the graph becomes a straight line. She has
stopped accelerating.
c. approximately 5.6 m/s
17. a. Notice that the time intervals are all 1 s.
Subtract consecutive values of the speed. The
rates of change are all different. This is not a
linear relation.
b. Notice that the time intervals are not consistent.
Three of the time intervals are 5 s, one is 2 s,
and another is 3 s. Subtract consecutive values
b. This is a linear relation. The volume begins at of the speed and divide by the appropriate time
50 L and steadily declines by 10 L/100 km. interval. The rates of change are all equal. This
c. 35 L; I used interpolation. is a linear relation.
d. 450 km; I used extrapolation.
e. Sample answer: I am more confident of my
answer to part c because I interpolated between
existing points on the graph, but for part d I had
to extrapolate beyond the graph. To extrapolate
I had to assume the graph continued in a
straight line, which might not be true.

443
18. a. Use a table of values to graph the equation. The 5.2 Slope and y-intercept Form
equation y = 2x + 3 represents a linear relation
since the y-values change at a constant rate.
of a Linear Relation, pages 156-173
Example 1 Part A: First Differences Show
x y = 2x + 3
You Know
0 3
a. linear
1 5
b. non-linear
2 7 c. linear
3 9 Example 1 Part B: Determining the Equation
4 11 of a Linear Relation from Its Graph
Show You Know
b. Use a table of values to graph the equation.
The equation y = x2 does not represent a 1. Slope = 16 - 2 over 61 - 0 = 14 over 61
linear relation since the y-values change at an
increasing rate. The slope is 14 over 61.

x y = x2 2. From the graph, the vertical intercept is 2.

0 0 3. The equation for the relation is h = 14 over 61 t + 2
4. h = 14 over 61 t
1 1
+2
2 4 16= 14 over 61 (61)
+2
3 9
16 = 14 + 2
4 16 16 = 16
The equation is correct.
c. Use a table of values to graph the equation. The
equation y = 3 x(x + 1), or y = 3 x2 + 3 x, does not Example 2: Classifying Slopes Show You Know
represent a linear relation since the y-values
change at an increasing rate. Positive: AB, IJ
Negative: EF, GH
x y = 3x(x + 1)
Zero: KL
0 0 Undefined: CD

1 6 Example 3: Representing a Relation in the

2 18 Form y = mx + b Show You Know
1. Use a table of values.
3 36

4 60 Number of Flyers, F Earning, E ($)

0 25
d. Use a table of values to graph the equation. The
equation y = -8x represents a linear relation 100 34
since the y-values change at a constant rate.
200 43
x y = -8x
300 52
0 0

1 -8

2 -16

3 -24

4 -32

444
 Use a graph. 3. y = 1 over 2x-4
Jamal's Earnings 4. a. -2
b - 1 over 3

5. Sample answer: Use (x1, y1) = (-2, 1) and

(x2 y2) = (4, 16). The slope is 5 over 2.
b. From the graph, the vertical intercept is 6.
c. The equation of the relation is y = 5 over 2x +6.

6. a. Sample answer: Use (x1, y1) = (-3, -5) and

(x2, y2) = (6, 7). The slope is 4 over 3.
b. From the graph, the vertical intercept is -1.
c. The equation of the relation is y = 4 over 3 x - 1.
7. a. v, because the line is horizontal and passes
through 3.
b. iv, because the y-intercept is -4 and the slope
is 3.
c. iii, because the line is vertical and passes
through -2.
Use an equation. d. i, because the y-intercept is 5 and the slope
The equation representing this relation is is -2.
E = 9 over 11 F + 25, where E is Jamal's earnings, in e. ii, because the y-intercept is 0 and the rate of
change is 5.
dollars, and F the number of flyers delivered.
8. Answers vary. The slope will remain the same but
2. The slope is increasing. the y-intercept will be different.
Example 4: Different Forms of the Equation 9. a
x y
of a Linear Relation Show You Know
0 i

1 3

2 5

3 7

4 9

The slope is 2.

Connect and Reflect

1. The first differences are all 0.5. Since they are
constant it is a linear relation.
2. y = 3x + 1

445
 b. d.
x y x y
0 4 0 0.2
1 0.7
1 1
2 1.2
2 -2
3 1.7
3 -5
4 2.2
4 -8
The slope is 0.5.
The slope is -3.

10. Use a graph:

c.
x y
0 0.0

1 -1.5

2 -3.0

3 -4.5

4 -6.0

The slope is -3 over 2.

Use words: Each time the value of x increases by

1, the value of y increases by 3. The graph is a
straight line that does not pass through (0, 0).
Use an equation:
y = 3x + 2.

446
11. a. The independent variable is time, in hours, 13. a.
km Cost
and the dependent variable is altitude, in
kilometres. The altitude depends on the 0.5 5.75
elapsed time.
1.0 6.5
b. Build a table using equal intervals of time.
1.5 7.25
Time (hours) Altitude Change in Altitude
2.0 8.00
(km) (km/h)
2.5 8.75
0 1000

1 800 800 - 1000 = -200 Taxi Ride Cost

2 600 -200

3 400 -200

4 200 -200

5 0 -200

The satellite's initial altitude was 1000 km and

it lost altitude at a rate of 200 km/h.
c. h = -200t + 1000, where h is the altitude, in
kilometres, and t is the time, in hours.

12.
Number of Rooms, r Cost of Painting, C($)

0 400

1 600
b. The slope is 1.5. This represents the variable
2 800 cost of $1.50 per km.
The vertical intercept is 5.00. This represents
3 1000 the fixed cost of $5.00.

4 1200 c. Let C represent the cost, and d represent the

number of kilometres.
C = 1.5d + 5.00
Cost of Painting a House
14. Depth of a Scuba Diver

Let C represent the cost, and r represent the

number of rooms.
C = 200r + 400
Each second, the scuba diver swims 1 m toward
the surface of the water.
Let D represent the depth, in metres, and t
represent the time, in seconds.
D = t - 50

447
15. a. c. The graph of the maximum dosage has a
Time Volume of Rate of Change
vertical intercept of 11, which is 1 higher than
(min) Water (kL) (kL/min) the vertical intercept of the recommended
0 50 dosage, 10. The maximum dosage graph rises
more steeply.
40 40 -0.25 Dosage of Drug
120 20 -0.25

180 5 -0.25

The rate of change is the same for each

succeeding pair of data points. The relation
is linear.
b. Draining a Swimming Pool

18. Assume that the percent commission is constant.

_1 The base salary is $1000 per month, and the rate
c. -0.25 or -_4; The slope is constant. It represents
of commission on sales is 0.02 or 2%.
the rate of change of the volume of water in
the pool. Water is draining out at a rate of 5.3 Comparing Linear Relations,
0.25 kL/min.
pages 174-183
d. Let V represent the volume of water in the
pool, in kilolitres, and t represent the time, in Example 1: Comparing Cost Using a Graph
minutes. V = -0.25t + 50 Show You Know
e. 35 kL
1. Let y be the cost in dollars and x be the number of
16. a. direct variation; There is no constant hours worked. y = 15x
number. y = 15x
2. Let y be the cost in dollars. y = 300
b. partial variation; There is a constant number:
120. y = 70x + 120 3. Snow Removal Cost Comparison

c. partial variation; There is a constant

number: 150. y = -8x + 150
d. partial variation; There is a constant number:
50. y = -6x + 50
17. a. Graph the mass versus dosage data. Extend
the graph to determine the vertical intercept is
10. Let D represent the dosage, in milligrams,
and let m represent the mass of the patient, in
_
kilograms. D = 1 over 2m + 10.
b. D = -11 over 11
m + 20

448
 4. The intersection point represents where the costs c.
for the two services are the same. Jeff charges
$300 for having worked 20 h, and Farhadi charges
$300 for the season.

Example 2: Solving a Linear System

Algebraically Show You Know
Let C represent the cost and n the number of guests.
Waverly Inn: C = 40n + 200
Hotel Niagara: C = 30n + 1000
The solution is (80, 3400).
For fewer than 80 guests, the Waverly Inn costs less.
For more than 80 guests, Hotel Niagara costs less.
d. The solution is (3, 2).
The solution satisfies both equations.

Connect and Reflect

1. a. (3, 1)
b. (-2, 2)
2. a.

The solution is (3, 3).

3. a. (1, 2)
b. (4, 2)
4. a. Green Growers; The line for Green Growers is
lower than the line for Lawn Doctor at t = 2, so
The solution is (3, -3).
Green Growers charges less.
b.
b. Lawn Doctor; The line for Lawn Doctor is lower
than the line for Green Growers at t = 6, so
Lawn Doctor charges less.
c. (4, 60); This means that for a 4-h job, both
companies charge $60.
5. a. Green Growers; Since Paulo has a small yard
with no garden, it is likely that the duration of
the job will be less than 4 h.
b. Lawn Doctor; Since Ava has a large country lot,
it is likely that the duration of the job will be
more than 4 h.

The solution is (6, -2).

• 449
 6. Cheryl: Her initial distance from home is 30 km. 11. a. d = 20t
The rate of change is -20 km/h. The distance-time b. d = 25 - 10t
relation is d = 30 - 20t.
c. They will meet about 0.8 h after they started.
Natalie: Her initial distance from home is
20 km/h. The rate of change is -10 km/h. The
distance-time relation is d = 20 - 10t.

d.They will meet at about 16.7 km from Fort Erie.

