Unit-8 20 MARKS

Proportion , Variation And Interpolation

Ratio of two quantities:-
The ratio of one quantity to another quantity can only be taken
if both quantities are expressed in terms of the same unit.
𝐴
The ratio of A & B may be written, A÷B or 𝐵 or A:B .

Proportion:- When two ratios are equal the resultant equation

gives a proportion.
Thus ifA:B=C:D the four quantities A,B,C & D are in
proportion.In this case D is called the “fourth proportional” to
A,B & C.
2
3𝑥𝑦−𝑥
Ex:-If x:y=2:5 , find the value of 2
2𝑥𝑦+𝑦

𝑥 2 2𝑦
Solution:- 𝑦
= 5 , so x= 5

2𝑦 2

∴
3𝑥𝑦−𝑥
2
=
3 ( )𝑦−( )
2𝑦
5 5
=26/45
2( )𝑦+𝑦
2 2𝑦 2
2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 5

Variation:-
Direct Variation:- One quantity is said to vary as another
when they depend on each other so that a change in the one
will produce a change in the other in the same ratio. This is
called direct variation & the two quantities are said to “vary
directly”.
In general, if X varies directly
as Y, denoted by X∝Y , then X=KY, where K= constant , here
𝑋
𝑌
=K .

Ex(1): If x varies as y & x=12 when y=20 , find x when

y=25.
Solution:-since x∝y ∴x=Ky , K= constant
12=K (20) ∴ K=3/5
3
∴x= 5 y , when y= 25

∴ x=3/5 (25) =15.

Inverse Variation:-
One quantity is said to “vary inversely” as another when it
varies directly as the reciprocal of the other.
1
Thus, if X varies inversely as Y i.e. X varies directly as 𝑌
.

1
Denoted by x∝ 𝑦
, xy=k ,k= constant
Ex(1) The attraction of the earth on a body above its surface
varies inversely as the square of its distance from the centre
of the earth. If the earth’s radius is 4000 miles & a body
weighs 5 kg on its surface , what will the body weigh 1000
miles above the earth’s surface ?
Solution:-
Let d miles be the distance of body from earth’s centre & w
kg be the weight of the body.
1
w∝ 2 , wd2=k , k= constant.
𝑑

2
When d=4000,w=5 ∴ K= 5×4000
When d=4000+1000=5000miles
2
5×4000
∴ w= 2 =16/5 =3.2 Kg .
𝑑

Joint Variation:-
One quantity is said to “vary jointly” as a number of others when it
varies directly as their product.

Thus , if A varies jointly as B & C.

A varies as B×C

A ∝ B.C i.e. A= K.B.C , K= constant.

𝐵
If A varies directly as B & inversely as C then A varies directly as 𝐶
.
EX(1) If x varies jointly as y & z , & x=3 when y=4 & z=1/2 , find y
when x=12 & z=4.

Solution:- As x ∝ y.z , ∴ x=Kyz , K=const.

When x=3,y=4 ,z=1/2 ; 3= K×4 ×1/2 ∴ K= 3/2

3
When x=12 & z=4 , ∴x= 2 ×y×z , hence y=2.

EX(2) The volume of a given mass of gas varies directly as the

absolute temperature & inversely as the pressure. If the volume is
100 c.cms. when the pressure is 80 cms & the temperature 3000
absolute , find the pressure when the volume is 80 c.cms. and the
temperature 4000 absolute.

Solution:Let V=volume , T= temperature & P= pressure

𝑇 𝐾 .𝑇
∴ V∝ 𝑃
∴V= 𝑃
, K= constant

When V=100,P=80,T=300
𝐾×300
∴100= 80
, ∴ K=80/3

When V=80 , T=400

80 𝑇 80 400 1
V= 3
×𝑃 ∴ 80= 3
× 𝑃
∴ P=400/3 =133 3 cms.=133.33
cms

Ex(3)If A varies as the square root of B & inversely as the square of

C , & A=1/4 when B= 9 & C= 2 , find B when A= 1/27 & C=12.

Ans:B=256.

