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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which of the following have Links and Stockwell (2001) NOT identified as a subtype of borderline personality
patients?
a. impulsive subtype
b. identity disturbance subtype
c. affective cluster
d. self-harming subtype

ANSWER: d

2. Sam goes through life as a loner and is not motivated to interact with others, but he has relatively typical
behaviour and beliefs. Which personality disorder is Sam most likely to be diagnosed with?
a. schizoid personality disorder
b. paranoid personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: a

3. Diego has a personality disorder. When their family is asked about it, what are they likely to say?
a. It developed in childhood.
b. It developed in adulthood.
c. It developed in late adolescence.
d. It developed gradually across their lifespan.

ANSWER: a

4. Elin’s brother Isak has paranoid personality disorder. She is considering seeking treatment for Isak. What do you
tell her based on your knowledge of research on the effects of treatment on paranoid personality disorder?
a. Cognitive restructuring therapy is effective in most cases.
b. Treatment can be successful only if the patient remains in therapy for a minimum of one year.
c. Strict behavioural approaches, which do not require that the patient become attached to the therapist, are
most effective.
d. To date, there are no forms of treatments that can significantly improve the lives of those with paranoid
personality disorder.

ANSWER: d

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5. Some writers, including Heinz Kohut, believe that narcissistic personality disorder arises largely from which of
the following?
a. a shift in the cultural beliefs to focus on the “me generation”
b. an increase in competitiveness in individualistic cultures
c. a failure of empathic mirroring by parents early in development
d. an elevated personality trait of disagreeableness

ANSWER: c

6. In which of the following examples is a subtle but important difference between the unusual perceptual
experiences associated with schizotypal personality disorder versus schizophrenia apparent?
a. People with schizotypal personality disorder may have the feeling that someone else is in the room (when
there isn’t), whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe others are trying to hurt them.
b. People with schizotypal personality disorder may have the feeling that someone else is in the room (when
there isn’t), whereas people with schizophrenia report there is someone else in the room (when there
isn’t).
c. People with schizotypal personality disorder are very emotional, whereas people with schizophrenia
express little emotion.
d. People with schizotypal personality disorder may think they have a “sixth sense,” whereas people with
schizophrenia may strongly believe they have superhuman powers.

ANSWER: b

7. When working with a patient diagnosed with dependent personality disorder, what must the therapist be
particularly careful about?
a. that the patient does not behave seductively toward the therapist
b. that the patient does not avoid attending sessions
c. that the patient does not rely on the therapist for decision making
d. that the patient does not manipulate the therapist with flattery

ANSWER: c

8. Phillipe Pinel used the term manie sans délire to describe roughly the same symptoms as a disorder in the
DSM-5-TR. What is that disorder?
a. schizotypal personality disorder
b. bipolar disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. antisocial personality disorder

ANSWER: d

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9. To people who know her casually, Liz is charming. But underneath her superficial charm is an impulsive, self-
centred, insensitive, irresponsible person who has little anxiety and feels no guilt or remorse when she hurts
someone else. She blames others for her problems. While she can appear to be the nicest person in the world, if
you get in her way—watch out! Which personality disorder does Liz most likely have?
a. paranoid personality disorder
b. antisocial personality disorder
c. schizotypal personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: b

10. Which personality trait is an important aspect of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

a. compulsions
b. perfectionism
c. anxiety
d. achievement-related fears

ANSWER: b

11. What is an obstacle to the prevention efforts for antisocial behaviours?

a. We have relatively poor methods for identifying which children will grow up to have antisocial personality
disorder.
b. Parents refuse to seek treatment for their children because of stigma.
c. The children often refuse to participate in treatment.
d. The cost of this treatment is too high.

ANSWER: a

12. Avery overreacts to everything, is overly dramatic and vain, and seeks reassurance and approval constantly.
Which personality disorder is Avery most likely to be diagnosed with?
a. narcissistic personality disorder
b. histrionic personality disorder
c. antisocial personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: b

13. Why do individuals with avoidant personality disorder avoid most relationships?
a. They are simply not interested in social interaction.
b. They are extremely sensitive to the opinions of others and fear rejection.
c. They lack typical social skills and are generally rejected by others.
d. They experience debilitating anxiety at the thought of embarrassing themselves in front of others.