12. a. 100 m
b. 8 m/s
c. 6 m/s
d. (50, 400); Fifty seconds into the race, at 400 m,
Cersei catches up to Tyrion. Before this point,
Tyrion was ahead of Cersei. After this point,
Cersei remains ahead of Tyrion.
13.a. d = 6t + 200; (100, 800)
b. d = 6t + 50; (25, 200)
14.a.
The point of intersection is (1, 10). This means Numberton's Decimalville's
Year
that at 1 h, both people are 10 km from home. Population Population
Cheryl starts farther from home, but catches and
passes Natalie at 1 h. It takes Cheryl 1.5 h to reach 0 25 000 15 000
home, and it takes Natalie 2 h to reach home.
1 26 000 16 500
7. a. Graphing both relations on the same grid shows
that the two lines are parallel. Therefore, there 2 27 000 18 150
is no solution since the lines never cross.
_1 _ 3 28 000 19 965
by = -1 over 2x - 4 and y = - 1 over 2x - 4
Rewriting each equation in the 4 29 000 21 962
form y = mx + b shows that the two equations
5 30 000 24 158
describe the same line. Therefore, there is an
infinite number of solutions since all points on 6 31 000 26 573
one line satisfy the equation of the other line.
8. a. i. $300 7 32 000 29 231
ii. $340 8 33 000 32 154
b. Tyrese should choose the Standard Rate option.
9 34 000 35 369
It is $40 cheaper.
9. a. i. $1000 10 35 000 38 906
ii. $900
11 36 000 42 797
b. Tyrese should choose the Frequent Skier option.
It is $100 cheaper. 12 37 000 47 076
10. Yes. Both payment options meet at the point 13 38 000 51 784
(10, 500). If Tyrese went skiing 10 times, he
would pay $500 for either option. 14 39 000 56 962

15 40 000 62 659

450
 b. Town Populations Example 2: Applying Inequalities
Show You Know
1. Sample answer: Let s represent the number of
small tables. Let l represent the number of large
tables. 4s + 6l ≤ 110
2. Possible Table Arrangements

Time (years)
c. Numberton's population growth is linear.
Decimalville's population growth is non-linear.
d. The solution to this system occurs some time
in the eighth year when both populations
number between 33 000 and 34 000. Up to this
time, Numberton's population was greater, but
after this time, Decimalville's population will 3. Sample answer: Mason and her partner could
be greater. have 4 small tables and 12 large tables or 20 small
tables and 5 large tables.
15. Solve the linear system y = - 3 over 5 x + 2
over 5 and y = 1 over 3 x - 10 over 3, (4, -2) Connect and Reflect

5.4 Representing Linear Inequalities,

pages 184-195
Example 1: Graphing Inequalities
Show You Know

451
 10. The graphs cover the Cartesian plane.

11. Let d represent the number of drinks purchased.

Let p represent the number of bags of popcorn
purchased. 4d + 5p ≤ 18
12. Let a represent the number of asters purchased.
Let c represent the number of carnations
purchased. 2a + c ≤ 11
13. a. Sample answer: You sell earrings for $15.50 a
pair and bracelets for $8.00 each. You want to
make at least $60 in sales.
b. Sample answer: You are building a vegetable
garden for your aunt. The soil costs $5 a bag
and the tomato plants cost $12 per plant. You
2. 3x + 2y < 81, where x is the cost of a pair of pants cannot spend more than $100.
and y is the cost of a polo shirt. c. Sample answer: Your karate school wants to sell
3. a. y > x + 4 boxes of fruit to raise money for a new location.
The merchant sells boxes of pears for $12,
b. y < -x - 5
c. x < 1 over 2 which the school will sell for $20 each. The
school wants to raise more than $500.
4. Sample answer: (5, 2) and (-1, -4); They 14. a. y > 4x - 2
are solutions because they are inside the b. y > 6x - 3
shaded region. 15. I substituted the point (-3, 5) into the inequality.
5. a. Sample answer: y must be greater than or equal Since the inequality holds true, the point (-3, 5)
to 8. Possible solutions are 15 and 22. is a solution to the inequality.
b. Sample answer: y must be less than -12. 16. Shade the region below/to the right of the line.
Possible solutions are -14 and -35. 17. a.
c. Sample answer: x must be greater than -3.
Possible solutions are 4 and 7.
6. a. iii b.i c.ii
7. a. iii b.i c.ii
8. a. i b.ii c.iii
9. a. k + a ≥ 323, where k is Keisha's height
in centimetres and a is Abigail's height
in centimetres.
b. f + a < 1623, where f is the amount spent on
food in dollars and a is the amount spent on b. Sample answer: (-2, 2)
activities in dollars.
c. Sample answer: (1, -1)
c. p - m ≤ 34, where p is the size of Paul's
coin collection and m is the size of Moesha's
coin collection.

452
 d. The point (1 1 over 3, 3 1 over 3) is the point of intersection The translated line results from shifting the original
of the related linear equations. Since the line 2 units down. The equation of the translated line
inequality y < -2x + 6 does not include points is y = 0.5x - 2.
on the line as part of its solution set, the point
Example 2: Finance Application Show
(1 1 over 3, 3 1 over 3) only satisfies y ≥ x + 2.
You Know

5.5 Transformations of y = mx, 1. y = 5x + 35

pages 196-203 Amusement Park Costs

Example 1: Applying Multiple

Transformations Show You Know
To rotate the line about the origin to make it half as
steep, multiply the y-coordinates by 0.5.

2. a. Amusement Park Costs

The line rotates counterclockwise about the origin to

make it half as steep as y = x. The slope of the rotated
line is still positive, since it rises from left to right.
The equation of the rotated line is y = 0.5x.

To translate the line down, subtract 2 from

the y-coordinates.

The y-intercept increased by 10. y = 5x + 45.

b. The y-intercept increased by 10 because of the
translation, so it is the admission price that
changed. The admission price is the fixed price,
represented by the y-intercept.

453
Connect and Reflect d.

1. a. iv b. i c. iii d. ii
2. a.

3. a. Sample answer: y = 3 over

8x
b. Sample answer: y = -5x - 1
c. Sample answer: y = 2x - 1
4. a. The graph was translated 9 units up. y = x + 9
b. b. The graph was translated 3 units down. y = x - 3
c. The graph was reflected through the y-axis. y = -x
d. The graph was rotated about the origin to be
twice as steep, reflected through the y-axis, and
translated 1 unit up. y = -2x + 1
5. a. y = 15x + 7
b. The graph of the new equation would be
translated 7 units up compared with the graph
of the original equation.
c. Gold Cart Rental Fees

c.

6.a. Bao: y = 14, where y is the total fee.

Jamal: y = 3x + 5, where y is the total fee
and x is the number of food items.
b. Sample answer: Translate the line 9 units down.
Rotate the line about (0, 5) to give it a slope of 3.
7.Translate the line down 4 units. Reflect the line
through the y-axis. Then rotate the line about the
origin to make it 3 times steeper.
8.Translate the line up 5 units. Then rotate the line
about (0, 3) to make it 10 times steeper.

454
 9. Sample answer: b. The points form a curve, so the relationship
is non-linear.
c. Sample answer: about 19 °C; I read up from 1.5
on the x-axis to the curve. Then I read across to
the y-axis.
d. Sample answer: about 5 h; I extended the curve
of the graph.
2. a

Add or subtract from the y-intercept, b, of the

given line. This will give a line parallel to the
given line. The lines are similar because they
all have the same slope. The lines are different Figure 5
because they all have different y-intercepts. b. Sample answer: The pattern is increasing. Each
10. a. any pair of lines with opposite slopes (negative figure has three more squares than the previous
reciprocals) and a y-intercept of -3 figure. The squares have been added to the
upper right corner of the previous figure.
b. a rotation
c. Since the increase in the number of tiles is the
11. a. Answers vary.
same for each figure, it is a linear relationship.
b. Answers vary.
d. discrete
e. Yes
5 Review, pages 204-206
1. a. x y
Evening Temperature Over Time
1 i

2 4

3 7

4 10

5 13

• 455
3. a. 8. a. Stretch of an Elastic Band

Time (h) Temperature (°C) First Differences

0 21

1 19 19 - 21 = -2

2 17 17 - 19 = -2

3 15 15 - 17 = -2

4 13 13 - 15 = -2

b. 21; The vertical intercept is where the relation

crosses the y-axis.
c. -2; The slope is the value of the first differences
divided by the amount that the x-values
increase. Since in this case the run is 1, the
slope is the same as the first differences.
d. y = -2x + 21
4. If the first differences are constant, the relation is b. The 6.2 cm represents the starting length of the
linear. If the first differences are not constant, the elastic band when no mass is attached.
relation is non-linear. c. 1.7; The slope is constant. The slope of 1.7
5. 5 over 3 represents that for each 1 kg of mass added, the
elastic band stretches an additional 1.7 cm.
6. 3 d. L = 1.7m + 6.2, where L is the length of the
7. a. elastic band and m is the mass.
e. 23.2 cm
f. Sample answer: The slope would no longer be
constant, so this would no longer be a linear
relation. Therefore, the equation L = 1.7m + 6.2
could not be used to predict the length of the
elastic band when the mass is 10 kg.
9. Answers vary.
10. a.
b.

456
 b.

c.

c. (4, 13)
11. a. (2, 0)

15. a. y ≥ 3x + 125, where y is the funds raised, in

dollars, and x is the number of muffins sold.
b. School Fundraiser

b. (2, 0); The answers match.

12. a. s = 5d + 16, where s is the total savings and d is
the number of days.
b. s = 2d + 34
c. Yes; The sisters will both have $46 on day 6.
13. a. I would use a dashed line if the inequality
symbol is > or <.
b. I would shade below the line because the
y-values need to be less than -2.
14. a

c. Sample answer: (15, 200) Mr. Zhang's class

might sell 15 muffins and the school might raise
$200 in total.

457
16. a. reflection through the y-axis c. Cost and Revenue
b. rotation about the origin to make the line twice
as steep.
c. reflection through the y-axis, rotation about
the origin to make the line three times as steep,
translation by 5 units up.
17. a. c = 40t + 80
b. The line will be rotated about (0, 80) to increase
its slope to 42. The line will be translated by
5 units up.
c. c = 42t + 85

d. about (77, 9600); This means that the company's

costs and revenue will both be about $9600
when producing about 77 headphone sets.
7. a. y = -x + 5

18. Answers vary. Study guide should include

explanations and examples of how each
transformation (rotation, reflection, and
translation) affects the equation and graph of
a relation.

5 Test Yourself, pages 207-209

1. A
2. C b. y = 1 over 3x
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. a. y = 50x + 5750, where x is the number of
headphone sets produced and y is the cost in
dollars to produce them.
b. y = 125x, where x is the number of headphone
sets sold and y is the revenue in dollars made
from selling them.

458
 c. y = 5 over 3x - 2 e. Chairs and Spice Racks Made

8. a. Let c represent the number of chairs.

