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Opponents of Clay’s goals, often plantation holders and common farmers, believed this plan would hurt
agriculturalists by making the manufactured goods they purchased more expensive. The opposition was
especially pronounced in the South in the 1820s and 1830s, where many political leaders rejected tariffs
as an attack on their way of life.

18. Which of the following describes an interpretation of Clay’s economic principles at the time as expressed in the
excerpt?
(A) The sections of the United States should retain separate regional economies.
(B) The farmers of the United States should switch to manufacturing jobs.
(C) The United States should increase domestic manufacturing to promote prosperity.
(D) The United States should never engage in foreign commerce.

Answer C

Correct. Clay’s promotion in the excerpt of protecting domestic manufacturing would have been
interpreted at the time as representing the principle that the United States should increase domestic
manufacturing to increase prosperity. This represented what he called the American System.

19. Daniel Webster’s address to the Senate in 1830 in reply to Senator Hayne is best remembered for its
(A) attack on the Tariff of Abominations
(B) defense of the principle of national union
(C) assertion of the idea of States’ rights
(D) apology for New England’s disloyalty in the War of 1812
(E) praise for President Andrew Jackson

20. The election of 1800 has been referred to as constituting “another revolution” because
(A) the House of Representatives decided the election
(B) a Supreme Court decision was required to dislodge the Federalists
(C) voter turnout increased dramatically
(D) the party in power stepped down after losing the election
(E) force was required to get John Adams to leave the White House

21. President Monroe articulate the Monroe Doctrine in his 1823 address to Congress primarily in order to

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(A) respond positively to the recent Latin American revolutions

(B) rule out United States involvement in South America
(C) provide a rationale for United States intervention in the Isthmus of Panama
(D) warn European nations against further colonial ventures in the Western Hemisphere
(E) encourage Britain to help the fledging Latin American states

22. The Missouri Compromise did which of the following?

(A) Prohibited slavery in all the territory of the Louisiana Purchase.
(B) Provided for admission of the Union of all future states in pairs of one free, one slave.
(C) Allowed Maine to enter the Union as a free state.
(D) Finally settled the question of congressional power over slavery in the territories.
(E) Provided for the annexation of Texas.

“To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:

“WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled ‘An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States,
against the Tripolitan cruisers,’ That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels
of the United States, as may be judged requisite by the President of the United States, for protecting effectually the
commerce and seamen thereof, on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas: and also, that it shall be
lawful for the President of the United States to instruct the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize,
and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey [Sultan] of Tripoli [in North Africa], or to his
subjects.

“THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make
prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same
into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.

“By command of the President of the United States of America.”

Thomas Jefferson, 1802

23. The rhetorical purpose expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the
following?
(A) Expanding suffrage rights to all White men
(B) Challenging Great Britain’s control of Canada
(C) Using international commerce to expand United States influence
(D) Investing in technology to make ocean voyages faster

Answer C

Correct. The excerpt clearly outlines the desire of the United States to secure trade carried out by its

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citizens, with the intended impact of strengthening its influence abroad.

24. The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following?

(A) The creation of the Monroe Doctrine

(B) The approval of the Louisiana Purchase
(C) The abolition of the international slave trade
(D) The passage of the Missouri Compromise

Answer A

Correct. The excerpt reflects the establishment of policies meant to ensure United States interests in the
Mediterranean, much like the Monroe Doctrine claimed the right of the United States to protect its
interests in the Western Hemisphere.

25. President Jefferson sought the protections described in the excerpt most likely for the purpose of

(A) establishing trade routes

(B) enlarging the size of the navy
(C) supporting alliances with European nations
(D) creating United States colonies

Answer A

Correct. As the actions of the Barbary pirates threatened United States trade in the Mediterranean, the
orders outlined in the excerpt indicate Jefferson’s goal to secure and extend those trade routes.

26. The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States?
(A) It severely damaged American manufacturing.
(B) It enriched many cotton plantation owners.
(C) It disrupted American shipping.
(D) It was ruinous to subsistence farmers.
(E) It had little economic impact.

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“The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city,
merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services,
fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New
York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . .

“. . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to
imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once
greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a
westward connection.”