ANSWER: b

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14. Adam has always chosen to spend his time alone for fear of rejection. As a result, he feels detached from his
family and the people he works with. His brothers report that Adam’s social skills are very poor. What
personality disorder would best describe Adam?
a. narcissistic personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. dependent personality disorder

ANSWER: c

15. What is the primary characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder?

a. thinking of oneself as deserving of special treatment
b. exaggerated emotions and seductive behaviour
c. a constant need for reassurance and approval
d. impulsivity

ANSWER: a

16. Medical interventions for avoidant personality disorder often resemble the treatments for which other disorder?
a. depression
b. schizophrenia
c. anxiety
d. post-traumatic stress disorder

ANSWER: c

17. Terrance is very work oriented, spends little time going to movies or parties, is rigid in his thinking, and has
generally poor interpersonal relationships. Which personality disorder does Terrance most likely have?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. avoidant personality disorder
c. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: c

18. A client has schizotypal personality disorder and also meets the criteria for another psychological disorder. What
is that other disorder most likely to be?
a. schizoid personality disorder
b. major depressive disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. paranoia

ANSWER: b

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19. Florian has paranoid personality disorder, and Arthur has schizoid personality disorder. What trait do the two
most likely share?
a. a dislike of other people
b. extreme irritability
c. a sense of being someone special
d. social deficiencies

ANSWER: d

20. You are waiting to board a plane when you hear that the flight has been delayed because of a passing
thunderstorm. The man sitting next to you says, “Passing thunderstorm, sure! That’s Jim again; he’s been doing
everything to make me miss this meeting because he’s trying to get me fired!” Which personality disorder are
his remarks most consistent with?
a. paranoid personality disorder
b. schizotypal personality disorder
c. psychotic personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: a

21. How effective is the treatment for avoidant personality disorder?

a. Individuals with this disorder are seldom sufficiently motivated to succeed in treatment.
b. There are well-controlled studies, though none show any treatment success.
c. No well-controlled studies of treatment outcomes have been conducted.
d. Behavioural intervention programs for anxiety and social skills have had some success.

ANSWER: d

22. How do individuals with dependent personality disorder respond to therapy?

a. They are flirtatious and seductive.
b. They are too unstable to do the intellectual work that therapy requires.
c. They are seemingly ideal patients.
d. They are resistant to the therapeutic process.

ANSWER: c

23. Using the five-factor model of personality, Paulhus and Williams (2002) administered measures of psychopathy
and narcissism to university students. What did they find?
a. The two disorders are virtually identical constructs.
b. The two disorders are overlapping but distinct constructs.
c. Both disorders share a hypersensitivity to criticism.
d. Both disorders were associated with elevated scores on the neuroticism scale.

ANSWER: b

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24. Some researchers believe that personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise typical personality
variations. Through which model do these people view personality disorders?
a. functioning model
b. dimensional model
c. biological model
d. categorical model

ANSWER: b

25. Recently, Janice was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Her therapist told her that many people
with this disorder respond well to a variety of medications, including which of the following?
a. antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs
b. anti-anxiety drugs
c. antipsychotics and lithium
d. anti-anxiety drugs and lithium

ANSWER: c

26. A man demonstrating irresponsible and reckless behaviour would likely be diagnosed with antisocial personality
disorder. What would most likely occur if a woman demonstrated these identical traits?
a. She would not be diagnosed with a personality disorder.
b. She would be given a diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder.
c. She would be given a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
d. She would be given a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

ANSWER: b

27. One of the contributing factors in the developmental history of individuals with antisocial personality disorder or
psychopathy appears to involve parenting. Which behaviour were their parents more likely than other parents to
have used?
a. an overly permissive parenting style
b. overly firm discipline
c. physical discipline
d. inconsistent discipline

ANSWER: d

28. Clark and colleagues (1997) found that patients with one personality disorder also tend to obtain high scores on
measures of sociotropy. What was the personality disorder?
a. borderline personality disorder
b. dependent personality disorder
c. histrionic personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: b

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29. Maxime has ideas of reference, but senses that these beliefs are probably unrealistic. Which personality
disorder is Maxime most likely to be diagnosed with?
a. histrionic personality disorder
b. paranoid personality disorder
c. schizoid personality disorder
d. schizotypal personality disorder

ANSWER: d

30. What is the most likely cause of schizotypal personality disorder?

a. poor parenting
b. isolation during childhood
c. social modelling
d. biological factors

ANSWER: d

31. According to Lasch (1978), which of the following disorders has been increasing in frequency because of
significant cultural changes?
a. narcissistic personality disorder
b. antisocial personality disorder
c. histrionic personality disorder
d. dependent personality disorder

ANSWER: a

32. Which type of treatment has shown some effect on patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder?
a. social skills training
b. mindfulness
c. interpersonal therapy
d. cognitive behavioural therapy

ANSWER: a

33. Beck has just been diagnosed with a personality disorder. Beck considers herself to be an observer rather than
a participant in the world around her. Which personality disorder is Beck most likely to be diagnosed with?
a. schizotypal personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. paranoid personality disorder