Let s represent the number of spice racks.
8s + 20c = 320 or s = 40 - 2.5c
f. 8s + 20c ≤ 320 or s ≤ 40 - 2.5c
b.
c s g. From the graph, Luna can make 11 chairs and
0 40 11 spice racks. She will spend 308 h crafting
these items.
2 35
4 30
8 20 6: Data
c. The vertical intercept is 40, where Luna makes
0 chairs and 40 spice racks.
d. Chairs and Spice Racks Made 6.1 Quartiles, pages 210-220
Example 1: Quartiles Show You Know
1. a. 5 5 7 8 9 12 15 18 28 49
b. maximum = 49, minimum = 5
2. a. Q2 = 10.5
b. Q1 = 7
c. Q3 = 18
3. a. range = 44
b. IQR = Q3 - Q1
= 18 - 7
= 11
4. a. approximately 25%
b. approximately 75%

Example 2: The Five-Number Summary

Show You Know
1. a. maximum = 3, minimum = -5
b. Q2 = -1
c. Q1 = -4
d. Q3 = 1
e. Min: -5, Q1: -4, Median: -1, Q3: 1,
Max: 3 or -5, -4, -1, 1, 3

459
 2. Min: The lowest average temperature that week 6.2 Box-and-Whisker Plots,
was -5 °C.
pages 221-235
Q1: The average temperature was -4 °C or lower
for about 25% of the week. Example 1: Interpreting a Box-and-Whisker
Median: The average temperature for the week Plot Show You Know
was around -1 °C.
1. a. 3 m and -6 m
Q3: For about 75% of the week, the temperature
b. 9 m. All of the data falls within a 9 m interval.
was 1 °C or lower.
2. -0.5 m. Half of the cities have a lowest elevation
Max: The highest average temperature was 3 °C.
of less than -0.5 m, and the other half have a
Connect and Reflect lowest elevation greater than -0.5 m.
3. a. Q1 = -2. The lowest elevation in 25% of the
1. a. maximum = 10, minimum = 4 cities is less than -2 m.; Q3 = 0. The lowest
b. range = 6 c. Q2 = 7 elevation in 75% of the cities is less than 0 m.
d. Q1 = 6 e. Q3 = 8.5 b. -2 m. This means that half of the cities in this
f. IQR = 2.5 study have lowest elevations between -2 m
and 0 m.
2. a. 9 12 14 14 16 17 18 21
b. Q2 = 15 Example 2: Drawing a Box-and-Whisker Plot
c. Q1 = 13 Show You Know
d. Q3 = 17.5
e. range = 12, IQR = 4.5
3. a. -32 -30 -27 -25 -22
b. Q2 = -27
c. Q1 = -31, Q3 = -23.5
d. -32, -31, -27, -23.5, -22
2. The values for the juices are more spread out on
4. a. range = 6 the right.
b. IQR = 1
Example 3: Using a Graphing Calculator to
5. a. third quartile
Construct a Box-and-Whisker Plot Show
b. $5000 You Know
c. between $50 000 and $55 000
Sample answer:
6. These values are very different due to the
outlier, 18.
7. a. Q1 = 10, Q2 = 10.4, Q3 = 12.5 ($millions)
b. $10 million. This can be easily recognized from
the table because the right column shows that
more players (six) receive this amount than
Example 4: Identifying Outliers:
any other.
8. 16
The IQR x 1.5 Rule Show You Know
9. Q1 = -3.5 1. First, determine the IQR = 50. Next, determine
IQR times 1.5 = 75.
10. It is possible. Example: 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3
Then check whether -30 is a low outlier.
11. a. They are values that split large ordered sets of
data into 100 equal groups. Q1 - (IQR times 1.5) = -35

b. It is the 50th percentile. Since -30 > -35, -30 is not a low outlier.
c. Q1 = 25th percentile, Q2 = 50th percentile, 2. Q3 + (IQR times 1.5) = 165
Q3 = 75th percentile Since 170 > 165, 170 is a high outlier.
d. Sample answer: Colleges and universities often
use percentiles to rank student performance.

460
Connect and Reflect 8. a. 11, 12, 15, 20, 21
b.
1. a. 1 and 13 hours
b. Q1 = 4, Q2 = 6, and Q3 = 8
c. range = 12, IQR = 4
c. Sample answer: new max = 35;
2. 3, 5, 9, 15, 22 Q3 + (IQR times 1.5) = 32
3. a. Q1 = 9.5, Q2 = 10.5, Q3 = 12 Since 35 > 32, 35 will be a high outlier in the
b. set [11, 12, 14, 16, 20, 35].
d. Sample answer:

4. a. min = 1.5, max = 3.1 e. The upper whisker became much longer.
b. median = 2.25, Q1 = 2.0, Q3 = 2.35 9. Sample answers:
c. range = 1.6, IQR = 0.35 a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
d. b.

10. Sample answers:

5. a. Systems analysts make more than coders a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20
because their graph appears further to the right b.
along the salary scale.
b. $55 000 per year for coders, $75 000 for
systems analysts
c. approximately $33 000
6. a. Leah's median response time is less than
6.3 Scatter Plots and Regression
2.5 minutes, which is less than Olivia's median, Models, pages 235-255
which is greater than 2.5 minutes. So Leah
generally responds more quickly.
Example 1: Creating a Line of Best
Fit Show You Know
b. Both medians are close to 2.5 minutes, but the
ranges are very different. The response times for a. Wingspan and Weight for Ontario Birds
Leah are more spread out, whereas Olivia has
more consistent response times.
c. Leah has a shorter median response time, so
it is likely that Emma will hear back from her
more quickly.
d. Although Leah's median response time is a bit
lower, the range is much greater, so sometimes
it takes her quite a while to respond. Since
Olivia's response times are more consistent,
Emma should ask Olivia.
7. a. The Comets' highest scorer has 93 points,
which is much more than any of the forwards
on the Falcons. This player is the most likely of
all the forwards on both teams to score a goal.
b. The median number of points for the Falcons
forwards is 55, and for the Comets it is 31. This
suggests that, overall, the Falcons forwards are
better at scoring goals and making assists.

461
 b. (118, 4300) is an outlier. b.
c. Sample answer: Possibly, though the data also
seems to curve a bit.
d. Sample answer:
Wingspan and Weight for Ontario Birds

c. The U-shaped curve fits the data much better

e. Sample answer: y ≈ 9.7x - 225.9 than the J-shaped curve. The data is non-linear,
so a line is not an appropriate model. The
Example 2: Creating Curves of Best Fit Show U-shaped curve is the best model.
You Know d. The box office for the movie grew slowly, then
more quickly, and then it peaked and began to
a. A New Movie
decline at about the same rate as it had grown.

Example 3: Using Regression to Estimate

and Predict Show You Know

b. The scatter plot shows a strong positive

linear relationship.

462
 c.

Score versus Time

d. r = 0.94, a very strong correlation. The

model can be used to estimate values and
make predictions.
e. The temperature on Day 6 was approximately
-2 °C.
f. The temperature will reach 6 °C on Day 12
or 13.
g. Sample answer: One assumption is that the
temperature is rising at a steady rate and that
it will keep rising. In reality, the temperature
from day to day can be quite variable and can c. Sample answer: y ≈ 2.5x - 3.5
drop suddenly. 4. Cumulative Global Production of Plastic

Connect and Reflect

1. a. The red line makes a better line of best fit. It
passes through as many points as possible, with
about half the points above and half below the
line. It accurately shows the trend of the data.
b. The blue line makes a better line of best fit. It
passes through as many points as possible, with
about half the points above and half below the
line. It accurately shows the trend of the data.
c. The blue line makes a better line of best fit. It
passes through as many points as possible, with
about half the points above and half below the
line. It accurately shows the trend of the data.
d. The red line makes a better line of best fit. It
passes through as many points as possible, with
about half the points above and half below the
line. It accurately shows the trend of the data.
2. a. B
b. C
c. A

463
5. a. The linear model (blue) fits the data best. c. The U-curve fits the data best.

6. a. Skydiver's Free Fall

b. The J-curve (exponential model) fits the

data best.

b. Sample answer:
Skydiver's Free Fall

After 12 seconds the linear model predicts a

speed of 70 m/s.

464
 c. Sample answer: f. The 700 m prediction is likely to be more
Skydiver's Free Fall accurate than the 1600 m one because it
involves interpolating between known data
values, rather than extrapolating significantly
beyond them.
8. Sample answers:
a. Advantages:
• A strong, positive, possibly linear correlation
is evident.
• A line is easy to draw.
• It is easy to develop an algebraic model for
the line of best fit.
d. The strong positive linear correlation breaks
down after about 7 s, at which point the graph Disadvantages:
starts to curve and flatten out. • A line may not be the model of best fit.
e. Extrapolations can be inaccurate because
• A line may be a weak predictor, especially
sometimes the conditions change between two
for extrapolating.
variables beyond the known set of data.
7. a. b. Advantages:
• The data can be modelled very well using a
smooth curve.
• A curve may be a better predictor, especially
for extrapolating.
Disadvantages:
• It is more difficult to draw a curve of best fit
than a line.
• It is not easy to develop an algebraic model
for a curve of best fit.
b. Sample answer: 9. a. Sometimes data can be represented reasonably
well using more than one method, such as
linear or non-linear modelling.
b. Answers vary.
10. a. Sample answer:
Average Height of Bean Plants

c. As depth increases, temperature decreases. The

model may be linear or non-linear, as evidence
for both types of trends is present.
d. At a depth of 700 metres the model predicts a
temperature of approximately 12 °C.
e. At a depth of 1600 metres the temperature
is approximately -1 °C, according to the b. The correlation is a very strong positive
linear model. linear one.
c. Sample answer: H = 2t - 1.3

465
 d. The rate of change is 2 and it means that the
bean plants are growing at an average rate of
2 cm/day.
e. The vertical intercept is -1.3 cm, which
suggests that the initial height of the bean
plants was negative. This does not make sense
because the plants started from a seed that did
not have a negative height. This is a limitation
of the linear model. The seeds need time to
germinate before they start their steady growth
pattern. In this case, extrapolating beyond the
given data gives a false prediction.
11. a.

f. After 5 seconds the probe will be at a height of

approximately 5 metres.

6 Review, pages 265-267

1. a. Q2 = 4, Q1 = 3, Q3 = 5
This means that a quarter of the time Pete reads
three or fewer books per month, half of the
time he reads between three and four books per
month and a quarter of the time he reads five or
more books per month.
b. The relationship appears to be non-linear—it b. range = 7; Pete reads seven more books in his
rises initially and then falls. highest reading month than in his lowest.
c. (2.5, 21.4) IQR = 3; 50% of the time, Pete reads between
d. Sample answer: This outlier could be due four and seven books per month.
to human or mechanical measurement 2. -8, -5, -2, 1, 7
error, instrument malfunction, or other type
3.
of interference.

4. a. least distance = 1 km, greatest

distance = 14 km, median distance = 5 km
b. Q1 = 2, Q3 = 6, IQR = 4
Q3 + (IQR times 1.5) = 12
14 > 12
The distance of 14 km is an outlier.
5. B
6. John's, Kateri's, and Khalid's strategies are correct.
Ting's strategy is incorrect.