Ex(4) The heat (h) generated by an electric current varies as the

square of the current (c) , the resistance (r) & the time (t) in
minutes of the flow of current. If h=8,00,000 calories when c=10
amps ,r=16 ohms , t= 15 minutes , find h when c=15 amps , r=18
ohms & t= 20 minutes.

Ans: h= 27,00000 calaries.

Ex:- If deviation varies as tan(dip) and when dip=600 the deviation

is 50 , find the deviation when dip=300 .IMU

Ans;- d= 5/3

Ex:- The volume of a sphere varies directly as the cube of its radius .
The volume of the sphere is 36π cubic centimeters , when the radius
is 3cm. Find the volume of the sphere when the radius is 5 cm.
IMUDec-2015 /, IMU2017/ June 2019 . Ans= 166.67π cubic cm
Ex:- The distance required to stop a car varies directly as the square
of its speed.If 250 feet are required to stop a car travelling 60 miles
per hour, how many feet are required to stop a car travelling 96
miles per hour.( Ans:- d=640 feet)June2017 IMU

EX:- The weight of an object on Earth varies directly as the weight of

the some object on the moon. A 300 pound object would weight 48
pounds on the moon.How much would a 65 pound object weight on
the moon. ( Ans:- 10.4 pounds)June2017 IMU

EX:- The resistance of a conducting wire varies directly as its lengths

& inversely as its ceoss sectional area. A wire 100m long & 1mm2
cross sectional area has a resistance of 2Ω .What should be the
resistance of wire similar material 220m long & 1.5 mm2 cross
sectional area ? IMU Dec 2017( 2.933 Ω)
Ex:- If y varies directly as x and inversely as the square of z , and
when x=32,y=6 and z=4.Find x when y=10 and z=3. (IMU June
2018 )

Ex:- The amount of oil used by a ship travelling at a uniform speed

varies jointly with the distance and the square of the speed.If ship
uses 200 barrels of oil in travelling 200 miles at 36 miles per hour ,
determine how many barrels of oil are used when the ship travels
360 miles per hour. ( IMU June 2018 )

Ex: Suppose x varies jointly with y and the square root of z. When
x= - 18 ,y=2 then z=9.Find the value of y when x=10 and z=4.
June2019

Interpolation:
Interpolation has been described by Danish Mathematician T.N.
Thiele as the “art of reading between the lines of a table”.In solving
certain problems in Statistics,Engineering,Physics etc. we are
𝑥
required to use tables ofcertain mathematical functions such as 𝑒
,tanx,sinx etc. The tables give the values of such functions only for
𝑥
certain equally spaced values of x e.g. 𝑒 may be tabulated for
𝑥
x=0,0.1,0.2,…..,10.0. Suppose in our work we need the value of 𝑒 for
a value of x such as 0.17 or 2.527 , which is not given in table.The
procedure of interpolation enables us to estimate such values using
some of the tabulated values.

Some times we know the values of a function f(x) for certain values
of x but the function f is unknown e.g. we might know
f(5),f(10),f(15),f(20) but not the function f.We might want to
estimate f(12) (say).This can done by the procedure of
interpolation.

Consider the following real life situation.In our country,population

census is conducted every 10 years.Population of the country in
1951,1961,1971,1991,2001 & 2011 is known from the census
data.Suppose for some reason, we need the population figure for an
intermediate year such as 1985 or1990 or 2000. Then this has to be
obtained by interpolation.

Interpolation using finite differences: Interpolation is carried out by

approximating a known or unknown function by a polynomial.If we
know only two values of a function, we can pass only a straight line
through the corresponding points.If we know three values of a
function,we can pass a second degree polynomial through the
corresponding points.In general,if we know n values of a function,
we pass a polynomialof degree (n-1) through the corresponding
points.Such a polynomial is used to estimate the values of the
function at the given values of x.

A number of formulae, based on finite differences are available for

interpolation. Of these, we will study only one.