ANSWER: b

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34. Which psychotherapy has a growing body of evidence to support its effectiveness in treating borderline
personality disorder?
a. cognitive therapy
b. dialectical behaviour therapy
c. exposure and ritual prevention
d. interpersonal therapy

ANSWER: b

35. Mohamed is socially isolated, behaves in ways that seem unusual, tends to be suspicious, and has odd beliefs.
Which personality disorder is Mohamed likely to be diagnosed with?
a. schizoid personality disorder
b. schizotypal personality disorder
c. paranoid personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: b

36. According to research, what role does genetics play in the cause of antisocial personality disorder?
a. Genetic factors account for at least 90 percent of criminal behaviour.
b. Genetic factors may cause criminal behaviour even in the absence of negative environmental influences.
c. There is no evidence of a genetic cause.
d. Genetic factors may contribute to criminal behaviour only in the presence of certain environmental
factors.

ANSWER: d

37. Dr. Angleman is having a hard time treating Craig, who has paranoid personality disorder. What problem is Dr.
Angleman most likely encountering with Craig?
a. Craig won’t follow treatment recommendations.
b. Craig doesn’t trust him.
c. He can’t understand Craig’s belief system.
d. He can’t convince Craig to talk about his beliefs.

ANSWER: b

38. When Emily first started showing signs of mental illness, her family thought she had developed schizophrenia.
However, Emily has since received a diagnosis of a personality disorder that shares many symptoms with
schizophrenia. Which disorder is this most likely to be?
a. paranoid personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. borderline personality disorder
d. schizotypal personality disorder

ANSWER: d

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39. Approximately 65 percent of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder also have another
disorder. What is the other disorder?
a. bipolar disorder
b. a substance use disorder
c. antisocial personality disorder
d. ADHD

ANSWER: b

40. Which temperamental factor links social anxiety and avoidant personality disorder?
a. behavioural inhibition
b. anxiety sensitivity
c. fear
d. suggestibility

ANSWER: a

41. What is the relationship between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder?
a. Antisocial personality disorder predicts future psychopathic behaviour.
b. Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are the same concept.
c. The diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder are more liberal than those for psychopathy.
d. Antisocial personality disorder is diagnosed before the age of 18, and if the behaviour persists, the
individual will be diagnosed as a psychopath.

ANSWER: c

42. There appears to be a relationship between two personality disorders, with some evidence that each may be
sex-typed alternative ways of expressing the same underlying condition. What are these two disorders?
a. histrionic and antisocial personality disorders
b. borderline and histrionic personality disorders
c. antisocial and borderline personality disorders
d. histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders

ANSWER: a

43. Dr. Gall is studying a personality characteristic that is NOT a dimension in the five-factor model of personality.
What is it?
a. extraversion
b. neuroticism
c. conscientiousness
d. expressiveness

ANSWER: d

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44. Gary’s parents are furious at the psychiatrist for diagnosing him with a second personality [Link] feel
that the psychiatrist is incompetent, so they seek a second opinion. What will the second psychiatrist most likely
tell them?
a. You are right; it’s impossible to have more than one disorder unless the person has dissociative identity
disorder.
b. Multiple diagnoses are common.
c. It is possible but only for personality disorders in the same DSM-5-TR cluster.
d. It is rare but possible.

ANSWER: b

45. Nick has difficulty maintaining relationships because he goes back and forth from being a best friend to hating
people in his life quite often. His romantic relationships are always characterized by incredible loving passion,
alternating with episodes of horrible fighting. Sometimes he becomes violent. At times, Nick becomes so upset
that he cuts himself and reports that this makes him feel better emotionally. Which personality disorder does he
most likely have?
a. histrionic personality disorder
b. dependent personality disorder
c. narcissistic personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: d

46. According to research, what is the best treatment to reduce symptoms or postpone the onset of later
schizophrenia in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?
a. anti-psychotic medication and social skills training
b. community treatment and social skills training
c. anti-psychotic medication and community treatment
d. anti-psychotic medication, community treatment, and social skills training

ANSWER: d

47. Steven loves to brag. While he is not overly dramatic or flirtatious, he enjoys being the centre of attention. He is
self-absorbed and lacks empathy for others. He is successful in his career and very proud of his
accomplishments. Steven just wishes others would appreciate how wonderful he thinks he is. He is preoccupied
with fantasies of future success and power. Which personality disorder does Steven most likely have?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. histrionic personality disorder
c. narcissistic personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: c

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48. According to Carrasco and colleagues (2006), what personality characteristics are most important in
distinguishing between boys who showed a stable pattern of antisocial behaviour over time and those who
eventually outgrew the behaviour?
a. high impulsivity and high empathy
b. low impulsivity and low empathy
c. high impulsivity and low empathy
d. low impulsivity and high empathy

