International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)

Vol. 16, No. 4, December 2025, pp. 2655~2664

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i4.pp2655-2664  2655

Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid

integration using MPPT algorithm

Lakshmi Dhandapani1, Pushpa Sreenivasan2, Malathy Batumalay3

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AMET University, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Faculty of Data Science & IT, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
4
Centre for Data Science and Sustainable Technologies, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper proposes a high-efficiency maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithm based on a variable step size control technique for
Received Jun 28, 2025 standalone hybrid solar-wind energy systems. Unlike conventional
Revised Aug 22, 2025 approaches that utilize separate MPPT controllers for photovoltaic (PV) and
Accepted Oct 2, 2025 wind systems, the proposed method integrates a single adaptive control
strategy that simultaneously optimizes power extraction from both
renewable sources. The algorithm dynamically adjusts the step size
Keywords: according to environmental variations, improving convergence speed and
tracking accuracy. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink,
Energy efficiency incorporating a 500 W solar PV system and a 560 W wind turbine, both
Perturb-and-observe algorithm interfaced through traditional boost converters. To validate the performance,
Solar-wind integration simulations are conducted under varying solar irradiance levels (600 W/m²,
Tracking the maximum power 800 W/m², and 1000 W/m²) and wind speeds (8 m/s, 10 m/s, and 12 m/s).
point Results indicate that the PV output power increases from 288.8 W to 513 W
Variable step size with rising irradiance, while the wind output improves from 301.4 W to
439.3 W with increasing wind speed. The combined hybrid system achieves
total output powers of 557.35 W, 691.74 W, and 807.12 W across three
operating intervals. These findings confirm that the proposed variable step
size MPPT algorithm significantly enhances energy harvesting efficiency
and system performance under dynamic environmental conditions.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Pushpa Sreenivasan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
As the load demand on the power system has increased, the consumption of fossil fuels like gas and
coal has increased recently. This rise presents major issues and has a big influence on the environment. Fossil
fuels are predicted to run out in the next decades because they are not renewable. The modernization of
society drives an ever-increasing need for power, even in the face of alternative energy sources. The best way
to meet this increasing demand for load is to make use of the replenishable energy sources that are currently
available. The most promising replenishable energy sources are wind and solar power, according to the
research. As of February 28, 2017, 57% of India's installed capacity for grid-tied renewable energy came
from wind power and 19% from solar photovoltaics [1]–[3].
Solar radiation and wind speed, respectively, determine how much power may be produced by
photovoltaic and wind systems. Variable and erratic voltage is caused by the high penetration of these

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

2656  ISSN: 2088-8694

renewable energy sources. Power electronic converters must be integrated with a variety replenishable energy
sources to create a hybrid system that can reduce these variations [4], [5]. To optimize power extraction from
this integration, an approach for controlling maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is needed. For PV and
wind systems, a variety of MPPT algorithms, each with advantages and disadvantages, are utilized, such as
neural networks, hill climbing, fuzzy logic controllers, incremental conductance, perturb and observe (P&O),
and variable step size [6]–[9].
Due to their simplicity and ease of use, variable step size and hill climbing are popular, although
they suffer in unpredictable weather. While neural networks and fuzzy logic controllers provide sophisticated
tracking capabilities, particularly in situations with fast changes, incremental conductance effectively
manages non-linearity [10]–[12]. In hybrid settings, these techniques do, however, add to the system
complexity. In response, a universal MPPT control algorithm was created for hybrid systems; nevertheless,
this still necessitated the development of unique MPPT algorithms for every source, raising costs and
complicating matters. In a 560 W, PV and 500 W, wind hybrid system using a traditional Boost converter, a
modified single variable step size control technique is suggested for simultaneous maximum power tracking.
Simulation results confirm its efficacy [13]–[16].