John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States,
2001

27. Which of the following developments in the early nineteenth century could best be used as evidence to support the
argument in the second paragraph of the excerpt?
(A) The opposition of some political leaders to providing federal funds for public works
(B) The failure of some infrastructure projects to recover their costs
(C) The recruitment of immigrant laborers to work on new transportation projects
(D) The rise of a regional economy based on the production and export of cotton

28. The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?

(A) The extension of commerce with Native Americans
(B) The expansion of access to markets
(C) The growth in the internal slave trade
(D) The increase in semisubsistence agricultural production

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may
sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interfering with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress
passed in pursuance of the Constitution. . . . Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were
passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in
virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police. . . .

“This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according
to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is
repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”

United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

29. The excerpt best reflects which of the following trends during the early 1800s?

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(A) The calls for funding of internal improvements under Henry Clay’s American System
(B) The increased role of the judiciary in establishing a stable economic system
(C) The shift to a more assertive foreign policy under the Monroe Doctrine
(D) The heightened tension between southern states and Congress over the tariff

Answer B

Correct. The excerpt best reflects the increased role of the judiciary in establishing a stable economic
system in the early 1800s. By the early 1800s, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall,
had issued decisions to reinforce the powers of the federal government over the states, including the
power to regulate interstate commerce discussed in the excerpt.

30. Which of the following broader contexts most directly contributed to the conflict described in the excerpt?
(A) The public demand that the government regulate monopolies
(B) The introduction of technological innovations in cotton production
(C) The use of federal subsidies to expand the railroad network
(D) The creation of a national market with increased regional interdependence

Answer D

Correct. The creation of a national market with increased regional interdependence most directly
contributed to the conflict described in the excerpt. As the United States economy changed during the
market revolution, the judiciary struck down measures undertaken by states that interfered with the
power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce. The Supreme Court cited the
commerce clause of the Constitution as justification for federal regulation of interstate commerce and the
prohibition of state interference in interstate and international trade.

31. In the 1820s, which of the following would have most strongly supported the decision in the excerpt?

(A) Entrepreneurs in transportation

(B) Workers in new textile factories
(C) Owners of large rural estates
(D) New York state officials

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Answer A

Correct. In the 1820s, entrepreneurs in transportation would have most strongly supported the decision in
the excerpt. During the 1820s the market revolution contributed to growth in transportation technology,
and entrepreneurs would have supported actions to encourage the development of national markets and
to limit the creation of a patchwork of different economic rules on a state-by-state basis. The Supreme
Court decision in the excerpt ending a New York State monopoly on steamship operations and
reinforcing the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce supported these goals.

32. Henry Clay’s “American System” called for all of the following EXCEPT
(A) a tariff for the protection of industry
(B) internal improvements at national government expense
(C) sale of federal lands to finance higher education
(D) greater reliance on domestic financial resources
(E) increased trade among the sections of the nation

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the... basis for social
improvement.... Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize
internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American
manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The
promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for
manufactured products.”

Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007

33. One major change in United States politics from the 1820s to the mid-1850s was the
(A) adoption of an antislavery platform by the Whig Party
(B) rise of political parties defined largely by regional interests
(C) collapse of the Democratic Party in the South
(D) decline of competition between parties

34. Based on the excerpt, which of the following groups would have been most likely to oppose Henry Clay’s ideas?

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(A) Abolitionists
(B) Antebellum reformers
(C) Members of the Whig Party
(D) Members of the Democratic Party

35. Which of the following most directly made possible the ideas described in the excerpt?
(A) The emergence of monopolies that dominated entire businesses
(B) Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, and interchangeable parts
(C) Farmers’ creation of local, regional, and national organizations that resisted corporate power
(D) The significant influence of organized labor unions

36. The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?
(A) A decline in the internal slave trade
(B) Large-scale European immigration to the South
(C) More Americans producing goods for national markets
(D) Business leaders consolidating corporations into trusts and holding companies

“Louisiana as ceded by France is made part of the United States. Congress may make part of the United States other
adjacent territories which shall be justly acquired.

“Congress may sever from the United States territory not heretofore within the United States, with consent of a majority
of the free males above 21 years, inhabiting such territory.”

James Madison, secretary of state, proposed constitutional amendment [not passed], 1803

37. Which of the following best describes the historical situation in which the amendment was proposed?
(A) The Anti-Federalists sought to add a bill of rights to the Constitution.
(B) The federal government sought to acquire more western land in North America.
(C) The United States sought to forcibly remove American Indians from their homelands.
The Constitutional Convention sought to establish the separation of powers between branches of
(D)
government.