ANSWER: c

49. Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in the social aloofness of people with schizoid personality disorder?
a. serotonin
b. dopamine
c. GABA
d. glutamate

ANSWER: b

50. What is the relationship between childhood sexual and physical abuse and borderline personality disorder?
a. Although early trauma may play a small role in the development of borderline personality disorder, it is
likely that biological factors play the major role.
b. Neither sexual nor physical abuse appears to be necessary or sufficient to produce the disorder.
c. Early trauma is indirectly related to the disorder in that all cases of borderline personality disorder
resemble post-traumatic stress disorder.
d. Because early abuse is linked to a number of disorders in addition to borderline personality disorder, it is
unlikely that it is causally related to any specific disorder.

ANSWER: b

51. Dr. Fries specializes in treating antisocial personality disorder. What percentage of Dr. Fries’s patients are likely
to also have a substance use problem?
a. 50 percent
b. 60 percent
c. 70 percent
d. 90 percent

ANSWER: b

52. Which type of personality disorder most often leads to self-mutilation?

a. schizoid personality disorder
b. schizotypal personality disorder
c. antisocial personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: d

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53. Of the DSM-5-TR personality disorders, which disorders are relatively rare, occurring in less than 1 percent of
the general population?
a. histrionic, avoidant, and schizoid personality disorders
b. schizoid, schizotypal, dependent, and histrionic personality disorders
c. schizoid, narcissistic, and avoidant personality disorders
d. paranoid, schizotypal, histrionic, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

ANSWER: b

54. Anton’s father asks Anton’s psychiatrist what has caused Anton’s schizoid personality disorder. What is the
psychiatrist most likely to say?
a. The cause is social.
b. The cause is unknown.
c. It is learned in genetically predisposed individuals.
d. It is genetic.

ANSWER: b

55. Jane and Katelyn both have personality disorders that are part of the DSM-5-TR Cluster B. Although the
women have been diagnosed with different personality disorders, what characteristics do they most likely have
in common?
a. elevated levels of impulsivity
b. elevated levels of anxiety
c. elevated levels of eccentricity
d. elevated levels of extraversion

ANSWER: a

56. Borderline personality disorder compares to antisocial personality disorder in which way?
a. The disorder occurs in males more frequently than females do.
b. Many individuals tend to show improvement with age.
c. Both seem to have dopamine dysfunction underlying the etiology.
d. Both are completely biological in nature.

ANSWER: b

57. Rija shows excessive emotionality; has an excessive need for praise, reassurance, and approval; and constantly
needs to be the centre of attention. Which personality disorder does Rija most likely have?
a. narcissistic personality disorder
b. dependent personality disorder
c. histrionic personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: c

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58. Lida wants to be involved with people. She loves people and has strong needs for affection and acceptance. But
her fears of rejection and public embarrassment prevent her from reaching out to those around her. Instead, she
sticks to her routine and refuses to take any risks or try anything new. Which personality disorder does Lida
most likely have?
a. histrionic personality disorder
b. dependent personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. paranoid personality disorder

ANSWER: c

59. Why were passive-aggressive personality disorder and sadistic personality disorder NOT included in the DSM-
5-TR?
a. These disorders are categorical and not dimensional.
b. The existence of these disorders as distinct personality disorders remains controversial.
c. Treatment plans need to be determined prior to their inclusion.
d. There are already too many personality disorders listed in the current edition of the DSM.

ANSWER: b

60. Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for the diagnosis of a personality disorder?
a. maladaptive functioning
b. pervasive pattern of behaviour
c. subjective feelings of distress
d. chronic pattern

ANSWER: c

61. Widiger and colleagues have argued for decades that a dimensional model is more advantageous than a
categorical model. Which of the following was NOT one of their listed advantages?
a. It would retain more information about each individual.
b. It would be more flexible because it would permit both categorical and dimensional differentiations.
c. It would avoid the often arbitrary decisions involved in assigning a person to a diagnostic category.
d. It would allow us to view disorders as real things, comparable to the realness of an infection or a broken
arm.

ANSWER: d

62. Based on the argument that the problems of people with personality disorders may just be extreme versions of
the problems many of us experience, how can personality disorders be viewed?
a. as disorders of functioning rather than disease
b. as disorders of learning rather than disease
c. as disorders of biology rather than learning
d. as disorders of degree rather than kind

ANSWER: d
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63. What does research indicate regarding psychopaths and their goal setting patterns?
a. Individuals with this disorder are less likely to be motivated toward a goal.
b. Individuals with this disorder are more likely to keep trying even though the goal is no longer achievable.
c. Individuals with this disorder are less likely to attempt difficult goals.
d. Individuals with this disorder are more likely to quit trying as soon as failure appears imminent.