2. PROPOSED TOPOLOGY FOR HYBRID PV AND WIND SYSTEM WITH SINGLE MPPT
A diode bridge rectifier processes the output from the wind system before sending it to the DC-DC
converter, which is connected to the PV system via a DC-DC Boost converter. By combining both sources at
a single DC link bus capacitor, a hybrid system is produced [17]–[19]. The proposed hybrid energy system
with the enhanced single variable step size MPPT is schematically diagrammed in Figure 1. With the help of
this enhanced variable step size MPPT control technology, the maximum power from the PV and wind
sources is extracted simultaneously. The PV system, wind system, and fundamental Boost converter
architectural modeling are covered in detail in the ensuing subsections [20].

Figure 1. Proposed topology for hybrid PV and wind system with single MPPT

2.1. Solar cell panel

Electricity is produced by combining solar energy with photovoltaic cells, which function similarly
to photodiodes. As seen in Figure 2, PV cells. The (1) represents a solar cell's output current:

Iph - Id - Ish = Ipv. (1)

First of all on the other hand, Iph = current generated by incident light, Ish = current flowing through the
parallel resistor Rsh, and Id = current flowing through the diode. To optimize power use, photovoltaic cells
are arranged in series and parallel configurations to form a photovoltaic generator, or GPV. The GPV's
governing equations are (2).

Ipv =NpIph- NpIs [exp((q(Vpv+(Ns/Np)Rs Ipv)/(ANsKTak)) -1 (2)

Where:

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 4, December 2025: 2655-2664
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2657

The PV array's output current is represented by Ipv, the cell's reverse saturation current by I s, the
temperature in Kelvin is represented by Tak, the PV module's output voltage is represented by Vpv, and the
number of PV cells connected in series and parallel are indicated by N s and Np, respectively. Furthermore, q
stands for the electron charge, A stands for the p-n junction ideality factor, and the value of Iph is provided
by (3).

Iph = [Isc + Ki(Tak-Trk)](G/1000) (3)

In the given context, ISC represents the short-circuit current at reference temperature and irradiation,
Trk is the cell reference temperature, G is the solar radiation in W/m 2. Ki is the short circuit current
temperature coefficient [21]–[24]. Temperature and irradiance play a crucial role in determining power
generation in the cell, with this generation being inversely proportional to temperature and directly
proportional to irradiance.

Figure 2. PV cell

2.2. Wind farm

The expression for the mechanical power (Pm) extracted from wind is given by (4).

Pm = 0.5 Cp ρ π r2 Vw3 (λ, β) (4)

In this case, ρ is the air density, λ is the tip speed ratio, β is the blade pitch angle, r is the blade radius, Vw is
the wind speed, and Cp is calculated using the following formula.

Cp= 0.5(λi-0.022β2- 5.6) 𝑒 −0.17𝜆𝑖

The tip speed λ and intermediate variable λi are given by (5).

λ =(ωBR/Vω) λi=(3600R)/(1609λ) (5)

In the wind induction generator model, the transfer function has a unity gain with a time constant of 0.3
seconds. Under maximum power point tracking (MPPT) conditions, this model is used in conjunction with
the pitch controller to optimize performance.

3. STEP SIZE VARIABILITY WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE SOLAR-WIND GRID

INTEGRATION USING MPPT ALGORITHM
The integration of solar and wind energy sources into the grid improves overall energy conversion by
employing a high-efficiency perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm with variable step size. The subsequent
section elaborates on the operational mechanism and the critical role of this approach in hybrid renewable
systems. Previous studies have explored variable step size MPPT controllers for PV and wind systems
independently, and in some cases, a unified controller for hybrid setups. These approaches commonly rely on
tracking the power gradient (dP/dV) to modify step size, balancing convergence speed and oscillation reduction.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT): This technology is essential to renewable energy systems
because it makes sure that wind turbines and solar panels are generating the most power feasible. These sources'
power output is dependent on external factors like wind speed and sunshine intensity, so it must be continuously
adjusted to maintain maximum power output. A popular MPPT technique is called "perturb and observe"
(P&O), in which the system modifies the operating voltage gradually and tracks the change in power output.
The direction of the perturbation remains unchanged if the power grows, and reverses if it falls [25], [26].
Variable step size (VS): Fixed step sizes are used for perturbations in traditional P&O algorithms.
Variable step sizes, however, can enhance the MPPT process's effectiveness and reaction time. More rapid
convergence to the maximum power point following notable changes in environmental circumstances is
Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid integration using … (Lakshmi Dhandapani)
2658  ISSN: 2088-8694

possible with bigger step sizes, whereas smaller step sizes permit finer adjustments and less power oscillation
around the maximum power point. Figure 3 shows high performance VS_PO MPPT Algorithm's operation.