Answer B

Correct. The excerpt explains that this amendment was proposed in the midst of negotiations with France
over a proposed treaty that would result in the United States purchasing the Louisiana territory. The
proposed amendment also alludes to future efforts to cede territory by the United States.

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38. Which of the following best describes a major purpose of the proposed amendment?
(A) To strengthen the United States alliance with France
(B) To give individual states the legal right to secede from the Union
(C) To give Congress additional constitutional powers
(D) To give the president more control over negotiating treaties

Answer C

Correct. The proposed amendment was designed to add specific language to the Constitution regarding
the powers of the federal government, particularly the legislative branch, to buy territory from foreign
governments and incorporate new territory into the Union, because these powers were not explicitly
stated.

39. Which of the following groups would mostly likely have supported this proposed amendment?
(A) Proponents of the supremacy of federal laws over state laws
(B) Proponents of the expansion of the executive branch powers under the Constitution
(C) Advocates of the power of the Supreme Court to review federal laws
(D) Advocates of limiting federal powers to those specifically written into the Constitution

Answer D

Correct. This amendment was proposed by the Jeffersonians, those who emphasized a strict
interpretation of the Constitution and who believed the power of the federal government to purchase and
add territory to the Union needed to be specified in the Constitution in order for the Louisiana Purchase
to take place.

40. In Marbury v. Madison, the United Stated Supreme Court affirmed

(A) its right to determine the constitutionality of state court decisions
(B) its right to determine the constitutionality of state laws
(C) its right to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments
(D) the sanctity of property rights against harassment by unfriendly state legislatures
(E) the broad scope of the federal government’s commerce power

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41. President Jackson resisted the admission of Texas into the Union in 1836 primarily because he
(A) acknowledged the legitimacy of the Mexican government’s claim to Texas
(B) feared that debate over the admission of Texas would ignite controversy about slavery
(C) was ideologically opposed to territorial expansion
(D) could find no support within his own party for admitting Texas
(E) believed that admitting Texas would violate international law

42. The Jefferson administration advocated which of the following changes as a means of restoring republican ideals?
(A) Abolishing the Bank of the United States
(B) Reducing the scope of activities of the federal government
(C) Discontinuing the funding of state debts
(D) Increasing the size of the United States military
(E) Adopting the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions at the national level

“The river Missouri, and the Indians inhabiting it, are not as well known as is rendered desirable by their connection with
the Mississippi, and consequently with us. It is, however, understood, that the country on that river is inhabited by
numerous tribes, who furnish great supplies of furs and peltry to the trade of another nation. . . . An intelligent officer,
with ten or twelve chosen men, fit for the enterprise . . . might explore the whole line, even to the Western Ocean, have
conferences with the natives on the subject of commercial intercourse . . . agree on convenient deposits for an interchange
of articles, and return with the information acquired. . . . While other civilized nations have encountered great expense to
enlarge the boundaries of knowledge by undertaking voyages of discovery . . . our nation seems to owe to the same object,
as well as to its own interests, to explore this, the only line of easy communication across the continent, and so directly
traversing our own part of it. The interests of commerce place the principal object within the constitutional powers and
care of Congress. . . . The appropriation of two thousand five hundred dollars, ‘for the purpose of extending the external
commerce of the United States,’ . . . would cover the undertaking from notice.”

President Thomas Jefferson, secret message to Congress, January 1803

43. The activities Jefferson advocates in the message represent a departure from his earlier views on the
(A) tariff in the national economy
(B) extent of federal government authority
(C) continuation of slavery
(D) French Revolution

Answer B

Correct. The activities Jefferson advocated in the message departed from his earlier views on the extent
of federal government authority. While Jefferson had advocated for a much more restrictive vision of
federal authority in the 1790s through the strict constructionist interpretations of the United States

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Constitution, his willingness to expand United States territorial control through executive action not
explicitly authorized by the text of the Constitution were a departure from his previous position.

44. Which of the following broader ideas did Jefferson most directly seek to advance through his administration’s
policies?
(A) The plan for the United States to develop industry comparable to Britain’s
(B) The hope for the United States to acquire overseas territories
(C) The objective of expanding slavery in the United States
(D) The vision of the United States as an agricultural republic

Answer D

Correct. Jefferson most directly sought to advance his vision of the United States as an agricultural
republic through his administration’s policies. Jefferson generally supported a vision of the United States
as a primarily agrarian nation, and part of his desire to obtain information about land west of the United
States was to eventually obtain new lands for agricultural expansion by United States settlers.