466
7. a. Drone Takeoff Speed b. According to the linear model, in 2030, there
will be no local insects left.
c. According to the non-linear model, there will
be approximately 16% of the local insect
population in 1970 left in 2030.
d. Since the non-linear model matches the pattern
of the data better than the linear model, it is a
better model for this data.
9. Sample answer: Questions that could help to
solve the problem include:
How fast is the number of AI start-ups growing?
How fast is venture capital funding for AI growing?
How fast are job openings in machine
b. There is a strong positive linear correlation
learning growing?
between distance and time.
How many more businesses are using AI solution
c. Sample answer:
each year?
Drone Takeoff Speed
How many students are enrolling in AI and
machine learning courses?
10. Sample answer: She could use a set of bars that
each represent 100%, one for each age group, and
colour the percents for each group in two colours,
or she could use four circle graphs.
11. Sample answer: The model predicts that the
Arctic will be ice-free by around 2068, at which
time Caleb may still be alive. However, the
model shows ice in September, and there will
be more ice in the winter months, so this is not
too helpful. Also, the extent of sea ice is closely
related to the rate of global warming. There are
many factors that may affect the rate of global
warming in the future, so this model is not very
d. When time = 0, distance « 2.1. The drone was
helpful in answering Caleb's question.
approximately 2.1 m from Sam when it left
the ground.
e. The drone was approximately 4.1 m from Sam
6 Test Yourself, pages 268-271
after 0.4 s. 1. B
8. a. Sample answer: 2. A
Decline in Local Insect Population 3. B
4. D
5. a. 42, 47.5, 52, 71.5, 106
b. Q1 = 47.5, Q3 = 71.5, IQR = 24
Q3 + (IQR x 1.5) = 107.5
106 < 107.5
106 isn't an outlier.

467
6. a. Students Who Know About the New Café

7.1 Solving Problems Involving Right

Triangles, pages 272-280
Example 1: Applying the Side-Length
Relationship for Right Triangles Show
You Know
Apply the side-length relationship for right triangles
b. The trend is strong and positive. It may be
to determine the length of the missing side is 505 cm.
linear or non-linear.
The perimeter of the triangle is 1218 cm.
c. Sample answer:
Students Who Know About the New Café
Example 2: Determining the Length of the
Shorter Sides Show You Know
Let l represent the length of one side of the square,
in metres.
Use the side-length relationship for right triangles
and the formula a2 + b2 = c2 to represent it.
l ≈ 29.7
The perimeter of the courtyard is 4(29.7), or about
119 m.

Example 3: Calculating the Area of a Right

Triangle Show You Know
According to the linear model, about
31 students will know about the new café by To determine the area of the sign, first determine
Day 9. the height of the triangle. Split the triangle into two
d. According to the non-linear model, about identical right triangles. The base of the right triangle
52 students will know about the new café by will be half the side length of the equilateral triangle,
Day 9. or 37.5 cm.

e. Since the non-linear model matches the pattern Use the side-length relationship for right triangles to
of the data better than the linear model, it is a determine the height of the triangle is about 65 cm.
better model for this data. The area of the yield sign is about 2437.5 cm2.
f. Sample answer: Not every student who hears Connect and Reflect
about the new café may choose to pass on the
news, so caution must be exercised in relying 1. a. 72to+ 32to= c2to
too heavily on either model when extrapolating b. 52to+ b2to= 82toOR b2to= 82to- 52to
beyond the known data.
2. a. Charlie treated the ladder as one of the sides,
7. He would need to know each location around the when it is really the hypotenuse. The problem
world where CO2 storage is happening today, and is an addition problem to determine the length
how much CO2 is being captured at each location of the hypotenuse. However, the length of the
per year. ladder is given, which would represent the
value of the hypotenuse, c. Charlie should have
substituted the 6 for c instead of a.
b. Sample answer: I would draw a picture to help
Charlie understand that the ladder will always
represent the hypotenuse.
3. C and D are correct. The area of a triangle is the
product of the two shorter sides divided by 2. It
doesn't matter what order the two sides are in.

468
 4. The area of the triangle is 60 cm2. 3. Sample answer: The inscribed angles in the
5. The length of the diagonal is 69 cm. diagram subtend the same arc as the central angle,
which measures 60°. The inscribed angles each
6. The player at second base must throw the ball
measure 30°.
about 38 m to get a runner out at home plate.
7. The kite is flying about 106.5 m above the tree.
8. a. a = √2, b = √3,c = √4,d = √5
b. If another right triangle is added to the d_iagram,
the length of its hypotenuse would be √6. I
noticed a pattern. The pattern is the number
underneath the square root symbol is one
greater than the previous answer.
9. The length of the space diagonal is about 64 cm.

7.2 Angles in a Circle, pages 281-287

Example 1: Determining Angle Measures in a
Circle Show You Know
<DEB and <DAB are inscribed angles subtended by
the same arc, DB, so they have the same measure. 4. The measure of the inscribed angle is 90°. The
The measure of <DEB is 55°. diameter is a straight line, which has a measure
of 180°. The diameter is the central angle for
<DCB is a central angle subtended by the same arc,
the inscribed angle since they share the same
DB, as the inscribed angle <DEB. <DCB is double the
endpoints. The inscribed angle's measure is
measure of <DAB. <DCB = 2 times 55° = 110°.
always half the measure of the central angle.
Example 2: Determining an Inscribed Angle 5. a. <ABD is an inscribed angle, which is subtended
Subtending the Diameter Show You Know by the diameter of the circle. The measure of
<ABD is 90°.
AB is a diameter since it passes through the centre of
b. Since the triangle is a right triangle, use the
the circle. The inscribed angle <ADB = 90° since it
side-length relationship for right triangles to
subtends the same arc as the diameter.
determine the length of the chord AB. AB = 8 cm
Since the triangle is a right triangle, use the side-
6. a. The measure of <FCG is 90°.
length relationship for right triangles to determine
the length of AB. b. Chord FG is approximately 11.3 cm long.
AB = 13 cm 7. a. <ACD is a central angle subtended by the same
arc as inscribed angle <ABD. The measure
Connect and Reflect of <ABD is 38°, so the measure of <ACD is
2 x 38° = 76°.
1. <ADB and <AEB are inscribed angles that are
b. ACD is an isosceles triangle. Sides AC and
subtended by the same arc as central angle <ACB.
The measure of <ACB is 82°. <ADB and <AEB DC are radii of the same circle and therefore
are each one-half the measure of <ACB. So the have equal length.
measures of <ADB and <AEB are 41°. c. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is
2. a. <FJG is an inscribed angle subtended by the 180°. Since <ACD is 76°, the sum of the other
two angles is 180 - 76 = 104°. Since the triangle
same arc as inscribed angle <FHG. Since the
measure of <FHG is 23°, the measure of <FJG is is isosceles, <CAD and <CDA are equal.
also 23°. The measure of <CAD is 104° divdedby 2 = 52°.
b. <FCG is a central angle subtended by the same 8. a. x = 15°, y = 30°
arc as inscribed angle <FHG. The measure of b. x = 45°, y = 45°
the central angle is double the measure of the
c. x = 60°, y = 120°
inscribed angle.
d. x = 35°, y = 45°
The measure of <FCG = 2(23°), or 46°.

469
 9. The diameter of the circle divides the square into Connect and Reflect
two right isosceles triangles. Let x represent the
side length of the square. The diameter is the 1. a. Example 2
hypotenuse of the right triangle. Use the side-length b. First I would locate the midpoint of each chord.
relationship for right triangles to determine x. Then I would draw the perpendicular bisector
The maximum side length of a square that will fit for each chord. The centre of the circle is where
into the hole is about 14.1 cm. the two perpendicular bisectors intersect.
10. a. x = 9° 2. a. Example 1
b. x = 17° b. Since CD is a radius that bisects the chord
AB, then CD is perpendicular to AB and
11. a. Inscribed angle <BHA is subtended by the <AEC = 90°. The side-length relationship for
diameter, so its measure is 90°. right triangles can be used to determine the
b. Since inscribed angle z BHA is subtended by length of the line segment CE. CE is one of
the diameter and its measure is 90°, △BHE is a the two shorter sides in the right triangle. The
right triangle. The sum of the interior angles of length of AE is 12 cm because CD bisects the
a triangle is 180°. chord AB, which has length 24 cm. The radius
<BEH = 180° - 90° - 27° = 63° AC is 15 cm and is the hypotenuse of the
triangle. The length of line segment CE is 9 cm.
c. <AEG is opposite <BEH. Opposite angles have
the same measures. So <AEG is 63°. 3. a. Show You Know after Example 1
d. Since <GAH is an inscribed angle subtended b. Since CF is a radius that bisects the chord HJ,
by the same angle as <GBH, it has the same then CF is perpendicular to HJ and <CGH = 90°.
measure as <GBH. So <GAH is 27°. HG = 7 mm because CF bisects the chord HJ,
which measures 14 mm. CG = 4 mm.
7.3 Exploring Chord Properties, Use the side-length relationship for right
pages 288-294 triangles in △CGH to determine the length of
the hypotenuse, CH, which is also a radius. The
Example 1: Bisecting a Chord with a Radius measure of the circle's radius is 8.1 cm.
Show You Know 4. The answers should be very close. There may
Since the radius CH both bisects the chord FG and be some difference due to measuring and
passes through the centre of the circle, the radius constructing. If the answers are not close,
CH is the perpendicular bisector of the chord FG. look over your work to determine where you
This means △CJG is a right triangle and the side- went wrong.
length relationship for right triangles can be used to 5. Hannah could draw any two chords on the circle.
determine the length of the radius CG. The measure She could then locate the midpoint of each
of the circle's radius is 10 cm. chord and draw the perpendicular bisectors. The
intersection of the perpendicular bisectors is the
Example 2: Using Chord Properties to Solve centre of the trampoline.
Problems Show You Know
The steps to determine the exact centre would be
as follows:
1. Cut a piece of string so it is shorter than the
diameter of the circle. Place a mark at the
midpoint of the string. Then stretch the string so
each end is on the edge of the circle. This string
represents a chord.
2. Use a carpenter's square to run a second length
of string through the midpoint of the first string,
toward the centre of the garden. This represents a
perpendicular bisector of the chord.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 using more string to make a
second chord and perpendicular bisector.
4. The centre of the garden, where the cherry tree
should be planted, is where the two strings
showing the perpendicular bisectors intersect.