ANSWER: b

64. Why are individuals with narcissistic personality disorder most likely to become depressed?
a. They seldom live up to their unrealistic expectations of themselves.
b. They are involved in an endless search for the ideal person who will meet their unfulfilled empathic
needs.
c. They feel that others don’t understand and appreciate them.
d. They become upset when their intimate relationships fail.

ANSWER: a

65. Certain groups of people such as prisoners, refugees, people with hearing impairments, and older adults are
thought to be susceptible to which of the following?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. paranoid personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: c

66. How effective is the treatment for dependent personality disorder?

a. It is generally successful with a cognitive-behavioural approach.
b. It is successful when based on systematic desensitization and social-skills training.
c. It is well researched, though no effective treatments have been established.
d. It is not well researched.

ANSWER: d

67. Why might labelling childhood trauma as a cause of borderline personality disorder be too simplistic an
explanation?
a. People with borderline personality disorder frequently lie about childhood trauma.
b. Childhood trauma histories occur in a number of other disorders as well.
c. Individuals with borderline personality disorder tend to respond to SSRI medications.
d. There are too many neurological deficits that are noted in people with borderline personality disorder.

ANSWER: b

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68. According to a study by Ford and Widiger (1989), what is most likely the cause of gender differences observed
in the prevalence of many personality disorders?
a. cultural scripts that dictate the type of disordered behaviour appropriate for each gender
b. genetic differences
c. gender-specific, learned behaviour patterns
d. gender bias on the part of the diagnosing clinician

ANSWER: d

69. Clinicians who have criticized the way DSM-5-TR classifies personality disorders view personality disorders as
extremes of typical personality rather than as which of the following?
a. impaired functioning
b. medical conditions
c. biologically based traits
d. separate categories of disorders

ANSWER: d

70. When asked about their childhood, how do individuals diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder tend to
remember their parents?
a. as warm and loving
b. as depressed
c. as rejecting
d. as harsh and physically abusive

ANSWER: c

71. Data from long-term follow-up research indicates that many adults with antisocial personality disorder or
psychopathy had another condition as children. What is that condition?
a. learning disability
b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
c. conduct disorder
d. autism

ANSWER: c

72. Kelly is a born actor. She is always the centre of attention. She is highly dramatic, overemotional, self-centred,
spoiled, and inconsiderate of her friends. While she can appear charming and is often flirtatious and seductive,
she has never had a truly intimate relationship. She has poor self-esteem and tries to impress others as a means
of improving her own self-worth. Which personality disorder does Kelly most likely have?
a. histrionic personality disorder
b. narcissistic personality disorder
c. dependent personality disorder
d. borderline personality disorder

ANSWER: a
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73. Ming has narcissistic personality disorder and Ian has borderline personality disorder. Although they are quite
different, which of the Big Five personality traits do they most likely share?
a. agreeableness
b. openness to experience
c. extroversion
d. conscientiousness

ANSWER: a

74. Which of the following pairs includes the two major neurobiological theories that have received a great deal of
attention in psychopathy?
a. Yerkes-Dodson and lack of shame
b. underarousal and fearlessness
c. underarousal and lack of shame
d. cortical immaturity and underarousal

ANSWER: b

75. Theo is a loner. He walks to class by himself, does not talk to anyone, and appears indifferent to other people. It
is clear that Theo neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others. He does not act in any obviously unusual
ways nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world. Which personality disorder does Theo most
likely have?
a. schizotypal personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. antisocial personality disorder

ANSWER: b

76. Which of the following has NOT been another label for what the DSM-5-TR calls antisocial personality
disorder?
a. egopathy
b. sociopathy
c. idiopathy
d. moral insanity

ANSWER: c

77. Which treatment is described as “east meeting west”?

a. dialectical behaviour therapy
b. interpersonal therapy
c. exposure and ritual prevention
d. cognitive therapy

ANSWER: a

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78. Taylor has autism spectrum disorder and has also been diagnosed with a Cluster A personality disorder. What
personality disorder has Taylor most likely been diagnosed with?
a. paranoid personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. schizotypal personality disorder

ANSWER: b

79. What is the key characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

a. criminal behaviour at a very young age
b. impulsivity
c. failure to comply with social norms
d. selfishness

ANSWER: c

80. The alternative model of personality disorders that is included in the emerging measures and models section of
the DSM-5-TR focuses on which of the following?
a. a continuum of disturbances of the self and interpersonal functioning
b. both categorical and dimensional differentiations
c. a fourth cluster of personality disorders
d. a medicalized version of personality disorders

ANSWER: a

81. Which statement best describes patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder?
a. They are usually indifferent to the idea of changing their behaviour but make more progress once they
become invested in the therapeutic relationship.
b. They are usually highly resistant to begin therapy at first but become more motivated if they have a
trusting relationship with the therapist.
c. They are usually indifferent to the idea of changing their behaviour until they are convinced of the
potential benefits to themselves.
d. They usually request treatment only in situations of crisis such as the loss of a job.

