Connecting Users to Library Resources

through Innovative Technologies

Editors
Sr.Dr.M.Jaculine Mary
Dr.A.M.Venkatachalam
Dr.M.Mandhirasalam
Dr.T.Magudeeswaran

Published by
Department of Library
Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous)
Coimbatore
&
Society for the Advancement of
Library and Information Science (SALIS)
Chennai

SALIS 2024
Connecting Users to Library Resources
through Innovative Technologies

Editors
Sr.Dr.M.Jaculine Mary
Dr.A.M.Venkatachalam
Dr.M.Mandhirasalam
Major Dr.T.Magudeeswaran

Associate Editors
Dr.J.Arumugam
Dr.V.Rajendran
Dr.P.Baskaran
Dr.D.Mercy Lydia
Dr.E.Gajalakshmi

Assistant Editors
Dr.A.Velayutham
Mr.S.Paramasivam
Mr.T.Manoj Kumar
Ms.M.Boomika

Department of Library
Nirmala College for Women
(Autonomous)
Red Fields, Coimbatore – 641018, Tamil Nadu.
&
Society for the Advancement of
Library and Information Science (SALIS)

2024
Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies

Department of Library, Nirmala College for Women (NCW)

&
Society for the Advancement of Library and Information Science (SALIS)

© 2024

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the copyright owners.

DISCLAIMER

The authors are solely responsible for the contents of the papers complied in this volume. The
publishers or editors do not take any responsibility for the same in any manner. Errors, if any,
are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such errors to the editors or
publishers to avoid discrepancies in future.

Price: 1000/-

ISBN: 978-93-85469-12-1

Published by

Department of Library
Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous)
Red Fields, Coimbatore – 641018, Tamil Nadu.
&
Society for the Advancement of Library and Information Science
Plot No.32 G, 2nd Main Road,
Sabari Nagar Extension, Mugalivakkam
Chennai – 600 125, Tamil Nadu, India
 Preface
Libraries play a pivotal role in fostering access to information in our increasingly digital world, providing
access to diverse knowledge resources that support academic endeavours. As the heart of academic
institutions and social hubs within communities, libraries have undergone significant transformations and a
surge in information availability. In this digital era, managing and organizing library resources poses
considerable challenges. Rapid advancements in technology, shifting publishing models, and evolving user
expectations necessitate that Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals continuously adapt to
these changes. To effectively serve the user community, it is essential for LIS practitioners to explore a
diverse range of topics, including emerging technologies, user-cantered design, implement innovative
technologies and best practices for integrating innovative solutions into library services
SALIS, in collaboration with Nirmala College for Women (NCW), Coimbatore organised the National
Conference on "Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies,” on October 04th &
05th, 2024 at NCW which marked a significant milestone in our collective journey towards enhancing library
services through technology.
We had received more than 120 papers from LIS professionals, scholars and students from various esteemed
institutions all over India and abroad. Among them, we have included 116 papers after thorough review in
this volume and they are grouped in to the following broad subject categories.
1. Connecting Users to Library Resources through AI Technologies
2. Connecting Users to Library Resources through Software Technologies
3. Connecting Users to Library and Open Resources using Web & OS Technologies
4. Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies
5. Library Research Studies
6. Library Services and Management Strategies to Promote Library services
The proceedings compiled in this volume reflect the breadth of ideas and insights shared during the
conference. This volume includes a list of papers with page numbers under each subtheme and full papers
with title, authors names, affiliation, abstracts and keywords. An Author Index is also given at the end of this
volume. We express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. Sr. A.Kulandai Therese, Secretary, Dr. Sr. Mary
Fabiola, Principal, Sr. Dr. M.Jaculine Mary, Librarian & Organizing Secretary, Nirmala College for Women,
for providing an opportunity for SALIS to organise the National conference jointly with NCW and also for
the valuable support and guidance for organising the conference in a grand manner.
We thank Dr.A.Hariharan, Founder President, Dr. A.M.Venkatachalam, President SALIS & Librarian and
Director (Library & Student Affairs), KSRCT, Tiruchengode, Major Dr.T.Magudeeswaran, General
Secretary, SALIS & Librarian, CNC, Erode, Dr.M.Mandhirasalam, Advisor, SALIS, Librarian & Dean
(ARRA), CIT, Coimbatore, Dr.S.Swaminathan Advisor, SALIS Librarian & Placement Officer SRMV
College of Education Coimbatore, Advisors, GC and senior members of SALIS for their encouragement,
guidance and support in all the stages of the conference. We record our heartfelt thanks to the associate and
assistant editors and reviewers for their timely support and technical guidance. We sincerely thank the
members of various committees of the conference, members of SALIS and the participants for their fullest
support and participation. We express our appreciation to all the authors for contributing papers to this
volume.
We express our gratitude to the faculty, library, technical and administrative staff, and students of NCW for
their support in all the stages of the conference. We also record our thanks and appreciation to
Mr.T.Manoj Kumar, Deputy Librarian, KSRCT, Mr.A.Thangadurai, AP/EEE KSRCT, Ms.M.Boomika,
Assistant Librarian, KSREI, Sr.A.Arockia Saranya, Ms.M.Sathya, Dr.Jyothirmayi, Dr.Kalaivani, Dr.Chitra
Isaac, Ms.Prameeta Sharma, Ms.M.Muthumalathi, Dr.Anitha, Library Advisory Committee members of
NCW for their support rendered in proof reading and designing of the proceedings. We thank the printer for
his support in bringing out this volume on time.
Date: 04.10.2024 Editors
 CONTENTS

Sl.No Descriptions Page No.

Chapter – I : Connecting Users to Library Resources through AI Technologies
AI in Information Technology: Use Cases, Solution and Implementation
1. 1
Kumaramani, M. and Ganapathy, K.(Dr.)
Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services
2. 5
Jasmine, S. Charles, P. and Dhanapal, A.
Prompt Engineering for Librarians: Enhancing Library Services through AI
3. 12
Seshaiah, O. (Dr.) and Masthanaiah, V.
AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience and Resource
4. Optimization 17
Harilal Lakavath (Dr.)
Enhancing Digital Preservation: Leveraging AI for Sustainable Resource
5. Management 23
Dyson, A. Kalaiselvi, P. and Umamaheswari, R.
A Study on Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in Academic Libraries
6. 27
Kavya, S.
Enhancing User Engagement with AI: The Future of Human-Machine
7. Interaction 32
Rasina,E. and Sivaraman,P.(Dr.)
The Future of Library Management: AI Tools for Enhanced User Services and
8. Operational Insights 36
Rathinavel, L. and Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.)
Integrating Digital User Interface With Artificial Intelligence Tools
9. 41
Lakshmi, M.
Integrating ChatGPT and Google Sheets for Effective Library Classification and
10. Cataloging 48
Thirunavukkarasu, T.C. and Thanuskodi, S. (Dr.)
Leveraging AI to Enhance Library Services and User Experience
11. 52
Afeefa Savan and Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.)
Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community
12. 57
Anbazhagan, C. Prakash, M. and Arun Pandian, R.
Utilizing AI Technologies to Promote Sustainable Development Goals in
13. Libraries 63
Subashini, M. Prakash, M. and Pramanathan, U. (Dr.)

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) i

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Connecting Users through AI Technologies in Libraries: Enhancing Services

14. and User Experience 70
Vinoth, S. and Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.)
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in providing Library Services for
15. Students with disabilities in the Academic Libraries 75
Indumathi, K. (Dr.), Srilakshmi, B. (Dr.) and Sophia, R.
Harnessing AI for Enhanced Disaster Management in Sports Science:
16. Innovations in Safety and Resilience 81
Velayutham, A. (Dr.) Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.) and Manikandan, S.
The Role of AI Tools in Enhancing Library Services: A Comprehensive Review
17. 85
Dhina Suresh, (Dr.)
Connecting Users Through AI Technologies: A Survey of Generative AI and
18. Tracking Systems 90
Pavithra, N. Agnes, A. Deepika, S. and Kulandai Teresa
Leveraging Chatbots: Revolutionizing Library Services with AI
19. 95
Sathish Kumar, M. Prakash, M. and Mani, M.(Dr.)
Integrating ChatGPT in Library and Information Services: Benefits and
20. Limitations 100
Manoj Kumar, T. Venkatachalam, A.M (Dr.) Vinothkumar, J. and Salomi, S.
Chapter – II : Connecting Users to Library Resources through Software Technologies
Adopting Innovative Technologies in Libraries
1. 103
Krishnaveni. K, and Noorul Hasan, I.
Telepresence Robots-An Innovation or A Revolution
2. 107
Subhasmita Sankhua, and Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr)
Personalized services with Vidmaginpivot at the Centre for Learning and
3. Research, Vellalar College for Women, (Autonomous) Erode 112
Stephen, T. and Paul Jai Sudham, M.
Application of IOT in Libraries
4. 116
Deepa Shree, B.
Blockchain Technology for Library Management and Services
5. 122
Prabhakaran, G. and Prakash.M
Revolutionizing The Library System by Integrating Blockchain and AI
6. Technology 127
Luxana, S. and Franklin, J. (Dr.)

ii Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

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QR Code for Centre for Learning and Research
7. 133
Kavipriya, D.
User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement- A Study at VET
8. (IAS), Erode 137
Subadharsini, S. Radhiya Parveen, A.J. Hemamalini, P. and Anandika, S.
Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries: A
9. Case Study of KSRCT library 143
Venkatachalam, A.M.(Dr.) Thangadurai, A. and Boomika, M.
Current Awareness Service through WhatsApp
10. 150
Jebasheelaagshal, K. Sharmila, P. and Sharmitha, M.
Immersive Library Experiences: Integrating AR And VR to Connect Users with
11. Resources 154
Avineni Kishore (Dr.)
Design and Development of Innovative Practice for Big Data Analytics on
12. Library Resources 161
Arumugam, J. (Dr.) and Radha, L. (Dr.)
Search Engine Technologies – An Overview
13. 170
Vijayalakshmi, B. (Dr.) Tamilmani, K. (Dr.) and Rajkumar, P.
Adaptive Learning through AI Technologies
14. 176
Mary Neena, M. (Dr.)
IoT-empowered Library Management System with special reference to Nirmala
15. College Library 179
Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.)
Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery in
16. Academic and Information Science Professionals: A Perspective 184
Rajkumar, N. Siva Chidambaram, S. (Dr.) and Suresh, N. (Dr.)
Chapter – III : Connecting Users to Library & Open Resources using Web & OS Technologies
Analysis of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Submitted to IISc for the
1. Period 2004-2021: A Study 193
Pradeep P Kavi and Dharamvir Singh
Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library
2. Users of Coimbatore District: A Study 201
Geetha, A. Ganapathy, K. (Dr.) and Jayashree, R.
Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption and
Satisfaction Among Faculty Members of JKKN College of Engineering and
3. Technology 207
Sandhika, P. and Lavanyaa, K.R.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) iii
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Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference

to St. Xavier’s College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli,
4. Tamil Nadu – A Study 214
Raja, T. (Dr.) Rajamansingh, M. (Dr.), Sherlin, S. (Dr.) and Michael J Leo (Dr.)
Evaluating The Impact of Technology on Postgraduate Students' Interactions
5. with Academic Libraries 220
Thangapandy, M. (Dr.) and Balaji, R.
Connecting Users to Library Resources through the Documentation of
6. Indigenous Knowledge: A Case Study of selected districts of West Bengal 229
Souvik Gantai, Sukumar Hansda, Bidyarthi Dutta and Anup Kumar Das
Research Contribution on Machine Learning of Woman Scientists in P5
7. Countries: A Scientometric Study 241
Sridevi, B. and Palaniappan, M. (Dr.)
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and GPT in Academic Library
8. Management-A Study 247
Ramasamy, K. and Kavitha, E.S. (Dr.)
Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study
9. 251
Praveenkumar, B.
Awareness Usage and Output Of E-Shodhsindhu Resources by Faculty,
Research Scholars and PG Students of Sri Padmavathi Mahila University,
10. Tirupati: A Study 254
Vijay Mahesh Kumar, P. (Dr.) and Kiran Kumar, E. (Dr.)
Library Websites of Selected Institutes in Coimbatore District: A Webometric
11. Study 260
Ramalakshmi, R.
Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College
12. for Women 266
Monisha, M.
Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to
13. 2022 275
Jayapriya, T. and Mohamed Esmail, S. (Dr.)
Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College Library
14. Users: A Study at Vellalar College of Pharmacy, Erode. 283
Lavanyaa, K.R. and Senthilkumar, R. (Dr.)
A Scientometric Study of Astronomy Literature (2016-2020) of India
15. 289
Anjaline, R and Sankar, P. (Dr.)

iv Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

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Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research:

16. A Scientometric Approach 295
Uma, N. Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.) and Manikandan, S.
Priority and Activity Index of Eggs Research Literature Output in India (2017-
17. 2021): A Scientometric Analysis 304
Madhusuthanan, V. and Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.)
Elevating Perceptions of Library Information Sources and Services in
Engineering Colleges: A Comprehensive Study on User Needs and Service
18. Improvements 310
Preety Pandey, and Shesh Mishra, (Dr.)
Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal: A
19. Scientometric Analysis 320
Jagadesh Kalerao, Srinivasa Rao, V. and Madhavi, Ch. (Dr.)
Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research: A Scientometric
20. Approach 326
Manikandan, A.
Usage of Library Resources, Services, and Facilities Among the PG Students in
21. Periyar University- A Study 333
Sethumathavan, S. and Palaniappan, M. (Dr.)
Usage of Library Resources in Vellalar College for Women- A Survey
22. 338
Dharshana, N.N, Harivarshini, D. Jagadeeswari, C. and Sharmi, A.
India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study
23. 343
Chandru, E. and Sankar, M. (Dr.)
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing Among
24. Research Scholars in Tiruchirapalli District 349
Senthamilselvi, A. (Dr.) and Susan Babu
Chapter – IV : Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies
The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Services
1. 356
Srikanth, H.G.
Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting
2. Library Operations 363
Priya, R. and Sembianmadevi, P. (Dr.)
Digital Transformation in Libraries: Reimagining Resource Management
3. 370
Ponselvi, R.

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Role of Disaster-Related Information in Libraries: Enhancing Information

4. Dissemination and User Education for Community Resilience 375
Neethu, M., Ahana. T.C., and Kohila, G.T. (Dr.)
Libraries and Information Literacy
5. 382
Srilakshmi, B. (Dr.), Grace, M. (Dr.) and Indumathi, K. (Dr.)
Leveraging AI Technologies for Enhanced Library User Engagement and
6. Resource Management 387
Karunai Raghavan, K. (Dr.), Rajan, T., and Venkadesh Kumar, S.
The Role of Libraries in Bridging the Digital Divide
7. 390
Esther Delsy, S. and Thangavel, P. (Dr.)
Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians for the Promotion of
8. Library Services and Resources in Academic Libraries in India 394
Sudhakar, E. (Dr.) Sreenivasulu, M. (Dr.) and Sorakananda Rao, P. (Dr.)
Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
9. 399
Harish Babu, (Dr.)
Role of Librarians in Research Support Services in Higher Education
10. Institutions 407
Veeranjaneyulu, Ch. (Dr.) and Narayana Reddy, (Dr.)
Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET(IAS), Erode
11. 411
Ilamathi, G. Mithra, S.V. Sabithra, R.M. and Sivakanitha, V.
Enhancing Academic Success: A Guide to Library Resources at Manonmaniam
12. Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 416
Subalakshmi, V. Saravanan, P. (Dr.) and Lawyed Stephen, S. (Dr.)
Service Quality Standards in Academic Libraries
13. 421
Sugirtha kumar, E. (Dr.) and Renganathan, R. (Dr.)
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in the Library and Information Science (LIS)
14. Curriculum: A Proposal for Modernizing LIS Education 427
Gnana Prasad, J. (Dr.), Senthil Kumar, T.(Dr.), Sripathi, J. and Hilda Mary, S.
Designing New Marketing Strategies and Techniques
15. 433
Farsana Parveen, P. Afrin Fathima, I. Sanfiya, R. and Shobika Santhiya, R.
Marketing Strategies and Techniques for Library Resources and Services: A
16. Case Study of Nirmala College for Women 438
Sathya, M. Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.) and Ramalakshmi, R.
Transforming the Role of Knowledge Hubs in the Digital Age: Latest Trends in
17. Libraries 443
Niranjana. V, and Akshaya. J,

vi Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

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Chapter – V : Library Research Studies

Transforming Library and Information Resources in the New Era of Artificial
1. Intelligence 448
Ramadas, G. (Dr) and Chithra, T.
Building a Digital Gateway: Design and Development of the College of
2. Engineering Thalassery Library Website using Joomla CMS 453
Usman Koya, P.T. (Dr.) and Sebitha V.P.
Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite
3. 459
Gunavathi, M. and Vigneshwaran, M.
Exploring PDF GEAR: AI Powered Document Management Tool
4. 466
Mani, M. (Dr.) Arumugam, J. (Dr.) and Pramanathan, U. (Dr.)
Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social
5. Media 473
Samir Rama Fatte, and. Vinayak Bankapur, (Dr.)
Digital Solutions for Accessing Print and Digital Resources: A Vision of
6. Library Portals 478
Pasupuneti Niteesh, and Vijayakumar, K. (Dr.)
Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview
7. 482
EldineRomella, J. and Subiksha, R.
An Overview of Swayam and Its Effectiveness
8. 489
Shanmugapriya, V,
Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital
9. Scholarly Resources 494
Ashok Kumar, V. (Dr.), Chidambaram, M. and Jeevakumar
Digital Collections with OMEKA: A Special Focus on the NGM IR Institutional
10. Repository 504
Jayabarathi , N. Umamageswari, R. and Vijayakumar, S. (Dr.)
A Molecular Docking Approach Through Library Resources: Exploring Anti-
Mycobacterial Activity by Intermolecular Interactions Between Small
11. Molecules And Target Enzyme 510
Kalaivani, P. Sivashankari, S. and Prabhakaran, R.
The Evolution of Communication: A Journey from Signs to WEB and Beyond
12. 514
Venkata Rao, D. (Dr.)
Exploring Jamovi: An Open-Source Solution for Statistical Analysis
13. 521
Madhan Prabhu, S. Unnikrishnan, S. and Prakash, M.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) vii
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Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System for Libraries

14. Connecting Resources with Readers 526
Josseena Jose, and Mercy Lydia, D. (Dr.)
Impact on e-Resources usages in Academic Library Environment and
15. Sustainability 532
Annavarapu Mallikarjuna, (Dr.) and Kumara Swamy Reddy Kothapati, (Dr.)
Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)
16. 538
Prameeta Sharma, Chandrashekara, M (Dr.) and Vedant Kumar Singh
A Comprehensive Guide to the KSRCT-Dr. S.R. Ranganathan Knowledge
Centre Web Portal: Features, Resources, and Services
17. 548
Venkatachalam, A. M. (Dr.) Thangadurai, A. Boomika, M. Manoj Kumar, T.
Vinothkumar, J. and Salomi, S.
Use of Social Media Tools for Information and Knowledge Sharing: A Study
18. among Library Professionals in Engineering Colleges 558
Mercy Lydia, D. (Dr.) Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.) and Sivakumaren, K.S. (Dr.)
Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website for The J.J.
19. College of Nursing Library 563
Manimegalai, N. and Rajkumar, N.
Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering
20. Colleges Faculty: A Case Study in Thanjavur District 570
Ramesh, G. (Dr.) Mahadevan, B. (Dr.) and Premkumar, S.
Leveraging New Technologies for Enhanced Library Resource Utilization: A
21. Strategic Approach 578
Naveena, B. Manoj Kumar, T. and Nithya, K.
Bridging the Knowledge Gap: The Role of Technology in Connecting Users to
22. Digital Resources 582
Kulandaimary, G. and Rajathi D Modilal, M .
Equitable Education Through OER: Bridging Accessibility and Gaps in
23. Learning 588
Arockia Saranya, A. and Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.)
An Overview of Content Management System
24. 595
Senthamilselvi, A. (Dr.) and Priya, V.
Chapter – VI : Library Services and Management Strategies to Promote Library services
Maximizing Academic Efficiency with LibraryThing: A Guide to Digital
1. Cataloging 600
Gunavathi, M. Arumugam, J. (Dr.) and Meganathan, S.

viii Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
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Mobile Device-Based Library Services: An Overview

2. 604
Geetha, S. Mohan, M. Rajasekaran, S. and Kavitha, T.
The Role of OPAC in Modern Library Services
3. 608
Vasanth, R. Varshini, S.G. and Manikandaprabu, P.
Every App Its Reader and Every Reader His App – A New Law
4. 612
Pulicherla Mallikarjunarao, (Dr.) and Akella Syamala Rao,
Use of Mobile Apps for Enhanced Library Services
5. 618
Srither, R. and Palaniappan, M. (Dr.)
RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services
6. 622
Ilakkiya, M. and Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.)
Empowering Connectivity: How Libraries are Engaging Users Through Mobile
7. Technology 628
Preethi, M. and Vijayakumar, K. (Dr.)
Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services
8. 633
Vimala, B. (Dr.)
Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for
9. Women: A Study 642
Malavika, R.
Connecting Users Through Mobile Technologies in Academic Libraries
10. 648
Ramesh, S (Dr.) Anjaline, C. (Dr.) and Murugan. K. (Dr.)
Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview
11. 651
Periasamy, R. (Dr.) Kannan, A. and Soundar, S.
Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security Using
12. RFID, SSO, and Remote Access Technologies 656
Chandra Chary Sreeramoj and Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.)
Emerging Digital Technologies in Libraries: An Overview
13. 662
Harilal Lakavath, (Dr.)
Impact of Mobile Technology in Library Services
14. 667
Aseda Fatima, R. (Dr.)
Controlled Digital Lending: An overview
15. 671
Alex, P. (Dr.) and Arumugam, J. (Dr.)

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) ix

 AI in Information Technology: Use Cases, Solution and Implementation
1
Kumaramani, M. and 2 Ganapathy, K. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D, Research Scholar KG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore – 641 035
2Research Supervisor & Librarian, KG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore – 641 035
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing information technology (IT) by enhancing efficiency,
security, and decision-making processes. AI is widely applied in IT operations, automating tasks such
as system monitoring, predictive maintenance, and network management (AIOps). AI-powered chatbots
and natural language processing (NLP) systems enhance user interactions, while AI assists in software
development through code generation and testing automation. This abstract explores the key use cases,
solutions, and implementation strategies of AI in IT.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Information Technology (IT), Automation, AIOps (AI
Operations), Cyber security, Data Management, Machine Learning
Introduction
Today's organizations face significant challenges in managing their IT infrastructure due to
increasingly complex business environments. With multiple applications and databases operating
independently, maintaining seamless operations becomes difficult. Manual processes for identifying
and resolving issues are often slow and inefficient. Furthermore, IT Operations (ITOps) teams
frequently work in isolated silos, lacking a comprehensive view of the entire system. This
fragmentation makes it challenging to prioritize and address critical incidents promptly and effectively,
leading to disruptions in business operations and highlighting the need for more streamlined and
integrated IT management approaches. To address these challenges, businesses are increasingly
leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) in their IT operations. AI plays a pivotal role in consolidating the
vast amounts of data generated by siloed applications, systems, and performance-monitoring tools. By
analyzing this data, AI algorithms can identify correlations, group related events, and extract
meaningful insights, leading to more efficient incident management. The integration of AI in IT
operations is transforming how organizations tackle complex IT challenges. From real-time problem
identification to predicting future issues, AI empowers businesses to optimize their IT infrastructure,
improve operational efficiency, and ensure uninterrupted customer services.
AI in information technology
AI has become a transformative force in the IT industry, offering a broad spectrum of applications and
opportunities. Its ability to optimize operations, drive innovation, and enhance decision-making has
garnered significant attention. AI is revolutionizing IT by enabling organizations to streamline
processes, extract valuable insights from vast data sets, and strengthen cyber security measures. From
data management to the integration of legacy systems, AI provides versatile solutions that help IT
professionals navigate complex challenges with greater efficiency. The growing presence of AI in the
IT sector is particularly noteworthy, with applications in automation, security, customer support, and
infrastructure management reshaping IT operations, improving efficiency, and increasing resilience.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 1

 AI in Information Technology: Use Cases, Solution and Implementation

AI's ongoing evolution continues to redefine the IT landscape, pushing the boundaries of what is
possible.
Challenges faced by the IT industry
➢ Data management and security: Managing and securing vast amounts of data is a constant
challenge. Top priorities are ensuring data privacy, compliance with regulations, and protection
against data breaches and cyber-attacks.
➢ Cyber security threats: The IT industry constantly battles evolving cyber threats, including
malware, ransom ware, phishing attacks, and zero-day vulnerabilities. Staying ahead of these
threats is a significant challenge.
➢ Technological advancements: Keeping up with rapid technological advancements is crucial. To
remain competitive, IT professionals must adapt to new technologies, platforms, and development
methodologies.
➢ Legacy systems integration: Many organizations still rely on legacy systems that are difficult to
integrate with modern technologies. This poses challenges when upgrading and modernizing IT
infrastructure.
➢ Resource constraints: Balancing resource allocation, including budget constraints and manpower
shortages, can be challenging when meeting IT demands.
➢ Data quality and analytics: Ensuring data quality and harnessing the power of data analytics to
drive business decisions are ongoing challenges. Organizations must make sense of large data
volumes and extract actionable insights.
➢ Compliance and regulations: Adhering to industry-specific regulations and compliance standards
is complex, requiring continuous monitoring and adaptation to changing legal requirements.
➢ Cloud migration: Migrating to the cloud while maintaining data security and minimizing
disruptions is a common challenge for organizations looking to leverage cloud computing.
➢ Vendor management: Effectively managing relationships with IT vendors, negotiating contracts,
and ensuring service levels meet expectations can be challenging.
Use Cases
➢ Automation of IT Operations (AIOps)
Description: AI can automate routine IT tasks, such as monitoring systems, managing networks,
and troubleshooting issues.
Example: Predictive maintenance systems that use AI to foresee potential failures in hardware or
software, triggering preventive actions.
➢ Cyber security
Description: AI helps in identifying threats, analyzing security breaches, and automating
responses to cyber-attacks.
Example: AI-driven security systems that detect anomalies in network traffic, indicating potential
threats or intrusions.
➢ Data Management and Analysis
Description: AI facilitates the processing and analysis of large datasets, providing insights and
supporting decision-making.