45. The fulfillment of Jefferson’s proposal in the excerpt would be used to support which of the following executive
acts?
(A) The use of federal funds for the building of the National Road
(B) The purchase of the Louisiana territory from France
(C) The acquisition of Florida from Spain
(D) The securing of navigation rights on the Mississippi River

Answer B

Correct. The fulfillment of Jefferson’s proposal to expand commercial ties in and obtain valuable
information about the areas west of the Mississippi River supported the Louisiana Purchase. Shortly after
proposing the expedition described in the excerpt, the United States completed the Louisiana Purchase
from France in 1803, thereby vastly expanding western territorial claims and creating new justifications
for pursuing Jefferson’s stated goals in the territory newly claimed by the United States.

46. The immediate diplomatic goal Jefferson sought through his proposal in the excerpt was most likely

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(A) encouraging support for United States annexation of Alaska

(B) extending United States influence over North America
(C) warning Americans about the dangers of permanent foreign alliances
(D) making a case for a federal navy to patrol domestic and international waters

Answer B

Correct. The immediate diplomatic goal Jefferson sought in the excerpt was to extend United States
influence over North America. In the excerpt, Jefferson indicates a desire to expand United States
commercial interests into territory to the west of the nation for the purpose of trade by engaging with the
American Indians living there, and in 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition launched to further these
goals.

47. The fulfillment of the proposal in the excerpt would most immediately affect American Indians by
prompting American Indian resistance to United States expansion and bringing about new federal
(A)
government efforts focused on control
creating an interior empire in North America in which interaction with the United States government
(B)
was primarily peaceful and mutually beneficial
providing the foundation for a new forced-labor system in which American Indians had to submit to the
(C)
control of large landholders
plowing under much of the Great Plains for the expansion of farming and reducing the buffalo herds on
(D)
which many American Indians in the West relied

Answer A

Correct. The fulfillment of the proposal in the excerpt most immediately affected American Indians by
prompting resistance to United States expansion that contributed to federal efforts to assert control over
the West. As the United States expanded its territorial claims, it did so at the expense of many American
Indian nations who had not surrendered sovereignty over their homelands to the United States. These
competing territorial claims most directly resulted in American Indians resisting White settlement
through treaties, violence, and even lawsuits. The response of the federal government generally focused
on using coercion, persuasion, and often military force to dispossess American Indians of their land.

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Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind. Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and
affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things. And let us reflect that, having banished from our
land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet gained little if we countenance
a political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions. . . . We have called by
different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us
who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the
safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”

Thomas Jefferson, first inaugural address, 1801

48. The excerpt best reflects which of the following?

(A) Conflicts over how the Constitution should be implemented and interpreted
(B) Fear that the United States would be overtaken by a foreign power
(C) Disagreement over the consequences of the French Revolution for the United States
(D) Secessionist pressures coming from slaveholders in the South

49. The most unpopular and least successful of President Thomas Jefferson’s policies was his
(A) advocacy of territorial expansion
(B) handling of Barbary Coast pirates
(C) reduction of the size of the military
(D) reduction of the national debt
(E) adherence to neutrality in dealing with England and France

50. Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to

(A) remove the French from forts along the Mississippi valley
(B) acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops
(C) acquire territory for the expansion of slavery
(D) oppose New England Federalism
(E) demonstrate friendship for the French in the Napoleonic Wars

51. Under Chief Justice John Marshall, Supreme Court decisions tended to

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(A) promote business enterprise

(B) restrict federal powers of taxation
(C) restrict corporate development
(D) expand state control of economic activity
(E) reduce federal control of the economy

52. The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest
were similar in that all involved a defense of
(A) freedom of the seas
(B) freedom of speech
(C) the institution of slavery
(D) states’ rights
(E) presidential power in foreign affairs

53. The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest
were similar in that all involved a defense of
(A) freedom of the seas
(B) freedom of speech
(C) the institution of slavery
(D) states’ rights
(E) presidential power in foreign affairs

54. The Louisiana Purchase proved politically troubling for Thomas Jefferson because of his

(A) previous support for a strict interpretation of the Constitution

(B) veto of funding for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark’s expedition
(C) admiration of France’s military power
(D) devotion to new methods of cartography
(E) disdain for involvement in a foreign country’s affairs