ANSWER: d

82. It is possible that teaching children to “trust nobody” and to “be careful all of the time because people want to
hurt you” may contribute to the development of a personality disorder. Which personality disorder would it be?
a. schizoid personality disorder
b. paranoid personality disorder
c. schizotypal personality disorder
d. socially anxious personality disorder

ANSWER: b

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83. Aidan has little interest in social relationships and appears distant and aloof. He seldom shows emotion and
seems indifferent to praise and criticism. He is usually wrapped up in abstract ideas and has little time for, or
interest in, people. Which personality disorder does Aidan most likely have?
a. schizotypal personality disorder
b. avoidant personality disorder
c. schizoid personality disorder
d. antisocial personality disorder

ANSWER: c

84. What does the cross-cultural research on the five-factor model of personality suggest?
a. Only two dimensions are universal.
b. Western-type personality structure differs from the non-Western type.
c. There is no such thing as a universal human personality structure.
d. The five dimensions are fairly universal.

ANSWER: d

85. According to the definition of a personality disorder, what kind of pattern of maladaptive behaviour must an
individual show to be diagnosed with a personality disorder?
a. a persistent pattern
b. a highly variable pattern
c. an unpopular pattern
d. a very severe pattern

ANSWER: a

86. In terms of symptoms of feelings of inadequacy, sensitivity to criticism, and need for reassurance, which of the
following personality disorders are quite similar?
a. narcissistic and paranoid personality disorders
b. dependent and schizoid personality disorders
c. dependent and avoidant personality disorders
d. schizoid and avoidant personality disorders

ANSWER: c

87. Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder cluster?

a. odd or eccentric
b. dramatic, emotional, or erratic
c. avoidant and paranoid
d. anxious or fearful

ANSWER: c

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88. Which of the following disorders is NOT likely to coexist with borderline personality disorder?
a. substance use disorder
b. depression
c. panic disorder
d. an eating disorder

ANSWER: c

89. Marielle has histrionic personality disorder. Her family has asked Marielle’s psychiatrist whether there is any
treatment that can help reduce her problematic behaviours. What is the psychiatrist most likely to say?
a. “Strict behavioural programs have been shown to be effective in controlled research.”
b. “There are no well-controlled studies demonstrating success.”
c. “Cognitive therapy is most effective.”
d. “Patients who voluntarily attend therapy tend to get better.”

ANSWER: b

90. Lauri has extremely unstable behaviour and emotion; they are impulsive, depressed, and often injures themself.
What personality disorder does Lauri most likely have?
a. schizotypal personality disorder
b. borderline personality disorder
c. dependent personality disorder
d. histrionic personality disorder

ANSWER: b

91. What role do genetics play in the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
a. The role of genetics is non-existent.
b. The role of genetics is dependent upon the specific pattern of symptoms displayed.
c. The role of genetics is moderate.
d. The role of genetics is strong.

ANSWER: c

92. An individual presents for treatment and keeps talking about how gangsters are “out to get” him. Before
diagnosing paranoid personality disorder, what must we determine?
a. whether he is overly sensitive to criticism
b. whether his fears are justified
c. whether he has any meaningful relationships
d. whether he has symptoms of any other personality disorder

ANSWER: b

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93. Dave and Mike both have antisocial personality disorder. Dave has gotten in trouble with the law whereas Mike
has not. If you had to guess what differs between the two men, what would you say?
a. Mike has the capacity for empathy and Dave does not.
b. Mike received early intervention and Dave did not.
c. Mike probably has more supportive parents than Dave.
d. Dave probably has a lower IQ than Mike.

ANSWER: d

94. Dr. Hamid studies antisocial personality disorder. Which group most likely makes up the basis for much of Dr.
Hamid’s research?
a. hospital inpatients
b. outpatient volunteers
c. college and university students
d. offenders

ANSWER: d

95. Amaya is overly sensitive to criticism. She takes offence at the most trivial, real, or imagined slight. She’s
distrustful, easily angers, and holds grudges. She has few friends and is extremely jealous and possessive of her
one boyfriend, whom she is always accusing of “playing around” on her. Which personality disorder does
Amaya most likely have?
a. antisocial personality disorder
b. schizoid personality disorder
c. paranoid personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: c

96. What distinguishes individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder from those with obsessive-
compulsive disorder?
a. Patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder generally do not have obsessive thoughts and
compulsive behaviours.
b. Patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder generally show more compulsive and ritualistic
behaviours.
c. Patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder generally have more obsessive thoughts.
d. Patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder generally have multiple diagnoses.