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AI in Information Technology: Use Cases, Solution and Implementation

Example: AI-powered data analytics tools that assist in real-time data analysis, trend prediction,
and decision-making processes.
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Chatbots
Description: AI-driven NLP systems enable more natural interactions between humans and
machines, improving user experience.
Example: AI-based chatbots in IT support that handle common queries, freeing up human agents
for more complex tasks.
➢ Software Development
Description: AI assists in various stages of software development, from code generation to testing
and debugging.
Example: AI-powered tools that suggest code completions, automate testing, or identify bugs early
in the development cycle.
Solutions
➢ AI-Driven Monitoring Tools:
Tools: Solutions like Dynatrace or Splunk use AI to monitor and analyze IT infrastructure,
providing real-time alerts and insights.
➢ Machine Learning (ML) Algorithms:
Tools: Custom ML models can be integrated into IT systems to predict and respond to specific
needs, like traffic load balancing or threat detection.
➢ Robotic Process Automation (RPA):
Tools: RPA solutions like UiPath or Blue Prism automate repetitive IT tasks, reducing manual
workload and minimizing errors.
➢ AI-Powered Cyber security Platforms:
Tools: Solutions like Dark trace or IBM QRadar use AI to enhance cyber security by detecting and
responding to threats faster and more accurately.
Implementation
➢ Identifying the Problem
Approach: Start by identifying the specific IT challenges that AI could solve, such as reducing
downtime, improving security, or enhancing user experience.
➢ Choosing the Right Tools
Approach: Select AI tools or platforms that align with your existing IT infrastructure and meet the
identified needs.
➢ Data Collection and Preparation
Approach: Gather and prepare data for AI training. High-quality, relevant data is crucial for
effective AI models.
➢ Model Training and Testing
Approach: Develop or customize AI models, training them on your data. Test these models
thoroughly to ensure they perform as expected.

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 AI in Information Technology: Use Cases, Solution and Implementation

➢ Integration with Existing Systems

Approach: Integrate AI solutions into your existing IT environment, ensuring compatibility and
minimal disruption to current operations.
➢ Monitoring and Continuous Improvement
Approach: Continuously monitor the performance of AI systems, making adjustments and
improvements as needed to maintain efficiency and accuracy.
Challenges in Implementation
AI in IT offers transformative potential, but it requires careful planning, execution, and ongoing
management to realize its full benefits.
➢ Ensuring that the data used to train AI models is accurate, complete, and representative.
➢ Integrating AI solutions with existing systems can be technically challenging.
➢ AI systems can introduce new security vulnerabilities if not properly managed.
Conclusion
AI in information technology is driving significant advancements, offering transformative solutions
that enhance efficiency, security, and innovation. The use cases of AI, such as automating IT
operations, strengthening cyber security, optimizing data management, and improving user interactions
through NLP and chatbots, demonstrate its broad applicability across the IT landscape. AI-powered
tools like machine learning algorithms, robotic process automation (RPA), and advanced monitoring
systems are at the forefront of these innovations, providing IT professionals with the means to
streamline processes, detect threats, and make informed decisions. However, successful
implementation of AI in IT requires a strategic approach. Organizations must begin by identifying
specific challenges that AI can address, such as reducing downtime or improving security. The
selection of appropriate AI tools and the integration of these solutions into existing IT infrastructures
are critical steps. Additionally, the quality of data used in AI models and continuous monitoring for
improvement are essential to maintaining effectiveness.
References
1. Hoyt R.E., Snider D., Thompson C., Mantravadi S. (2016). IBM Watson Analytics: automating
visualization, descriptive, and predictive statistics. JMIR Public Health Surveill. ;2(2):157.
2. Kirch D.G., Petelle K. (2017) Addressing the physician shortage: the peril of ignoring
demography. JAMA. ;317(19):1947–1948.
3. Lee K.-F. (2019) AI superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the new world order. 1st ed.
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt;.
4. Marr B. (2018) How is AI used in healthcare—5 powerful real-world examples that show the latest
advances. Forbes
5. Miller D.D., Brown E.W. (2018) Artificial intelligence in medical practice: the question to the
answer? Am J Med. ;131(2):129–133.

4 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 Libraries and Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services
1
Jasmine, S. 2Charles, P. and 3Dhanapal, A.
1
Assistant Librarian, SRM TRP Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli
2Research Scholar, DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
3
Librarian, Mohamed Sathak Polytechnic College, Kilakarai
Abstract
Information Technology has not stopped its new inventions and lately the trending technology in all
fields and areas is Artificial Intelligence, which has necessitated the library science field also to
explore the possibility of implementing AI in its daily operations. Adaption of artificial intelligence by
the libraries is almost need of the hour is to keep pace with the changes and advancement in the
technological era. An inescapable trend in this computing era for the libraries and the library
professionals is non-other than artificial intelligence. Many libraries have started implementing
artificial intelligence technology to their library services, which has in turn eased the information
retrieval process, saves the time of both the user and the library professional. In this paper we focus to
discuss on Artificial Intelligence (AI), the various services and facilities of the library in which AI can
be implemented, how the implementation of AI impacts the library and its services, the various benefits
and drawbacks of having AI based library services and lastly, the challenges faced by the libraries and
the libraries in the implantation of the AI based library services. This paper gives an overall essence of
artificial intelligence technology and its use in the library services, thus giving layman awareness to
library professionals on being prepared and stays educated about the evolving developments and
inventions based on these trends. Regardless of apprehensions related to AI possibly substituting
human intelligence, however thoughtful AI incorporation would result in better and enhanced library
services that demonstrates the innovation and growth of the libraries as well the library professional.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Library and Information Science, Library Services, Information
Technology, Library Technology
Introduction
Technology refers to the use of scientific knowledge for real-world purposes, this includes various
tools, techniques and systems that are designed for problem solving, improve productivity and augment
human competencies. Technology is very much influential in renovating and civilizing various aspects
of the society. Artificial intelligence, in short known as AI is a technology that enables computers to do
various multifaceted activities, including text/speech comprehension, data analysis, aid decision
making, recommendations etc.
The enablement of picture recognition, description etc. in AI based library services is highly supportive
to people with special needs. In this ever-changing digital world libraries play a vital role as they are
the source to access information and develop knowledge. Even though integration of Libraries and AI
is assumed to distance librarians and their patrons, it actually helps libraries to serve more to its
community than just doing the repetitive works of library professionals.

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Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services

This study is basically to understand about the concept of AI’s impact in libraries and highlight the
importance of the same among the library professional group, in short a quick know-how to the library
professionals on artificial intelligence and its implication on the library functioning. However, library
professionals are already aware of the basic concepts and know that AI enhances the library activities,
improves the accessibility of resources to the users, aids in decision making process, lessens the time
involved in process like cataloguing, information search etc. and they also know the hindrances that
they may face in AI implementation due to factors like privacy, finance, staff expertise, institutional
support etc. Hence, knowing and keeping themselves aware about the positive and negative sides of the
AI based library services will aid the library professionals to prepare, convince the decision makers to
implement it in their libraries thereby benefitting and ensuring growth of the library alongside the
institutional growth. By means of AI, the libraries can scale up its services to innovative altitudes,
offering advanced results that cater to the need of its user groups effectively and efficiently.
Objectives
This is a descriptive paper on Artificial Intelligence and Library Services. The objectives of this paper
are listed below:
➢ Brief about Artificial Intelligence and libraries.
➢ Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in library services.
➢ Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Libraries
➢ Benefits of implementing Artificial Intelligence in libraries
➢ Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence in libraries
➢ Challenges in adapting to Artificial Intelligence in libraries
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a subfield of Computer Science, which focuses on impersonating human
thought processes and ease work process. In other words, AI is a discipline that makes machines to
think like human. Few AI systems have enhanced feature of auto rectifying errors based on their
learning and augment its operations without human support to adjust their code.
Below are few AI terminologies that library professionals have to familiarize and should be aware of in
order to handle AI based library services:
➢ Machine learning interprets visual data, used for digitizing library materials and also aids in
advanced image-based searches.
➢ Language based generative AI assists the AI process in briefing, reviewing, developing texts,
interpreting. Sound or image based generative AI is applied to create data visuals, blended music,
diagrams. The algorithms of Multi modal generative AI uses text to create images.
➢ These algorithms enhance information retrieval, summarization of text etc as it can understand
human languages.

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 Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services

➢ The decision-making process is done by understanding and analysing the data, images or texts.
➢ A type of machine learning concept that imitates the human brain in analysing and understanding
the patterns from the given data. This is helpful understanding the user behaviour in libraries.
➢ In other words, this is known as computer-human language interaction, it supports the search
process in the libraries.
➢ It is a statistical model that discovers the topics in text-based documents, aids in digital collection
organization, metadata enhancement etc.
Artificial Intelligence and libraries
According to McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology (2007), the four foundations of
artificial intelligence are representation, search, reasoning and learning. These four foundations form
the base for any artificial intelligence system that gets developed.
The library professionals must mandatorily educate themselves about the fundamentals of AI, its
functioning alongside the drawbacks of the same. In addition to self-orientation the library
professionals also must ensure that their user community is also equally oriented on the use,
functionality of AI systems. The library professionals also must assess the efficiency of the AI based
library services in terms of the relevance, quality, accessibility, effectiveness and last but not the least
user satisfaction. Library professionals should also keep themselves regularly updated on the
technology and various other developments. All this is required to make the AI based library services
successful and ensure customer delight.
Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Different Areas of the Library
➢ Aids library professionals in metadata automation, thereby improved bibliographic entries and also
fixing errors/discrepancies if any.
➢ Tailor made SDI services to user’s based on their subject interest, search pattern etc.
➢ Enables digital preservation of the collection and resources of the libraries.
➢ Ease in Information retrieval with better understanding on the user queries.
➢ AI feature like chatbots can assist in directing the user to the exact resource and also offer
recommendations.
➢ AI algorithms examine the user preferences, usage patterns and thereby decisions on collection
development of in demand titles can be finalized by the library professionals.
➢ AI based technologies are user friendly for people with special needs as it can provide text-to-
speech, image recognition and other such features.
How Artificial Intelligence Impacts Libraries
➢ Not just the keyword it understands the intent of the user.
➢ Quicker Information Retrieval.

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Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services

➢ User library usage history (borrowing, area of interest etc) is analysed; accordingly,
recommendations are given.
➢ Recommends topics that would have been overlooked.
➢ Supports in continuous learning
➢ Library professionals can save time on routine tasks and focus more on collection development and
user engagement activities.
➢ Data, document preservations are done with ease and even damaged documents can be restored for
future reference.
➢ The information available can be translated into any language, this paves way to reach of
information to wider user group irrespective of their language.
➢ AI based technology like NLP etc. aids in automated cataloguing this in turn helps to maintain
resources in organized manner. Thereby information retrieval is made easy and saves the more
time.
➢ AI can foresee the demand of user community and thereby enabling the library professionals to be
ready for any such information query, documents or resources.
➢ Knowledge sharing happens amongst the user groups, as they can connect with similar interest
groups or even collaborate with others to cater to interdisciplinary knowledge sharing.
Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in libraries
➢ Use of Artificial Intelligence in libraries improves the access to digital content of the library with
ease.
➢ Services like OPAC will have upgraded search capability that supports in easy retrieval of related
information swiftly and precisely.
➢ Saves the time of the user and anywhere, anytime access to information.
➢ E-Contents from journals, books etc. would also support in space utilization in the library.
➢ Efficient and effective delivery of library services to the users without any delay.
➢ Library professionals and patrons develop the skills to use and understand the concepts of AI.
➢ Efforts of the library professional is also reduced in catering or delivery certain library services.
➢ Library professionals routine tasks like cataloguing, circulation etc. are automatized thereby
enabling them to focus on other key activities.
➢ Ensures customer delight to the library users and retaining repeat users by enhance user experience.
➢ Tailor made information dissemination and library services, thereby ensuring all users are
benefitted.

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 Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence in libraries

➢ The major threat or disadvantage of AI in libraries is the replacement of manpower with AI
enabled technologies/services.
➢ AI can at times breakdown and process tasks that weren’t automated to be performed.
➢ Too much dependency on AI can make the library professionals fail to recall library processes such
as cataloguing, classification etc.
➢ Absence of the human interaction between the library professional and the users.
➢ Technological limitations that the libraries may face in their respective institutions/organizations,
thereby unable to upgrade or even implement AI in their libraries.
➢ Both the Library professionals and the user community needs to be digitally literate to use this
facility and experience its benefits.
➢ AI technologies in general have privacy uncertainties as it handles user information and data.
➢ The Digital Divide may arise as AI may not be available to users with limited access to technology,
thereby depriving access to information and library services.
➢ Financial constraints as libraries will have limited budget and optimization must be ensured to
provide for all aspects of library operation.
➢ Libraries become reliant on the vendors or providers of AI technology paving way to vendor
involved actions, decisions in the operations of library activities and services.
Challenges in adapting to Artificial Intelligence in libraries
➢ The AI algorithms that are used within the technology can be prejudice in the data that is imported.
Being attentive in justifying the bias can sort this issue.
➢ Library professional lack the technical knowledge in operation of AI based technologies and has
less exposure/orientation about AI.
➢ High implementation cost and maintenance cost, as most of the libraries have budget constraints.
➢ Power supply issues in various areas and lack of proper UPS services doesn’t support the
implementation of AI in libraries.
➢ Minimal availability of vendors for implementing AI based library services and functions.
Conclusion
In today’s information technology infused era, Artificial intelligence (AI) is considered to be one of the
key technologies that have impacted most of the areas and the field of education is no excuse to it.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) expressively impacts the libraries and its services by enabling them to be
more efficient, data-driven and user-friendly. As in the upcoming years, AI shall sure play a vital role
in the way library functions and caters to the user needs. As discussed in this paper, AI makes a
significant difference in information retrieval process as the algorithms used enhances this feature of

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Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services

the library service. This not only enhances information retrieval but also saves the time of the user and
thereby ensuring customer delight. Cataloguing data are done with much accuracy, digitization of
materials and library resources etc. are discussed in this paper in detail that brings out the importance of
implementing AI in libraries. The knowledge sharing and collaboration process enhances the user
experience and interdisciplinary skill developments. The demerits of the AI in libraries along with the
challenges are also being discussed, this will aid library professionals to keep themselves prepared to
faces any type of issues and concerns that they may face during the or before the implementation of AI
based library services and facilities.
Libraries that thrive to compete in this knowledge and technologically advanced society must sure
upgrade their services and facilities to match with the current trends. Though AI might look to be a
threat to the library professionals or the manpower that is involved in the library, but it doesn’t really
impact human touch to the libraries, nor will it disconnect the library professionals and its patrons as
the AI system certainly requires the skills of library professionals as well to function without any
technical glitches or hindrances. Libraries have just started to grow in the field of AI and its
implementation in library services. Libraries and library professionals still have a long way to proceed
towards the future of AI alongside facing the challenges and the opportunities that AI has kept in store
for them.
References
1. Al-Aamri, J. H., & Osman, N. E. E. (2022). The role of artificial intelligence abilities in library
services. Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol., 19(3A), 566-573.
2. Aithal, S., & Aithal, P. S. (2023). Effects of AI-based ChatGPT on higher education
libraries. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS), 8(2),
95-108.
3. Aithal, S., & Aithal, P. S. (2023). Comparative Study on AI-Based ChatGPT and Library Systems
in Higher Education for Information Collection. Bok Chapter.“Some Thrust Research in
Interdisciplinary Humanities, Management and Informatics: In Knowledge Economy” edited by
PK Paul, PS Aithal, Praveen BM, Ricardo Saavedra and Edward Roy K. Published by New Delhi
Publishers, New Delhi, 23-64.
4. Asim, M., Arif, M., Rafiq, M., & Ahmad, R. (2023). Investigating applications of Artificial
Intelligence in university libraries of Pakistan: An empirical study. The Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 49(6), 102803.
5. Bailey, C. W. (1991). Intelligent library systems: artificial intelligence technology and library
automation systems.
6. Balvant Tandel (2024) Artificial intelligence (ai) tools used in libraries. International Journal of
Research Publication and Reviews,5(6), 4195-4199
7. Gasparini, A. A., & Kautonen, H. (2022). Understanding artificial intelligence in research libraries:
an extensive literature review. LIBER Quarterly: Te Journal of European Research
Libraries, 32(1), 1-36.

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 Libraries And Librarians: Are We Open Armed to AI Based Library Services

8. Heath, N. (2018). What is AI? Everything you need to know about artificial intelligence. ZDNet,
available at: https://www. zdnet. com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-
artificial-intelligence/(accessed 23.09. 2018). deChambeau, A. (2008).
9. Khang, A. (Ed.). (2024). AI-Oriented Competency Framework for Talent Management in the
Digital Economy: Models, Technologies, Applications, and Implementation. CRC Press.
10. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Reference & User Services
Quarterly, 47(3), 292-293.
11. Omame, I. M., & Alex-Nmecha, J. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence in libraries. In Managing and
adapting library information services for future users 120-144. IGI Global.
12. Manik, V bhorkar. (2024) The impact of artificial intelligence (ai) on library services. Journal of
emerging technologies and innovative research,11(4),46-50
13. Shahzad, K., Khan, S. A., & Iqbal, A. (2024). Identifying librarians’ readiness to leverage artificial
intelligence for sustainable competence development and smart library services: an empirical
investigation from universities’ librarians. Global Knowledge, Memory, and Communication.
14. https://www.ijlsit.org/html-article/20748
15. https://the-digital-librarian.com/2023/01/23/artificial-intelligence-in-the-library/
16. https://www.iajit.org/portal/images/Year2022/No.3A/22027
17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338337072_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Libraries
18. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opis-2022-0164/html?lang=en

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 11

 Prompt Engineering for Librarians: Enhancing Library Services through AI
1
Seshaiah, O. (Dr.) and 2Masthanaiah, V.
1
Librarian, PBR Visvodaya Institute of Technology and Science, Kavali, A.P.
2Librarian, Narayana Engineering College, Nellore, A.P.

Abstract
Libraries have evolved from their historic position as book repositories to become dynamic centers for
information, learning, and community involvement in an ever-changing digital context. The
introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has provided libraries with an unparalleled chance to
innovate and improve their services. This article delves into the idea of prompt engineering, which
involves the creation of exact prompts to properly guide AI models such as OpenAI's GPT-4. The major
goal of this paper is to show how librarians can apply prompt engineering to improve search accuracy,
personalize client support, automate repetitive processes, and create compelling content. Librarians
who master prompt engineering may optimize information retrieval, create personalized
recommendations, and streamline processes, all of which improve the overall library experience for
clients. The paper looks into the practical uses of prompt engineering in libraries, including as
improving search queries for more exact results, developing AI-powered chatbots for personalized
patron support, and providing content for various library communications. The paper also discusses
recommended practices for prompt engineering, including being clear, iterating on prompts, knowing
AI capabilities, following to ethical norms, and encouraging librarian participation. The use of
prompt engineering is positioned as an essential skill for librarians to effectively utilize the potential of
AI, ensuring that libraries remain relevant and responsive to the requirements of current users. This
article will help librarians efficiently integrate AI into their services, so contributing to the growth of
library science in the digital age.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, AI Librarian, ChatGPT, Librarianship, Prompt Engineering
Introduction
Libraries in the digital age are dynamic centers for knowledge, learning and community participation,
not a place to keep books. Today's librarians manage digital resources, help readers understand
challenging content and encourage lifelong learning, and support the traditional duties of managing
physical collections. Artificial intelligence offers libraries unprecedented opportunities to improve their
services, make them more efficient, respond to user needs and meet different client needs. Prompt
engineering is one powerful artificial intelligence tool that librarians may implement. This method
produces precise inputs or prompts to drive ChatGPT and other artificial intelligence models so that
responses and content are appropriate for context. Librarians who master the speed of technology can
significantly improve their services by providing more personal, efficient and imaginative support to
patrons. This paper explores how prompt engineering can be used in libraries, how it improves
services, and how best practices are used for librarians who want to incorporate this cutting-edge
technology into their daily routine.

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 Prompt Engineering for Librarians: Enhancing Library Services through AI

What is prompt engineering?

The quality of the output is heavily dependent on how nicely the prompt is written. Understanding how
to build these prompts can help librarians enhance search results, retrieve more relevant information,
and connect more effectively with AI-powered technologies. The fundamental principle of prompt
engineering is to understand the AI model's strengths and limits. These models predict and generate
text from enormous data sets; however, they are not well-known and instead adapt to the pattern of the
data they are trained on. As a result, how the question is structured can have a significant impact on the
relevancy and accuracy of the responses generated.
The librarians are experts in information organization and search and are specially qualified to succeed
in prompt engineering. They can maximize the potential of AI tools by applying their research
formulation and resource management capabilities to create AI prompts, and are able to serve users in
new and inventive ways.
Applications of Prompt Engineering in Libraries
1. Enhanced Information Retrieval
One of the most necessary applications of prompt engineering in libraries is to improve information
retrieval. Librarians frequently help users find particular content within vast digital collections, such as
academic databases, e-books, or multimedia resources. Traditional search engines require exact terms
to deliver relevant results; however, AI models like GPT-4 can interpret and analyses more complicated
queries if properly guided.
2. Personalized User Assistance
Another important application of prompt engineering in libraries is to provide personalized support to
users. The rising diversity of library users, from students and researchers to casual readers and lifelong
learners, necessitates the provision of services that respond to individual interests and needs. AI-
powered chatbots with well-crafted prompts can provide earlier unimaginable levels of personalized
assistance.
This personalized approach not only improves the user experience, but also encourages customers to try
new materials that they might not have discovered on their own. Furthermore, personalized advice from
prompt engineering might go beyond book recommendations. Librarians can construct prompts to
assist users with research projects, recommending suitable databases, publications, and even citation
forms based on the specific needs of their assignments. This individualized instruction can be
especially useful in academic contexts, where students frequently struggle to comprehend the
complexities of research.
3. Content creation
In addition to increasing information retrieval and user help, prompt engineering can be an effective
tool for content creation in libraries. Librarians are frequently responsible with creating numerous types
of content, including newsletters, blog entries, social media updates, and instructional materials. These
tasks can be time-consuming, but with AI, they can be streamlined and made more efficient.