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55. The patterns of settlement shown in the map culminated in which of the following national crises by 1820 ?
(A) Outrage over the Federalist Party’s disloyalty in proposing New England’s secession
(B) Widespread opposition to the demands of the women’s rights advocates at Seneca Falls
(C) The emergence of sectional tensions over the admission of the state of Missouri
(D) Disbelief at the violence resulting from popular sovereignty in Kansas

Answer C

Correct. The patterns of settlement shown in the map culminated in a national crisis in 1820 over the
admission of the state of Missouri to the Union. As northern and southern interests vied to influence
national politics and policy, the admission of new states to the Union generated controversy about the
expansion of slavery. Many locals and proslavery supporters wanted Missouri to enter the Union as a
slave state over the protests of northerners who feared a southern majority in the federal government and
in Congress.

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56. Which of the following most likely accounts for the limits of United States settlement in portions of North Carolina
and Georgia depicted on the map?
(A) Tobacco and sugarcane crops failed to thrive in those areas.
(B) American Indians maintained sovereign control over those regions.
(C) The Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in those regions.
(D) The lands were set aside for American Indian reservations.

Answer B

Correct. American Indian sovereignty over portions of North Carolina and Georgia accounts for the
limits of United States settlement depicted on the map. As Americans sought to populate and settle
beyond the eastern coastlines, they ran into several pockets of established American Indian communities,
such as the Cherokee, who claimed independent sovereignty from United States authority. Many of these
groups had signed treaties decades earlier with either the United States federal government or the state
government. It would take the actions of President Andrew Jackson in the 1830s to forcibly remove these
American Indian communities before these areas were settled by White American citizens.

57. Which of the following most directly contributed to the spread of settlement depicted on the map?
(A) The development of transcontinental railroads
(B) Efforts to secure boundaries with Great Britain
(C) Federal grants for purchases of western land
(D) Sustained population growth after the American Revolution

Answer D

Correct. Sustained population growth following the American Revolution most directly contributed to
the spread of settlement depicted on the map. Following the American Revolution, the population in
North America continued to increase as a result of natural birthrates, increased standards of living,
ongoing immigration from northwestern Europe, and forced migration from Africa. As the country began
expanding westward, particularly with land added by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the increase in
population resulted in a continuous stream of settlers moving into new territory.

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58. The Supreme Court established which of the following by its ruling in Marbury v. Madison ?
(A) States have the authority to nullify acts of Congress.
(B) The Bank of the United States is constitutional under the implied powers clause.
(C) States may not interfere with interstate commerce.
(D) The Supreme Court has the authority to determine the constitutionality of congressional acts.
(E) Government contracts cannot be repealed by popular majority.

59. Which of the following is true of the case of Marbury v. Madison?

(A) It established that Congress had the sole right to formulate national legislation.
(B) It supported Thomas Jefferson in his claim to have “executive review.”
(C) It backed William Marbury in his request for a bank charter.
(D) It affirmed the principle of judicial review.
(E) It determined the Senate’s right to “advise and consent.”

60. Which of the following is true of John Marshall’s decision in McCulloch v. Maryland?
(A) It reversed his position on judicial review taken in Marbury v. Madison.
(B) It increased federal authority by invoking the doctrine of implied powers.
(C) It declared the Yazoo land claims fraudulent.
(D) It granted individual states the right to regulate interstate commerce.
(E) It found that Georgia’s laws regulating the Cherokee Indians were constitutional.

61. The Missouri Compromise was a victory for antislavery advocates because it
(A) provided for the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri
(B) excluded slavery from all territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River
(C) prohibited slavery from future territorial acquisitions
(D) condemned the fugitive slave law
(E) closed most of the Louisiana Purchase to slavery

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Question is based on the following map

62. The map shows the United States as it appeared in

(A) 1784
(B) 1800
(C) 1812
(D) 1821
(E) 1845

63. The area marked X on the map was part of

(A) Massachusetts’ Western Reserve
(B) the Northwest Territory
(C) the Louisiana Purchase
(D) the Mexican Cession
(E) the Oregon Country

64. The issuance of the Monroe Doctrine did which of the following?
(A) Reaffirmed George Washington’s goal of United States neutrality in the Americas.
(B) Helped Secretary of State John Quincy Adams secure the presidency in 1824.
(C) Established the United States as the dominant economic power in South America.
(D) Provided the basis for resolving Anglo-American border disputes.
(E) Asserted American independent in the realm of foreign policy.