ANSWER: a

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97. Dr. Dawson is studying possible causes of borderline personality disorder. What is she NOT interested in
researching?
a. parental neglect
b. interpersonal relationships
c. child physical abuse
d. child sexual abuse

ANSWER: b

98. What is the basic assumption of the fearlessness hypothesis of psychopathy?

a. Individuals with this disorder have an underactive cortex.
b. Individuals with this disorder learn to avoid punishment.
c. Individuals with this disorder have a higher threshold for experiencing fear.
d. Individuals with this disorder have brain damage that inhibits their ability to understand the implications of
their actions.

ANSWER: c

99. An integrative model to explain antisocial personality disorder discusses that genetic inheritance may influence
which two systems?
a. the inhibition and reward systems
b. the fight/flight and reward systems
c. the cortical stimulation and reward systems
d. the inhibition and fight/flight systems

ANSWER: a

100. According to Links and Stockwell (2001), couples therapy can be very beneficial for those borderline
personality patients who are in a relationship, but there is an exception. Which of the following would NOT
benefit from couples therapy?
a. those with the identity disturbance subtype of the disorder
b. those with the impulsive subtype of the disorder
c. those who have comorbid substance use disorders
d. those who have a history of violent interpersonal behaviour

ANSWER: b

101. What is involved in the most common treatment strategy for children at risk for antisocial personality disorder?
a. medication and intensive psychotherapy
b. placement in supervised foster homes
c. behavioural modification
d. parent training

ANSWER: d

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102. Your friend’s therapist said that her borderline personality disorder may actually be another disorder. Which
disorder was the therapist most likely to be referring to?
a. histrionic personality disorder
b. post-traumatic stress disorder
c. dependent personality disorder
d. bipolar disorder

ANSWER: b

103. Sho keeps to himself because he is anxious and fearful of rejection. Which personality disorder is he most likely
to be diagnosed with?
a. avoidant personality disorder
b. antisocial personality disorder
c. schizoid personality disorder
d. dependent personality disorder

ANSWER: a

104. Martin believes he can read people’s minds and foretell the future. He often feels as if deceased relatives are in
the room with him. He talks to himself frequently and often speaks to others in a meandering, vague, although
not incoherent manner. He is often unkempt, he believes people are talking about him, and he tends to be
socially aloof. Which personality disorder does Martin most likely have?
a. schizoid personality disorder
b. schizotypal personality disorder
c. paranoid personality disorder
d. multiple personality disorder

ANSWER: b

105. According to the underarousal hypothesis, why do psychopaths engage in their characteristic behaviours?
a. to provide a sense of relief from the feelings of depression that they experience when they are not highly
aroused
b. to reduce the generally high level of arousal that they feel
c. to deal with their anger
d. to provide a level of stimulation that most of us receive from more typical behaviours

ANSWER: d

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106. What is one of the problems encountered when trying to change the behaviour of an individual with histrionic
personality disorder?
a. Patients with this disorder generally do not have the intellectual abilities to change despite their desire to
do so.
b. The patient does not want to change.
c. The maladaptive behaviour generally results in short-term benefits despite long-term costs.
d. The maladaptive behaviour is genetically determined.

ANSWER: c

107. Histrionic personality disorder has been suggested to be a sex-typed alternative expression of which of the
following?
a. dependent personality disorder
b. borderline personality disorder
c. antisocial personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: c

108. What does the presence of excessive low-frequency theta waves in the brains of psychopaths lead to?
a. underarousal
b. cortical immaturity
c. shamelessness
d. fearlessness

ANSWER: b

109. What is the main reason we do NOT have sufficient research examining the development of personality
disorders?
a. There is insufficient research funding for these disorders because of relative lack of public awareness.
b. Many individuals do not seek treatment in the early phases of these disorders.
c. There are many other disorders involving far greater impairment, and these tend to receive the most
research funding.
d. Sophisticated research methods are necessary to study disorders that are so ingrained in personality.