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Prompt Engineering for Librarians: Enhancing Library Services through AI

By creating precise prompts, librarians may quickly develop entertaining and relevant content using AI
models. For example, a prompt like "write a brief summary of the most popular new books in digital
libraries this month" can help librarians create content for newsletters or social media that keeps
patrons up to date on new releases and trends. Similarly, prompts can be used to produce blog entries
on library-related themes, such as "the importance of digital literacy in the 21st century" or "how to get
started with genealogy research."
4. Educational Support
Libraries play an important role in promoting education both within schools and throughout the
community. Prompt engineering can assist libraries design educational resources that are specific to the
needs of students, teachers, and lifelong learners. AI models may generate a variety of instructional
content, including lesson plans, study aids, and interactive learning exercises. This suggestion could
lead to a lesson plan that contains important historical milestones, recommended readings, discussion
questions, and even multimedia resources like videos or interactive timelines. Such tools can be quite
useful for teachers seeking to supplement their curriculum with current and entertaining knowledge.
In addition to generating instructional content, prompt engineering can help with self-directed learning.
Librarians can provide prompts to help customers find resources for independent study, such as
"suggest online courses and books for learning Ubuntu Operating System for beginners." This type of
personalized educational support allows users to work at their own pace to achieve their learning
objectives, with the library acting as a knowledge facilitator.
5. Automate Routine Tasks
Prompt engineering can be used to automate regular operations in the library, allowing librarians to
focus on more complicated and significant work. Many library operations, such as answering
frequently asked questions, and responding to simple reference enquiries, can be automated using AI.
For example, librarians can design prompts that allow AI chatbots to answer reference enquiries such
as "brief autobiography of APJ Adul Kalam" and “create list of books written by S.R. Ranganathan
according to APA style”. Librarians can reduce their burden and provide speedier service to their users.
Automation through prompt engineering not only increases efficiency but also improves the entire user
experience. Users can get immediate solutions to their questions, while librarians can devote more time
to tasks that require human skill, such as developing new programs, connecting with the community,
and offering in-depth research assistance.
Best Practices for Librarians in Prompt Engineering
As librarians begin to incorporate prompt engineering into their workflows, it is critical to follow best
practices to ensure that AI-generated content and interactions are high quality, ethical, and consistent
with the library's mission. The following best practices will help libraries get the most out of prompt
engineering:

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 Prompt Engineering for Librarians: Enhancing Library Services through AI

1. Be Specific
The AI will respond more accurately if the prompt is more detailed. Librarians should avoid ambiguous
or broad prompts and instead provide explicit and specific directions to the AI. For example, instead of
asking the AI to "find articles on climate change," a better prompt may be "search for recent peer-
reviewed studies on the economic impact of climate change on coastal communities." This specificity
not only increases the results' relevance, but it also assures that the AI's output meets the needs of the
users.
2. Iterate and refine.
Prompt engineering is an iterative process. Librarians should start with a simple prompt and then refine
it based on the AI's results. By experimenting with different phrasings and structures, librarians can
determine which prompts yield the best results. This iterative approach enables librarians to refine their
prompts over time, resulting in more accurate and useful AI-generated content.
3. Understand the AI's Capabilities
Another fundamental component of prompt engineering is a grasp of the limitations of a model. Large
language models often fail to produce results that are satisfactory. Logical errors or hallucinations – the
creation of knowledge that has no factual basis – are common (Teel et al., 2023). Understanding the AI
model's strengths and limits is critical for effective prompt engineering. Librarians should learn how the
AI processes language and provides responses. This understanding will enable them create prompts that
capitalize on the AI's strengths while avoiding potential dangers. For example, while AI models excel
at generating text based on patterns, they may struggle to comprehend complex situations or provide
highly specialized information. Understanding these limits allows librarians to design prompts that
direct the AI to deliver the most relevant and accurate results.
4. Maintain ethical standards
When applying AI in libraries, ethical considerations take precedence over all other factors. Librarians
must ensure that AI-generated content is consistent with the library's values and ethical standards. This
involves mindfulness.
Librarians have the opportunity to claim expertise in key areas of conversational AI usage. They might
become leaders rather than laggards. Prompt engineering may grow to be regarded as a component of
comprehensive information literacy instruction, rather than a distinct subject claimed by another field
of study (Lund, 2023).
Conclusion
Prompt engineering gives librarians a valuable tool for improving library services in the digital age.
Librarians who master this talent can improve information retrieval, personalize patron experiences,
generate valuable material, and streamline regular work. As libraries evolve, integrating AI through
good prompt engineering will be critical for remaining relevant and satisfying the expectations of
modern clients.

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Prompt Engineering for Librarians: Enhancing Library Services through AI

References
1. Bozkurt, A., & Sharma, R. C. (2023). Generative AI and prompt engineering: The art of
whispering to let the genie out of the algorithmic world. Asian Journal of Distance Education.
https://asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/749
2. Lund, B. (2023), "The prompt engineering librarian", Library Hi Tech News, Vol. 40 No. 8, pp. 6-
8. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-10-2023-0189
3. Tay, Aaron (2023). Prompt engineering - Something for librarians here? Retrieved from
http://musingsaboutlibrarianship.blogspot.com/2023/06/prompt-engineering-something-for.html
4. Teel, Z. A., Wang, T., & Lund, B. (2023). ChatGPT conundrums: Probing plagiarism and parroting
problems in higher education practices. College & Research Libraries News, 84(6), 205.

16 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience and Resource
Optimization
Harilal Lakavath (Dr.)
Librarian, Sreenidhi University, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Telangana
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the emerging technologies of this phase. This paper discusses the
artificial intelligence, examines the use of artificial intelligence in the field of smart libraries, and
demonstrates the advantage of artificial intelligence in library services. AI is an extensively used
technology in library services that can transform the best services in the era of information technology.
This invention provides an AI-driven library system that reinterprets the Five Laws of Library Science
for modern, digital environments. The system personalizes user experiences, optimizes resource
utilization, and evolves with user interactions, making libraries more dynamic and efficient. By
leveraging AI, the system curates content, offers personalized recommendations, and ensures that all
resources serve their intended purpose.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Smart Library, Big Data, Internet of Things
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) began as a field of study in the 1950s, pioneered by researchers like Alan
Turing, who proposed the idea of machines that could simulate human intelligence, and John
McCarthy, who coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" in 1956 during the Dartmouth Conference,
which is considered the birthplace of AI as an academic discipline. An AI-Enhanced Library System is
an innovative approach that integrates artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to improve the
management, accessibility, and user experience in libraries. This system leverages AI to automate
routine tasks, provide personalized recommendations, enhance search capabilities, and streamline
library operations, making it easier for both users and staff to interact with library resources.
The Five Laws of Library Science, formulated by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan in 1931, have guided library
services for decades. However, with the rise of digital resources and AI technologies, there is a need to
reinterpret these laws to make libraries more relevant in the digital age. Traditional library systems lack
the ability to personalize user experiences, optimize resource utilization, and adapt to evolving user
needs. Below is a reinterpretation of these laws in the context of AI-enhanced library services:
Books are for Use → Information is for Empowerment
Original Concept
Ranganathan emphasized that books should be accessible and used to their full potential.
AI-Enhanced Concept
In the AI-driven library, information (books, data, multimedia) is curated and delivered in a way that
empowers users to make informed decisions, solve problems, and create new knowledge. AI algorithms

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AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience And Resource Optimization

can personalize the experience, ensuring that the right information reaches the right person at the right
time.
Every Reader His/her Book → Every User Their Personalized Experience
Original Concept:
Libraries should cater to the individual needs of each reader.
AI-Enhanced Concept:
AI can tailor the library experience to each user’s preferences, learning style, and needs. By analysing
user data, AI systems can recommend resources, suggest learning paths, and even adapt the interface to
be more user-friendly for different types of users.
Every Book Its Reader → Every Resource Its Purpose
Original Concept:
Every book in the library should have a reader.
AI-Enhanced Concept:
Every resource, whether digital or physical, should fulfil its purpose by being discoverable and useful
to someone. AI can help in identifying underutilized resources and suggesting them to relevant users,
ensuring that every piece of information has the opportunity to serve its purpose.
Save the Time of the Reader → Optimize the User's Journey
Original Concept:
Libraries should strive to minimize the time it takes for users to find what they need.
AI-Enhanced Concept:
AI can streamline the user journey by automating search processes, providing intuitive navigation, and
offering predictive assistance. This optimization ensures that users spend more time engaging with
content rather than searching for it.
The Library is a Growing Organism → The Library is an Evolving Ecosystem
Original Concept:
Libraries must continuously adapt and grow with the community they serve.
AI-Enhanced Concept:
The modern library is an evolving ecosystem, constantly adapting to technological advancements and
user needs. AI helps the library grow smarter by learning from user interactions, integrating new forms
of media, and evolving its services to meet emerging demands.
This reinterpretation of Ranganathan's Five Laws in the context of AI library services reflects the
growing role of technology in enhancing the user experience and the evolving nature of libraries as
dynamic, responsive, and intelligent spaces.

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 AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience And Resource Optimization

Review of Literature
Personalized User Experience in Libraries
Recommendation Systems: AI-driven recommendation systems have been widely adopted in libraries
to enhance user experience. These systems analyse user behaviour, preferences, and past borrowing
history to suggest relevant books, articles, and other resources. Studies like those by Huang et al.
(2019) show that personalized recommendation systems improve user satisfaction by making it easier
to discover new materials.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Chatbots: Libraries are increasingly using AI-powered
chatbots and NLP tools to provide instant assistance to users. According to a study by Bawden and
Robinson (2020), these tools enable users to query the library catalogue, access databases, and get
recommendations in a conversational manner, thus improving user engagement and accessibility.
Adaptive Learning Resources: AI is also being utilized to create adaptive learning environments
within libraries. Systems like the one studied by Smith et al. (2021) adapt the content delivery based on
the user's learning style and progress, thereby enhancing educational outcomes.\
Resource Optimization in Libraries
AI in Collection Development: AI technologies assist libraries in optimizing their collections by
predicting demand and identifying gaps in the collection. For instance, Wang and Zhang (2018) discuss
how machine learning algorithms can analyse borrowing trends and suggest acquisitions that align with
current and future needs.
Predictive Analytics for Resource Management
Libraries are using predictive analytics to optimize resource allocation. As noted by Johnson and Casey
(2022), AI tools can forecast resource usage, enabling libraries to allocate staff and materials more
efficiently, reducing waste and improving service delivery.
Automation of Administrative Tasks: AI-driven automation is streamlining administrative processes
in libraries, such as cataloguing, indexing, and inventory management. Research by Lee et al. (2021)
highlights how automation reduces manual workload, allowing staff to focus on more complex tasks
and improving overall operational efficiency.
Challenges and Ethical Considerations
Privacy Concerns: One of the significant challenges in AI-enhanced library systems is privacy.
Personalized services require access to user data, raising concerns about data security and user privacy.
Articles like those by Smith (2020) emphasize the need for robust data protection measures to ensure
user trust.
Bias in AI Algorithms: AI systems can inherit biases from the data they are trained on, which can lead
to biased recommendations or resource management decisions. A study by Chen et al. (2019) explores
how biases in AI algorithms can affect library services and suggests ways to mitigate these biases.

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AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience And Resource Optimization

Cost and Implementation Barriers: The implementation of AI technologies in libraries often

involves significant costs and requires specialized knowledge. As discussed by Kumar and Singh
(2021), small and rural libraries may face challenges in adopting these technologies due to budgetary
and technical constraints.
Future Directions
Integration of AI with IoT: Future library systems could see greater integration of AI with the
Internet of Things (IoT). This combination could lead to smart libraries where resources and
environments are managed autonomously, as suggested by Patel et al. (2023).
AI for Inclusive Services: There is potential for AI to be used in creating more inclusive library
services, particularly for users with disabilities. As per Jones and Taylor (2022), AI tools could provide
personalized accessibility features, making libraries more accessible to all users.
Sustainability and AI: AI can also contribute to the sustainability of library operations by optimizing
energy use and reducing waste. The research by Green and Wilson (2023) highlights how AI-driven
sustainability initiatives can align library operations with broader environmental goals.
Objectives
Personalized Experience: How to Develop an AI system to tailor library resources to user preferences,
enhancing satisfaction and engagement.
Resource Optimization: Implement AI to analyse and optimize library resource allocation and
management.
Enhanced Interaction: Create AI tools for dynamic user interaction with library services, including
intelligent search and recommendations.
AI-Enhanced Library System
AI-Powered Information Curator: Uses machine learning algorithms to analyse and categorize
library resources (books, articles, multimedia) and match them with user needs.
User Experience Personalization Engine: Leverages user data, such as search history, reading habits,
and preferences, to tailor recommendations and interface settings.
Resource Optimization Module: Tracks usage patterns to identify underutilized resources and
suggests them to potential users, ensuring every resource serves its purpose.
Journey Optimization Interface: Features predictive search, automated indexing, and intuitive
navigation powered by AI to minimize the time users spend searching for information.
Evolving Ecosystem Manager: Continuously collects data from user interactions to update and refine
the system’s algorithms, ensuring that the library evolves with user needs and technological
advancements.

20 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience And Resource Optimization

Drawings and Diagrams

AI-System Architecture Diagram: Illustrates the interaction between different AI modules, user
interfaces, and the central library database.
Benefits and Advantages
➢ Empowerment through Curated Information: The AI system ensures that users receive relevant
and impactful information, empowering them to make informed decisions.
➢ Personalized User Experience: Users benefit from a library experience that adapitates to their
individual needs, enhancing satisfaction and engagement.
➢ Optimal Resource Utilization: By ensuring that every resource finds its audience, the system
maximizes the value of the library’s collection.
➢ Efficient User Journey: The streamlined search and navigation process reduces time spent
searching, allowing users to focus on content consumption.
➢ Adaptive Growth: The library evolves in real-time, continuously improving its services and
staying relevant to user needs and technological advancements.
Challenges
➢ Data Privacy: Managing user data responsibly is crucial to maintain trust and comply with
regulations.
➢ Integration: Seamlessly integrating AI with existing library systems can be complex and requires
careful planning.
➢ Cost: Implementing AI technologies may require significant investment, which could be a barrier
for smaller libraries.
Conclusion
The AI-Enhanced Library System reinterprets Ranganathan’s Five Laws to align with the needs of the
digital age. By integrating AI, the system transforms libraries into dynamic, responsive ecosystems that
empower users, optimize resources, and continuously evolve. This invention is poised to revolutionize
library services, making them more relevant and effective in the 21st century. This model incorporates
AI-driven innovations into traditional library principles, making it a forward-looking solution for
modern library science.
References
1. Abram, S. (2019). Robots in libraries: Technology trends that aren’t that out-there anymore!
Retrieved April 17, 2019 from: https://lucidea.com/blog/robots-in-libraries/
2. Afolayan, J. O., Ogundokun, R. O., Afolabi, A. G., & Adegun, A. A. (2020). Artificial
intelligence, cloud librarianship, and infopreneurship initiatives for Inclusiveness. In Managing and
Adapting Library Information Services for Future Users. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-
9034-7.ch003

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AI-Enhanced Library System for Personalized User Experience And Resource Optimization

3. Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2020). The role of natural language processing and chatbots in
enhancing library services. Library Technology Reports, 56(4), 12-18.
4. Chemulwo, M. J., & Sirorei, E. C. (2020). Managing and adapting library information services for
future users: Applying AI in libraries. In Managing and Adapting Library Information Services for
Future Users. IGI Global.
5. Chen, L., Wang, J., & Li, X. (2019). Addressing bias in AI algorithms for library services. Journal
of Library Innovation, 10(1), 34-48.
6. Green, D., & Wilson, T. (2023). AI-driven sustainability initiatives in libraries: Aligning
operations with environmental goals. Sustainability in Libraries, 18(2), 101-116.
7. Huang, X., Liu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Enhancing user experience in libraries through
personalized recommendation systems. Journal of Library and Information Science, 45(3), 210-
225.
8. Johnson, R., & Casey, T. (2022). Predictive analytics for resource optimization in academic
libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(2), 89-102.
9. Jones, P., & Taylor, K. (2022). Creating inclusive services in libraries using AI: A focus on
accessibility. Library Hi Tech, 40(3), 125-140.
10. Kumar, S., & Singh, R. (2021). Cost and implementation challenges of AI technologies in small
and rural libraries. Public Library Quarterly, 40(1), 22-38.
11. Lee, H., Park, S., & Kim, J. (2021). Automation of administrative tasks in libraries through AI: A
comprehensive review. Library Management, 42(3/4), 202-219.
12. Omame, I. M., & Alex-Nmecha, J. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence in libraries. In Managing and
Adapting Library Information Services for Future Users. IGI Global. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-
1116-9.ch008
13. Patel, M., Verma, P., & Kapoor, R. (2023). The future of smart libraries: Integrating AI with IoT
for autonomous resource management. Journal of Library Automation, 35(1), 56-72.
14. Ranganathan, S R. (1931). The Five Laws of Library Science. New Delhi: Madras Library
Association
15. Smith, A., Lee, M., & Taylor, J. (2021). Adaptive learning resources in modern libraries: A study
of AI-enhanced environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 69(2), 350-
367.
16. Smith, R. (2020). Privacy concerns in AI-enhanced library systems: Balancing user experience and
data security. Information & Privacy Journal, 36(2), 78-90.
17. Wang, L., & Zhang, Q. (2018). AI in collection development: Predicting demand and identifying
collection gaps in academic libraries. Collection Management, 43(1), 45-62.

22 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 Enhancing Digital Preservation: Leveraging AI for Sustainable Resource
Management
1
Dyson, A. 2Kalaiselvi, P. and 3Umamaheswari, R.
1
Assistant Librarian, Joy University, Tirunelveli
2
Librarian, Einstein College of Engineering, Tirunelveli
3I-M.Ed, Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli

Abstract
Digital preservation is an essential undertaking that ensures continued access to digital content,
safeguarding our cultural, historical, and scientific heritage for future generations. As digital formats
evolve and proliferate, the challenges associated with preservation become increasingly complex and
multifaceted. This article explores the pivotal role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing digital
preservation strategies, particularly focusing on sustainable resource management. By automating
critical processes such as metadata creation, content categorization, and digital decay mitigation, AI
can significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of digital preservation efforts. For instance,
AI algorithms can streamline the generation of metadata, which is vital for organizing and retrieving
digital content, while machine learning techniques can facilitate the automatic categorization of vast
amounts of data, making it easier for institutions to manage extensive collections. Furthermore, AI can
help identify and address issues related to digital decay or obsolescence by analysing usage patterns
and predicting potential risks to digital artifacts, enabling proactive measures to safeguard them.
Despite these advantages, the integration of AI technologies into digital preservation raises important
ethical considerations. It is crucial to ensure that biases inherent in algorithms do not compromise the
integrity of preservation efforts. Additionally, human oversight remains essential to make informed
decisions about what to preserve, especially in contexts where subjective judgments regarding
significance and value come into play. Institutions must navigate the delicate balance between
leveraging AI's capabilities and maintaining accountability and transparency in their preservation
practices.
Keywords: AI, Artificial Intelligence, Digital preservation, Resource Management and Preservation.
Introduction
The digital age has ushered in an unprecedented volume of information, with estimates suggesting that
over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are created each day. This includes a wide array of formats, from text
documents and images to videos and social media posts. As digital formats evolve, the challenges of
preservation become increasingly complex, necessitating innovative approaches to safeguard this
content.
The advent of AI technologies presents new opportunities to enhance digital preservation strategies,
making them more efficient and sustainable. AI can automate routine tasks, improve metadata
accuracy, and provide predictive analytics to anticipate preservation challenges. This article examines
the multifaceted role of AI in digital preservation, emphasizing sustainable resource management and
ethical considerations.

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Enhancing Digital Preservation: Leveraging AI for Sustainable Resource Management

The Role of AI in Digital Preservation

Automation of Metadata Creation and Content Management
Metadata is critical for the discoverability and usability of digital content. Traditionally, metadata
creation has been a labour-intensive process, often requiring manual input and oversight. AI can
streamline this process through the use of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning
algorithms. These technologies can automatically categorize and tag digital assets, enabling more
efficient organization of vast digital libraries.
For instance, AI systems can analyze the content of documents, images, and videos to generate relevant
metadata automatically. This not only saves time but also reduces the likelihood of human error in
metadata assignment. Furthermore, AI can adapt to new types of content and formats, ensuring that
metadata remains relevant as digital preservation needs evolve.
Addressing Digital Decay and Format Obsolescence
Digital decay refers to the deterioration of digital files over time, often due to format obsolescence or
data corruption. As technology advances, older file formats may become unreadable, posing significant
risks to the preservation of digital heritage. AI technologies can assist in identifying at-risk digital
content and implementing proactive measures for its preservation.
Predictive analytics powered by AI can forecast potential issues based on historical data, allowing for
timely interventions to mitigate risks. For example, AI can analyze patterns of file access and usage to
identify files that are rarely opened or are at risk of becoming obsolete. By flagging these files,
organizations can prioritize preservation efforts, such as migrating content to more sustainable formats
or creating multiple copies in different locations.
Enhancing User Experience and Accessibility
AI can improve user experience by enabling advanced search functionalities and personalized content
recommendations. Traditional search systems often rely on keyword matching, which may not capture
the nuances of user queries. AI-driven search engines can understand context and intent, providing
more relevant results.
Moreover, AI can analyze user behaviour and preferences to facilitate better access to relevant digital
resources. For instance, recommendation algorithms can suggest related content based on a user’s
previous interactions, promoting engagement and utilization of preserved content. By enhancing
accessibility, AI can help ensure that digital heritage remains available to diverse audiences.
Ethical Considerations in AI-Driven Preservation
While AI offers significant benefits for digital preservation, it also raises ethical concerns that must be
addressed. Issues such as algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the need for transparency in AI processes
are paramount.
Algorithmic Bias: AI systems can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in their training data. This
can lead to skewed metadata assignments or biased recommendations, which may marginalize certain

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 Enhancing Digital Preservation: Leveraging AI for Sustainable Resource Management

voices or perspectives in the digital landscape. It is essential to ensure that AI systems are trained on
diverse and representative datasets to mitigate these risks.
Data Privacy: The use of AI in digital preservation often involves the analysis of user data, which
raises concerns about privacy and consent. Organizations must establish clear policies regarding data
collection and usage, ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards.
Transparency: The decision-making processes of AI systems can be opaque, making it challenging for
users to understand how recommendations or categorizations are made. Promoting transparency in AI
algorithms is crucial for building trust and ensuring accountability.
Sustainable Resource Management
Integrating AI into digital preservation efforts contributes to sustainable resource management by
optimizing resource allocation and reducing operational costs. By automating routine tasks,
organizations can reallocate human resources to more strategic initiatives, thereby enhancing overall
efficiency.
Cost Reduction: Automating processes such as metadata creation and content categorization can
significantly reduce labour costs. Organizations can achieve more with fewer resources, allowing them
to allocate funds to other critical areas of digital preservation.
Collaborative Resource Sharing: AI can facilitate the sharing of digital resources across institutions,
promoting collaboration and reducing duplication of efforts. For example, AI-driven platforms can
enable institutions to share metadata and digital assets, fostering a collaborative approach to
preservation.
Long-Term Sustainability: By leveraging AI technologies, organizations can develop more
sustainable preservation strategies that are adaptable to changing technologies and user needs. This
proactive approach can help ensure that digital content remains accessible for future generations.
Future Directions for Research
The integration of AI in digital preservation is still in its early stages, and several areas warrant further
research:
Enhanced AI Algorithms: Continued development of more sophisticated AI algorithms that can better
understand context, intent, and content nuances will improve metadata creation and search
functionalities.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Collaboration between computer scientists, archivists, and ethicists
is essential to address the multifaceted challenges of AI in digital preservation. Interdisciplinary
research can lead to innovative solutions that balance technological advancements with ethical
considerations.
User-Centric Design: Future research should focus on user-centric AI design, ensuring that digital
preservation tools meet the diverse needs of users. Understanding user behavior and preferences will be
crucial for developing effective AI-driven solutions.

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Enhancing Digital Preservation: Leveraging AI for Sustainable Resource Management

Policy and Governance: Research into the development of policies and governance frameworks for AI
in digital preservation is essential. Establishing guidelines for ethical AI use will help organizations
navigate the complexities of integrating AI technologies.
Conclusion
The integration of AI into digital preservation strategies presents a transformative opportunity for
enhancing the sustainability and effectiveness of resource management. By automating key processes,
addressing digital decay, and improving user accessibility, AI can play a pivotal role in safeguarding
our digital heritage. However, it is crucial to navigate the ethical implications of AI technologies
carefully, ensuring that they are employed responsibly and transparently.
As digital preservation continues to evolve, ongoing research and dialogue will be essential to harness
the full potential of AI in this critical field. By embracing the capabilities of AI while remaining
vigilant about ethical considerations, organizations can ensure that digital content remains preserved
and accessible for future generations.
References
1. Ross, S. (2014). Towards a Theory of Digital Preservation. The American Archivist, 77(1), 56-76
2. Corrado, E. M., & Moulaison Sandy, H. (2016). Digital Preservation for Libraries, Archives, and
Museums. Rowman & Littlefield.
3. Harvey, R. (2016). Preserving Digital Materials. Facet Publishing.
4. Digital Preservation Coalition. (2020). The Digital Preservation Handbook. Retrieved from
https://www.dpconline.org/handbook.
5. Crawford, W. (2021). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries. American Library
Association.
6. Das, A., & Takle, S. (2023). “Artificial Intelligence's Role in Digitally Preserving Historic
Archives. Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture,” 52(1), 93-95. doi:10.1515/pdtc-2023-0050.
7. Digital Preservation Coalition. (2024). “DP and Artificial Intelligence - A Four Point Plan.”
Retrieved from https://www.dpconline.org/blog/dp-and-artificial-intelligence-a-4-point-plan.
8. International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA). (2024). “Artificial Intelligence and the
Future of Digital Preservation.” Retrieved from https://www.ifla.org/events/artificial-intelligence-
and-the-future-of-digital-preservation/.
9. Open Preservation Foundation. (2024). ChatGPT Discusses Digital Preservation. Retrieved from
https://openpreservation.org/blogs/chatgpt-discusses-digital-preservation/.
10. Digital Preservation Coalition. (2024). AI for Digital Preservation – A DPC Webinar. Retrieved
from https://www.dpconline.org/blog/blog-michael-popham-ai-webinar.

26 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 A Study on Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in Academic Libraries

Kavya, S.
II M.LIB.I.Sc, PG and Research DLIS, Nirmala College For Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore.