Figure 3. High-performance VS_PO MPPT algorithm's operation

3.1. Distinctive features of the proposed VS_PO algorithm

While existing MPPT algorithms dynamically adjust step size based on instantaneous dP/dV, the
proposed method enhances this by factoring in the relative rate of change across both solar and wind inputs,
effectively merging their variations into a hybrid tracking logic. This dual-input adjustment ensures
coordinated tracking performance even during conflicting environmental changes (e.g., increasing wind
speed with dropping irradiance).
A practical unification logic where the step size is adapted based on the weighted average of dP/dV
from both sources. A simplified formulation like:

ΔV=k(α.dPpv/dVpv+(1-α)dPwind/dVwind)

Where: ΔV-Step size for voltage perturbation; k- Adaptive gain constant; α-Weighting factor (0 ≤ α ≤ 1)
representing priority between PV and wind (default-0.5); and dPpv/ dVpv, dPwind/dVwind: Instantaneous power
gradients of PV and wind systems, respectively. This formulation enables the controller to:
a) Respond proportionally to the most dynamic source at a given moment
b) Prevent conflicting perturbations during opposing environmental changes
c) Maintain MPPT performance with minimal computational overhead
Unlike multi-controller strategies, this unified VS_PO algorithm simplifies implementation by using a single
controller for both sources, making it well-suited for embedded or cost-constrained hybrid systems. The
implementation avoids separate MPPT modules for PV and wind, thus reducing processor demand while
maintaining accurate and responsive tracking under mixed-source operation.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2659

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 4 shows the results of a MATLAB/Simulink model used to test the performance of the
suggested high-performance variable step size MPPT method for a freestanding hybrid PV-wind system. This
device combines separate boost converters from wind and solar power sources, all managed by a single
MPPT controller. To estimate the ideal duty cycle and guarantee maximum power extraction under
fluctuating operating conditions, the control system makes use of four essential input parameters: PV voltage
(VPV), wind voltage (VW), PV current (IPV), and wind current (IW). Figure 5 shows the irradiance of the PV
system. A hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) system is implemented to meet the load demand
on the grid side. However, the performance of the interconnected PV/WT system is influenced by factors
such as partial shading and the challenge of maximizing power output. To address these issues, the proposed
system incorporates a DC-DC converter, enabling effective control and optimization of power flow. The
output power of the PV array under varying solar irradiance conditions is illustrated in Figure 6.
To extract power from the photovoltaic (PV) system, the solar irradiance is set to 1000 W/m²,
yielding a current of 25 A and a voltage of 320 V. The generated power is used to meet the load demand, and
the proposed control strategy ensures a constant power supply to the grid. As depicted in Figures 7 and 8, the
grid-side load is further supported by the wind energy system, which produces approximately 9000 W at a
wind speed of 15 m/s. The PV array contributes an additional 10,000 W, as presented in Figure 6. To
maintain stable system performance, the DC link voltage is regulated at 210 V, as shown in Figure 9. The
proposed controller effectively sustains this constant DC link voltage, ensuring reliable and efficient
operation of the hybrid energy system.