470 • Answers
 6. a. Use the side-length relationship for right c. <EDB is an inscribed angle that subtends the
triangles in △CEB to determine the length of same arc as the central angle <ECB. From part b,
EB, which is one of the shorter sides of the right <ECB = <ECF = 56°.
triangle. EB = 15 m An inscribed angle is half the measure of the
Since the radius CD is perpendicular to the central angle that subtends the same arc.
chord AB and starts at the centre of the circle, <EDB = 56 2 = 28° = <EDF
CD also bisects the chord AB.
The length of the chord AB is 2(15) = 30 m. Example 2: Using the Tangent Line to
b. I can use the equation a to 2 = c to 2 - b to 2 to see if the Determine Chord Lengths Show You Know
three sides satisfy the side-length relationship a. Diameter QR is perpendicular to tangent PQ
for right triangles. because Q is the point of tangency on the circle.
7. The maximum depth of the water is about 7 cm. Therefore, <PQR = 90° and △PQR is a right
8. The area of △ABD is 16 cmto 2. triangle. Use the side-length relationship for right
triangles in △PQR. The length of diameter QR is
9. a. <ADE is an inscribed angle subtended by the
40 mm.
diameter AE. The measure of <ADE is 90°. An
inscribed angle subtended by a diameter has a b. QC is a radius, so its measurement is half the
measure of 90°. diameter QR, which is 40 mm. 40 div dedby 2 = 20. The
radius is 20 mm. Because of the markings on the
b. △ADE is a right triangle. AD is one of the
diagram, it is given that QS = QC. So the length of
shorter sides. Use the side-length relationship
chord QS is 20 mm.
for right triangles to determine the length of AD.
AD = 12 cm c. <RSQ is 90° since <RSQ is an inscribed angle
subtending a diameter. Therefore, △RSQ is a
c. △ADF is a right triangle. DF is one of the
right triangle. Use the side-length relationship for
shorter sides. Use the side-length relationship right triangles for △RSQ. The length of chord RS
for right triangles to determine the length of DF.
is about 35 mm.
DF = 9.6 cm
d. Since AE passes through the centre of the Connect and Reflect
circle and is perpendicular to BD, AE is the
1. Salma is correct. A tangent line will touch the
perpendicular bisector of the chord BD.
circle at only one point. In this diagram, line
BD = 2(DF) segment AB could be extended through point A to
BD = 2(9.6) touch the circle at a second point. Also, a tangent
BD = 19.2 cm is perpendicular to the radius that is drawn to
the point of tangency. If a radius were drawn to
10. The diameter is about 2 times 7.8 = 15.6 mm.
the point of tangency in this diagram, the angle
11. a. If a bisector of a chord passes through the centre between them would not be 90°.
of a circle, then the bisector is perpendicular to
The following diagram shows AB as a tangent.
the chord. So, <FGH = 90°.
b. x = 22°, <GFH = 22°, <FHG = 68°

7.4 Tangents to a Circle,

pages 294-303
Example 1: Determining Angle Measures
in a Circle with a Tangent Line Show
You Know
a. The tangent is perpendicular to the radius which
meets the point of tangency. <CEF = 90°.
b. The triangle is a right triangle and the sum of the
angles inside a triangle is 180°.
<ECF = 180° - 90° - 34° = 56°
2. AB is not tangent to the circle. A line segment
tangent to a circle must be perpendicular to the
radius at the point of tangency. Segment AB is at
an angle of 85° to the radius BC, not 90°.

NEL Answers • 471

3.a. Since AB is tangent to the circle at point D, then 9. In the diagram, the speed skater fell at point A
radius CD is perpendicular to line segment AB. and slid to point B.
The measure of <BDC is 90°.
b. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
In △BCD, <DCB = 180° - (90° + 60°), or 30°.
Since <DCE and <DCB are supplementary
angles, <DCE = 180° - 30°, or 150°.
c. △CDE is an isosceles triangle because two sides
are radii of the circle and are therefore equal.
d. <DEC is an inscribed angle subtended by the
same arc as central angle <DCF. <DCF = <DCB,
which is 30°.
<DEC = <DCB 2
Since line segment AB is tangent to the circle, it
<DEC = 30° 2
is perpendicular to radius AC. The side-length
<DEC = 15° relationship for right triangles can be used to
4. a. Diameter BD is perpendicular to tangent AB calculate the distance BC, which represents
because B is the point of tangency on the circle. how far the speed skater is from the centre of
Therefore, <ABD is 90° and △ABD is a right the rink. After sliding 22 m, the speed skater is
triangle. Use the side-length relationship for approximately 45.7 m from the centre of the rink.
right triangles to determine the length of BD. 10. x = 11° and <JGH = 53°
The length of the diameter BD is 8 m.
11. a. Since AD is tangent to the circle at D and DB is
b. △BCE is an equilateral triangle, so all sides are a diameter, <ADB is 90°.
equal. Since BE = BC and BC is a radius,
b. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
BE = 8 divided by 2, or 4 m.
Since <ADB = 90°, the other two angles have
c. <BED is an inscribed angle subtended by a a sum of 180° - 90° = 90°. Since △ADB is an
diameter. Therefore, the measure of <BED isosceles triangle, the other two angles are equal
is 90°. in measure.
d. Since △BED is a right triangle, use the side- <DBE = 90° divided by 2
length relationship for right triangles to
= 45°
determine the length of DE. The length of the
chord DE is about 7 m. c. <DFE is an inscribed angle subtended by the
same arc as inscribed angle <DBE. Therefore,
5. a. The diameter is twice the radius. Radius CJ is
the two angles have equal measurements. The
5 mm, so the diameter is 10 mm.
measure of <DFE is 45°.
b. Since the inscribed angle <GJH is subtended by
12. Since line segments BD and ED are tangent to
the diameter GH, it is a right angle. Therefore,
the circle at points B and E respectively, line
△GHJ is a right triangle.
segment BD is perpendicular to radius BC and
c. Since △GHJ is a right triangle, use the side- line segment DE is perpendicular to radius EC.
length relationship for right triangles to Therefore, △DEC and △DCB are right triangles.
determine the length of chord HJ. The length of
EC is a radius, which has length 20 div dedby 2, or 10 cm.
the chord HJ is about 8.7 mm.
Use the side-length relationship for right triangles
d. Since line segment FG is tangent to the circle
to determine the length of DE.
at point G and line segment GH is a diameter of
the circle, the measure of <FGH is 90°. The length of DE is about 22 cm.
e. Since △FGH is a right triangle, use the side- Since △DEC and △DBC are congruent, DB = DE.
length relationship for right triangles to The length of chain Shen needs is about
determine the length of the hypotenuse FH. The 2 times 22 = 44 cm.
measure of FH is about 12.2 mm. 13. The circumference of the large circle, rounded to
6. The length of x is 17 m. the nearest centimetre, is 96 cm.
7. The length of x is 12 cm.
8. a. x = 35°
b. x = 148°

472
14. a. In the diagram, the line segments touching the 8. The archaeologists could draw two chords and
circle at the dotted lines resemble tangents to the perpendicular bisectors of those chords. The
the circle. intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors
would be the centre of the circle.

b. Perpendicular lines drawn through these points

of tangency would intersect at the centre of
the circle.
Next, they could measure the distance from the
centre to a point on the circle, which would be
7 Review, pages 304-305 the radius. Finally, they could use the radius to
1. a. The perimeter is approximately 32.0 cm. The calculate the circumference.
area is approximately 43.1 cmto 2. 9. The length of the radius is 6 mm.
b. The perimeter is approximately 28.4 m. The 10. a. Since AF is tangent to the circle at E, AF is
area is approximately 31.2 m to 2. perpendicular to EC. Therefore, the measure of
2. a. The ladder reaches about 5.7 m up the wall. <CEF is 90°.
b. Yes b. <CEF is 90°. Therefore, △CEF is a right
3. a. <ABD = 24° triangle. The sum of the angles inside a triangle
is 180°.
b. <ACD = 48°
<ECF = 180° - 90° - 48° = 42°
4. <x = 48°, <y = 48°
The measure of <ECF is 42°.
5. <BAD = 28°
c. <ECD and <ECF are supplementary angles.
6. The line l is a perpendicular bisector of the
180° - 42° = 138°
chord and therefore passes through the centre of
the circle. The measure of <ECD is 138°.
7. Since the bisector of chord AE passes through the d. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
centre of the circle, bisector CD is perpendicular Since <ECD = 138°, the other two angles have
to AE. Therefore, △ACB is a right triangle. a sum of 180 - 138 = 42°. Since △DEC is an
Use the side-length relationship for right triangles isosceles triangle, the other two angles are equal
in △ACB to determine the length of AB. in measure.
<DEC = 42° dividedby 2
The length of line segment AB is 24 m.
= 21°
Since CD bisects AE, AE = 2(AB).
The measure of <DEC is 21°.
The length of chord AE is 48 m.
e. Since AF is tangent to the circle at E, AF is
perpendicular to EC. Therefore, the measure
of <AEC is 90°. That makes <DEC and <AED
complementary angles.
<AED = 90° - 21°
= 69°
The measure of <AED is 69°.

473
 f. <EDB is an inscribed angle subtended by the Example 2: Capacity of a Tank Show
same arc as central angle <ECF, which is 42°. You Know
The measure of <EDB is one half the measure
of <ECF. The capacity of the gift box is 520.52 mL.
<EDB = 42° dividedby 2
Connect and Reflect
= 21°
1. Sample answer: When I move to the left, I divide
The measure of <EDB is 21°.
by 10 for each step. When I move to the right,
I multiply by 10.
7 Test Yourself, pages 306-307
1. D Common Metric Units of Volume
2. B 1000 mm3to = 1 cm3to
3. C
1 cm3to = 1 mL
4. D
5. First, I would trace the arc of the watermelon on a 1000 mL = 1 L
piece of paper. Then, using a ruler I would create
1000 L = 1 m3to
two chords and determine their midpoints. Then
I would draw the perpendicular bisectors for both 1000 L = 1 kL
chords. The point of intersection would be the
centre of the circle. 3. 240 m3toor 240 000 L
Finally, I would use a ruler to measure the radius 4. Circumference: 157.1 to 219.9 pm,
of the circle. To calculate the circumference, I Area: 1963.5 to 3848.5 pm2to
would use a calculator and the formula C = 2 pie r.
5. a. 6 000 000 g
6. a. <ABD is an inscribed angle, which is subtended
b. about 1.4 billion
by the diameter of the circle. The measure of
<ABD is 90°. 6. a. 72 km/h b. 20 m/s

b. The length of the diameter is 25 cm. 7. a. about 1 kg b. about 2 L

c. The area of the shaded part of the circle is about 8. a. 7.653 x 109tom2to b. 1 076 000 km2to
406.9 cm to 2.8: Systems of Measurement 9. a. i. rikra or sikya ii. khococ or k'apa
iii. thatkiy iv. thatkiy or rikra
v. yuku
b. 11 421 cm2to
10. a. 1 P = 109toM