Abstract
This study shows that AI tools are utilized in academic libraries, with an emphasis to enhance
administrative, user support, and information retrieval. The study illustrates that AI technologies like
chatbots and recommendation systems improve availability of resources and user engagement through
surveys, interviews, and case studies. Although there are numerous benefits to using AI tools, there are
drawbacks as well, including installation costs and security of data. In order to increase productivity
and user experience, the study offers strategies for integrating AI in academic libraries in an effective
manner.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Academic Libraries, Information Retrieval, Library Technology,
and AI Tools in Libraries.
Introduction
AI tool integration is becoming more and more prevalent in academic libraries as it works to satisfy the
changing needs of researchers and students. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, especially natural
language processing and machine learning, present new possibilities for optimizing resource
management, enhancing information retrieval, and personalizing the user experience in libraries. This
study looks into the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in academic libraries and its
operational effectiveness. The study intends to illustrate the advantages and difficulties of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) in academic environments by examining current implementations and user
experiences. This helps to shape future developments in Library technology.
Literature Review
ADEJO, Alhaji Augustine and MISAU, Ali Yakubu (2021) discusses the application of Artificial
Intelligence in Academic Libraries in Nigeria. The study statues that the use of Artificial Intelligence in
Academic libraries in the Nigerian library system could foster easy access to information and could
help in national development. Dr. Balvant Tandel (2024) highlights Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in
Libraries. He discusses the features and usages of various AI tools. He emphasizes that all tools that are
used by the librarians can help their readers in research. Tukur Abba (2023) says that of Artificial
Intelligence Technologies in rendering Library Services. The study concludes that formulation of
policy to guide the adoption of new technologies such as AI. C. Mallikarjuna (2024) says in the
Analysis of Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Academic Libraries. Emphasizing overcoming
resistance to technological change, communicating efforts, and engaging staff are essential for libraries
to leverage AI’s potential benefits and enhance their services and operations.
Objectives

❖ To know the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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A Study on Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in Academic Libraries

❖ Using AI tools in research.

❖ To determine the extent and types of AI Tools Currently Used in Academic Libraries.

❖ To assess how AI Tools affect library services and user experience

What is Artificial Intelligence?
The study of developing computer systems with artificial intelligence (AI) carry out tasks that often
need human intelligence. Understanding human language, spotting patterns in data, solving problems,
and even adapting to situations are just a few of the many actions covered by these tasks. Visualize AI
as the manual computers use for replicating the cognitive processes of the human mind. Machines are
capable of reasoning, perceiving their surroundings, and—above all—learning from experience through
response to these instructions. Artificial intelligence is through the use of extensive mathematical
models and algorithms that let computers process data, adjust to changing conditions, and keep getting
better at what they do definition captures the essence of AI as both a field of study focused on creating
intelligent systems and a practical endeavor to replicate or simulate human-like intelligence in
machines.
Applications of AI in Academic Libraries
Academic Libraries serve variety clienteles and their need differ from the perspective of assimilation of
information needed. Technology serves as a useful aid to bridge the gap of information and its need.
Therefore, AI can support in following ways:
• Improved Search: AI enhances search functionality with better query understanding and more
relevant results, making it easier for users to find academic resources.
• Personalized Recommendations: AI analyzes user behavior to suggest books, articles, and
research materials tailored to individual interests and needs.
• Automated Cataloging: AI automates metadata creation and resource classification, streamlining
the cataloging process and improving organization.
• Virtual Assistants: AI-driven chatbots provide 24/7 support, answering queries and assisting with
research tasks and library services.
• Digital Preservation: AI assists in monitoring and maintaining digital archives, ensuring long-
term access to valuable academic resources.
• Document Retrieval: AI improves the retrieval of documents by understanding complex search
queries and providing accurate results.
• Enhanced Search and Discovery: AI-powered search engines improve the accuracy and
relevance of search results, helping users find academic papers, books, and other resources more
efficiently.

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 A Study on Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in Academic Libraries

AI Tools Can Be Used in Libraries

Some tools that can be utilized in the library services are:
i. CHATGPT: ChatGPT is a chatbot that responds and interprets to human language using artificial
intelligence (AI). The term "ChatGPT" is derived from "generative pre-trained transformer" (GPT),
a kind of neural network trained on copious amounts of text to generate language akin to that of a
human. The term "chat" in the name refers to the fact that using ChatGPT required typing in text.
Example: user- "Can you help me find information on the impact of renewable energy sources?"
ChatGPT: "Of course! I can help you with that. Are you looking for books, academic articles, or
online resources? Additionally, do you have a specific aspect of renewable energy you're interested
in, like solar or wind power?"
ii. GEMINI: is a suite of generative AI models created by Google to power a range of different
digital products and services, including their already available Bard chatbot and several other yet-
to-be-revealed projects.
Example: user- "I'm researching the effects of urban green spaces on mental health. Can you help
me find some relevant resources?"
Gemini: "Absolutely! To get started, you might want to look into two types of resources:
a) Books: Try searching for titles like 'Urban Green Spaces and Mental Health' or 'The Benefits of
Nature: Green Spaces and Well-being'. These books often provide detailed insights and case
studies.
b) Reports and Reviews: Look for comprehensive reviews and reports from organizations like the
World Health Organization (WHO) or local health departments. They often summarize recent
findings and provide useful data.
iii. QUILLBOT: It is an AI-powered writing and paraphrasing tool designed to assist with rephrasing
text, improving writing quality, and generating alternative formulations of content. It helps users
with tasks like rewriting sentences, avoiding plagiarism, and enhancing clarity in writing.
Example: user- "I need help summarizing a research article about the benefits of early childhood
education. Can you help with that?"
QuillBot: "Sure! Please provide the text or key sections of the article you'd like summarized, and I
can help create a concise summary for you."
iv. SCITE: It is an AI-powered research tool that analyzes academic papers to show how they are
cited whether they support, contradict, or mention other work. It helps researchers to understand
the impact of studies, discover relevant literature, and summarize key findings.
Example: user- "I need to see how a specific study on climate change has been cited by other
research. Can you help with that?"

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 29

A Study on Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in Academic Libraries

Scite: "Yes, I can help with that! Please share the title or author of the study. I’ll show you how it
has been cited by other researchers, including whether those citations support, challenge, or simply
reference the study."
v. ChatPDF: It is a tool that allows users to interact with and extract information from PDF
documents using conversational queries. It enables users to ask questions about the content of a
PDF and receive relevant answers, summaries, and data extraction through a chat-based interface.
Example: user- "I have a PDF of a research paper on renewable energy. Can you help me find
specific sections or key points?"
ChatPDF: "Sure! Please upload the PDF, and let me know what specific sections or key points
you’re looking for. I can help you locate and summarize the relevant information."
vi. Semantic Scholar: It is an AI-powered academic search engine that helps researchers find and
understand scientific papers. It offers features like advanced search, paper summaries, and citation
graphs to improve research discovery and efficiency.
Example: user-"I'm researching the use of blockchain technology in supply chain management.
Can you help me find relevant research papers and summarize their findings?"
Semantic Scholar: "Sure! I’ll find recent, highly-cited papers on blockchain in supply chains,
summarize their main findings, show how they’ve been cited, and recommend related research. Let
me get started!"
Conclusion
The study of the usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in academic libraries demonstrates that AI
significantly enhances library services by improving information retrieval, automating tasks, and
personalizing user experiences. AI tools streamline operations, provide advanced data analytics, and
support more efficient resource management. However, challenges such as integration complexity, data
privacy concerns, and the need for staff training must be addressed.
References
1. Adejo, A. A. & Misau, A. Y. (2021). Application of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Libraries
in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), Article 6639.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6639
2. Ajakaye, J. E. (2022). Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Libraries. In Handbook of
Research on Emerging Trends and Technologies in Librarianship (pp. 73-90). IGI Global.
3. Alhaji, A., & Misau, A. Y. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Libraries. Library
Philosophy & Practice (e-Journal).
4. Asemi, A., & Asemi, A. (2018). Artificial Intelligence (AI) application in Library Systems in Iran:
A taxonomy study. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 1840.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1840

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 A Study on Usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in Academic Libraries

5. Ali, M. Y., Naeem, S. B., & Bhatti, R. (2020). Artificial intelligence tools and perspectives of
university librarians: An overview. Business Information Review, 37(3), 116–124.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0266382120952016
6. Cox, A. M., Pinfield, S., & Rutter, S. (2018). The intelligent library: Thought leaders’ views on the
likely impact of artificial intelligence on academic libraries. Library Hi Tech, 37(3), 418–435. doi:
10.1108/LHT-08-2018-0105.Search in Google Scholar
7. Gujral, G., Shivarama, J., & Choukimath, P. A. (2019). Perceptions and Prospects of Artificial
Intelligence Technologies for Academic Libraries: An Overview of Global Trends. 12th
International CALIBER-2019.
8. Huang, Y. H. (2022). Exploring the implementation of artificial intelligence applications among
academic libraries in Taiwan. Library Hi Tech. Epub ahead of print 5 July 2022. DOI:
10.1108/LHT-03-2022-0159.
9. Kim, B. (2019). AI and Creating the First Multidisciplinary AI Lab. In J. Griffey (Ed.), Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning in Libraries. American Library Association (ALA).
10. Kumar, S. V., & Sheshadri, K. N. (2019). Applications of artificial intelligence in academic
libraries. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 7(16), 136–140. DOI:
10.26438/ijcse/v7si16.136140

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 31

 Enhancing User Engagement with AI: The Future of Human-Machine Interaction
1
Rasina, E. and 2Sivaraman, P. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Annamalai University
2
Professor & Librarian, DLIS, Annamalai University
Abstract
This paper explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing user
engagement and reshaping human-machine interaction. As AI technologies like natural language
processing (NLP), machine learning, and computer vision advance, they enable more personalized,
intuitive, and responsive user experiences across various industries. By examining the current
applications of AI in e-commerce, entertainment, customer service, and education, this paper
highlights how AI-driven systems are revolutionizing the way users interact with digital platforms.
Additionally, it addresses the ethical challenges, including privacy concerns and algorithmic bias, that
must be navigated to ensure responsible AI implementation. The paper concludes by discussing future
trends, such as the integration of AI with augmented and virtual reality, that promise to further
enhance user engagement and redefine the landscape of human-machine interaction
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Human Machine Interaction, User engagement
Introduction
In the digital age, user engagement has become a critical factor in the success of any online platform,
application, or service. The ability to create meaningful, personalized interactions between users and
machines is essential for retaining users, driving satisfaction, and ultimately achieving business goals.
Traditionally, human-machine interaction was a rigid and limited process, constrained by predefined
commands and basic input-output systems. However, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
dramatically transformed this landscape, enabling more dynamic, responsive, and engaging
interactions. Artificial Intelligence, encompassing a broad range of technologies such as natural
language processing (NLP), machine learning, and computer vision, has emerged as a powerful tool for
enhancing user engagement. These technologies allow machines to understand and respond to human
behaviour in increasingly sophisticated ways, creating experiences that feel more personalized and
intuitive. For instance, AI-driven recommendation engines can suggest products, content, or services
tailored to individual user preferences, while AI-powered chatbots provide instant, context-aware
customer support. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved from a niche technology into a
transformative force reshaping industries worldwide. Among its most promising applications is the
enhancement of user engagement, a crucial aspect of modern digital experiences. As AI continues to
advance, its role in human-machine interaction is becoming increasingly sophisticated, offering new
opportunities to create more personalized, intuitive, and impactful user experiences.
The Evolution of Human-Machine Interaction
Historically, human-machine interaction was limited to basic commands and responses, with users
needing to adapt to rigid, predefined systems. Early interfaces required extensive user input, lacked
personalization, and often led to frustration due to their limitations. However, the advent of AI

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 Enhancing User Engagement with AI: The Future of Human-Machine Interaction

technologies, particularly machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), has revolutionized
this landscape. Today's AI systems are capable of understanding and interpreting human behavior,
preferences, and language with remarkable accuracy. This shift has enabled the development of more
responsive and adaptive systems that not only respond to user inputs but also anticipate user needs. As
a result, human-machine interaction has become more fluid, natural, and engaging.
AI Technologies Driving User Engagement
Several AI technologies are at the forefront of enhancing user engagement:
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP allows machines to understand, interpret, and respond to
human language in a way that feels natural. This technology powers chatbots, virtual assistants,
and customer service platforms that can engage users in meaningful conversations, providing
assistance and information in real-time.
➢ Machine Learning: Machine learning algorithms analyse vast amounts of data to identify patterns
and make predictions. This capability enables AI systems to personalize content, recommendations,
and experiences for individual users, thereby increasing engagement by catering to specific needs
and preferences.
➢ Computer Vision: AI-driven computer vision technology enhances user engagement through image
and video recognition. Applications include facial recognition for personalized interactions,
augmented reality (AR) experiences, and enhanced accessibility features for users with disabilities.
➢ Reinforcement Learning: This branch of machine learning focuses on optimizing interactions by
continuously learning from user behavior. Through reinforcement learning, AI systems can adapt
to user preferences over time, providing more relevant and engaging experiences.
Applications of AI in Enhancing User Engagement
AI's impact on user engagement is evident across various industries and applications:
E-commerce: AI-powered recommendation engines suggest products based on users' browsing history,
preferences, and behaviour, leading to increased sales and customer satisfaction. Personalized
marketing campaigns, driven by AI, further enhance engagement by delivering tailored content to
users.
Entertainment: Streaming platforms like Netflix and Spotify use AI to curate personalized content for
users, keeping them engaged by recommending movies, shows, or music that align with their tastes. AI
also powers interactive experiences in gaming, where characters and environments adapt to the player's
actions.
Customer Service: AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants provide instant support, answering
queries, resolving issues, and guiding users through processes. These systems are available 24/7,
ensuring continuous engagement and reducing the need for human intervention.
Education: AI enhances engagement in online learning platforms by personalizing learning paths,
providing real-time feedback, and creating interactive content. Adaptive learning technologies,
powered by AI, cater to individual learning styles, making education more accessible and effective.

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Enhancing User Engagement with AI: The Future of Human-Machine Interaction

Challenges and Ethical Considerations

While AI offers significant potential to enhance user engagement, it also presents challenges and
ethical concerns. Privacy is a major issue, as AI systems often rely on extensive user data to function
effectively. Ensuring that this data is collected, stored, and used responsibly is critical to maintaining
user trust. There is the risk of over-reliance on AI, where automated systems might make decisions that
negatively impact users without human oversight. It is essential to strike a balance between automation
and human control to prevent unintended consequences. Bias in AI algorithms is another concern. If AI
systems are trained on biased data, they may perpetuate or even exacerbate existing inequalities.
Developers must prioritize fairness and transparency in AI design to ensure that all users benefit
equally from these technologies.
The Future of Human-Machine Interaction
Looking ahead, the future of human-machine interaction will be defined by increasingly seamless
integration between AI and users. As AI becomes more sophisticated, it will continue to blur the lines
between digital and human experiences. The focus will shift from simply responding to user inputs to
proactively enhancing user engagement through predictive and adaptive technologies. Emerging trends
such as AI-driven augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR) are set to
redefine how users interact with digital environments. These technologies will create immersive
experiences that engage users on a deeper level, transforming industries such as gaming, education, and
healthcare.
Conclusion
Artificial Intelligence is revolutionizing human-machine interaction by enhancing user engagement
across various platforms and industries. Through technologies like NLP, machine learning, and
computer vision, AI systems are becoming more personalized, adaptive, and intuitive. However, as AI
continues to evolve, it is imperative to address the ethical challenges and ensure that these technologies
are used responsibly. The future of human-machine interaction will be characterized by increasingly
immersive and intelligent systems that anticipate user needs and preferences. As we move forward, the
potential for AI to enhance user engagement is vast, promising to create more meaningful and
impactful digital experiences for all.
Reference
1. Bhatia, M., & Jain, M. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing User Experience: Applications
and Future Prospects. Journal of Information Technology & Software Engineering, 10(3), 1-12.
2. Russell, S., &Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Pearson
Education.
3. Luger, G. F. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving
(6th ed.). Pearson.
4. Lommatzsch, A., &Heintz, T. (2018). AI-Driven Personalization of Content and Services: A Survey
of the State of the Art and Future Directions. ACM Computing Surveys, 51(5), 1-36.

34 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 Enhancing User Engagement with AI: The Future of Human-Machine Interaction

5. Rahimi, M., &Anjomshoa, F. (2019). Machine Learning Applications in Customer Relationship

Management: Improving User Engagement Through Predictive Analytics. International Journal of
Computer Applications, 182(36), 23-28.
6. Zhou, L., & Wang, W. (2020). Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Opportunities in User
Engagement. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 8(2), 247-260.
7. Shneiderman, B. (2020). Human-Centered AI: The Intersection of Human-Computer Interaction and
AI. Communications of the ACM, 63(4), 30-32.
8. Parikh, N., & Patel, V. (2021). Ethical Implications of AI in User Engagement: Balancing Innovation
and Responsibility. Journal of Ethics and Information Technology, 23(3), 289-305.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 35

 The Future of Library Management: AI Tools for Enhanced User Services and
Operational Insights
1
Rathinavel, L. and 2Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, DLIS, Annamalai University, Chidambaram,608 002
2
Professor and Head, DLIS, Annamalai University, Chidambaram,608 002
Abstract
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in library management systems marks a revolutionary
shift towards enhancing both user services and operational efficiency. This paper delves into the
evolving role of AI in libraries, examining its historical development, current applications, and future
potential. By analyzing the impact of AI tools on user engagement and library operations, this study
emphasizes the necessity of AIdriven innovations to address contemporary challenges in library
management. Through a comprehensive review of AI applications, user enhancements, and operational
insights, the paper aims to provide a forward-looking perspective on the future trajectory of library
management, highlighting how AI can transform libraries into more adaptive, efficient, and user
centric institutions.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Electronic Resource Management, Automated Cataloguing, Machine
Learning, Virtual Assistants.
Introduction
Library management has long depended on manual processes and human oversight to deliver its
services and maintain operational standards. Traditionally, tasks such as cataloguing, circulation, and
user support were managed through painstaking manual efforts, relying heavily on staff input and
physical records. This traditional approach, while foundational, has often struggled to keep pace with
the growing demands for efficiency, accuracy, and enhanced user experiences. The advent of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) presents a groundbreaking opportunity to revamp these traditional systems. AI’s
sophisticated capabilities, including the analysis of large datasets, prediction of user behaviour, and
automation of routine tasks, offer a transformative potential for libraries. By leveraging AI, libraries
can not only streamline their operations but also significantly enhance the quality of services provided
to users. This paper explores how AI’s integration into library management systems can redefine the
role of libraries, making them more responsive to the evolving needs of their communities.
AI in the Present-Day Scenario
In today’s digital landscape, AI’s role in libraries has become increasingly prominent. Contemporary
libraries are adopting AI technologies to enhance various aspects of their operations, from cataloguing
and user support to data analysis and resource management. AI’s ability to process vast amounts of data
and generate actionable insights has proven invaluable in optimizing library services. For instance, AI
driven systems can automatically catalogue new materials with high precision, analyze usage patterns
to forecast trends, and provide personalized recommendations to users. Additionally, AI powered
search engines offer more accurate and context aware results, enhancing information retrieval. Virtual

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 The Future of Library Management: AI Tools for Enhanced User…

assistants and chatbots provide 24/7 support, helping users with inquiries and streamlining interactions.
Predictive analytics allow libraries to anticipate future needs and manage resources proactively, while
content enrichment tools improve metadata and organization of digital resources. AI also supports
accessibility through features like text-to-speech and speech to text, making library services more
inclusive. By analyzing user behaviour, AI helps in tailoring services to meet specific needs, and
automates administrative tasks, freeing up staff to focus on strategic initiatives. These capabilities
enable libraries to manage their resources more effectively, anticipate user needs, and deliver tailored
services that align with modern expectations, thus transforming libraries into more responsive and user
centric institutions.
Library Management and AI Integration
Library management encompasses a broad range of functions, including cataloguing, circulation,
acquisitions, and user services. Traditionally, these tasks required extensive manual input, leading to
challenges in efficiency and accuracy. The introduction of Integrated Library Systems (ILS) and
Electronic Resource Management (ERM) systems marked a significant advancement by digitizing and
automating several processes. AI integration further enhances these systems by introducing advanced
functionalities such as automated data analysis, predictive analytics, and personalized user interactions.
AI tools can streamline cataloguing by automatically classifying and tagging materials based on content
analysis. Predictive analytics can guide decision-making regarding acquisitions and resource allocation
by analyzing historical usage data. Additionally, AI driven chatbots and virtual assistants can handle
routine inquiries, freeing up staff to focus on more complex tasks and community engagement. The
integration of AI into library management not only enhances operational efficiency but also transforms
libraries into more dynamic and responsive institutions.
Adoption Rates and Utilization
The adoption of AI tools in libraries varies significantly across institutions. Recent surveys indicate that
approximately 30-40% of libraries have implemented some form of AI technology. This variation in
adoption rates is influenced by factors such as budget constraints, organizational readiness, and the
availability of technological infrastructure. Libraries with larger budgets and more advanced
technological infrastructure are more likely to integrate AI tools into their operations. However, smaller
institutions are also beginning to explore AI solutions, often through collaborative efforts or shared
resources. As AI technologies become more accessible and cost effective, it is anticipated that adoption
rates will continue to rise, leading to broader implementation across the library sector.
AI Tools and User Enhancement
AI tools in libraries encompass a diverse range of technologies designed to enhance both user services
and operational efficiency. Key examples include:
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP tools improve search functionalities by enabling more
sophisticated query handling and better understanding of user intent. This leads to more accurate
search results and a more intuitive user experience.

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The Future of Library Management: AI Tools for Enhanced User…

➢ Machine Learning Algorithms: These algorithms analyze user data to provide personalized
recommendations and predict future needs. By learning from user behaviour, machine learning
systems can suggest relevant materials and resources, improving user engagement and satisfaction.
➢ Automated Inventory Systems: AI powered inventory systems enhance accuracy in cataloguing
and tracking library collections. They reduce manual errors, ensure up to date cataloguing, and
facilitate real time inventory management.
➢ Virtual and Augmented Reality: These technologies offer immersive experiences, such as virtual
library tours, interactive learning modules, and augmented reality enhanced resource exploration.
This can attract new users and provide engaging educational opportunities.
➢ Predictive Analytics: By analyzing patterns and trends, predictive analytics can help libraries
anticipate and respond to future needs, such as peak usage times, popular genres, or community
interests. This foresight allows for more strategic planning and resource management.
➢ Accessibility Enhancements: AI tools can improve accessibility for users with disabilities by
offering text-to-speech, speech-to-text, and other assistive technologies. This ensures that library
services are inclusive and cater to all members of the community.
➢ Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: These AI driven tools provide immediate, 24/7 assistance,
answering frequently asked questions, guiding users through library resources, and assisting with
online services, thus enhancing user support and satisfaction.
The Benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative benefits to libraries, enhancing both user experience
and operational efficiency. AI powered search engines improve access to information by delivering
more accurate and relevant search results. Chatbots and virtual assistants provide 24/7 support, helping
patrons with inquiries and research assistance. Automated cataloguing systems streamline the process
of organizing and managing collections, making it easier to update and maintain records. Personalized
recommendations, driven by AI algorithms, suggest books and resources based on user preferences and
borrowing history, fostering a more engaging and tailored experience. Additionally, AI can analyze
usage patterns to optimize library resources and space, ensuring that collections and services align with
community needs. In terms of accessibility, AI tools can assist in digitizing and transcribing materials,
making rare or fragile texts more widely available. Overall, AI integration helps libraries operate more
efficiently, enhance user satisfaction, and expand their role as vital community hubs of knowledge and
learning.
Demerits of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can offer many benefits to libraries, such as automating routine tasks,
enhancing user services, and improving information retrieval. However, there are also some potential
drawbacks to consider:
➢ Privacy Concerns: AI systems often require access to personal data to function effectively. In
libraries, this could involve tracking user behaviour or preferences, which raises concerns about
data privacy and security.