Figure 4. A hybrid PV and wind system with a high-performance variable step size MPPT algorithm
integrated into the Simulink model

Figure 5. Irradiance of PV system

Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid integration using … (Lakshmi Dhandapani)
2660  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 6. PV-generated power Figure 7. Wind speed

Figure 8. Wind power Figure 9. DC link voltage

The proposed control strategy effectively ensures optimal power extraction from the combined
photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems while meeting the grid-side power demands. As depicted
in Figure 10, the system maintains a steady grid current of 25 A and a voltage of 2000 V, confirming stable
operation. The total power output from the hybrid PV-WT system reaches 20 kW, aligning precisely with the
power requirements of the grid, as illustrated in Figure 11. This outcome validates the effectiveness of the
proposed methodology in reliably supplying and compensating the grid-side load demand under varying
operating conditions.
Figure 12 presents a comparative analysis of three MPPT algorithms: high-performance variable
step size (VSS) MPPT, slap swarm optimization (SSO), and artificial raindrop algorithm (ARDA), under
conditions of variable solar irradiance. The proposed VSS MPPT method demonstrates superior performance
in terms of tracking speed, power stability, and accuracy. Throughout the 10-second simulation period, the
VSS MPPT maintains an average power output of approximately 1105 W, with minimal deviation during
irradiance fluctuations. In contrast, the SSO method shows noticeable overshoots and undershoots,
particularly between 4 and 6 seconds, resulting in a lower average power output of about 1082 W and a more
pronounced ripple. The ARDA performs moderately well, with an average power of 1093 W, though it
exhibits slight lags during sudden irradiance changes. Overall, the proposed VSS MPPT exhibits faster
convergence, better real-time adaptability, and reduced power ripple compared to the other two methods,
making it highly effective for hybrid PV-wind applications where irradiance and environmental conditions
vary dynamically.
Based on important performance criteria like efficiency, convergence time, power ripple, control
complexity, and applicability for hybrid PV-wind systems, Table 1 compares popular MPPT algorithms.
High efficiency and quick convergence with little power ripple are achieved by the suggested variable step-

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2661

size perturb and observe (VS_PO) algorithm, which also maintains low implementation complexity.
Interestingly, it allows for a single control strategy for wind and solar energy, which makes it ideal for hybrid
energy systems with constrained computing power.

Figure 10. Grid voltage and current

Figure 11. Total generated and required power

Figure 12. MPPT algorithm under variable irradiance

Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid integration using … (Lakshmi Dhandapani)
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Table 1. Comparison of MPPT algorithms

MPPT method Efficiency Convergence Power Control Suitability for a Remarks/comparison with VSS-P&O
(%) time (s) ripple (W) complexity hybrid system
Fixed Step P&O 91–94 0.3–1.0 High (5–20 Low Moderate Slower response and higher ripple; VSS-
W) P&O improves accuracy and reduces
oscillation
Incremental 94–96 0.2–0.6 Moderate Moderate Good Good accuracy but complex in hybrid case;
conductance (3–10 W) VSS-P&O is simpler and adaptable
Fuzzy logic 95–97 0.2–0.5 Low (1–5 High Very good Requires expert tuning; VSS-P&O easier to
controller W) implement
Neural network- 96–98 0.1–0.4 Very low Very high Excellent Needs training data and computation; VSS-
based (<2 W) P&O more lightweight
SALP 95–97 0.4–0.7 Low (<4 W) High Good Intelligent global optimizer but slower than
VSS-P&O in real-time adaptation
ARDA 94–96 0.3–0.6 Moderate Moderate- Good Offers good tracking in uncertainty; VSS-
(3–6 W) high P&O is faster and more stable
VSS-P&O 97–98.5 0.1–0.3 Low (<3 W) Moderate Highly suitable Superior performance with lower ripple,
(proposed fast adaptation to irradiance/wind changes
method)