Another example for understanding interpolation concept:

When using tables it is frequently necessary to pick out an

intermediate value , this process is called “interpolation”.The table
given is for converting nautical miles to kilometers.
1
If we wish to know how many kilometers in 2 2 miles we must
interpolate between the tabulated values.These two quantities vary
 1
directly & it is clear that if 1 mile=1.85 km then 2
mile =0.925 kms
1
and 2 2 miles =3.71 kms + 0.925 kms = 4.635 kms.=4.64 kms.

--------------------------------------------------

Nautical Miles Kilometers

-------------------------------------------------

1 1.85
2 3.71
3 5.56
4 7.41
5 9.27

Two quantities x and y that are not connected by straight line law.
The table gives a few values picked from the graph.

x y Mean Diff. for 1

-------------------------------------------------------

10 10.7 0.5
 15 14.3 0.9
20 20.6 1.5

If from this table we wish to interpolate the value of y

corresponyding to x=12 , we could assume the graph to be a
straight line between x=10 and x=15 . When x increases by 5.0 (
i.e. from 10 to 15) y increases 3.6 (from 10.7 to 14.3). When x
increases 2 ( from 10 to 12) y will increases
3.6
5.𝑜
×2.0 = 1.44 and the value of y will be 10.7+1.4=12.1

This is a case of proportion for , 5.0:3.6=2.0:x [i.e 5/3.6 =2/x ]

The quantity x is often called the “ argument” and y is called the
“respondent”.
To interpolate the value of y for x=18.
Change in x:change in y=Required change in x:req. change in y
5.0 : 6.3 = 3.0 : correction
6.3
Correction= 5.0 ×3.0 =3.78

Corrected value of y =14.3 +3.8=18.1

Lagrange’s interpolation formula :

This interpolation formula does not use finite differences and it does
not require the given values of x to be equally spaced.

Suppose that the values of a function f(x) are given for n values of x
viz. a , b , c , ………., k , l , as in the table below.

X a b c …… k l

Y= f(x) f(a) f(b) f(c) ……. f(k) f(l)

Then Lagrange’s interpolation formula is the following:

𝑓(𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐)…..(𝑥−𝑘)(𝑥−𝑙) 𝑓(𝑏)(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑐)…..(𝑥−𝑘)((𝑥−𝑙)
f(x)= (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)….(𝑎−𝑘)(𝑎−𝑙)
+ (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)…..(𝑏−𝑘)(𝑏−𝑙)
+……………

𝑓(𝑙)(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)……(𝑥−𝑘)
……+ (𝑙−𝑎)(𝑙−𝑏)……(𝑙−𝑘)

Each term on the R.H.S. contains a product of n-1 factors containing x.If
we want to estimate f(x) for x=x1 we substitute x=x1 in formula and
evaluate the R.H.S. , which gives the required estimate.

Ex:- Given f(1)=3 , f(2)=7 , f(5)=31 , let us estimate f(4). [ IMU Exam]
Solution:- Here a=1 , b=2 , c=5 , x=4

By Lagrange’s interpolation formula

(
𝑓(𝑎) 𝑥 −𝑏 (𝑥−𝑐) ) 𝑓(𝑏)(𝑥–𝑎)(𝑥–𝑐) ( )
𝑓(𝑐) 𝑥 –𝑎 (𝑥−𝑏)
f(x)= (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)
+ (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)
+ (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)

f(x)=--------------------------
for x=4

3(4−2)(4−5) 7(4−1)(4−5) 31(4−1)(4−2)

f(4) = (1−2)(1−5)
+ (2−1)(2−5)
+ (5−1)(5−2)

3 31
F(4) = - 2
+7+ 2
= 21

Hence the required estimate of f(4) is 21.

Example(2): If f(0)=5 , f(1)=6 , f(3)=14 , use Lagrange’s interpolation

formula to find the polynomial f(x) passing through (0,5) , (1,6),(3,14).
Hence estimate f(2).