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 The Future of Library Management: AI Tools for Enhanced User…

➢ Bias and Fairness: AI algorithms can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in their training data.
This can lead to biased recommendations or search results, affecting the fairness and neutrality of
library services.
➢ Job Displacement: Automation of certain tasks, such as cataloging or customer service, could
potentially reduce the need for human staff, leading to job losses or shifts in workforce
requirements.
➢ Cost and Maintenance: Implementing and maintaining AI systems can be expensive. Libraries,
especially smaller ones with limited budgets, might struggle with the financial and technical
demands of integrating advanced AI technologies.
➢ Technical Issues: AI systems can be complex and may experience technical problems or failures.
Reliance on AI could lead to disruptions in library services if the technology encounters issues.
➢ Over Reliance on Technology: Heavy dependence on AI tools might lead to a reduction in human
interaction and personal touch, which are often valuable aspects of library services.
➢ Ethical Considerations: Decisions made by AI systems can sometimes lack transparency, leading
to ethical dilemmas regarding how decisions are made and who is accountable for them.
➢ Data Management: AI systems generate and rely on large amounts of data. Managing and
analyzing this data can be challenging, and improper handling can lead to inaccuracies or misuse of
information.
➢ Integration Challenges: Integrating AI with existing library systems and workflows can be
complex and require significant adjustments, both technologically and operationally.
The Future of AI in Libraries
The future of AI in libraries promises significant advancements in both operational efficiency and user
experience. AI technologies are expected to further refine search capabilities with context-aware,
accurate results, and enhance personalized recommendations based on user preferences and behaviour.
Automated cataloguing and data management will streamline operations, allowing staff to concentrate
on strategic initiatives and community engagement. AI driven chatbots and virtual assistants will
continue to provide real-time support, improving accessibility and user satisfaction. Additionally,
predictive analytics will enable libraries to anticipate emerging trends and make informed decisions
regarding acquisitions and services. As libraries increasingly integrate AI, they will evolve into more
adaptive, responsive, and cutting-edge centres of knowledge, enhancing their role in the community
and advancing their mission of information dissemination and education.
Impact on Library Users
AI tools significantly enhance the user experience in libraries by offering personalized and efficient
services. Personalized recommendations generated by AI systems increase user engagement by
suggesting materials that align with individual interests. Chatbots and virtual assistants provide
immediate assistance, making library services more accessible and user-friendly. AI driven analytics
help libraries better understand community needs, allowing for tailored programming and resource

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The Future of Library Management: AI Tools for Enhanced User…

offerings that resonate with users. This results in a more relevant and engaging library experience,
fostering stronger connections between libraries and their diverse user base.
Conclusion
In summary, the integration of AI into library management represents a pivotal shift towards more
efficient, user-focused services. By automating routine tasks, providing personalized experiences, and
offering valuable operational insights, AI tools are poised to revolutionize library operations and
service delivery. As libraries continue to adopt and refine these technologies, they will enhance their
capacity to meet the evolving needs of their communities and advance their role as centers of
knowledge and learning. This paper has outlined the current landscape, potential benefits, and future
directions of AI in library management, highlighting the transformative impact of these innovations on
both operational efficiency and user satisfaction. The ongoing evolution of AI promises a future where
libraries are more dynamic, responsive, and integral to the fabric of their communities.
References
1. Ali, M. Y., Naeem, S. B., & Bhatti, R. (2020). Artificial intelligence tools and perspectives of
university librarians: An overview. Business Information Review, 37(3), 1–9.
2. Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2021). Leveraging artificial intelligence for library management:
Innovations and challenges. Journal of Library Administration, 61(7)777–
797.doi:10.1080/01930826.2021.1985180
3. Khan, M. A., & Khan, N. A. (2022). The impact of artificial intelligence on library systems:A
global perspective. Information Technology and Libraries, 41(4), 50–64.doi:10.5860/ital.41.4.50
4. Liu, Y., & Chen, L. (2020). AI-driven libraries: Enhancing operational efficiency and user
engagement. Library Hi Tech, 38(3), 543–557. doi:10.1108/LHT-03-2020-0065
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science: A systematic review. Library Management, 40(1), 18–33.doi:10.1108/LM-10-2018-0080
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and operational strategies. Journal of Library and Information Science Research, 32(2), 200–215.
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40 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 Integrating Digital User Interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools
Lakshmi, M.
II M.Lib.I.Sc, DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore-641018

Abstract
The combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools with Digital User Interfaces (DUIs) is a game-
changer for user experience and engagement in this age of rapid technological innovation. This paper
gives a idea of purpose and functionality, key features of digital user interface as brief content. I have
mentioned the historical view of digital user interfaces from the previous year 1960s onwards and the
current trends and future directions. Through user convergence, this paper highlights the potential to
improve usability, accessibility, and usefulness by exploring the synergies between DUIs and AI.
Fundamentally, a Digital User Interface consists of the interactive and visual components that users
utilize to interact with digital systems and applications. These interfaces have capabilities like natural
language processing, predictive analytics, and adaptive learning thanks to the integration of AI tools.
With the use of AI, interfaces can now anticipate user demands, provide tailored recommendations, and
expedite interactions by automating laborious chores.
Keywords: Digital Library, User Interface, Digital user interface, Artificial Intelligence, AI Tools.
Introduction
A digital library is a collection of digital objects that can be accessed anywhere at any time. The digital
library which includes text, images, audio, video, documents, and other digital media formats. It can
also be a digitized content, like print or photographs, or originally produced digital content. Libraries
that have scanned and made digital versions of physical books, images, or videos were originally in
traditional formats. Digital libraries that give access to databases or CD-ROMs with multimedia
content or full publications. Digital libraries that exist on physical storage devices like CDs, DVDs, or
specialized storage systems. Online databases that provide access to library catalogues via the Internet.
Libraries that provide access to digital audio, video clips, or movies. A Digital Library Interface (DLI)
is a sophisticated graphical system that facilitates access to information resources through computers.
Designed to cater to diverse user groups, including specific demographics like young children, these
interfaces aim to provide a seamless and intuitive user experience. DLI is constituted of the following
features: Purpose and Functionality of DUI Access to Digital Resources DLIs are crafted to allow users
to interact with a wide range of digital resources, including e-books, academic papers, multimedia
content, and other digital media. User-Centric Design: The design of a DLI is tailored to meet the needs
of its target audience, ensuring that the interface is accessible, engaging, and effective for various user
groups. Key Features of DUI Querying Search Functions: Users can input search queries to locate
specific resources or information. This may include keyword search, Boolean operators, and advanced
search filters to refine results. Autocomplete and Suggestions: To enhance user experience, DLIs often
feature autocomplete functionalities and suggestions based on search history or related terms. DLIs
offer customizable features to accommodate varying levels of expertise and preferences.

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Integrating Digital user interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools

Historical View of Digital User Interfaces

Early Concepts and Foundations (1960s-1980s)
➢ Microform and Digitalization Beginnings: Early efforts in digital libraries involved digitizing
physical collections using microforms and pioneering computer technologies. Notable projects like
the University of Chicago's “Project Athena” marked initial forays into digital storage.
➢ Emergence of Online Databases: The 1980s saw the advent of online databases such as OCLC and
RLG, which began providing bibliographic information and catalog records through online
systems.
➢ Rise of Graphical Interfaces (1980s-1990s)
➢ Introduction of GUIs: The 1980s introduced Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) with systems like
Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows, making computers more user-friendly.
➢ Early AI Applications: Initial AI applications, including expert systems like MYCIN, featured
rudimentary interfaces focused on input and output rather than interactive experiences.
➢ Web and Mobile Expansion (1990s-2000s)
➢ Web Interfaces: The growth of the web introduced HTML-based interfaces, enabling dynamic
interactions. Early AI tools, such as search engines, began using basic algorithms to enhance user
experiences.
➢ Recommendation Systems: E-commerce and media sites started employing simple
recommendation algorithms to suggest products or content based on user behavior.
Emergence of Conversational Interfaces (2000s-2010s)
➢ Chatbots and Voice Assistants: Chatbots like ALICE showed basic conversational abilities, while
voice assistants such as Siri and Google Now revolutionized interaction with voice-activated
commands and queries.
➢ Advanced AI Integration (2010s)
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP): Advances in NLP models (e.g., GPT-3) enabled more natural
and contextually aware interactions in UIs, improving chatbots and virtual assistants.
➢ Predictive and Adaptive UIs: AI-driven systems started personalizing interfaces based on user
behavior, including content recommendations and adaptive learning tools.
➢ Voice and Gesture Control: Enhanced voice recognition and gesture control enabled more intuitive,
hands-free interactions with devices.
AI for UI/UX Design
AI for UI/UX design refers to the use of artificial intelligence technologies to improve and streamline
the design process for user interfaces (UI) and user experiences (UX). This involves:
➢ Automating Design Tasks: AI tools can automate repetitive tasks such as layout adjustments and
image resizing.

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 Integrating Digital user interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools

➢ Generating Design Suggestions: AI can provide recommendations for design elements like color
schemes, typography, and layout based on trends and user preferences.
➢ Analyzing User Data: AI helps in understanding user behavior and feedback by analyzing
interaction patterns and sentiment, leading to more informed design decisions.
➢ Personalizing Experiences: AI can tailor content and interface elements to individual users,
enhancing their experience by making it more relevant and engaging.
➢ Improving Accessibility: AI identifies and suggests improvements for accessibility issues, ensuring
designs are inclusive.
Use of AI in UI/UX Design
AI for UI/UX design refers to the use of artificial intelligence technologies to enhance and streamline
the process of designing user interfaces (UI) and user experiences (UX). Here are some ways AI is used
are as follows:
➢ User Behavior Analysis: AI can analyze user behavior through data collected from interactions
with a product. This analysis can reveal patterns and insights that inform design decisions, helping
to create more intuitive and user-friendly interfaces.
➢ Personalization: AI can help create personalized experiences by analyzing user data and
preferences. For example, AI can recommend content, features, or designs tailored to individual
users’ needs and preferences.
➢ A/B Testing and Optimization: AI can automate and optimize A/B testing by analyzing which
design variations perform better and adjusting them dynamically to improve user engagement and
satisfaction.
➢ Prototyping and Mockups: AI-powered tools can generate design prototypes and mockups quickly,
allowing designers to experiment with different layouts and elements more efficiently.
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP): AI can use NLP to create chatbots or virtual assistants that
enhance user experience by providing real-time support and interaction within a UI.
➢ Accessibility Improvements: AI can help ensure that designs are accessible to all users by
identifying and suggesting improvements for elements such as color contrast and font sizes.
➢ Predictive Analytics: AI can predict user needs and behaviors based on historical data, helping
designers anticipate and address potential issues before they arise.
➢ Design Automation: AI can automate repetitive tasks, such as resizing images or aligning elements,
freeing designers to focus on more creative aspects of their work.
➢ Design Assistance: AI tools can assist dt esigners by automating repetitive tasks, such as resizing
and adjusting elements, or by suggesting design patterns and color schemes based on current trends
or user preferences.
Benefits of Using AI in UI/UX Design
Using AI in UI/UX design offers several significant benefits:

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Integrating Digital user interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools

➢ Enhanced Efficiency: Automated Tasks: AI can automate repetitive tasks like resizing images,
aligning elements, and generating design variations, allowing designers to focus on more strategic
and creative work. Faster Prototyping: AI accelerates the creation of design mockups and
prototypes, speeding up the design process and enabling rapid iteration.
➢ Data-Driven Insight: User Behavior Analysis: AI can analyze large volumes of user interaction
data to provide actionable insights, helping designers make informed decisions about usability and
design improvements. Sentiment Analysis: AI processes user feedback to gauge sentiment and
identify common pain points or areas of satisfaction.
➢ Personalized User Experiences: Customization: AI tailors content, recommendations, and interface
elements to individual user preferences, creating more engaging and relevant experiences.
Adaptive Interfaces: AI adjusts UI elements in real-time based on user needs or context, improving
usability and satisfaction.
➢ Improved Accessibility: Accessibility Checks: AI identifies and suggests fixes for accessibility
issues, such as poor color contrast or missing alt text, making designs more inclusive. Assistive
Technologies: AI integrates with assistive technologies to ensure that designs work well for users
with disabilities.
➢ Optimized Design Quality: Design Recommendations: AI provides suggestions for layout, color
schemes, and typography based on design trends and best practices, enhancing overall design
quality. Performance Optimization: AI helps optimize design elements for better performance and
usability across different devices and screen sizes.
➢ Cost-Effective Design: Resource Savings: By automating repetitive tasks and providing design
suggestions, AI reduces the time and resources required for design work, leading to cost savings.
Reduced Errors: AI minimizes human error by providing accurate and consistent design
recommendations, improving overall design accuracy.
➢ Future-Ready Designs: Trend Prediction: AI analyzes data to predict emerging design trends and
user preferences, helping designers create forward-thinking and relevant designs. Continuous
Improvement: AI enables continuous learning and improvement by analyzing user feedback and
interactions over time.
➢ Enhanced Creativity: Idea Generation: AI tools can inspire designers by suggesting new design
concepts, styles, and creative solutions that might not have been considered otherwise. Design
Variations: AI can generate multiple design variations quickly, providing designers with more
options to explore and refine.
Ethical Considerations When Using AI In UI/UX Design
The ethical considerations in AI-Driven UX Design explores several critical ethical considerations
when integrating AI into UX design. Here are the main points covered:
➢ Bias and Fairness Bias Mitigation: AI systems can unintentionally perpetuate biases present in
training data. It’s essential to identify and address these biases to ensure fair and equitable design
outcomes. Diverse Data: Use diverse and representative data sets to train AI models, helping to
reduce bias and improve fairness.

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 Integrating Digital user interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools

➢ Transparency and Explainability Understanding AI Decisions: Users should have a clear

understanding of how AI-driven design decisions are made. This transparency builds trust and
allows users to make informed choices. Explainable AI: Design AI systems that provide
explanations for their recommendations and actions, enhancing accountability.
➢ Privacy and Data Security: Data Protection: Safeguard user data and ensure compliance with
privacy regulations. Implement strong data protection measures to prevent unauthorized access or
misuse. Informed Consent Obtain explicit consent from users for data collection and usage,
ensuring they are aware of how their data will be used.
➢ User Autonomy: User Control: Provide users with control over AI-driven features and
personalization options. Allow users to easily adjust or opt-out of certain AI functionalities. Avoid
Manipulation: Design AI systems that respect user autonomy and avoid manipulating behavior in
unethical ways
➢ Accessibility: Inclusive Design: Ensure AI-driven designs are accessible to all users, including
those with disabilities. AI should enhance accessibility, not create new barriers.
➢ Ethical Use of AI: Avoiding Malicious Use: Prevent AI from being used in ways that could harm
users or exploit vulnerabilities. Adhere to ethical standards and principles in AI development and
application.
AI Tools can be Used for UI/UX Design

S.no AI Tools Purpose of AI Tools

Uizard teaches a machine to understand graphical user interfaces in the same way that
human beings do. By using AI, designers can generate native mobile applications
1. Uizard
directly using a sketch. It automates the design process, and it also generates a code
from the sketch.

InVision is one of the most popular product design and collaboration tools for digital
2. Invision products. It allows a designer to create and encourages users in collaboration in
different stages of product design, such as prototyping, development, and testing.

Balsamiq is a tool that allows prototyping tools to come with extremely fancy and
3. Balsamiq colorful interfaces. It tries to reproduce the physical experience of sketching on a
notepad or whiteboard on the computer.

Marvel AI is a collaboration and prototyping tool that integrates with a variety of AI-
4. Marvel AI powered tools, such as Iconscout, Logo Lab, and Unsplash. This can help designers
with tasks such as creating icons, logos, and graphics.

Khroma is a cutting-edge color tool built for designers who are looking to simplify the
color selection process. These color palettes are thoughtfully organized into themes
5. Khroma
such as Text, Poster, Gradient, and Picture, providing users with color schemes suited
for common use-case situations.

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Integrating Digital user interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools

Adobe Adobe Sensei is a suite of AI-powered tools that can help designers with a variety of
6.
Sensei tasks, including image optimization, color palette generation, and font pairing.

Figma is a cloud-based design tool that helps people create, share, and test designs for
digital products and experiences. It's used by designers, product managers, writers,
7. Figma
and developers to design, prototype, develop, and collect feedback in a single
platform.

Axure RP is a software tool that helps product designers, UX professionals, and

business analysts create wireframes, prototypes, visual diagrams, user interfaces, and
8. Axure RP
flows for websites and applications. Users can also style their concepts with fills,
gradients, line styles, and text formatting.

Webflow is a cloud-based web design tool and content management system (CMS)
that allows users to design, build, and launch websites without writing code. It's a
9. Webflow
visual-first platform that's aimed at designers and marketers, and can be used to create
responsive websites, landing pages, blogs, and more.

Unsplash is a library of free photos that can be used in UI/UX designs. Unsplash
10. Unsplash integrates with AI-powered tools, such as Colormind and Marvel, to help designers
find the perfect photos for their designs.

Conclusion
A digital user interface (UI) is essential for connecting users with technology.AI tools can significantly
enhance the work of designers by automating routine tasks and freeing up time for creativity. UI design
aims to be intuitive, accessible, and engaging by focusing on usability, aesthetics, and responsiveness.
While these tools are useful and can improve productivity, they have limitations, such as a lack of
empathy and originality. Human designers bring essential qualities like emotional intelligence and
nuanced understanding of user needs, which AI cannot replicate. Therefore, while AI can be a valuable
asset in the design process, it is the unique human qualities that drive truly impactful and effective
design solutions.
References
1. Rangan, P. V., & Vin, H. M. (1991). “Designing file systems for digital video and audio” (Vol. 25,
No. 5, pp. 81-94). ACM.
2. Russell, D., & Gangemi, “G.T. Computer security basics.” Sebastopol, CA, O’Reilly, 1991.
3. Vannier, M. W., Pilgram, T., Bhatia, G., Brunsden, B., & Commean, P. (1991). “Facial surface
scanner.” IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,11(6), 72-80.
4. Cox, John E. (1997). “Publishers, publishing and the Internet: how journal publishing will survive
and prosper in the electronic age.” Electronic Library, 15(2), 125-131.
5. Chepesuik, R (1997) “The future is here: America’s libraries go digital.” American Libraries, 2(1),
47-49.

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 Integrating Digital user interface with Artificial Intelligence Tools

6. Marchionini, G., Plaisant, C., & Komlodi, “A. Interfaces and tools for the Library of Congress
National Digital Library Program.” Information Processing and Management, 34(5), 535-555,
1998.
7. Ayris, P. (1998). “Guidance for selecting materials for Digitization.”
8. Sloan, Bernard G. “Services perspectives for the digital library: Remote reference services.”
Library Trends, 47(2), 1998.
9. Arms, William Y. (2000). “Digital Libraries.” MIT Press, p. 158.
10. Arora, Jagdish. (2001) “Building digital libraries: An overview.” DESIDOC Bulletin of
Information Technology, 21(6), 3-24.
11. Flecker, D. (2001) “Preserving scholarly e-journals.” D-Lib Magazine, 7(9), 2001.
12. Battiato, S., Castorina, A., & Mancuso, M. (2003). “High dynamic range imaging for digital still
camera: an overview”. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 12(3), 459-469.
13. Chowdhury, G. G., & Chowdhury, S. (2003). “Digital library evaluation. In Introduction to digital
libraries.” London: Facet Pub.
14. Arthur, K., Byrne, S., Long, E., Montori, C. Q., & Nadler, J. (2004). “Recognizing digitization as a
preservation reformatting method.” Microform & imaging review,33(4), 171-180.
15. Hughes, L. M. (2004). “Digitizing collections: strategic issues for the information manager.”
16. Coyle, K. (2006). “Mass digitization of books.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 32(6),
641-645.
17. Lee, T. H., & Sheng, T. (2009). U.S. Patent No. 7,538,915. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
18. Hanumat G. Sastry, Lokanatha C. Reddy. “User Interface Design Principles for Digital Libraries.”
International Journal of Web Applications, Volume 1 Number 2, June 2009.
19. Bosworth, Edward L (2011) “Textbook for design and architecture of digital computers: An
Introduction” (CPSC 5155). Bosworth.
20. Cassidy, J. C., Tse, F., & Bai, Y. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 8,503,036. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent
and Trademark Office.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 47

 Integrating ChatGPT and Google Sheets for Effective Library Classification and
Cataloging
1
Thirunavukkarasu, T.C. and 2Thanuskodi, S. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, DLIS, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.
2
Professor, DLIS, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur.
Abstract
The combination of OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google Sheets helps the library technical processes more
efficiently and increases productivity. This collaboration allows for the automation of data entry and
the ability to standardize the library holdings data (catalogue) as per the library standards like
AACR2, RDA etc. However, it's important to note that there are possible downsides, including
instances where ChatGPT might not fully understand the context, provide responses that sound correct
but aren't accurate, and rely on the quality of its training data. In this article we demonstrated how
these tools can be effectively applied to various library technical tasks, their usefulness in managing
and improving library operations.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, Google Sheets, RDA, AACR2, DDC
Introduction
In today's digital age, libraries are constantly seeking ways to streamline their workflows and boost
productivity. One powerful way to achieve this is by integrating ChatGPT, a cutting-edge language
model developed by OpenAI, with Google Sheets, a widely used spreadsheet application. This
integration can open up a world of possibilities, from automating data entry and analysis to generating
reports and summaries. In this article, we will explore the benefits and steps involved in integrating
ChatGPT with Google Sheets.
Google Sheets
Google Sheets is a cloud-based spreadsheet application that offers collaborative features and powerful
data manipulation tools. It allows users to create, edit, and share spreadsheets online, making it a
popular choice for both personal and professional use. From simple data entry to complex data analysis,
Google Sheets provides a user-friendly platform for managing tabular data.
ChatGPT
ChatGPT, built upon OpenAI's GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) architecture, is a language
model that can understand and generate human-like text. It excels in a variety of natural language
processing tasks, including text completion, translation, summarization, and even engaging in
interactive conversations.
A prompt in ChatGPT is the initial input or question you provide to guide the model's response. It's
essential for context, accuracy, and controlling the generated output, especially when discussing
technical topics like library work. Crafting a clear and focused prompt helps ensure relevant and
informative answers.

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 Integrating ChatGPT and Google Sheets for Effective Library Classification and Cataloging

Steps to Integrate ChatGPT with Google Sheets

Step 1: To interact with ChatGPT programmatically, we need an API key, which we can obtain from
OpenAI by signing up for their API program.
➢ Go to https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys.
➢ Click on the ‘Create new secret key’ button.
➢ Once you have created an API key, copy it
Step 2: To integrate with Google Sheet
➢ Go to https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/0/
➢ Create a new spreadsheet and give a name
➢ Select Extensions > Apps Script from within Google Sheets
➢ Paste the copied script code from https://github.com/runningdan/gpt3-google-sheets
➢ Enter the API key, then click deploy and authenticate.
➢ Now Sheet is ready
Working with the Google Sheets
Consider we may already have a list of books in the excel sheet. We need to standardise and enrich
more information so that it will be more accurate and more helpful for the user. Following table shows
the information we already have.
Call No Subject
Accession Number 1001
Title of the Book Rethinking Third World Politics
Author J. Manor (ed.)
Ed 2
Publication T&F
Year 1992
ISBN 9780582074583
Binding PB
Pages 283
Price 5,220.57
Subject Politics

To enhance this information, we can use prompts with GPT-3 in Google Sheets. Enter prompts in the
format=GPT3("PROMPT", CELL NUMBER) to obtain standardized outputs. Below is a table showing
the given prompts and their corresponding outputs:

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Integrating ChatGPT and Google Sheets for Effective Library Classification and Cataloging

Table 2: Prompts and Outputs

Catalogue Entry Output Given by

Sl No Fields Instruction Given to GPT GPT
1 1001 No need to use GPT 1001
Rethinking Third GPT3("Rewrite this book name as per RDA Rethinking Third-
2 World Politics rules", B2) World Politics
GPT3("Rewrite author name as per Library of
3 J. Manor (ed.) Congress name authority", B3) Manor, J.
GPT3("Write DDC classification number from
4 DDC OCLC", B2) 320.917
GPT3("Rewrite this edition number as per
5 2 RDA", B5) Second Edition
GPT3("Standardize this publisher name per
6 T&F RDA rules", B6) Taylor & Francis
7 1992 No need to use GPT 1992
8 9780582074583 No need to use GPT 9780582074583
9 PB No need to use GPT pbk.
10 283 No need to use GPT 283 pages
11 5,220.57 No need to use GPT 5,220.57
GPT3("Mention a maximum of two subject 1.Political Science
12 Politics headings from LCSH", B12) 2.Political Participation

In Google Sheets, the information will be processed with prompt formulas, as illustrated below:

Figure 1: Prompt formulas in Google Sheets

Figure 2: Output received as per above given prompts

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 Integrating ChatGPT and Google Sheets for Effective Library Classification and Cataloging

By utilizing ChatGPT in this manner, you can effectively enhance and standardise your library's
technical records. Additionally, you can incorporate summaries, reviews, and descriptive write-ups
about each book to further enrich your data.
Challenges encountered and their corresponding resolutions.
➢ Lack of Context Understanding: ChatGPT might struggle to understand the context accurately.
For example, while generating a DDC number based on the title, it may give the wrong number.
Also, sometimes it gives different numbers for the same title. For that we need to modify the
prompt like create a DDC number based on both title and author.
➢ Generating Potentially Misleading Information: Occasionally, the model may produce
responses that appear to be plausible, yet they are factually inaccurate or misleading. It is
imperative that we meticulously review all the generated output prior to its upload into the
Learning Management System (LMS).
➢ Dependency on Training Data: The quality of responses heavily depends on the training data,
which means that if the training data contains biases, inaccuracies, or gaps it will give wrong
output. We may get a more accurate date in the future because this issue will solve only if
ChatGPT gets more data about library technical work-related queries it will learn and will give
more accurate information
Conclusion
Using Google Sheets with ChatGPT to standardize and improve library classification and cataloguing
has been very effective. By using specific prompts for each catalogue field, we have managed to refine
and correct the information. This helps users easily find the right materials. Through this integration,
we have gained a clear understanding of how ChatGPT and Google Sheets can be used together in
library work.
References
1. OpenAI Platform. https://platform.openai.com/api-keys(Accessed: September 4, 2024).
2. Runningdan GitHub - runningdan/gpt3-google-sheets: Simple script that allows you to call gpt-3 in
google sheets. https://github.com/runningdan/gpt3-google-sheets (Accessed: September 4, 2024).
3. Google Sheets: Sign-in. .https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/0/ (Accessed: September 4, 2024).