5. CONCLUSION
This research introduces an innovative variable step-size perturb and observe (VS_PO) MPPT
algorithm tailored for hybrid photovoltaic and wind systems. Distinct from traditional dual-controller
schemes, the proposed method utilizes a unified control structure capable of managing both energy sources
simultaneously. By intelligently adjusting the step size based on instantaneous power variations from the PV
and wind inputs, the algorithm ensures faster tracking, stable output, and precise convergence under varying
environmental conditions. Simulation studies carried out in MATLAB/Simulink validate the effectiveness of
the proposed approach. When compared to salp swarm optimization and artificial raindrop algorithms, the
VS_PO method delivers superior results, achieving higher tracking efficiency (up to 98.5%), minimal power
ripple (<3 W), and rapid convergence (<0.3 s). The use of separate boost converters for each source, unified
at a common DC link, ensures consistent voltage regulation even under fluctuating load or irradiance.
Nonetheless, the findings are based solely on simulation, without accounting for real-world
nonlinearities and mechanical dynamics. Future developments will focus on hardware implementation,
dynamic wind modeling, temperature-sensitive PV behavior, and enhanced hybrid energy management using
intelligent controls. With its adaptability and low computational cost, the proposed strategy is well-suited for
smart grid and microgrid applications, especially in resource-constrained environments.

FUNDING INFORMATION
Authors state no funding involved.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT

This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.

Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Lakshmi Dhandapani ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Pushpa Sreenivasan ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Malathy Batumalay ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

C : Conceptualization I : Investigation Vi : Visualization

M : Methodology R : Resources Su : Supervision
So : Software D : Data Curation P : Project administration
Va : Validation O : Writing -Original Draft Fu : Funding acquisition
Fo : Formal analysis E : Writing - Review &Editing

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors state no conflict of interest.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 4, December 2025: 2655-2664
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  2663

DATA AVAILABILITY
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the
article and its supplementary materials.

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Step size variability with high performance solar-wind grid integration using … (Lakshmi Dhandapani)
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Lakshmi Dhandapani is a professor of the Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Academy of Maritime Education and Training, deemed to be
University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. She has more than 23 years of expertise in the field of
power systems. She has guided more than 30 UG students, 15 PG students, and 4 research
scholars. She has published 11 book chapters and 6 books, 46 articles in SCI and Scopus-
indexed journals, and nearly 35 National level, and international level conference proceedings.
She is a life member in professional bodies such as IEEE, IEI, IAENG, and Ins. She is a star
organizer in the IGEN Energathon, 2023 Marathon, a new world record for the longest
conference. Her areas of interest are power system operation and control, soft computing,
renewable energy systems, microgrid, and electrical machines. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Pushpa Sreenivasan is a research scholar in the Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Department at the Academy of Maritime Education (AMET) University, Tamil
Nādu, India. She has 18 years of teaching experience. She received her B.E. degree in
electrical and electronics engineering from Madras University in the year 2003, M.E. degree in
power system engineering from Anna University, Tamil Nādu, India, in the year 2009,
respectively. She is currently an assistant professor at Panimalar Engineering College, Tamil
Nādu, India. Her research interests include the field of power systems, renewable energy,
electrical machines, control systems, and microgrids. She is a life member in professional
bodies like IAENG. She got an Organizer award in Green Energy SDG. She can be contacted
at email: [email protected].

Malathy Batumalay earned her master’s degree in engineering from the

University of Malaya, Malaysia, and subsequently pursued her Ph.D. in Photonics Engineering
at the same institution. Her research focuses on lasers, fiber optics, and fiber sensors. She
collaborates with both local and international researchers to delve deeper, resulting in
numerous high-quality publications in relevant journals. Additionally, she actively serves as a
reviewer for several journals and holds a committee position in the Optical Society of
Malaysia (OSM), where she contributes to activities involving young researchers.
Furthermore, she is also registered as a professional engineer with the Board of Engineers
Malaysia (BEM) and as a Chartered Engineer with The Institution of Engineering and
Technology (IET). Presently associated as a professor with a prestigious private university in
Malaysia, renowned for its expertise in communication, networking, and cloud computing, she
holds pivotal leadership positions. As the Director of the Centre for Data Science and
Emerging Technologies, she epitomizes academic excellence. Her fervent aspiration is to
engage with emerging talents and prospective research candidates, thereby enhancing the
academic landscape. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 16, No. 4, December 2025: 2655-2664