ANSWER: b

110. Research by Ferguson and Rodway (1994) indicates that a certain therapy can be effective in treating one
important aspect of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. What is the therapy and what aspect of the
disorder is it for?
a. interpersonal therapy for dysfunctional relationships
b. humanistic therapy for underlying feelings of inadequacy
c. psychoanalytic therapy for an obsessive need for cleanliness
d. cognitive-behavioural therapy for perfectionism

ANSWER: d
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111. Aleksi is a 15-year-old boy who has been repeatedly arrested for theft and assault. In addition to shoplifting and
other theft, he has been caught stealing money from his parents’ wallets and his young sister’s piggy bank.
Aleksi demonstrates no guilt or remorse when he harms others. What is Aleksi’s most likely diagnosis?
a. conduct disorder
b. antisocial personality disorder
c. narcissistic personality disorder
d. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ANSWER: a

112. Which of the following has been reported to be a potential precursor to schizoid personality disorder?
a. childhood shyness
b. childhood abuse
c. anxiety
d. depression

ANSWER: a

113. Dr. Eso specializes in treating histrionic personality disorder and dependent personality disorder. Which
statement most likely describes their patient population?
a. There will be more women with both histrionic personality disorder and dependent personality disorder.
b. There will be similar numbers of men and women with histrionic personality disorder and dependent
personality disorder.
c. There will be more women with histrionic personality disorder and more men with dependent personality
disorder.
d. There will be more men with histrionic personality disorder and more women with dependent personality
disorder.

ANSWER: a

114. Amy quickly becomes the centre of attention when she enters a room. She is a tall and attractive young woman
who generally wears something striking. Amy is known as a flirt and acts in a seductive manner around men.
When Amy speaks, she uses exaggerated terms, even when describing relatively ordinary situations. What is
Amy’s most likely diagnosis?
a. histrionic personality disorder
b. dependent personality disorder
c. borderline personality disorder
d. narcissistic personality disorder

ANSWER: a

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115. In Rowena’s psychotherapy sessions, her therapist has been using graduated exposure to slowly make her more
comfortable with social situations. Which personality disorder is Rowena most likely being treated for?
a. schizoid personality disorder
b. schizotypal personality disorder
c. avoidant personality disorder
d. dependent personality disorder

ANSWER: c

116. Which of the following is NOT a typical treatment strategy for narcissistic personality disorder?
a. coping strategies to help accept criticism
b. cognitive therapy to replace fantasies with a focus on the day-to-day
c. help to focus on the feelings of others
d. coping strategies for the stressful life events that seem to trigger insecurity in the patient

ANSWER: d

117. Individuals with avoidant personality disorder usually respond to certain feelings by avoiding relationships; those
with dependent personality disorder respond to the same feelings by clinging to relationships. Which of the
following best characterizes those feelings?
a. depression
b. self-consciousness
c. anxiety
d. inadequacy

ANSWER: d

118. What does the psychological treatment that has been found to be most effective in helping patients with
borderline personality disorder involve?
a. learning to cope with stressors that seem to trigger maladaptive responses
b. regressing patients to the time in their lives when they experienced trauma
c. removing the reinforcing attention that they have received for their disordered behaviour in the past
d. changing maladaptive attitudes about the patients themselves and others

ANSWER: a

119. According to Ogloff and colleagues, which trait is important in predicting the amount of effort and likelihood of
improvement of criminals in therapy programs?
a. egocentrism
b. neuroticism
c. psychopathy
d. impulsivity

ANSWER: c

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120. Explain the reasons that the prognosis for patients treated for personality disorders is generally less optimistic
than the prognosis for patients treated for many other disorders. Select any personality disorder and describe a
treatment strategy that has had some evidence of success.

ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

121. Explain what differentiates individuals with schizotypal personality disorder from those with schizophrenia. What
are the similarities observed for individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder and those with
schizophrenia?
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

122. Describe the basic features of antisocial personality disorder. Why is psychotherapy with this population so
likely to fail?
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

123. Describe some factors that might influence the development of antisocial personality disorder. What childhood
behaviours/diagnoses have been observed in the histories of individuals who later developed antisocial
personality disorder? Describe a typical intervention strategy designed to prevent at-risk youth from developing
antisocial personality disorder.
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

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124. Compare and contrast the behaviours, thoughts, and motivations of an individual with avoidant personality
disorder versus someone with schizoid personality disorder. Make sure to note similarities and differences.
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

125. One might say that the thoughts of those with avoidant and dependent personality disorders are similar, but the
behaviours are not. We could further note that the behaviours of those with avoidant and schizoid personality
disorders are similar, but the thoughts are not. Explain these two statements.
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

126. Identify the three clusters of DSM-5-TR personality disorders and provide an example of one personality
disorder that belongs to each cluster. How would you characterize each cluster?
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

127. Describe the similarities and differences between individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and
individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. How would a clinician treat obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder?
ANSWER: Student responses will vary.

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