Faculty of Engineering
Alexandria University
Mechanical Engineering Department
Heat Transfer Branch
Numerical Analysis
MEC 155
Lecture (2)
Reference; Heat and mass transfer, Fundamentals & Applications, 5th
edition, by Yunus A. Çengel and Afshin J. Ghajar
Prof. Mohamed Khamis
Governing Equations
ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT CONDUCTION
EQUATION
One-dimensional Heat Conduction Equation for large plane wall, long
cylinder, and sphere reduces to the following forms:
where n = 0 for a plane wall, n = 1 for a cylinder, and n = 2 for a sphere. In
the case of a plane wall, it is customary to replace the variable r by x.
Governing Equations
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
In order to analyze the temperature distribution and rate of heat
transfer of a certain body, the system differential equations are applied
to the internal points of the model while the boundary conditions are
applied to the external points at the boundaries (The mathematical
expressions of the thermal conditions at the boundaries are called the
boundary conditions).
If the model is unsteady, heat capacity terms are added to the
differential equations accompanied to the initial condition.
Governing Equations
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
1. Specified Temperature Boundary Condition
For one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane
wall of thickness L, for example, the specified
Temperature boundary conditions can be
expressed as;
where T1 and T2 are the specified temperatures at surfaces at x =0 and x =L,
respectively. The specified temperatures can be constant, which is the case for
steady heat conduction, or may vary with time.
Governing Equations
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
2. Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition
The heat flux in the positive x-direction anywhere in
the medium, including the boundaries, can be
expressed by Fourier’s law of heat conduction as;
For a plate of thickness L subjected to heat flux of
50 W/m2 into the medium from both sides, for
example, the specified heat flux boundary conditions can be expressed as;
Governing Equations
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
Special Case 1: Insulated Boundary
Some surfaces are commonly insulated in practice
in order to minimize heat loss (or heat gain) through
them. A well-insulated surface can be modeled as a
surface with a specified heat flux of zero.
Then the boundary condition on a perfectly insulated
surface (at x =0, for example) can be expressed as;
Thus, the slope of temperature at the insulated surface must be zero.
Governing Equations
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
Special Case 2: Thermal Symmetry
Some heat transfer problems possess thermal
symmetry as a result of the symmetry in imposed
thermal conditions.
Therefore, the center plane can be viewed as an
insulated surface, and the thermal condition at
this plane of symmetry can be expressed as;
which resembles the insulation or zero heat flux boundary condition.
Governing Equations
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
3. Convection Boundary Condition
Convection is probably the most common
boundary condition encountered in practice
since most heat transfer surfaces are exposed
to an environment at a specified temperature.
Based on a surface energy balance the convection
boundary conditions on both surfaces can be
expressed as;
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
A heat conduction problem can be formulated by specifying the applicable
differential equation and a set of proper boundary conditions.
In this section we will limit our attention to problems that result in ordinary
differential equations such as the steady one-dimensional heat conduction
problems. We will also assume constant thermal conductivity.
The solution procedure for solving heat conduction problems can be
summarized as;
(1) formulate the problem by obtaining the applicable differential equation in
its simplest form and specifying the boundary conditions,
(2) obtain the general solution of the differential equation, and
(3) apply the boundary conditions and determine the arbitrary constants in the
general solution.
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
General Solution to Selected Differential
Equations
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
Governing Equations
Solution Of Steady One-dimensional Heat Conduction
Problems (Analytical solution)
Example 3
The outer surface of an engine is situated in a place where oil leakage can occur.
Some oils have auto-ignition temperatures of approximately above 250°C. When
oil comes in contact with a hot engine surface that has a higher temperature than
its auto-ignition temperature, the oil can ignite spontaneously. Treating the engine
housing as a plane wall, the inner surface (x = 0) is subjected to 6 kW/m2 of heat.
The engine housing (k = 13.5 W/m∙K) has a thickness of 1 cm, and the outer
surface (x = L) is exposed to an environment where the ambient air is 35°C with a
convection heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2∙K. To prevent fire hazard in the
event the leaked oil comes in contact with the hot engine surface, the temperature
of the engine surface should be kept below 200°C. Determine the variation of
temperature in the engine housing and the temperatures of the inner and outer
surfaces. Is the outer surface temperature of the engine below the safe
temperature?
Thank you