Solution:- Here a=0 , b=1 ,c=3

Lagrange’s interpolation formula gives

𝑓(𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝑓(𝑏)(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝑓(𝑐)(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)
f(x)= (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎−𝑐)
+ (𝑏−𝑎)(𝑏−𝑐)
+ (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐−𝑏)

5(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3) 6(𝑥−0)(𝑥−3) 14(𝑥−0)(𝑥−1)

= (−1)(−3)
+ (1)(−2)
+ (3−0)(3−1)

5 7
= 3
(x2-4x+3) - 3(x2-3x) + 3 (x2-x)

f(x) = x2 + 5 , which is the required polynomial in x .

for x=2 ,

Therefore, f(2)= 22 +5 = 9

Example (3): Given f(0)=3 , f(1)=6 ,f(2)=11 , estimate f(1.5) by Lagrange’s

interpolation formula.

Answer:- f(1.5)= 8.25

Ex(4): Given f(4)=24,f(6)=46,f(10)=114,find f(x) by Lagrange’s
interpolation formula & hence estimate f(7).

Ans: f(x)= ………., f(7)=60

Ex(5):- Given f(0)=2,f(1)=2,f(2)=4, find f(x) by Lagrange’s interpolation

formula.

Ans:- f(x)=x2-x+2 .

Ex(6) Given f(2)=-1,f(4)=11,f(6)=31,f(8)=59,f(10)=95.Use

Lagrange interpolation formula compute f(3). ( IMU old
pattern ) for 7 marks
EX(7) Given the values
X: 5 7 11 13 17
F(x): 150 392 1452 2366 5202
Evaluate f(9) , using Lagrange’s formula.
Ans: f(9)=810
Ex(8) Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find the value of y
when x=10 , if the following values of x & y are given :
X: 5 6 9 11
Y: 12 13 14 16

Ex(9) Use Lagrange’s formula to find the form of f(x) , given

X: 0 2 3 6
F(x): 648 704 729 792
Ans: f(x)=648+30x-x2.

Ex:- Find the polynomial interpolating the data

X : 0 1 2
F(x) : 0 5 2
Ex: Evaluate f(15) , given the following table of values
X : 10 20 30 40 50

Y=f(x) : 46 66 81 93 101 [ Dec2016for 5 marks]

Ex:- Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula , find y(2) for the following
data: y(1)=-3, y(3)=9, y(4)=30 , y(6)=132. [ Dec2016]

Ex:- Find the polynomial f(x) by using Lagrange’s formula & hence find
f(3)

X : 0 1 2 5

F(x) : 2 3 12 147 [ June2017IMU]

Ex:- Given the values

X : 5 7 11 13 17
F(x): 150 392 1452 2366 5202

Evaluate f(9) using Lagrange’s formula. [ June2017]

EX:- Estimate the value of f(45) from the following data

X : 40 50 60 70 80

Y : 31 73 124 159 190 [ IMU Dec 2017 ]

Ex:- Find the cubic poilynomial which takes the following values

X 0 1 2 3

Y 1 2 1 10

Hence evaluate f(4),

Ans:- 2x3-7x2+6x+1 , 41

EX:- If f(0)=1 ,f(1)=2 , f(2)=1 , f(3)=10 , using Lagrange’s interpolation

formula , find the cubic polynomial & hence find the value of f(4)
IMU Dec. 2017

EX:- Given f(-2)=46 ,f(-1)=4 , f(1)=4 , f(3)=156 & f(4)=484 , use the
Lagrange interpolation formula to compute f(0). [ 22/07/2013 IMU]

Ans:- 1.3333

EX:- Find the value of f(1.6) from the following table

X: 1 1.4 1.8 2.2

F(x): 3.49 4.82 5.96 6.5 ( IMU June 2018)

Ex:- Using Lagrange’s formula , find the equation of the curve passing
through the points (0,18) , (1,10) , (3, -18) and (6,90) (IMU June 2018).

Ex:- Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula , find y(2) for the following
data

Y(1)=-3 ,y(3)=9 , y(4)=30 , y(6)=132 Imu Dec.2016

Ex: Find the cubic polynomial which takes the following values
X 0 1 2 3
F(x) 1 2 1 10 24Th June 2019
Ans f(x)= 2x3 -7x2+6x+1
Ex : Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula to calculate the
profit in the year 2000 from the following data
Year 1997 1999 2001 2002
Profit in lakhs 43 65 159 248 [ 24Th June
2019]
Ans y= f(2000)= 100.
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