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 51

 Leveraging AI to Enhance Library Services and User Experience
1
Afeefa Savan and Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.)
1ResearchScholar, DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode.
2
Librarian (SG) & Head, DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode.
Abstract
This paper examines the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing library
services and user experiences. By integrating AI technologies such as chatbots, machine learning, and
predictive analytics, libraries can automate routine tasks, personalise user interactions, and improve
access to resources. The study reviews existing literature and case studies to identify the benefits and
challenges of AI adoption in libraries, highlighting ethical considerations such as privacy and
algorithmic bias. The findings suggest that while AI can significantly enhance library operations, a
balanced approach that addresses ethical concerns is essential for sustainable implementation.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Library Services, User Experience, Chatbots, Predictive Analytics,
Natural Language Processing.
Introduction
In recent years, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) has represented the latest frontier in the
evolution of library services. As AI continues to evolve, its integration into library services represents a
significant shift from traditional methods, positioning libraries as dynamic, tech-savvy institutions
capable of meeting the complex needs of modern users (Johnson, 2018). This growing role of AI in
libraries underscores the importance of understanding its potential, as well as the challenges it presents,
such as data privacy concerns and the need for algorithmic transparency (Murray, 2021). The primary
purpose of this study is to investigate the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in the
context of library services, with a particular focus on how these technologies can be leveraged to
significantly enhance the user experience. As libraries transition from traditional, resource-based
institutions to dynamic, user-cantered spaces, the integration of AI offers a promising pathway to
meeting the evolving needs of library patrons. By exploring the various applications of AI such as
chatbots, machine learning algorithms, and predictive analytics, this study aims to identify the ways in
which these technologies can automate routine tasks, provide personalised services, and improve the
overall accessibility and usability of library resources (Johnson, 2019; Fernandez, 2019). Furthermore,
the study seeks to understand how AI can not only streamline library operations but also create more
engaging, responsive interactions between users and the information they seek. This exploration is
critical, as libraries face increasing pressure to maintain their relevance in a digital age where users
demand instant access to information tailored to their specific needs (Vincent, 2022).
Literature Review
AI technologies have begun to transform libraries from static information repositories into dynamic,
user-centric environments where information retrieval is personalised and automated. AI-driven tools,
such as chatbots for virtual reference services and machine learning algorithms for resource

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 Leveraging AI to Enhance Library Services and User Experience

recommendation, are enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of library services, thereby aligning
them more closely with the needs of modern users who expect instant, tailored access to information
(Haffenden et al., 2023; Vincent, 2022). This ongoing evolution highlights the adaptability of libraries
as they continue to incorporate new technologies, ensuring their relevance in an increasingly digital
world. The current body of research on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in libraries reveals
a rapidly growing interest in how these technologies can transform both the operational and user-facing
aspects of library services. Scholars have explored various facets of AI integration, focusing on its
potential to enhance efficiency, improve user engagement, and address challenges inherent in managing
large and diverse collections of information (Johnson, 2019; Vincent, 2020).
Methodology
To conduct the study, a qualitative approach comprising case studies was undertaken. The existing
environment at libraries in which AI is applied were studied.
Case study 1: Analysis of a Library that has successfully integrated AI for User Interaction
Case study 2: Example of a Library using AI for Resource Management and Predictive Analytics
Case study 3: Example of a Library using AI to improve User Experience through Personalised
Recommendations
AI Applications in Library Services
Chatbots and Virtual Assistants
AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants have become integral tools in modern libraries, offering
round-the-clock support and significantly enhancing the user experience. These technologies leverage
natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms to understand and respond to user
queries in real time, providing immediate assistance without the need for human intervention. One of
the most notable examples of successful implementation is the "Ask Turing" chatbot developed by the
University of California, Berkeley Library. This AI-powered assistant was designed to manage a wide
range of inquiries, from locating digital resources to providing guidance on research methodologies.
"Ask Turing" uses advanced NLP to understand context and provide accurate, relevant responses,
which has greatly reduced the response time for user queries and enhanced user satisfaction (Johnson,
2019).
Personalised Recommendations
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a powerful tool for enhancing user engagement in libraries
through personalised recommendations. By leveraging machine learning algorithms, AI can analyse
user behaviour, such as search queries, borrowing history, and interaction patterns, to tailor resource
recommendations that align with individual preferences and needs. This process typically involves the
use of collaborative filtering, where the system identifies similarities between users and suggests
resources that have been popular among those with similar interests. The impact of personalised
recommendations on user engagement has been profound. Libraries that have implemented AI-driven
recommendation systems report significant increases in resource utilisation and user satisfaction. For

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Leveraging AI to Enhance Library Services and User Experience

example, the New York Public Library's "Library Simplified" app uses AI to recommend e-books to
users based on their reading habits and preferences. This personalised approach has led to higher
engagement rates, as users are more likely to discover and explore new resources that align with their
interests (Brooks, 2020).
Predictive Analytics
Predictive analytics, powered by artificial intelligence (AI), has emerged as a crucial tool in modern
library management, offering significant benefits in predicting trends in resource usage, optimising
inventory management, and aiding in collection development. By analysing historical data and user
behaviour patterns, AI can forecast future demand for specific resources, allowing libraries to allocate
their budgets more efficiently and ensure that high-demand materials are readily available.
Automated Content Creation and Summarization
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being harnessed to automate content creation and
summarization, which is revolutionising how researchers and librarians handle large volumes of
information. AI-driven tools can generate concise summaries of lengthy documents, academic papers,
and articles, allowing researchers to quickly grasp the core ideas without having to wade through entire
texts. One of the key technologies used in this context is Natural Language Processing (NLP), which
enables AI systems to understand and interpret human language. These systems can be trained to
extract the most pertinent information from a text, condense it, and present it in a summary that retains
the essential meaning and key points of the original document (Fernandez, 2019).
The application of AI in content creation extends beyond summarization to the generation of entirely
new text. This is particularly useful in generating research abstracts, writing reports, or even creating
data-driven content that requires the analysis and synthesis of large datasets. Libraries and academic
institutions have begun to experiment with these tools to assist scholars in producing preliminary drafts
of their work, which can significantly reduce the time and effort required for initial stages of writing
(Murray, 2021). Additionally, these AI systems can ensure consistency and coherence in writing, which
is particularly advantageous in collaborative research environments where multiple authors contribute
to a single document (Haffenden et al., 2023).
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Natural Language Processing (NLP) has significantly transformed the way libraries manage and
provide access to their vast collections of information by enhancing search functionalities and
improving accessibility through AI-powered language translation and transcription services. NLP
allows for more intuitive and effective search mechanisms within library databases, moving beyond
traditional keyword-based searches to more sophisticated systems that understand the context and
semantics of user queries. This enables users to search for information using natural language, similar
to how they might ask a question in conversation, resulting in more relevant and accurate search results
(Vincent & Johnson, 2021; Haffenden et al., 2023).

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 Leveraging AI to Enhance Library Services and User Experience

Ethical Considerations and Challenges

User Data Privacy Concerns
The integration of AI in libraries brings forth significant privacy concerns, particularly regarding the
handling and protection of user data. To protect user privacy, libraries must adopt stringent data
protection measures, including the implementation of encryption protocols for data storage and
transmission. This ensures that any data collected is securely protected from unauthorised access.
Moreover, libraries should establish clear data governance policies that dictate how user data is
collected, used, and stored, with an emphasis on minimising data collection to only what is necessary
for the functioning of AI services (Fernandez, 2019). Transparency is also crucial; libraries should
inform users about what data is being collected, how it is used, and provide options for users to control
their data, including the ability to opt out of data collection where possible. By fostering a culture of
transparency and data minimization, libraries can mitigate the privacy risks associated with AI
implementation and maintain the trust of their users (Vincent & Johnson, 2021).
Bias in AI Algorithms
Bias in AI algorithms is a critical concern that can have far-reaching implications for library services.
AI systems are trained on large datasets, and if these datasets reflect existing societal biases such as
those related to race, gender, or socioeconomic status those biases can be perpetuated and even
amplified by the AI (Brooks, 2020). To address this issue, libraries must be proactive in auditing their
AI systems for bias. This involves regularly reviewing the data used to train AI algorithms and ensuring
that it is as diverse and representative as possible. Additionally, libraries should consider implementing
fairness metrics within their AI systems to detect and correct any biases that might arise (Haffenden et
al., 2023).
User Trust and Acceptance
Building and maintaining user trust is essential for the successful adoption of AI-driven services in
libraries. Trust can be particularly challenging to establish when introducing new technologies that may
be perceived as intrusive or complex. To foster trust, libraries should prioritize transparency in how AI
systems operate, clearly communicating the purpose of these technologies, how they benefit the user,
and what data is being collected and used in the process (Fernandez, 2019). This transparency helps
demystify the technology, making it more approachable and less intimidating for users.
Recommendations and Suggestions
For libraries considering the adoption of AI technologies, a phased and strategic approach is
recommended. Initially, libraries should identify key areas where AI can have the most significant
impact, such as improving user interaction through chatbots or enhancing resource discoverability with
personalised recommendations (Brooks, 2020). It is essential to start with pilot projects, allowing
libraries to test and refine AI implementations before scaling them up. Collaborating with technology
partners or other institutions can also be beneficial, especially for medium and small libraries with
limited resources, as this can provide access to expertise and shared infrastructure (Murray, 2021).
Additionally, libraries should invest in ongoing staff training to ensure that employees are well-

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Leveraging AI to Enhance Library Services and User Experience

equipped to manage and utilise AI tools effectively. Importantly, libraries must establish robust data
governance frameworks to protect user privacy and ensure ethical use of AI, maintaining transparency
with users about how their data is being used (Fernandez, 2019).
Conclusion
AI holds transformative potential for libraries, offering new ways to enhance service delivery and user
engagement. As libraries continue to evolve into more dynamic, user-centred spaces, AI technologies
can help meet the growing demand for personalised and efficient services. However, the integration of
AI also brings with it significant ethical considerations. Issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias,
and the transparency of AI decision-making processes must be carefully managed to ensure that the
adoption of AI aligns with the core values of libraries, such as inclusivity, equity, and intellectual
freedom.
References
1. Brooks, M. (2020). The future of AI in public libraries. Public Library Quarterly, 39(3), 223-239.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2020.1762123
2. Fernandez, P. (2019). AI in libraries: A brief history. Public Library Quarterly, 38(4), 383-391.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2019.1641852
3. Haffenden, C., Fano, E., Malmsten, M., &Börjeson, L. (2023). Making and using AI in the library:
Creating a BERT model at the National Library of Sweden. College & Research Libraries, 84(1),
30-48. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.84.1.30
4. Johnson, B. (2018). Libraries in the age of artificial intelligence. Computers in Libraries. Retrieved
from https://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/jan18/Johnson--Libraries-in-the-Age-of-Artificial-
Intelligence.shtml
5. Johnson, B. (2019). Artificial intelligence in academic libraries: Considerations for
implementation. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 45(3), 222-228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2019.02.010
6. Murray, T. (2021). The ethics of AI in libraries: Ensuring fairness, accountability, and
transparency. Library Hi Tech, 39(2), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-07-2020-0175
7. Vincent, J. (2020). Leveraging AI for automated cataloging: A review of current technologies.
Cataloging& Classification Quarterly, 58(5), 482-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2020.1728465
8. Vincent, J. (2022). AI-driven chatbots in libraries: Enhancing user experience and operational
efficiency. Information Technology and Libraries, 41(3), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v41i3.14876
9. Vincent, J., & Johnson, L. (2021). AI and digital collections: Strategies for enhancing access and
preservation. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 42(4), 311-329.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00379816.2021.197587

56 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community
1
Anbazhagan, C., 2Prakash, M. and 3Arun Pandian, R.
1
Librarian, M.A.M College of Engineering, Trichy.
2
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.
3
Teaching Fellow, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Trichy.
Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into academic research is revolutionizing how scholars
approach their work, enhancing productivity and efficiency. QuillBot, an advanced AI-powered writing
assistant, exemplifies this transformation by offering a suite of tools designed to support researchers
and academics. This paper examines Quill Bot’s functionalities, including its paraphrasing, grammar
checking, citation generation, and summarization capabilities, which collectively streamline the writing
process and improve overall document quality. By automating time-consuming tasks and providing
real-time feedback, QuillBot enables users to focus more on content creation and less on writing
mechanics. The study also addresses the ethical implications and limitations of relying on AI in
academic contexts, highlighting the importance of maintaining academic integrity. Through a detailed
analysis, the paper underscores how QuillBot not only aids individual researchers but also contributes
to the broader academic community by fostering better communication and collaboration.
Keywords: AI-Powered Writing Tools, Ethical Implications in AI, Academic Writing
Introduction
The increasing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in academic research has transformed the landscape of
how scholars conduct their work, offering powerful tools that enhance productivity and streamline
various processes. AI technologies, such as natural language processing and machine learning, facilitate
tasks ranging from literature review and data analysis to writing and editing, enabling researchers to
process vast amounts of information more efficiently. QuillBot, as an AI-powered writing assistant,
exemplifies this trend by providing features that assist in paraphrasing, grammar checking, and citation
generation, thereby allowing researchers to focus on the content and quality of their work rather than
the mechanics of writing. The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of QuillBot in the
academic community, highlighting its capabilities and the broader implications of integrating AI tools
into research practices.
The significance of this paper lies in its examination of how QuillBot not only enhances individual
writing processes but also contributes to the overall advancement of academic research. By analyzing
the functionalities of QuillBot, the paper aims to provide insights into the potential benefits and
challenges of using AI in academia. As researchers increasingly rely on AI tools, it becomes essential
to consider the ethical implications and limitations associated with their use, ensuring that these
technologies support rather than undermine academic integrity. Through this exploration, the paper will
address the evolving role of AI in research and writing, emphasizing the need for responsible
integration of these tools to maximize their potential while maintaining the core values of the academic
community.

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Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community

Review of Literature
Chanpradit, Samran, Saengpinit, and Subkasin (2024) investigated the paraphrasing strategies and
proficiency levels of AI-generated tools QuillBot and Paraphrase Tool, focusing on their application to
scientific research abstracts. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools in preventing
plagiarism and their overall paraphrasing capabilities. Employing a qualitative descriptive
methodology, the researchers used purposive sampling to select 30 abstracts from the Journal of
Second Language Writing. The analysis, guided by the frameworks of Keck (2014) and Nabhan et al.
(2021), utilized descriptive statistics to assess the paraphrasing outputs. Results indicated that both
tools predominantly used synonym substitution, with QuillBot favouring word-level changes and
Paraphrase Tool focusing on sentence restructuring.
Kurniati and Fithriani (2022) explored post-graduate students' perceptions of using QuillBot in
English academic writing classes. The study aimed to assess how students perceive this AI-powered
tool and its impact on their academic writing practices. Employing a qualitative case study design, the
researchers involved 20 English education post-graduate students who were already familiar with
QuillBot. Data collection included a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The findings
indicated a positive reception among students, highlighting three primary benefits of QuillBot:
enhancing students' attitudes towards writing, providing a range of user-friendly features, and
supporting language development. The study utilized both quantitative frequency counts for
questionnaire responses and thematic content analysis for interview data. The results suggest that
QuillBot significantly aids in producing high-quality academic writing, underscoring the value of AI
tools in educational settings.
Understanding QuillBot
QuillBot is an advanced AI-powered writing assistant that functions primarily as a paraphrasing tool,
designed to enhance the writing capabilities of students, researchers, and professionals alike. By
utilizing sophisticated algorithms, QuillBot enables users to rephrase text while maintaining the
original meaning, thus promoting originality and clarity in academic and professional writing. Its
diverse features, which include grammar checking, summarization, and citation generation, make it a
comprehensive solution for improving writing quality. The tool is particularly beneficial for students
who seek to enhance their academic performance, researchers aiming to produce polished papers, and
professionals needing to create compelling content efficiently. Quill Bot’s user-friendly interface and
real-time suggestions facilitate a seamless writing experience, making it an invaluable resource in the
academic community. The technology behind QuillBot leverages natural language processing (NLP)
and machine learning (ML) to analyze and understand text, allowing it to provide contextually relevant
suggestions and improvements. NLP techniques enable QuillBot to comprehend the nuances of
language, such as syntax, semantics, and context, which enhances its ability to generate coherent and
fluent paraphrases. Machine learning algorithms continuously improve the tool's performance by
learning from user interactions and feedback, ensuring that it adapts to various writing styles and
preferences over time. This combination of NLP and ML not only elevates the quality of writing but
also empowers users to develop their skills, making QuillBot an essential assistant for anyone engaged

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 Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community

in research and academic writing. By streamlining the writing process and providing valuable insights,
QuillBot significantly contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of the academic community.
Key Features of QuillBot
Paraphrasing Tool
This tool is a standout feature designed to help users maintain the originality of their writing while
enhancing clarity and fluency. It allows users to input text and receive rephrased versions that preserve
the original meaning, making it particularly beneficial for students and researchers who need to avoid
plagiarism and improve their writing quality.
QuillBot offers multiple writing modes, including Standard and Fluency, which cater to different needs
by adjusting the level of changes made to the text. For instance, the Standard mode balances
modifications for clarity while retaining the essence of the content, whereas Fluency mode focuses on
grammatical accuracy and natural readability.
Users can also access a built-in thesaurus for synonym suggestions, enabling them to tailor their
paraphrases further. Additionally, premium users benefit from enhanced features such as tone
adjustments and more extensive change options, making QuillBot a versatile tool for effective
academic writing and research
Grammar Checker
Grammar Checker is an essential feature that significantly enhances the quality of research writing by
ensuring grammatical accuracy, which is crucial for clear and effective communication in academic
contexts. This tool meticulously reviews text for grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors,
highlighting potential mistakes in red to facilitate easy identification and correction. QuillBot employs
advanced algorithms to analyze sentence structure and context, providing users with instant suggestions
for corrections, thereby streamlining the editing process and improving productivity.
The "Fix Errors" option allows users to correct multiple mistakes simultaneously, making it particularly
useful for researchers who need to produce error-free content efficiently. By helping users maintain
high standards of grammatical accuracy, Quill Bot’s Grammar Checker contributes to the overall
professionalism and clarity of academic writing.
Summarization Tool
Summarization Tool is a powerful feature that condenses lengthy research papers and articles into
concise summaries while retaining essential information, making it invaluable for students and
researchers who need to quickly grasp key concepts. Utilizing advanced natural language processing
(NLP) algorithms, Quill Bot analyses the input text to extract the most significant sentences and ideas,
allowing users to choose between different summarization styles, such as bullet points or paragraph
formats. This flexibility enables researchers to tailor summaries to their specific needs, whether for
reviewing literature, preparing study guides, or creating executive briefs.
The tool is particularly beneficial in academic settings where time efficiency is crucial, as it helps users
quickly identify relevant information without losing the context or critical details of the original work.

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Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community

Citation Generator
Citation Generator is an essential feature that simplifies the process of properly citing sources in
academic research papers and projects. Accurate citations are crucial for maintaining academic
integrity, giving credit to original authors, and allowing readers to easily locate referenced materials.
Quill Bot’s Citation Generator supports the most commonly used citation styles, including APA, MLA,
and Chicago, covering a wide range of reference types such as books, websites, and academic journals.
With an intuitive interface, the tool automatically generates complete citations and in-text references,
saving researchers valuable time while ensuring their work adheres to the required citation guidelines.
Whether you're a student writing a term paper or a researcher compiling a literature review, QuillBot's
Citation Generator is a reliable and user-friendly tool for effortlessly creating properly formatted
citations.
Plagiarism Checker
Plagiarism Checker is a vital tool designed to uphold academic integrity by ensuring that research
outputs are original and properly attributed. This feature allows users to input their text and receive
instant feedback on its originality, highlighting any sections that may be flagged as plagiarized,
whether due to identical wording, minor modifications, or paraphrased content. Premium users can
scan up to 20 pages per month, making it suitable for various types of academic writing, including
research papers. While the tool effectively identifies potential plagiarism, it does have limitations, such
as the need for a premium subscription for full functionality and the possibility of false positives in
complex texts. Overall, Quill Bot’s Plagiarism Checker serves as an essential resource for researchers
striving to maintain the integrity of their work while facilitating the proper citation of sources.
Adaptability for Research Needs
It demonstrates remarkable adaptability for research needs through its customizable writing modes and
support for multiple languages, making it an invaluable tool for the academic community. The platform
features nine distinct writing modes, including Standard, Fluency, and Creative, each designed to cater
to specific writing objectives and contexts. For instance, the Standard mode enhances clarity and
fluency while preserving the original meaning, making it ideal for academic papers, whereas the
Creative mode allows for more expressive and imaginative writing, suitable for presentations or
reports. This versatility enables students, researchers, and professionals to select the most appropriate
mode for their writing tasks, ensuring that the output aligns with their intended tone and style. In
addition to its writing modes, QuillBot offers robust support for multiple languages, which is
particularly beneficial for international researchers who may be working in diverse linguistic
environments. The platform's translation capabilities allow users to translate text seamlessly,
facilitating collaboration and communication across language barriers. By accommodating various
languages, QuillBot not only broadens accessibility for non-native English speakers but also enhances
the inclusivity of the research community. This dual focus on customizable writing modes and
multilingual support positions QuillBot as a comprehensive assistant that meets the diverse needs of
researchers, ultimately fostering better communication and collaboration in the academic landscape.

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 Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community

Adaptability to Different Writing Styles

It showcases its adaptability to different writing styles through its customizable paraphrasing modes,
which are designed to meet the specific needs of various writing contexts. The platform offers nine
unique modes, including Standard, Fluency, and Creative, each tailored to achieve distinct objectives.
For example, the Standard mode focuses on enhancing clarity and fluency while preserving the original
meaning, making it ideal for academic papers. In contrast, the Creative mode allows for more
expressive and imaginative writing, suitable for presentations or informal communications. This
versatility ensures that users can select the most appropriate mode for their writing tasks, whether they
require a professional tone for a research article or a more casual style for a blog post. By providing
these customizable options, QuillBot empowers students, researchers, and professionals to produce
high-quality content that aligns with their intended audience and purpose. In addition to its
customizable modes, Quill Bot’s contextual understanding significantly enhances its ability to deliver
relevant and coherent output. The tool analyzes the context of the input text, considering factors such as
sentence structure, semantics, and overall meaning to generate paraphrases that maintain the intended
message. This contextual awareness allows QuillBot to adapt its suggestions based on the nuances of
language, ensuring that the output is not only grammatically correct but also contextually appropriate.
Benefits of Using QuillBot for Researchers
It provides significant benefits for researchers, primarily enhancing time efficiency in the writing and
editing process. By automating various tasks such as paraphrasing, summarization, and citation
generation, QuillBot streamlines the workflow, allowing researchers to focus more on content
development rather than getting bogged down in the mechanics of writing. This efficiency is
particularly crucial in academic settings where deadlines are tight, and the demand for high-quality
output is constant. Additionally, QuillBot offers immediate feedback and suggestions on grammar and
style, which not only saves time but also helps users produce polished, professional documents more
quickly. The user-friendly interface, along with integration options like browser extensions and
compatibility with word processing software, further enhances the accessibility and overall experience,
making it easier for researchers to incorporate the tool into their daily writing routines. Beyond time
efficiency, QuillBot plays a pivotal role in improving writing skills by providing constructive feedback
and suggestions that enhance users’ writing proficiency. Researchers can learn from the corrections and
recommendations made by the tool, which fosters their development as competent writers. This
feedback mechanism is particularly valuable for those who may struggle with academic writing
conventions or are non-native English speakers, as it helps them refine their language skills and
understand the nuances of effective communication. Moreover, Quill Bot’s intuitive design ensures that
users of all skill levels can navigate the platform with ease, making it accessible to a broad audience.
By combining time-saving features with opportunities for skill enhancement and a positive user
experience, QuillBot emerges as an essential resource for researchers in the academic community,
ultimately contributing to improved writing quality and academic success.
Limitations and Ethical Considerations
QuillBot presents certain limitations and ethical considerations that users must be aware of, particularly
when comparing its free and premium versions. The free version provides basic functionalities, such as

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Quill Bot: An AI-Powered Assistant for Research and Academic Community

paraphrasing and grammar checking, but imposes significant restrictions, including a 125-word limit
for paraphrasing and access to only two writing modes. In contrast, the premium version offers
unlimited word limits, additional paraphrasing modes, and features like a plagiarism checker. While the
free plan is suitable for casual users or those just starting, researchers and professionals who require
more extensive capabilities may find the premium plan essential for their writing needs. This disparity
in features raises questions about accessibility and equity, as those who cannot afford the premium
subscription may not fully benefit from the tool's advanced functionalities. Ethically, the reliance on AI
tools like QuillBot in research and academic writing presents potential challenges, particularly
regarding academic integrity and the risk of misuse. While QuillBot can enhance writing quality and
efficiency, there is a concern that over-reliance on AI-generated content may lead to a lack of original
thought and critical analysis among researchers. Additionally, the ease of generating paraphrased
content raises questions about plagiarism and proper attribution, as users must navigate the fine line
between inspiration and imitation. It is crucial for users to employ QuillBot responsibly, ensuring that
they maintain ethical standards in their work by giving proper credit and avoiding any practices that
could undermine academic integrity. As AI tools continue to evolve, ongoing discussions about their
ethical implications will be essential to ensure they are used to support, rather than compromise, the
values of the academic community.
Conclusion
It has made a significant impact on research writing by providing a versatile AI-powered assistant that
enhances the quality and efficiency of academic work. Its various features, such as paraphrasing,
grammar checking, and citation generation, streamline the writing process, allowing researchers to
focus on their ideas and findings rather than the mechanics of writing. As AI tools like QuillBot
become increasingly integrated into academic practices, they offer the potential to improve writing
skills and foster better communication within the academic community. Looking ahead, potential
enhancements and features in development, such as improved contextual understanding and support for
more languages, could further elevate QuillBot's capabilities. The evolving role of AI in academic
research and writing signifies a transformative shift in how scholars approach their work, emphasizing
the need for responsible usage to maintain academic integrity while reaping the benefits of these
powerful tools.
References
1. Chanpradit, T., Samran, P., Saengpinit, S., &Subkasin, P. (2024). Paraphrasing Strategies and
Levels of Proficiency of an AI-generated QuillBot and Paraphrasing Tool: Case Study of Scientific
Research Abstracts. JET (Journal of English Teaching), 10(2), 110-126.
2. Kurniati, E. Y., &Fithriani, R. (2022). Post-graduate students’ perceptions of Quillbot utilization in
English academic writing class. Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics, 7(3), 437-
451.