8.1 Metric System of Measurement, b. 6 097 561 songs

pages 308-317 c. The speed of her Internet has increased by a
factor of 250.
Example 1 Part A: Metric System for Area 11. a. 1000 pm b. 0.001 nm
Show You Know c. 0.0024 nm d. 6500 pm
1. 40 m2to= 40 000 000 mm2to 12. Sample answer: 100 mm times 100 mm times 100 mm;
2. 6700 m2to= 0.0067 km2to 1 m times 1 m times 1 mm; 1 m times 10 cm times 10 mm

3. Sample answer: surface of a desk: 3 m2toor

30 000 cm2to
8.2 US Customary and Imperial
Systems of Measurement,
Example 1 Part B: Metric System for Volume
pages 318-331
and Capacity Show You Know
Example 1: Length and Area Show You Know
1. 1 kL = 1 000 000 cm3to
2. 1 m3to= 1 kL 1. The giraffe is taller than the elephant.
3. 5 ML = 5000 m3to 2. about 603.2 cm2to

4. 120 mL 3. about 3.8 x 106tomi2to

474
Example 2: US Customary System for Mass 10. a. 14.7 mL
and Volume Show You Know b. 118.3 mL
1. 135 oz c. 1.9 L
2. 85 tons 11. a. 4 tbsp
b. 6 tsp
3. 3 over 8 of a quart
c. There are 48 tsp in 1 cup.
b. 4 1 over 2 qt
12. a. The dumbbells have a mass of 1.4 kg, 2.3 kg,
and 3.6 kg.
4. 48 bottles
b. 30.1 kg
Connect and Reflect c. Their equivalents weights are 176 lb and 220 lb.
1. a. inches or centimetres b. feet or metres 13. a. 68 °F b. 10.4 °F
c. yards or metres d. miles or kilometres c. 10 °C d. -24.4 °C
e. gallons or litres f. inches or centimetres 14. 4 L ≈ 1.06 gal; A Canadian bag of milk is 106% of
g. ounces or grams h. miles or kilometres the size of the US jug of milk.

i. cups or litres 15. Sample answers:

2. Sample answers: a. A trip from Toronto, ON, to Halifax, NS

a. i. about 8 in or 20 cm Day 1: 800 km or 497 miles; Day 2: 1000 km or

621 miles
ii. about 1 over 2 in or 1.5 cm
Return trip: Day 3: 900 km or 560 miles;
iii. about 10 in or 25 cm Day 4: 900 km or 560 miles
b. Sample answer: I prefer the metric system b. Day 1: $66.60, Day 2: $83.21, Day 3: $75.04,
because I am more familiar with it and I like Day 4: $75.04; Total cost of trip: $299.89
how it is based on multiples of 10. 16. a.Dimensions: 6.22 in x 3.07 in x 0.30 in,
3. a. 24 in b. 4608 in2to Mass: 8 oz, Area: 12 308.2 mm2toor 19.1 in2to
c. 18 in d. 648 in2to b. 154.9 mm
e. 12 ft2to f. 1 yd2to 17. The mass of the diamond is 621.2 g or 1.37 lb.
4. Nine square 1-foot tiles are needed. 18. a.
5. a. 354.8 mL b. 65.8 kg Unit Grain Finger Foot Cubit Step Reed Rod Cord
c. 11.4 L d. 4.7 L Ratio 1 1 2 1 2 6 12 120
180 30 3
e. 0.9 kg Metric 0.25 cm 1.5 cm 30 cm 45 cm 90 cm 270 cm 540 cm 5400 cm
6. a. 36 000 lb, 16 344 kg (cm)
b. 4 1 over 2 lb, 2.043 kg Metric 0.0025 m 0.015 m 0.3 m 0.45 m 0.9 m 2.7 m 5.4 m 54 m
(m)
7. a. 2.2 lb b. 6.6 lb
c. 0.035 oz d. 0.431 oz b. 180 grains

e. 1.056 qt f. 9.504 qt c. 90 fingers or 135 cm

g. 0.034 fl oz h. 0.51 fl oz d. 200 rods or 1080 metres

8. a. 1800 lb is equal to 0.9 t or 0.8 T. e. 94 cubits or 42.3 m

b. 2200-3200 lb is equal to 1.1-1.6 t or 1.0-1.5 T. 19. Answers vary.

c. 5000-6000 lb is equal to 2.5-3.0 t or 2.3-2.7 T. 20. The area of the surface of the water is 1120 ft to 2 or
124.4 yd to 2.
d. 9000-10 000 lb is equal to 4.5-5.0 t or 4.1-4.5 T.
21. The Honda Civic is bigger by a factor of about 1.1.
9. a. 3.3 imp qt
22. The sprinkler covers an area of 15 393.8 ft to 2 or
b. 1.67 imp pt 1710.4 yd to 2.
c. 12.1 imp gal, 14.5 US gal 23. a. 6.48 times 1010
to km/h2to
d. 4.2 imp fl oz, and 11.93 mL b. 0.024 ft/s2to

475
24. a. Let C represent the Canadian system in 2.
L/100 km. Let U represent the US system in
mi/gal. A formula for converting between the
two systems is C = 235.2 over U L/100 km.

b. 9.4 L/100 km
c. 34.6 mi/gal

8.3 Perimeter and Area

Relationships, pages 332-340
Example 1: Circular Waves and Area Show
You Know
1. 3. As the width approaches 0, the area gets very
large, without bound. There is no greatest
Radius (cm) 15 16 17 18 19 20 perimeter because the calculations approach
infinity as the width approaches 0 and as it
Circumference (cm) 94.2 100.5 105.8 113.1 119.4 125.7 approaches 64.
Change in — 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 4. From the graph, the width is 8 cm at the lowest
Circumference point. Using the area formula, the length would
also be 8 cm.

Connect and Reflect

1. a. 64 units2,
to225 units2,to289 units2; 64 + 225 = 289.
The sum of the areas of the squares along
the legs equals the area of the square on
the hypotenuse.
b. Sample answer: Investigate (16, 30, 34).
Areas: 256 units2,
to900 units2,
to1156 units2;to
256 + 900 = 1156. The area relationship holds.
2. a.

Length (cm) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Width (cm) 24 20 16 12 8 4 0

Area (cm2) 0 80 128 144 128 80 0

3. The circumference of the circle increases in a

linear manner as the radius grows, increasing at a
constant rate as the radius increases.

Example 2: Perimeter and Area

Relationships of a Rectangle Show You Know
1. l = 64 over w For w = 0, l is undefined because you

cannot divide by 0.

Width (cm) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

Length (cm) Undefined 16 8 5.3 4 3.2 2.7 2.3 2

Perimeter (cm) Undefined 40 32 34.7 40 46.4 53.3 60.6 68

476
 c. The greatest area occurs when length and width 7. a. The area increases by 6 cm2.
toThe relation
are both 12 cm, when the shape is a square. is linear.
d. The least area occurs with length 0 cm and b. The area increases by 8 cm2.
toThe relation
width 24 cm, or length 24 cm and width 0 cm. is linear.
3. a. c. The area grows by 15 cm2, to17 cm2,to19 cm2,
toand
so on. The relation is non-linear.
Width (cm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
8. a.
Length (cm) Undefined 18 9 6 4.5 3.6 3 2.57 2.25
Height, cm 8 16 20 21 22 23 24
Perimeter (cm) Undefined 40 26 24 25 27.2 30 33.14 36.5
Area, cm2 24 48 60 63 66 69 72

b. The area approaches 72 cm2,

towhich is triple the
original area.
c.

Height, cm 8 16 20 22 23 24

Side length, cm 8.54 16.28 20.22 22.20 23.19 24.19

Perimeter, cm 23.08 38.56 46.66 50.4 52.38 54.38

d. The perimeter approaches about 54.4 cm, which

is about double the original perimeter.
9. a. The windows would need 125.7 cm of trim.
b. The length of trim increases by 31.4 cm.
10. New dimensions could be 14 ft times 20 ft or
18 ft times 15.5 ft.
c. As the width approaches 0, the area gets very 11. a. A_= 1 over 2 bh. Both dimensions are mu_ltiplied by
large, without bound. There is no greatest √2, so the area is multiplied by (√2) 2to= 2. The
perimeter because the calculations approach area doubles.
infinity as the width approaches 0 and as it
b. Both dimensions are multiplied by V3, so the
approaches 36.
area is multiplied by (V3)2to= 3. The area triples.
d. The least perimeter occurs when both
12.
dimensions are 6 cm.
4. The perimeter increases by 4 m each time. The
area increases by 11 m2,
to13 m2,
to15 m2,toand
so on. The change in the increase in area is
2 m2toeach time.
5. The rectangle with the greatest area for a given
perimeter is a square. The rectangle with the
smallest perimeter is a square.
6.

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4

Radius (cm) 0 2 4 6 8

Area (cm2) 0 12.6 50.3 113.1 201.1

Growth in Area (cm2)to — 12.6 37.7 62.8 88.0

The area grows by 12.6 cm2,to37.7 cm2,

to62.8 cm2,to
_1
and 88.0 cm2.toThe growth increases steadily and The resulting rectangle has 1 over 4 the area of the original.
is a non-linear relation. 13. The maximum area occurs with an enclosure
measuring 25 m times 50 m.

477
14. Sample answer: Example 2: Trapezoid Area Using the Side-
a. Length Relationship for Right Triangles
Show You Know
The perimeter of the trapezoid is about 70 feet.

Connect and Reflect

1. a. about 54.1 m2to
b. Add the areas of the large trapezoid and
b. Since the length of each side increases by
the semicircle.
10% and they are added, the perimeter
increases by 10%. c. The area is the same using this technique, about
54.1 m2.to
An increase in dimension of 10% means the
growth factor is 110% = 1.1. The area increases 2. a. The outer left side equals the outer right side.
by 1.12to= 1.21. The area increases by 21%. The inner left and right sides are found by
subtracting 3 from 7. For the bottom of the
c. Perimeter increases by 20%; Area increases
upper part, subtract 2 and 2 from 10.
by 44%
b. Break it into 3 rectangles.
d. The results are the same.
c. Join the 2 m segments to form a large rectangle.
e. The results are the same.
Subtract the area of the unshaded rectangle
f. Perimeter increases by the same percent. The from the area of the large rectangle.
new area is the square of (100% + % increase). 3. a.
15. a. The dimensions are multiplied by √2.
b. The dimensions are multiplied by √3. 10 cm10 cm
c. The dimensions are multiplied by √4 = 2.
d. The dimensions are multiplied by √n.
16. A = pie r 2to
5 cm 5 cm

2 =A over pie
r to b. about 8.7 cm c. about 43.3 cm2to
4. a. 80 cm2to b. about 122.7 ft2to
r = √A over pie 5. about 6.3 m
r = √A over √pie 6. a. Length of steel band = circumference of
2 semicircles + 2 diameters + 10 cm
Let R represent the new radius. The length of the steel band is about 421.3 cm.