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65. The Monroe Doctrine maintained that

(A) all nations and states in the Americas were territories of the United States
(B) European powers should not pursue any future colonization in the Americas
(C) Cuba, Texas, and Puerto Rico were protectorates of the United States
(D) Haiti would be established as a colony to be settled by formerly enslaved people from the United States
(E) the United States Congress could overrule the president’s foreign policy initiatives in Latin America

66. Which of the following statements about the Monroe Doctrine is accurate?
(A) It was announced by the President over the serious objections of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.
(B) It was issued simultaneously with a British policy statement on Latin America.
(C) It stressed that Europe and the Western Hemisphere had essentially different political systems.
(D) It was immediately accepted as international law.
(E) It was promptly challenged militarily by the “Concert of Europe.”

“Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be
imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or
bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the
masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods.”

— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

67. The goals presented in the excerpt from the act have the most in common with which of the following?

(A) Increases in the federal tariff in the 1820s

(B) Progressive Era antitrust reforms in the 1900s
(C) Free-trade policies in the 1990s
(D) Federal tax reductions in the 2000s

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“A bank of the United States is in many respects convenient for the Government and useful to the people. Entertaining
this opinion, and deeply impressed with the belief that some of the powers and privileges possessed by the existing bank
are unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people, I
felt it my duty at an early period of my Administration to call the attention of Congress to the practicability of organizing
an institution combining all its advantages and obviating [removing] these objections. I sincerely regret that in the act
before me I can perceive none of those modifications of the bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it
compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country. . . .

“Experience should teach us wisdom. Most of the difficulties our Government now encounters and most of the dangers
which impend over our Union have sprung from an abandonment of the legitimate objects of Government by our national
legislation. . . . Many of our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits, but have besought
us to make them richer by act of Congress. By attempting to gratify their desires we have in the results of our legislation
arrayed section against section, interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to
shake the foundations of our Union.”

President Andrew Jackson, Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States, 1832

68. The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments during the first half of the nineteenth century?

(A) The formation of new political parties

(B) The establishment of abolitionist groups
(C) The increase of immigration from Europe
(D) The emergence of regional cultures

Answer A

Correct. Debates over the role of the federal government, such as the constitutionality of the Bank of the
United States, reflected one of the clear divisions between the emerging Democratic Party and the Whig
Party in the 1820s and 1830s.

69. People who shared the views expressed in the excerpt most likely opposed which of the following?
(A) The expansion of suffrage rights to most White men
(B) The maintenance of low tariffs that allowed the export of goods to Europe
(C) The expansion of United States territory through war
(D) The use of federal government funding for internal improvements

Answer D

Correct. Unlike Whigs, who generally supported using federal funds for transportation projects, members

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 Scoring Guide

Period 4

of Jackson’s constituency generally opposed projects of that kind as being an overreach of governmental
power.

70. Which of the following factors best supports the argument in the excerpt?
The rise in manufacturing had led to many people relocating to towns and cities as demand for labor
(A)
increased.
The debates over the federal government’s proper role had intensified during the early nineteenth
(B)
century.
The public visibility of women as leaders of national social and political reform movements had
(C)
increased.
The South had become increasingly reliant on producing and exporting cotton in the early nineteenth
(D)
century.

Answer B

Correct. The excerpt displays one of the primary political tensions between Democrats and Whigs over
the role of the federal government in issues like the economy. As president and the leader of the
Democrats, Jackson espoused a common man vision of the nation, one which corresponded to his
support for everyday people against the “rich men” the bank might benefit.

71. Which of the following of Jackson’s policies undermined his position as described in the excerpt?
(A) Allowing territories to determine whether slavery should be legal within their borders
(B) Rejecting the Supreme Court’s power to determine constitutionality of laws
(C) Using federal power to forcibly relocate American Indian groups
(D) Encouraging individuals to settle west of the Mississippi River

Answer C

Correct. The excerpt explains that there should be limitations to federal power, but through his policies
supporting the forcible relocation of American Indian groups to the west, Jackson exerted federal power
not clearly outlined in the Constitution.

72. Of the following, which was the principal issue on which the United States sought settlement with Great Britain at
the outset of the War of 1812?

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