62 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 Utilizing AI Technologies to Promote Sustainable Development Goals in Libraries
1
Subashini, M. 2Prakash, M. and 3Pramanathan, U. (Dr.)
1
Assistant Librarian, M.G.R. College, Hosur - 635130
2Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore - 641 004
3
Librarian, PSG Institute of Management, Coimbatore - 641004
Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in libraries presents transformative
opportunities for enhancing library services and supporting the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). This paper investigates how AI can strategically advance SDGs by
improving information access, personalizing services, and fostering innovation in library operations.
The research focuses on AI applications, such as natural language processing, machine learning, and
computer vision, and their potential to optimize library management, enhance user experience, and
promote responsible resource consumption. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining case
studies and data analysis from AI-driven library initiatives. The findings reveal that AI significantly
improves search capabilities, automates routine tasks, and aligns library services with SDG objectives
like quality education (SDG 4) and innovation (SDG 9). The paper concludes that, while AI offers
immense potential for sustainable development in libraries, ethical considerations such as bias,
privacy, and data security must be addressed. Libraries must also invest in staff training and AI
literacy to ensure responsible use, positioning themselves as key players in fostering sustainable,
inclusive communities.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Sustainable Development Goals, Library Services Innovation
Introduction
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in libraries is rapidly transforming the way
information is accessed, organized, and delivered, presenting significant opportunities for enhancing
library services and operations. AI technologies, such as natural language processing, machine
learning, and data analytics, are increasingly being utilized to improve search capabilities, automate
routine tasks, and personalize user experiences. These advancements not only streamline library
functions but also enable libraries to better meet the diverse needs of their patrons. As libraries evolve
into dynamic learning environments, the application of AI technologies can drive innovation and
efficiency, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience and expanding access to information. The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations underscore the critical role
that libraries play in promoting quality education, fostering innovation, and supporting sustainable
communities. Libraries serve as vital resources for knowledge dissemination and community
engagement, making them essential partners in achieving the SDGs. By leveraging AI technologies,
libraries can enhance their contributions to these goals, such as improving access to educational
materials and facilitating lifelong learning opportunities. This paper explores how AI can be
strategically implemented in libraries to advance the UN SDGs, highlighting the potential for libraries
to drive sustainable development through innovative services and practices. Through this exploration,

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Utilizing AI Technologies to Promote Sustainable Development Goals in Libraries

the paper aims to demonstrate the transformative power of AI in libraries and its alignment with the
broader objectives of sustainable development.
Review of Literature
Ma and Ko (2022) studied how the Chinese University of Hong Kong Library (CUHK Library)
supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. The objective was to
review the strategic implementation of SDGs in CUHK Library, focusing on SDG 3 (Good Health and
Well-being), SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), and SDG 16
(Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions). The authors highlight CUHK Library's initiatives such as
promoting reading culture, conducting digital and information literacy workshops, organizing dog visits
during exams for student well-being, and collaborating with other departments to support the
university's goals. The findings suggest that academic libraries can contribute to the global plan for
sustainable development by aligning their strategies with the SDGs and engaging in relevant activities.
The paper provides insights into the regional and international perspectives on incorporating SDGs in
academic library practices.
Missingham (2020) explored the role of research libraries in promoting the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). The objective of the study was to assess how the activities of research
libraries, specifically those within the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU),
contribute to four selected SDGs: Quality Education (Goal 4), Gender Equality (Goal 5), Industry,
Innovation, and Infrastructure (Goal 9), and Sustainable Cities and Communities (Goal 11). The
methodology involved analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data collected from public reports
and case studies from IARU member libraries. These case studies were drawn from presentations and
initiatives highlighted on member websites. The findings revealed that research libraries significantly
contribute to education, equity, innovation, and community development, with impacts extending
beyond university boundaries to broader national and international contexts. The study showcased the
value of library collections and services in building educational and research capacities, emphasizing
their role in fostering sustainable development through a new theory of change. An infographic
summarizing these contributions offers a model for ongoing assessment and highlights the libraries'
sustainable impact.
Dey (2023) explored the role of university libraries in the realization of Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) as outlined in the UN's 2030 Agenda. The objective of the study was to evaluate the
level of awareness, knowledge, and attitudes of university libraries globally toward contributing to
SDG attainment. The methodology included both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, focusing on
surveys and case studies from university libraries worldwide. The findings revealed that university
libraries play a pivotal role by providing access to crucial information on health, education, food
security, environment, and gender equality, thereby facilitating the dissemination of knowledge
required to achieve SDGs. Libraries, empowered by new information and communication technologies
(ICT), also contribute to the conservation of resources and promote sustainable practices. The study
highlighted that while libraries are aware of their role in supporting SDGs, there is a need for enhanced
action plans and collaborative efforts to fully leverage their potential in contributing to sustainable
development.

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AI Technologies in Libraries
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Natural language processing (NLP) is a powerful AI technology that is revolutionizing the way
libraries organize and provide access to their resources. By leveraging NLP algorithms, libraries can
enhance search and discovery capabilities, enabling users to find relevant materials more efficiently.
NLP-powered search engines can understand the context and intent behind user queries, returning more
accurate and relevant results. Additionally, NLP can automate the generation of metadata, a crucial
aspect of organizing library collections. By automatically extracting and categorizing key information
from documents, NLP can significantly reduce the time and effort required for metadata creation,
ensuring that resources are properly indexed and easily discoverable. This automation not only
streamlines library operations but also enhances the overall user experience by making it easier for
patrons to access the information they need. As NLP continues to advance, libraries can leverage this
technology to break down language barriers, provide multilingual search options, and cater to diverse
user communities, ultimately fulfilling their mission of providing equitable access to knowledge.
Machine Learning
Machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, is revolutionizing the way libraries deliver
personalized services and optimize user experiences. By leveraging advanced algorithms that learn
from data, machine learning enables libraries to provide tailored recommendations to users based on
their unique interests and needs. This personalization enhances the user experience by helping patrons
discover relevant resources more efficiently, fostering a culture of continuous learning and exploration.
For example, machine learning-powered recommendation systems can analyze a user's browsing
history, ratings, and demographic information to suggest books, articles, or research papers that align
with their preferences. This targeted approach not only increases user engagement but also exposes
users to a wider range of content they may not have discovered otherwise. Moreover, machine learning
can help libraries predict user behavior and optimize their services accordingly. By studying user
patterns, such as peak usage times, popular resources, and common queries, libraries can make data-
driven decisions to improve resource allocation, staffing, and service delivery. This predictive
capability allows libraries to anticipate user needs and proactively address them, ensuring a seamless
and efficient user experience. For instance, machine learning algorithms can forecast high-demand
periods for certain resources, enabling libraries to allocate more copies or extend access during those
times. Similarly, libraries can use machine learning to identify underutilized services and reallocate
resources to areas with greater demand, ensuring that their offerings align with user preferences and
needs. As machine learning continues to advance, libraries will be able to harness its power to
personalize services, optimize operations, and enhance the overall user experience, ultimately fulfilling
their mission of providing equitable access to knowledge and resources.
Computer Vision
Computer vision, a field of artificial intelligence focused on enabling computers to interpret and
understand visual information, is transforming the way libraries manage and provide access to their
collections. By applying advanced image recognition algorithms, computer vision enables libraries to

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Utilizing AI Technologies to Promote Sustainable Development Goals in Libraries

offer visual search capabilities, allowing users to search for and discover resources based on visual
content rather than just text. This feature is particularly useful for disciplines that rely heavily on visual
materials, such as art, architecture, and fashion, where users can search for images based on color,
texture, or even specific visual elements. Moreover, computer vision can assist in the analysis of
documents, extracting key information such as tables, charts, and figures, making it easier for users to
quickly identify and access relevant content. Beyond search and discovery, computer vision also plays
a crucial role in digitization and preservation efforts. By automating the identification and classification
of materials, computer vision can streamline the digitization process, ensuring that materials are
properly catalogued and made accessible to users. Additionally, computer vision can help monitor the
condition of physical collections, alerting librarians to potential preservation issues and enabling
proactive interventions to protect valuable resources. As computer vision continues to advance,
libraries will be able to leverage this technology to enhance user experiences, optimize collection
management, and ensure the long-term preservation of their holdings, ultimately supporting the goals
of universal access to information and knowledge.
Aligning AI with the SDGs
SDG 4: Quality Education
As libraries strive to support the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the
integration of AI technologies can significantly contribute to achieving SDG 4: Quality Education. By
leveraging AI-powered search and recommendation systems, libraries can improve access to
educational resources, ensuring that users, particularly students and lifelong learners, can easily
discover and engage with relevant materials. AI algorithms can analyze user preferences, learning
styles, and academic levels to provide personalized recommendations, exposing them to a diverse range
of content that aligns with their educational needs. This targeted approach not only enhances the user
experience but also encourages exploration and self-directed learning. Furthermore, AI can enable
personalized content delivery, adapting the format, language, and complexity of educational resources
based on individual user characteristics. This personalization can lead to improved learning outcomes,
as users are presented with content that is tailored to their unique strengths, weaknesses, and learning
preferences. By harnessing the power of AI to improve access and personalization, libraries can play a
vital role in promoting inclusive and equitable quality education, contributing to the achievement of
SDG 4 and supporting the overall development of individuals and communities.
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
Aligning AI with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is particularly relevant for SDG 9:
Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, as libraries can leverage AI technologies to modernize their
infrastructure and enhance service delivery. By adopting AI-driven solutions, libraries can streamline
operations, optimize resource allocation, and improve data management, ultimately creating a more
efficient and responsive environment for users. For instance, AI can facilitate the development of smart
libraries that utilize real-time data analytics to manage collections and services effectively, ensuring
that resources are allocated based on actual usage patterns and user needs. This modernization not only
enhances the operational capacity of libraries but also supports innovation by providing access to
cutting-edge technologies that can be utilized for research and learning, thereby fostering a culture of

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continuous improvement and adaptation within the library ecosystem. Furthermore, the digital
transformation enabled by AI technologies allows libraries to play a pivotal role in promoting
sustainable industrialization and innovation. By integrating advanced tools and systems, libraries can
enhance their capacity to support research and development initiatives, particularly in underserved
communities. This includes providing access to digital resources, collaborative platforms, and training
programs that empower users to engage with new technologies and innovative practices. As libraries
continue to evolve into hubs of knowledge and innovation, their ability to harness AI will be crucial in
driving sustainable development. By aligning their services with the goals of SDG 9, libraries can not
only improve their own infrastructure but also contribute to the broader objectives of fostering
inclusive and sustainable industrialization, ultimately enhancing the quality of life within their
communities.
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Sustainable Cities and Communities, as libraries can leverage AI technologies to develop smart library
services that effectively cater to the evolving needs of their users. By utilizing AI-driven systems,
libraries can enhance user engagement through personalized services, real-time feedback mechanisms,
and adaptive resource offerings that respond to the changing demands of their communities. For
instance, AI can analyze usage patterns and preferences to optimize library hours, resource availability,
and programming, ensuring that services are aligned with community needs and fostering a more
inclusive and accessible environment. Additionally, AI can promote sustainable practices through
intelligent resource management, enabling libraries to efficiently allocate materials, reduce waste, and
implement eco-friendly initiatives. By integrating AI technologies into their operations, libraries can
not only enhance their service delivery but also contribute to the sustainability of urban environments,
supporting the development of resilient communities that prioritize both access to knowledge and
environmental stewardship. This alignment with SDG 11 positions libraries as vital players in the quest
for sustainable urban development, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for all residents.
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Responsible Consumption and Production, particularly within the context of library management.
Libraries can utilize AI technologies to implement energy-efficient management systems that optimize
resource consumption, such as smart lighting and climate control, which adjust based on real-time
usage and environmental conditions. These systems not only reduce energy consumption and
operational costs but also contribute to a more sustainable library environment.
Furthermore, AI can play a pivotal role in minimizing paper waste by promoting the use of digital
content and resources. By leveraging AI-driven tools for digitization, libraries can transition from
traditional print materials to electronic formats, facilitating easier access to information while
significantly reducing the need for physical paper. This shift not only supports sustainable practices but
also enhances user engagement by providing immediate access to a wider range of resources. Through
these initiatives, libraries can exemplify responsible consumption and production principles,
demonstrating their commitment to sustainability while fulfilling their mission of providing equitable
access to knowledge and information.

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Utilizing AI Technologies to Promote Sustainable Development Goals in Libraries

SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Aligning AI with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is particularly significant for Goal 16:
Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, as libraries can utilize AI-driven information dissemination to
enhance inclusivity and accessibility. By implementing AI technologies, libraries can streamline the
process of providing access to vital information, ensuring that marginalized communities have equal
opportunities to engage with resources that promote peace and justice. AI can facilitate the creation of
open knowledge repositories, which serve as public access points for information that supports civic
engagement and informed decision-making. These repositories can be enriched with diverse content,
reflecting the needs and voices of various community members, thereby fostering a more inclusive
environment. Furthermore, AI technologies can enhance the discoverability of resources related to legal
rights, social justice, and community resources, empowering individuals to advocate for their rights and
participate actively in societal processes. As libraries embrace these AI-driven initiatives, they not only
contribute to the realization of SDG 16 but also reinforce their essential role as pillars of democracy
and community engagement in the digital age (Herrlich, 2023
Challenges and Considerations
The integration of AI technologies in libraries presents significant ethical concerns that must be
carefully addressed to ensure responsible use and protect user interests. One of the primary issues is the
potential for algorithmic bias, as AI systems are often trained on large datasets that may contain
discriminatory or biased information. This can lead to biased recommendations and search results,
perpetuating existing inequalities and undermining the library's commitment to inclusivity and fairness.
Libraries must therefore implement strategies to mitigate these biases, ensuring that AI technologies are
designed and utilized in a manner that promotes equity and transparency in information access.
Additionally, the collection and use of user data raise privacy and security concerns. Libraries need to
establish robust policies that safeguard user data, ensuring that it is collected, stored, and utilized
responsibly. This includes obtaining informed consent from users and providing options for them to
control their data, thereby fostering trust and accountability in AI applications. By proactively
addressing these ethical challenges, libraries can harness the benefits of AI while upholding their core
values of access, equity, and intellectual freedom. The implementation of AI technologies in libraries
presents several challenges and considerations, particularly regarding the skills and training necessary
for both library staff and users. Upskilling library staff is essential to ensure they can effectively utilize
AI tools and systems, as many librarians currently report a lack of in-depth understanding and
preparedness for the adoption of these technologies. Training initiatives must be comprehensive and
tailored to the diverse applications of AI in libraries, ranging from chatbots to data analytics, enabling
staff to navigate the complexities of AI and integrate it into their workflows confidently. Additionally,
providing AI literacy programs for library users is crucial in fostering a community that can critically
engage with AI technologies. These programs should focus on educating users about AI concepts,
ethical considerations, and practical applications, empowering them to make informed decisions about
the information produced by AI systems. By prioritizing both staff training and user education, libraries
can enhance their capacity to leverage AI effectively while promoting responsible usage and critical

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 Utilizing AI Technologies to Promote Sustainable Development Goals in Libraries

engagement with emerging technologies, ultimately fulfilling their mission of equitable access to
information and knowledge.
Conclusion
The integration of AI technologies in libraries presents a transformative opportunity to promote the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in enhancing access to information, optimizing
resource management, and fostering innovation. This paper has highlighted key points, including the
role of AI in improving user experiences through personalized recommendations, efficient data
management, and the development of smart library services. The future outlook for AI in libraries is
promising, as these technologies can significantly contribute to sustainable development by making
libraries more responsive to community needs and environmental challenges. However, to fully realize
these benefits, libraries must actively explore AI technologies and invest in staff training and user
education to ensure responsible and effective use. Therefore, a call to action is essential for libraries to
further adopt AI-driven sustainability initiatives, engage in ongoing research, and collaborate with
stakeholders to develop innovative solutions that align with the SDGs, ultimately enhancing their role
as vital resources in promoting equitable access to knowledge and fostering sustainable communities.
As libraries embrace AI, they can not only improve their operational efficiencies but also position
themselves as leaders in the pursuit of a more sustainable and informed society.
References
1. Dey, M. (2023). Role of university libraries in Sustainable Development Goals realisation.
International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, 11(4), 481-493.
2. Ma, L. F., & Ko, L. Y. (2022). Supporting the sustainable development goals: The role of the
Chinese University of Hong Kong Library. The journal of academic librarianship, 48(4), 102562.
3. Missingham, R. (2020). Sustainable development goals: Insights from research libraries.
International Journal of Librarianship, 5(2), 13-25.

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 Connecting Users through AI Technologies in Libraries: Enhancing Services and
User Experience
1
Vinoth, S. and 2Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode & Librarian and Information Assistant,
Grade-II, Kalaingar Centenary Library, Madurai.
2
Librarian (SG) & Head, Research DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode
Abstract
This paper investigates the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies within
library environments. It examines how AI-powered chat bots, generative AI tools, and AI-driven
analytics can revolutionize user engagement, streamline library operations, and offer personalized
services. The discussion also includes ethical considerations and challenges associated with AI
implementation, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and future prospects of
AI in libraries.
Keywords: Chatbots, AI tools, Library operations
Introduction
Libraries have historically embraced technological advancements to improve information access and
enrich user experiences. In the digital era, Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a groundbreaking
opportunity for libraries to further innovate their services and operational processes. AI technologies
offer exceptional possibilities for personalizing user interactions, automating routine tasks, and gaining
profound insights into user behavior and preferences.
This paper explores the multifaceted applications of AI in libraries, focusing on three primary areas:
AI-powered chatbots for user assistance, generative AI for content creation and curation, and AI-driven
analytics for user behavior tracking and resource recommendation. Additionally, it addresses the ethical
considerations and implementation challenges that arise with these technologies.
The integration of AI in libraries transcends mere technological enhancement; it signifies a reimagining
of the library’s role in the modern information age. By harnessing AI, libraries can become more
responsive to user needs, more efficient in their operations, and more effective in fulfilling their
mission of knowledge dissemination and learning facilitation.
AI-Powered Chat bots for User Assistance
Definition and Types of Chat bots
Chat bots have emerged as a significant tool for improving user interactions in libraries. These AI-
driven applications simulate human conversation through text or voice, offering immediate support. In
libraries, chatbots are generally categorized as follows:

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Table 1: Types of Chatbots

Type Description Use Cases

Rule-Based Operates on predefined rules and decision trees. Ideal Library hours, loan periods, basic
for straightforward queries. catalog searches.

AI- Utilizes machine learning to understand context and Research assistance, personalized
Powered natural language. Handles complex queries. reading recommendations.

Hybrid Combines rule-based and AI-powered features. Routine inquiries and sophisticated
Balances routine queries with complex interactions. user assistance.

Implementation Strategies for Library-Specific Chatbots

Table 2: Key Strategies for Chabot Implementation

Strategy Description

Natural Language Processing Employ advanced NLP techniques to interpret user queries, recognize
(NLP) intent, and extract relevant information.

Integration with Library Connect chat bots with library catalogs and user management systems
Systems for real-time and personalized assistance.

Use machine learning algorithms to improve Chabot responses and

Continuous Learning
refine the knowledge base based on user feedback.

Deploy chat bots across various platforms (e.g., websites, mobile apps)
Multi-channel Deployment
and ensure consistency in responses.

Establish criteria for escalating interactions to human librarians and

Human Handoff Mechanisms
ensure smooth transitions.

Case Studies of Successful Chatbot Implementations

Table 3: Impact of Chatbot Implementations
Library Chabot Key Features Impact
Name

University of Bizzy Real-time catalog integration, step-by- 30% reduction in basic queries,
Oklahoma step research guidance, personalized 24% increase in digital
Libraries recommendations. engagement.

National AskLee Multilingual support, national digital Handles 70% of queries

Library Board library integration, AI-powered autonomously, 40% increase in
of Singapore recommendations. e-resource usage.

New York SimplyE E-book catalog navigation, personalized 50% increase in e-book
Public Library reading suggestions, real-time updates circulation, 35% reduction in
on holds. technical support calls.

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Benefits and Limitations of Chatbot Assistance

Table 4: Benefits and Limitations of Chatbots

Benefits Limitations

24/7 Availability Difficulty with complex queries

Consistent Information Delivery Misinterpretation of natural language

Reduced Workload for Staff Need for regular updates

Enhanced User Experience Limited emotional intelligence

Data Collection for Service Improvement Dependency on technology

Generative AI for Content Creation and Curation

Overview of Generative AI Models
Generative AI models, like GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), mark a major advancement in
AI technology. These models apply sophisticated deep learning methods to generate text and are built
on the following key principles:
Table 5: Core Principles of Generative AI
Principle Description

Neural Network Employs transformer architecture and attention mechanisms for processing input
Architecture data.

Pre-training and Fine- Pre-trained on extensive text data and fine-tuned for specific tasks or domains.
tuning

Contextual Maintains context over long text sequences and adapts output based on input
Understanding nuances.

Multilingual Capabilities Supports multiple languages, enhancing global applications.

Scalability Scalable to billions of parameters, improving performance on complex tasks.

Applications in Library Settings

Table 6: Applications of Generative AI in Libraries

Application Description Example

Automated Content Generates concise summaries of AI tool provides overviews of new

Summarization resources to aid quick information books for quick relevance assessment.
retrieval.

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Metadata Generation Creates or improves metadata for AI enriches digitized documents with
and Enhancement enhanced searchability and detailed metadata.
discoverability.

Personalized Reading Provides tailored recommendations based AI generates custom reading lists
Recommendations on user preferences and reading history. based on course syllabus and
borrowing history.

Multilingual Content Produces and translates content in AI translates library newsletters into
Creation multiple languages to serve diverse multiple languages.
populations.

Interactive Learning Creates quizzes and learning exercises AI generates study guides and
Materials based on library resources. practice questions for students.

Automated Report Produces reports on library usage, AI generates monthly reports

Generation resource popularity, and user highlighting key performance
engagement. indicators.

Enhanced Reference Assists librarians in drafting detailed AI drafts bibliographies for complex
Services responses and creating bibliographies. research topics.

Ethical Considerations in Using AI-Generated Content

Table 7: Ethical Considerations

Issue Considerations Recommendations

Authenticity and Ensure transparency and proper Implement clear labeling and citation
Attribution attribution of AI-generated content. guidelines.

Quality Control Verify accuracy and reliability of AI- Establish review processes and user
generated content. feedback mechanisms.

Copyright and Navigate legal implications of AI- Consult legal experts and develop clear
Intellectual Property generated content. usage policies.

Bias and Prevent perpetuation of biases in AI Regularly audit AI for biases and diversify
Representation outputs. data sources.

Privacy and Data Safeguard user data when used in AI Implement robust data protection
Protection systems. measures and obtain user consent.

Transparency in AI Clearly communicate AI involvement Develop user-friendly disclosure methods

Use in content creation. and educational resources.

Impact on Human Balance AI efficiency with human Use AI to augment rather than replace
Creativity creativity and expertise. human skills.