= √A overR 2
b. Sample answer: Combine the two semicircles
and add the circumference of a circle to the two
diameters and the additional 10 cm.
over √pie R= √A
over 2 pie R=√A 7. a. about 46.97 ft
b. 15-foot length of carpet
over √pie times 1 over √2
c. 144 ft2to
The radius is divided by √2.
d. Sample answer: In part a, use the side-length
relationship for right triangles to determine the
8.4 Problem Solving with Perimeter lengths of the sides of the right triangle. Then
and Area, pages 340-347 add the sides to determine the perimeter.
In part b, the sides of the right triangles cut
Example 1: Perimeter of a Composite Shape _1
from the original carpet have a length of 1 over 2 of
Show You Know
the width of 12 feet. Add the result to the
The total perimeter is 243 inches. 9-foot cut.
The builder has 180 inches of framing, which is In part c, add the areas of the rectangular and
not enough. triangular pieces of carpet.

478
 8. 12 ft = 144 in 8 Review, pages 348-349
Number of lids = 144 divdedby 5
1. a. 27 570 kg
= 28.8
b. 27 600 L
28 lids can be cut from the strip.
2. a. 4.6 times 1022
torefrigerators are equal to the mass
Total area of strip = 6 times 144 of Earth.
= 864 b. 260 loaves of bread are equal to the mass of
Total area of the lids = 28 times pie (2.5)2to a refrigerator.
≈ 549.78 3. The speed of sound is faster by a factor of
Waste ≈ 864 - 549.78 about 1.3.

≈ 314.22 4. a. 28 047 360 ft b. 2144 fl oz

About 314.22 in2toof plastic is wasted for a strip c. 5.9375 lb d. 56.75 kg

that is 12 feet long. e. 28.08 in f. 24.15 km
9. about 188.5 cm g. 40.96 m2to h. 5.9 qt
10. about 36.5 ft2to 5. 498.9 s
11. Area: 96 cm2,toPerimeter: 40 cm 6. The price in Detroit is US$1.03/gal cheaper than
12. about 27.3 cm the price in Windsor.
7. (3 + 2)2to+ (4 + 2)2to= 25 + 36
13. The area of the parallelogram is 60 cm2.to
= 61
(5 + 2)2to= 49
Since (3 + 2)2to+ (4 + 2)2to≠ (5 + 2)2,tothe
Pythagorean relationship does not hold when
you add 2 to each term. Therefore, the new triple
cannot be used to test for a right angle.
A = area of the two triangles + area of the rectangle 8. a.
= 2 times 1over 2(3)(4) + 4 times 12 = 60
Height, in 6 7 8 9 10 11
The area of the parallelogram is 60 cm2. The
area is the same using the formula and using Base, in 8 9 10 11 12 13
composite shapes. Area, in2 24 31.5 40 49.5 60 71.5
14. about 209.5 cm2times
Change in Area, in — 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5
15. Sample answer:
b. The change in area increases by 1 in2tofor each
1-inch increase in both base and height.
9. a.

Time, s 0 1 2 3 4

Circumference, cm 0 31.42 62.83 94.25 125.68

Change in — 31.41 31.41 31.41 31.41

A = h over 2 (a + b) Circumference, cm

b. The circumference of the wave grows at a

= 4 over 2 (8 + 14)
constant rate of 31.41 cm/s.
= 44 10. about 13 ft2to
The area of the trapezoid is 44 cm2.to 11. about 52.42 cm
A = 1 over 2 (3)(4) + 1 over 2 (3)(4) + 8 times 4

= 44
The area of the trapezoid is 44 cm2.toThe area is
the same using the formula and composite shapes.

479
 c. The area is decreasing by 36% every minute.
d. After 8 minutes, the perimeter will be 13.42 ft
and the area will be 10.56 ft2.to
11. Area of red region: 226.2 cm2to
Area of blue region: 1130.98 cm2to
Area of yellow region: 23.2 cm2to

c 2to= 6.52to- 62to

2 = 6.25
c to 9: Surface Area and Volume
c = 2.5 cm
2 = 72to- 62to
d to
2 = 13
d to 9.1 Effects of Changing Dimensions
on Volume and Surface Area,
d = 3.6 cm
pages 352-363
A = 1 over 2 (2.5)(6) + 1 over 2 (3.6)(6) + (12)(6) = 90.3 cm2to
Example 1: Changing the Dimensions of a
Use the area of a trapezoid formula: Triangular Prism Show You Know
A = 6 over 2 (12 + 18.1) = 90.3 cm2to a. 26 L
The area using composite shapes is the same as b. 6193 cm2to
the area using the trapezoid formula. c. Capacity: 15.155 L, Surface area: 3793 cm2to
d. Capacity: 15 L, Surface area: 4564 cm2to
8 Test Yourself, pages 350-351
e. Capacity: 51 L, Surface area: 9677 cm2to
1. C
2. A Example 2: Changing the Dimensions
3. C of a Cylinder Show You Know
4. D a. Sample answer:
5. B
A B c 0
6. 19 Kilometre Lake; I converted 12 miles to 19 km 1 Radius (cm) Area of base (cm^2) Height (cm) Volume (cmA3)
by multiplying by the conversion factor of 1.61. 2 6 113.1 25 28274
3
7. The mass is 22 ounces. The circumference is 5 785 26 2042 0
I” 4 4 503 40 2010 6
29.5 inches.
8. a. 1 hectare equals 2.47 acres.
5J 5.5 950 25 23758
6 5.5 950 30 2851.0
b. 1 acre equals 0.4 hectares. 7 7 1539 19 2924 8
8 7.9 1961 15 2941.0
c. The area is 200 acres or 80 hectares.
9. a. 76.9 m/s b. Sample answer: The interior height should be
b. 276.8 km/h between 15 cm and 30 cm, so that the vase is tall
c. 173 mi/h enough to hold up flowers and wide enough to
hold more than just a couple of flowers.
d. 0.98 s
10. a. Connect and Reflect

Time, min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. a. 2

Length, ft 15 12 9.60 7.58 6.14 4.92 3.93

b. 196.12 cm2to
2. 21.6 m3,to24.3 m3,to27 m3to
Width, ft 25 20 16 12.80 10.24 8.19 6.55
3. a. 225 ft3to
Perimeter, ft 80 64 51.20 40.96 32.77 26.21 20.97
b. 240 ft3to
Area, ft2 375 240 153.60 98.30 62.87 40.27 25.77
c. 299.475 ft3to
b. The perimeter is decreasing by 20% d. about 6367.5 L
every minute.

480
4. 10. a.

Side length, s (units) 1 2 3

Cylinder Surface area, Volume, pie r to 2 h
2 pie r2to
+ 2 pie rh 6 24 54
Surface area, 6s2to
(units2)to
Original 131.9 cm2to 113.1 cm3to
dimensions Volume, s3to
(units3)to 1 8 27

All dimensions 527.6 cm2to 904.8 cm3to Ratio of surface area to 6 3 2

doubled
volume, SA over V
All dimensions 1187.1 cm2to 3053.7 cm3to
tripled
b. As the size of the cube increases, the ratio of
5. a. Volume removed after 1 km ≈ 46 240 m3to surface area to volume decreases. This means
Volume removed after 2 km ≈ 92 480 m3to that the volume is increasing at a faster rate
than the surface area.
b. approximately 25 times 107tokg of rock
6. a. approximately 141 ft3to
b. approximately 113 ft3to
c. The volume has been reduced by 20%.
7. a. h = SA - 2 b to 2 over
4b
b. Sample answer:
A t C 0
1 Side length of base (cm) Surface area (cm*2) Height (cm) Volume (cm*3)
2 1 600 149 5 1495
3 2 600 74.0 296 0
4 3 600 485 436 5
5 4 600 355 5680
6 9 600 27.5 6875
7 6 600 220 792 0
8 7 600 17 9 878 5
9 8 600 14 8 9440
10 fl 600 122 9655
11 10 600 100 1000 0 c. The heat is distributed across a large volume of
12 11 600 8.1 964 5 ice, whereas the small ice cube has a very small
13 12 600 65 936 0
volume that needs to be heated up. The ice cube
14 13 600 50 851 5
15 14 600 3.7 7280 has a much larger surface area to volume ratio
16 15 600 2.5 562 5 than the larger piece of ice, so it melts faster.
17 16 600 1.4 352 0
18 17 600 0.3 935
9.2 Volume of a Pyramid,
c. 10 cm times 10 cm times 10 cm. It is a cube. pages 364-375
d. They are cubes. Example 1: Volume of a Pyramid
e. The shape with the maximum volume is a cube. Show You Know
8. a. 216 cm3to
1098 m3to
b. 6
9. a. When r = 4 cm, SA = 148 cm2.toWhen r = 4.5 cm, Example 2: Volume of a Composite
SA = 190 cm2.toWhen r = 5 cm, SA = 237 cm2.to Figure Show You Know
b. Sample answer: The relationship is non-linear.
The rate of change is increasing as the radius 1. 1.68 m3to
increases. I graphed the relationship to see the 2. 1.574 m3to
shape and direction.
Example 3: Frustum of a Pyramid
Show You Know

approximately 18 000 cm3to

NEL 481
Connect and Reflect 14. a. The original volume is multiplied by 4.

1. a. 75 cm3to b. Answers vary.

15. Answers vary.
b. approximately 44.8 cm3to
16. No. The height of the prism is z. The slant height
2. approximately 4 cm3to
of the pyramid is 3z. The height is less than 3z, so
3. C the volumes are not equal.
4. a. Both are the same in each 3-D object. 17. approximately 24.5 cm
_1
b. The volume of the pyramid is 1 over 3 the volume
of the prism. 9.3 Volume of a Cone, pages 375-387
5. approximately 7.75 cm x 7.75 cm
Example 1: Volume of a Cone
6. a.
Show You Know
Pyramid Volume Side length Height
of base approximately 6 ft3to

A 108 cm3to 6 cm 9 cm
Example 2: Capacity of a Cone Show
B 60 m3to 5.5 cm 6m You Know
C 180 ft3to 6 ft 15 ft
approximately 108 mL

Example 3: Diameter of a Cone Show

You Know

approximately 5.8 m

Connect and Reflect

1. a. 90 cm3to
b. 175 m3to
Pyramid A Pyramid B Pyramid C 2. approximately 266.7 m3to
3. approximately 508.9 cm3to
7. a.
4. a. 6 cm
b. approximately 301.6 cm3to
5. a. approximately 5.3 m
b. approximately 15.0 m
6. a. The radius and height were switched when
substituting into the formula.
V = 1 over 3 pie to 2h
b. 576 arms3to
8. approximately 52 m3to = __n(6 cm)2to(7 cm)

9. approximately 12 m3to « 263.9 cm3to

10. approximately 6150 cm3to b. The slant height was used for the height.
11. Volume of smaller pyramids: 2281.5 m3to h2to+ (10 cm)2to= (12 cm)2to
Volume of larger pyramids: approximately h2to= (12 cm)2to- (10 cm)2to
5012.5 m3to = 144 cm2to- 100 cm2to
12. a. Menkaure: approximately 239 369 m3to = 4_4cm2to
Khafre: approximately 2 016 116 m3to h = √44 cm2to
b. approximately 207 335 m3to ≈6.63 cm
c. approximately 4.5
2h
V = 1 over 3 pie rto
13. approximately 56 L
= 1 over 3 pie (10 cm)2to
(6.63 cm)

≈ 694.3 cm3to

482
7. a. 2. a. approximately 184 L
b.

Side length of 64 69 74 79
base (cm)
Height (cm) 45 45 45 45
Capacity 184 214 246 281
(to nearest L)

3. a. approximately 226 in2to

b. approximately 170 in3to
c. Area: approximately 443 in2,to
b. approximately 1.4 m3to Volume: approximately 467 in3to
c. 4.2 m3.
toThe cylinder's volume is three times the 4. If a pyramid and rectangular prism have the same
volume of the cone. base area and height, the volume of the pyramid
8. approximately 31.1 cm3to is one-third the volume of the prism.
9. Each cone has the same dimensions as the 5. a. approximately 36.4 cm3to
cylinder, so the volume of the cylinder is three b. approximately 48.6 cm3to
times that of each cone. There are two cones in
object A, so VA:VB = 2:3. 6. a. b. approximately
13 520 m3to
10. approximately 2700 m3to
11. approximately 1.2 km3to
12. approximately is 3452 m3to
13. Answers vary.
14. a.

7. a. approximately 37.1 in3to

b. approximately 502.6 in3to
8. approximately 2.3 cm
9. approximately 19 L

b. approximately 56.5 units3to 9 Test Yourself, pages 390-391

c. approximately 113.1 units3to 1. A
15. The mark should be drawn at a vertical height 2. D
of approximately 9.5 cm from the apex of the
cone, so at a vertical height of approximately 3. C
12 cm - 9.5 cm = 2.5 cm from the cone's base. 4. D
5. B
9 Review, pages 388-389 6. If a cone and cylinder have the same base area
1. a. n = 2 and height, the volume of the cone is one-third
the volume of the cylinder.
b. a = 2, b = 3

483
 5. a. The selling price is around $650 000.
b. $804 000
6. Answers vary.
7. a. It appreciated.
b. Superman is a well-known figure and it is
the first issue of the comic featuring him. The
comic is pretty rare. Issues that are in good
condition are even rarer.
8. $840
9. a. appreciation; The share prices went up
over time.
b. depreciation; The share prices generally
decreased over time. The price in 2015 was
about $27; the price in 2020 was about $18.

8. approximately 85 kL 10. a. Collisions, poor vehicle condition/maintenance

9. approximately 357 mL b. Being located in a neighbourhood with higher

demand, being recently renovated, being in
good condition
11. Because items like laptops and cellphones are
replaced with new models each year, an older
model is less appealing, so it is worth less.
10.1 Appreciation and Depreciation, 12. a. It is rare, collectable, or inspires nostalgia,
assuming the car has been well maintained.
pages 392-399
b. $30 000 x 105% = $31 500
Example 1: Appreciation Show You Know
13. $1 449 488
$843 750 14. a. Answers vary. b. Answers vary.

Example 2: Depreciation Show You Know 15. $2 000 000

16. Appreciating. The rate of increase went down
$19 500 between month 3 and month 6, but the value
of the investment is still increasing.
Connect and Reflect
17. a. $27 000 b. $6000
1. a. 5000 b. 2500 c. 1800 d. 20 000
2. a. estimate: a bit more than 15 000 (10%); 10.2 Banking and Loans,
calculation: 16 500 pages 400-406
b. estimate: between 15 000 (10%) and
30 000 (20%), closer to 30 000; Example 1 Part A: Calculating the Cost
calculation: 25 500 of Borrowing Show You Know
c. estimate: a bit more than 70% of 800 000,
a. 36 payments
which is 560 000; calculation: 577 500
b. $4148.64
3. a. appreciating; the home prices increase as the
years increase c. $1398.64

b. about $1900 Example 1 Part B: Loan Parameters Show

c. mid-2015 to mid-2017; early 2020 to mid-2021 You Know
4. depreciation: $360; estimated value: $840 1. a. The payment will be higher because the bank is
charging more interest.

484
 b. c.

Monthly Payment Calculator Month Amount Remaining to Pay

0 $ 34 509.00
Loan Amount $ 5000
1 $ 34 029.71
Interest Rate 10 %
2 $ 33 550.42
Loan Term 2 years

0 • months
71 $ 479.41
Compound (Monthly
72 $ 0.00

Monthly
payment $ 230.72

Calculate Clear

Yes; $4.58
c. $109.92
2. a. $3000
b. The payment will go down because I am
borrowing less money.
c.

Monthly Payment Calculator

Loan Amount $ 3000|

Interest Rate 10 %
3. a. down, because you are charged less interest
Loan Term 2 years b. down, because you are borrowing less money
0 months c. up, because you are paying the same amount
over a shorter time period
Compound Monthly
4. a. increase, because the term is shorter
b. The line of the graph would be steeper, and the
Monthly
payment $ 138.43 line would cross the x-axis at 24, not 36.
5. b. $9084.56 c. $108.15
Calculate Clear 6. a. $902.87
b. 12 months: $948; 2 years: $1176
c. $228
The monthly payment decreased by $131.89.
d. A lower monthly payment may be more
d. $214.96
affordable, even if the total cost is higher.
Connect and Reflect 7. a. $92.44
1. a. $12 165.84 b. $2165.84 b. Shorten the term of the loan. It may also be
possible to find a bank with a lower interest
2. a. Since there is no interest charged, the monthly
rate, but the easiest variable to change is the
payment is the total cost divided by the number
term of the loan.
of months in 6 years.
8. $343.13
b. $479.29

485
9. a. $1892.98 4. a. $18.50
b. $22 715.76 b. Label the $18.50 as savings and add it to the
c. $2104.08 expenses. Therefore, total income equals
total expenses.
d. $211.10
5. a. $200
e. $25 248.96
b. Jasmine could reduce the amount she is saving
10. Answers vary.
for her vacation or reduce her spending money.
11. a., b. Answers vary. She may not be able to change how much she
c. Answers vary. Subtract the used price from the spends on her cellphone if she has a contract.
new price. Alternatively, Jasmine could try to find a
d., e. Answers vary. second job or a new job where she can make as
much as she was earning before.
12. A new vehicle is in better condition than a used
6. a $480 b. $48
vehicle, so it should cost less to repair and maintain
than a used vehicle for the first few years. A used c. $360 d. $440
vehicle will cost less, so the monthly payments may e. $88
be smaller or the term may be shorter. 7. a.

10.3 Budgeting, pages 407-412 Item Income Expenses

Babysitting $300
Example 1: Analyzing Spending Habits Show
Lunches $28
You Know
Snacks $10
1. $464.86
Bus fare $12
2. $180.00
Haircut $25
3. $18.95
Spending money $150
4. Corbin could stop withdrawing cash so frequently
TOTAL $300 $225
and/or could change to an account with no
bank fees. b. No
c. Damien has a surplus of $75 from his monthly
Example 2: Analyzing a Budget Show You
budget. He could save for his hockey equipment
Know within 8 months.
Darius's budget is balanced because his total income 8. a. cellphone and car insurance
equals his total expenses. b. A variable expense is an expense that changes or
Income: $272.91 + $287.09 = $560 varies from month to month. For example, Monica
Expenses: $110 + $100 + $80 + $80 + $70 + $70 might spend only $50 of her restaurant budget.
+ $50 = $560 c. Variable income means that your income
changes from month to month. A person's
Connect and Reflect income might vary if they can't get the same
number of hours of work every month.
1. a. expense
d. In months where Monica experiences a surplus,
b. income
she could put some money in savings for the
c. income months when she experiences a shortfall. With
d. expense her surplus money, she could choose to save for
2. a. $30 another goal such as postsecondary education,
starting a business, or donating to charity.
b. $120
In months when Monica experiences a shortfall,
c. $1440
she could pull money out of her savings or
d. $28 800 spend less, for example by buying fewer clothes
3. $56.50 + $75 + $100 = $231.50. A budget is balanced and spending less on entertainment.
when income equals expenses. Jasmine has $231.50
in total expenses, so needs $231.50 in income.

486 NEL
 9. a. $480 b. $600 b. The monthly payment will decrease because
c. $120 each week less interest is being charged.
d. lunches: $87.00; clothes: $78.35; family: $80.00; c. The monthly payment will decrease because
going out: $97.00; phone: $44.30; Suraya needs to pay less money back.
miscellaneous: $67.04; savings: $26.31 6. a. $346.64
e. $480 b. $325
f. Ben needed to take money out of his savings c. $21.64
because he spent more money than he earned d. No, because her total expenses are not equal to
that week. her total income.
g. The Miscellaneous category is for expenses e. $170
that cannot easily be categorized. This category
f. Answers vary. Total expenses must equal $170.
might contain the cost of a taxi and the cost of a
raffle ticket.
10 Test Yourself, page 414
h. Sample answer: Ben could limit himself to
$20 per week for going out, limit himself to 1. A
$10 per week for miscellaneous expenses, 2. C
and/or limit himself to $20 per week for lunches.
3. C
10 Review, page 413 4. D
5. a. $10 057.44 b. $40 229.76
1. a. 50 000 b. 20 000
c. $5229.76
c. 13 000 d. 150 000
6. a. $20 400 b. $10 342.56
2. The appreciation of the house is $78 750 and its
estimated value is $603 750. 7. a. Her budget is balanced because total income
equals total expenses.
3. $699.30
b. Answers vary.
4. a. $5427.36 b. $427.36
8. a. appreciation, because the value is increasing
5. a. The monthly payment will decrease because
over time
Suraya is paying off the loan with 36 payments
instead of 24. b. $963 200

NEL Answers • 487