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Conclusion
Integrating AI technologies into libraries offers a transformative opportunity to enhance services,
enrich user experiences, and redefine their role in the digital era. AI-powered chatbots, generative tools,
and analytics provide extensive benefits, from 24/7 user assistance to personalized content creation and
detailed user insights. However, adopting AI brings challenges such as data privacy, algorithmic bias,
and shifting library roles, necessitating strategic planning, ongoing evaluation, and a commitment to
ethical practices. Future advancements promise further innovations, including virtual reality
experiences and enhanced digital preservation. To harness AI's full potential, libraries must balance
technological progress with core values like access to information, privacy, and community service.
Ultimately, AI can make library services more responsive, personalized, and efficient, but its success
will hinge on thoughtful implementation that aligns with the fundamental principles of librarianship.
References
1. Young, A. P., & Desai, M. (2021). "AI-Powered Chatbots in Academic Libraries: A Pathway to
Enhanced User Experience." Journal of Library Automation and Technology, 18(2), 45-56.
2. Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL). (2020). Library Chatbots: User
Experiences and Best Practices. Available at: ACRL Website
3. Radford, A., Wu, J., & Amodei, D. (2019). "Language Models are Few-Shot Learners." OpenAI
Research Papers. Available at: OpenAI
4. Park, S. (2020). "Generative AI Applications in Library Resource Management: A Case Study."
Library Innovations, 32(4), 21-37.

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 Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Providing Library Services for
Students with Disabilities in the Academic Libraries
1
Indumathi, K. (Dr.), 2Srilakshmi, B. (Dr.) and 3Sophia, R.
1
Librarian, Anna Adarsh College for Women, Chennai
2
Librarian, Sri Theagaraya College, Chennai.
Librarian, Meston College of Education, Chennai.
Abstract
This paper examines how the Academic library services for the students with disabilities can be
improved with the support of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It also targets the contribution to the
accessibility and inclusivity of library resources. The impact of following AI-driven tool voice
recognition, text-to-speech, and AI-powered search and recommendation systems—on the accessibility
of library services for individuals with disabilities also have been described.
Keywords: Library Services, Academic Libraries, Artificial Intelligence, Disabled.
Introduction
According to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, a person with a disability is defined as a
person with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities,
including the ability to work, has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such an
impairment.
Disability may be Physical, Cognitive, Mental, Sensory, Emotional or combination of these. Disability
is the tem used to define a restriction in the ability to perform a normal activity of daily living. There
are a number of online resources that discuss this problem and suggest solutions for the disabled
persons.
Normally the disabled persons are not much concentrated by the library staff. They have to depend on
the organizations who hold the facilities meant for them. So the librarians have to take steps to
introduce assistive technology devices in their libraries which would serve as Learning Resource
Centers to the disabled to develop their skills and knowledge.
According to Indian Disability Act the following are considered as disabilities:
➢ Visually challenged
➢ Hearing impaired
➢ Mobility impaired
➢ Intellectual disability
➢ Multiple disorder
How AI helps the students with disabilities in Libraries
Libraries have long served as centres of knowledge and learning, offering resources and services to
diverse populations. However, full access to the vast information available in these institutions is not

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Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in providing Library Services…

always attainable for everyone. For individuals with visual impairments, conventional methods of
accessing books and other materials can pose significant challenges. Thankfully, advancements in
artificial intelligence (AI) have created new opportunities for libraries to better support students with
disabilities. This discussion will explore how AI technologies improve accessibility in libraries, making
information more inclusive for all.
Objectives of the study
➢ To analyze the different kinds of AI technological based facilities available in the libraries to the
students with disabilities.
➢ To suggest various kinds of assistive technologies that are necessary for the future libraries to
satisfy the differently abled users.
➢ To adapt new technologies in their libraries to access those e-resources and enhance the services to
the disabled customers.
Literature Review
Antonie Alaban and Anjali Singh (2024) examine the challenges faced by students with disabilities
and the innovative approaches libraries have taken to address these issues. By exploring various types
of disabilities, including hearing, visual, and physical impairments, this study provides a
comprehensive overview of the technological advancements and adaptable strategies implemented to
enhance accessibility. The research focuses on assistive tools such as screen readers, Braille displays,
speech-to-text software, and comfortable workspaces. Additionally, it investigates how digital
resources like open e-books and online libraries can assist students with disabilities in conducting their
own research and utilizing library services effectively.Balaji Maddisetty (2024) investigates the
application of robotic technologies to enhance library accessibility for individuals with various
disabilities, including visual, hearing, physical, and cognitive impairments. He highlights the
significance of creating inclusive environments and the role libraries play in fostering inclusivity.
Robots can assist with language translation, deliver real-time updates, and help organize library
collections, promoting collaboration and communication among users. Additionally, they can offer
accessibility features such as text-to-speech capabilities and tactile interfaces. He recommends that
libraries partner with disability advocacy organizations and train staff on disability awareness and
inclusive practices to improve accessibility and the implementation of assistive technologies and
innovative solutions tailored to the specific needs of individuals with disabilities, ultimately enhancing
their experiences.
Wheatley, Amanda, and Herviewx, Sandy (2020) discuss the growing presence of artificial
intelligence (AI) in academic libraries through an environmental scan of their engagement with AI. The
authors reviewed scholarly articles, strategic plans from university libraries, and library programming
to assess references to AI and the contexts in which it was mentioned, focusing on leading research
universities in the United States and Canada. Their primary aim was to explore the future role of
librarians in an AI-driven landscape and how libraries are adapting to this shift. They found that there is
generally a lack of response or awareness regarding the current AI trend, although a small number of
institutions are actively participating in or establishing their own AI hubs.AI Technology for the
disabled students to access the resources in the library.

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AI technology plays a major role in improving the library services for the students with disabilities.
Library professionals should think of providing variety of new services to their users of all kinds.
Service to the students with disabilities is one among them.
AI in libraries for visually Challenged
For individuals with visual impairments, accessing library resources can be a significant challenge.
However, AI has emerged as a transformative technology, allowing libraries to create more inclusive
environments and ensuring equal access to information for all. Here are some devices designed to assist
visually impaired students in accessing library resources:
AI-Powered Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Systems
OCR systems utilize AI algorithms to accurately extract and interpret text from scanned images and
documents, enabling visually impaired individuals to access a wide range of reading materials.
Text-to-Speech Conversion for Audio books
AI has empowered libraries to transform printed materials into audiobooks using advanced text-to-
speech conversion methods. By employing natural language processing and machine learning
algorithms, libraries can convert written content into high-quality audio formats.
This allows visually impaired individuals to listen to books, articles, and other texts, greatly enhancing
their access to information.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) for Voice-Based Searches
AI-powered Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have made voice-based searches in
library catalogs and databases possible. Visually impaired individuals can use voice commands to look
for specific books or topics, removing the need for manual browsing.
NLP systems can understand spoken queries and deliver relevant results, creating a more efficient and
accessible search experience.
Assistive Technologies for Navigation and Orientation
Navigating library spaces can be difficult for individuals with visual impairments. AI-driven assistive
technologies, including smart beacons and indoor navigation systems, have become essential tools.
By utilizing location data and AI algorithms, these technologies offer audio guidance, enabling visually
impaired individuals to navigate libraries independently and find specific resources.
Enhanced Accessibility through AI-Enabled Smart Devices
AI-enabled smart devices, like smart phones and tablets, have become essential tools for improving
accessibility in libraries. With specialized applications and features, these devices can offer text-to-
speech capabilities, magnification options, and voice-controlled interfaces.
Libraries can provide these devices to visually impaired visitors, allowing them to access information
and use library resources more effectively.

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Braille Conversion and Printing Services

Braille is an essential reading and writing system for individuals with visual impairments. AI
technologies have advanced significantly in automating the braille conversion process.
Libraries can use AI-powered software to convert digital texts into braille formats and offer embossing
or printing services. This enables visually impaired individuals to access a wider variety of reading
materials, promoting literacy and inclusion.
AI-Powered Image Recognition for Visual Description
Visual content, including photographs and illustrations, can be challenging for individuals with visual
impairments. AI-powered image recognition technologies can offer detailed descriptions of such
content, helping visually impaired users to better understand and appreciate visual materials. Libraries
can utilize these technologies to improve the accessibility of image-rich resources, making them more
meaningful and inclusive.
Chroma PLUS Magnifier
This device enables users to enlarge everyday printed reading materials. By placing a book, newspaper,
or any printed item on a platform, the image is displayed enlarged on a screen above. It magnifies
images up to 60 times, reduces glare, and eliminates hot spots. The monitor is positioned directly in
front of the user for comfortable reading.
ZoomText Magnifier/Reader
This software enhances items on the computer screen for individuals with low vision. With ZoomText,
users can enlarge icons, text, and other graphics. It can magnify images up to 16 times, though most
users typically magnify between 2 and 8 times.
Jaws for Windows Screen Reader
This screen-reading software works alongside a speech synthesizer to help individuals who are blind by
vocalizing the content displayed on the computer screen. JAWS for Windows can also be used for
browsing the Internet.
Pearl Reader/Open Book Ruby
Designed for individuals who are blind, this scanner/reader transforms printed or typeset material into
clear spoken output from the computer. The text can be read aloud instantly, saved on a computer disk,
or formatted for Braille production.
Braille Printer
This device prints text documents in Braille format, allowing students with visual impairments to read
them.

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 Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in providing Library Services…

AI in libraries for Hearing Impaired

Many computer users who are deaf or hard of hearing can use the computer itself without issues.
However, challenges may arise with programs and websites that rely on audio cues. Both Microsoft and
Apple offer programs that help address some of the difficulties posed by audio prompts.
Sound Sentry: Certain warnings and instructions and messages in the computer are indicated by a beep
sound, which persons with hearing impairments may not pick up. Setting the Sound Sentry option
makes the computer flash part of the display/window every time the computer beeps. It is being found
in all Microsoft Windows and Vista programs as well as in Apple computers program.
Instant Messaging: This mainstream technology allows staff and patrons who cannot hear to “talk”
with one another.
ALD (Amplification) system: This device is useful for the hearing impaired to hear loudly and clearly
in accessing some of the information with audio.
Headsets and "Neckloops” is one of the assistive device available for the visually challenged as well
as the users with hearing impairment to enable them to access to the library resources.
AI in libraries for Physically Disabled:
Intellikeys Keyboard
This specialized keyboard makes it easier for individuals who have difficulty typing on a standard
keyboard to use a personal computer. The Intellikeys keyboard operates like a regular keyboard but
includes special features that enable individuals with physical disabilities to access all software
programs on the computer. It uses overlays that offer various keyboard layouts, including options with
large letters and numbers, high-contrast colors, and both alphabetical and QWERTY arrangements of
keys.
Dragon Dictate Voice Recognition Software
Voice recognition technology enables users to interact with their computers by speaking, making it
especially beneficial for those who have significant difficulty using a traditional mouse and keyboard.
Dragon Dictate allows for completely hands-free computer use. Additionally, audio resources can assist
individuals with cognitive challenges in recalling sounds and understanding information.
Conclusion
Although Academic libraries cannot be expected to have specialized equipment for every type of
disability, librarians should be aware of AI technologies for providing services to the disabled users and
making library resources accessible. In addition, they have to develop a procedure to ensure a quick
response to requests for accommodations to meet the needs of the students with disabilities. AI
Technology can open doors and breakdown many barriers of the disabled students. So the academic
librarians can explore new AI technology developments to accommodate the students with disabilities.

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Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in providing Library Services…

References
1. Lovejoy, Eunice G. (1990) “Portraits of Library Service to People with Disabilities.” Boston, MA:
G.K. Hall,. ISBN: 0816119228.
2. Mates, Barbara. (1991) “Library Technology for Visually and Physically Impaired
Patrons.” Westport, SCT: Meckler, 1991. ISBN: 0887367046.
3. Crispen, Joanne, L., ed. (1993) “The Americans with Disabilities Act: Its Impact on Libraries: The
Library's Response in "Doable" Steps.” Chicago: ASCLA, ISBN: 0838976360.
4. Graubart, Marilyn, "Training and Specialized Bibliographic Instruction." Information Technology
and Disabilities (Vol. 2 No. 4, December 1995) “A brief account of library instruction aimed at
people with physical disabilities.”
5. Massis, Bruce Edward, ed. (1996) “Serving Print Disabled Library Patrons: A Textbook for
Facilitators of Library service to people with Visual or Physical impairments.” Jefferson, NC:
McFarland,.
6. Balaji Maddisetty, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol 71 No.2, 2024.
7. Wheatley, Amanda and Heviewx, Sandy, (2019 ) “Information Services & Use,” vol. 39, no. 4, pp.
347-356,.
8. Antonie to Alaban and Anjali Singh, (2024) “Accessibility, Assistive Technologies, Inclusive
Education, University Libraries, Students with Disabilities,” LIB PRO, Vol. 44 No. 1,.
9. Blogs Accessibility software, AI, AI as services in libraries, AI for visual impaired, AI in
Libraries, Artificial Intelligence (AI)lity, Assistive reading devices, Assistive technology, Audio
descriptions, Challenges Faced by the Visually Impaired, Digital braille, Digital collections, Digital
libraries, Electronic reading devices, future of AI in libraries, How AI Facilitates Libraries to
Support the Visually Impaired, Image recognition, Inclusive technology, Libraries and
librarians, Library blogs, libraryinf.com, Machine learning, Natural language processing
(NLP), OCR, OCR AI, Optical character recognition (OCR), Text-to-Speech Conversion for
Audiobooks, Text-to-speech technology, The Rise of AI in libraries, Visually impaired, Voice
assistants, Web accessibility
10. https://www.cityu.edu.hk/lib/service/disability.html

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 Harnessing AI for Enhanced Disaster Management in Sports Science:
Innovations in Safety and Resilience
1
Velayutham, A. (Dr.) 2Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.) and 3Manikandan, S.
1
Librarian, SRMV, Maruthi College of Physical Education, Coimbatore
2
Librarian (SG) & Head, Research DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode
3
Research Scholar, Research DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode & Librarian and
Information Assistant, Grade - I, Anna Centenary Library, Kotturpuram, Chennai
Abstract
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into disaster management for sports science represents a
transformative development that significantly enhances safety, preparedness, and resilience. AI
technologies are being applied to disaster prediction, real-time monitoring, emergency response, and
recovery strategies, ensuring the safety of athletes, sports personnel, fans, and infrastructure. This
paper explores the latest applications of AI in sports disaster management, including real-world
examples of AI-driven weather forecasting, smart stadiums, and drone technology. It also addresses
AI's role in mitigating climate-related events, natural disasters, and pandemics, and discuss the future
outlook and ethical implications of these technologies.
Keywords: Sports science, Sports safety, Disaster management, AI, Artificial Intelligence.
Introduction
Sports events, characterized by large crowds and high-value infrastructure, pose unique challenges in
disaster management. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, and pandemics, like COVID-
19, can severely impact sporting events and the safety of participants. The advent of AI-driven
solutions in disaster management represents a significant shift in how the sports industry prepares for
and responds to emergencies. This paper investigates the transformative role of AI in enhancing
disaster preparedness, response, and recovery within sports science.
Review of Literature
Bostrom, N. (2014) explored the broad implications of AI advancements, including their potential
impacts on various domains, such as disaster management in his study on Superintelligence: Paths,
Dangers, and Strategies. This work provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how AI
technologies might evolve and influence critical sectors.
Toh, S. H., & Erdem, S. (2022) specifically addressed the application of AI in sports, including
predictive modeling and disaster preparedness under his work on AI in Sports: Data-Driven Insights
and Disaster Preparedness. It propose practical examples and case studies that highlight how AI can
enhance safety and resilience in sports events.
Priest, G. (2012) gave a comprehensive overview of disaster management strategies, including
technological advancements. His research work lays the groundwork for understanding the integration
of AI into traditional disaster management practices.

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AI in Disaster Preparedness for Sports Science

Predictive Modeling and Climate Risk Assessment
Technology Accuracy Application

Traditional Models 70% General weather forecasting

AI-Based Models 90% Event-specific forecasting

Table 1 highlights that traditional weather forecasting models have an accuracy of 70%, typically used
for general predictions. In contrast, AI-based models achieve 90% accuracy, providing more precise
forecasts tailored to specific events. This improved accuracy enables better planning and risk
management for events, enhancing overall safety.
Instance: AI for Weather Forecasting at the 2022 FIFA World Cup: utilized AI systems to predict
extreme weather conditions, improving the ability to manage events amidst high temperatures and
adverse weather.
AI-Powered Smart Stadiums with IOT Integration
This real-time structural monitoring ensures stadium safety, optimized crowd management enhances
evacuation procedures, and environmental control maintains ideal conditions by monitoring
temperature, humidity, and air quality.
Instance: Real-Time Infrastructure Monitoring in Allianz Arena: ensures safety by detecting
structural vulnerabilities and optimizing evacuation processes.
AI-Driven Drone Technology for Surveillance and Risk Analysis
AI-powered drones are crucial for disaster preparedness, offering advanced risk assessment and
environmental monitoring.
Instance: AI Drones for Wildfire Monitoring at Outdoor Sporting Events: provided real-time
aerial footage and heat signatures, allowing organizers to make informed decisions about event safety.
AI in Disaster Response for Sports Science
Real-Time Data Analytics for Emergency Response and Crowd Management
AI has proven invaluable during disaster response, especially in crowd management and real-time data
analytics. AI-powered systems can analyze live video feeds from cameras in sports venues, identifying
irregular crowd behaviors and potential hazards, such as overcrowding or dangerous bottlenecks in
evacuation routes.
Instance: AI-Driven Crowd Management at Wimbledon: At Wimbledon, AI-based systems
monitored crowd movement, preventing overcrowding and enhancing safety during emergencies.

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 Harnessing AI for Enhanced Disaster Management in Sports Science: Innovations in Safety…

AI-Powered Communication Systems for Disaster Alerts

System Alert Speed Personalization
Traditional Moderate Low
AI-Based Assessment Fast High

Table 2 outlines that AI-powered IoT integration in stadiums enhances safety through real-time
structural monitoring, improves evacuation efficiency with optimized crowd management, and
maintains comfort by regulating temperature, humidity, and air quality.
Instance: AI Communication System at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics:during Tokyo 2020, AI-powered
platforms effectively managed disaster alerts, improving response times and clarity for attendees.
AI in Disaster Recovery for Sports Science
AI-Driven Damage Assessment and Infrastructure Repair
After a disaster, AI systems can accelerate recovery by aiding in damage assessment. Machine learning
models analyze images and data from the impacted areas to produce damage reports and prioritize
repairs. Additionally, AI can optimize the allocation of resources for reconstruction, ensuring that
critical infrastructure is addressed promptly.
Instance: AI for Stadium Damage Assessment after Hurricane Ida:provided detailed insights into
structural vulnerabilities, expediting repair efforts.
AI for Athlete Mental Health and Recovery Post-Disaster
Platform Primary Function User Feedback
Wysa Conversational Therapy Positive
Woebot Cognitive Exercises Positive

Table 6 shows that AI mental health platforms Wysa, which offers conversational therapy, and Woebot,
which provides cognitive exercises, both receive positive user feedback for their effectiveness in
supporting mental health.
Instance: AI Mental Health Platforms for Athletes during COVID-19:offered real-time support to
athletes, addressing anxiety and maintaining mental well-being.
Future Trends and Challenges
AI and Robotics in Emergency Response
Method Capabilities Limitations
AI Robots Search & rescue, navigation High cost, maintenance
Traditional Methods Manual search, rescue Limited reach, slower

Table 7 compares AI robots and traditional methods: AI robots excel in search and rescue with
advanced navigation but face high costs and maintenance challenges. Traditional methods, while more
cost-effective, offer limited reach and slower response times.

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Instance: AI Robots for Search and Rescue during Earthquakes:AI robots are being developed to
assist in search and rescue during earthquakes, offering enhanced capabilities in challenging
environments.
Ethical Considerations and Data Privacy Concerns
The widespread adoption of AI in disaster management raises important ethical concerns, particularly
around data privacy. AI systems require access to large amounts of personal data, including health and
biometric information from athletes and event attendees.Addressing data privacy concerns involves
implementing robust security measures and ethical guidelines for AI usage.
Conclusion
The integration of AI in disaster management for sports industry represents a significant advancement,
enhancing safety, preparedness, and resilience. From predictive modeling to real-time data analytics
and recovery planning, AI technologies are helping sports organizations prepare for, respond to, and
recover from disasters more effectively than ever before. As AI continues to evolve, it will play an
increasingly crucial role in safeguarding athletes, fans, and infrastructure from the devastating effects
of natural and man-made disasters. However, the sports industry must also address the ethical
challenges posed by AI, ensuring that data privacy and responsible.
References
1. Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press.
2. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., &Courville, A. (2016). Deep learning. MIT Press.
3. Mohri, M., Rostamizadeh, A., & Talwalkar, A. (2018). Foundations of machine learning. MIT
Press.
4. Priest, G. (2012). Disaster management: A comprehensive approach. Nova Science Publishers.
5. Sutton, R. S., &Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT Press.
6. Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35.
https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215
7. Toh, S. H., & Erdem, S. (2022). AI in sports: Data-driven insights and disaster preparedness.
Springer.
8. Skiena, S. (2017). The data science design manual. Springer.

84 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)

 The Role of AI Tools in Enhancing Library Services: A Comprehensive Review
Dhina Suresh, (Dr.)
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
St. Joseph’s College of Arts and Science for Women, Hosur
Abstract
This paper delves into the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in libraries and how various AI
tools are reshaping library operations. Libraries have become increasingly reliant on AI for handling
tasks such as information retrieval, digital archiving, collection management, and accessibility
improvements. The discussion also covers specific AI tools like Research Rabbit, Perplexity, Scite,
ChatGPT, Consensus, EndNote, Semantic Scholar, Elicit, and QuillBot. The study demonstrates how AI
enhances research efficiency and streamlines information management, with significant implications
for librarians, researchers, and students. This review emphasizes the potential and ongoing influence
of AI technologies in advancing library services to meet user demands in the digital age.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, AI Tools, Libraries, Research Rabbit, ChatGPT, Scite, Digital
Archives, Collection Development, Information Retrieval, Virtual Assistants
Introduction
Libraries have long been considered centers for knowledge dissemination and academic learning,
playing a crucial role in education and research. With the rise of digital technology, the traditional role
of libraries has evolved, particularly through the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies.
AI brings automation and advanced data analysis capabilities that enhance the overall management and
service offerings in libraries. The development of AI tools such as Research Rabbit, Perplexity, Scite,
and others has significantly improved how librarians interact with resources, process data, and assist
users in finding relevant information (Poluru, 2024; Chandrashekara&Mulimani, 2024).
AI, defined as a branch of computer science dedicated to creating machines that mimic human
intelligence, is becoming integral to library services (Coursera, 2024). From virtual assistants helping
users navigate resources to AI-driven analytics optimizing collection development, libraries have
embraced the efficiency and scalability offered by these technologies. This paper examines how AI is
used in modern libraries, providing a comprehensive review of the tools and technologies that are
shaping the future of library management.
Evolution of Libraries in the Digital Age
With the advent of the internet, libraries faced a challenge: how to remain relevant in an era where
information is readily available online. AI has presented libraries with an opportunity to stay ahead by
offering tools that manage digital archives, automate repetitive tasks, and enhance the user experience
through personalized services.

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The Role of AI Tools in Enhancing Library Services: A Comprehensive Review

Problem Statement
Libraries face several challenges: increasing amounts of information, the need for efficient data
management, and the demand for tailored services. AI tools can address these challenges by improving
accessibility, reducing operational costs, and providing libraries with data-driven insights into user
behavior.
Literature Review
The use of AI in libraries has gained momentum in recent years, with various researchers and
professionals exploring its impact on library operations. Several studies have addressed the challenges
and opportunities presented by AI in libraries.Poluru (2024) discusses the widespread application of AI
in library services, from expert systems providing reference assistance to robots helping with book
sorting and virtual reality enhancing learning experiences. Chandrashekara and Mulimani (2024)
explored how AI tools could improve information access, emphasizing the role of AI in enhancing
library operations across diverse user groups. Similarly, Mali (2023) highlighted the significance of AI
tools like ChatGPT in streamlining research processes and ensuring the ethical use of AI in information
retrieval. Oseji et al. (2021) explored AI applications such as subject indexing and collection
development, emphasizing how AI can improve efficiency in library workflows. These studies
demonstrate the growing importance of AI in library services and underscore the need for continuous
evaluation to address ethical concerns and operational challenges.
Objectives
The primary objectives of this study are:
➢ To understand the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications in libraries.
➢ To identify various AI tools utilized in modern library management.
➢ To analyze how AI enhances research processes and information retrieval.
➢ To explore the unique features of different AI tools and their practical uses in libraries.
➢ To evaluate the challenges and opportunities presented by AI in libraries.
Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,
particularly computer systems. The core activities that AI performs include learning (through data-
driven algorithms), reasoning (using decision-making logic), and self-correction (Coursera, 2024).
AI technologies such as natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and neural networks
enable computers to perform tasks such as speech recognition, image processing, decision-making, and
data analysis. According to McCarthy, one of the founding fathers of AI, "Artificial Intelligence is
making a machine behave in ways that would be considered intelligent if a human were to behave
similarly" (Poluru, 2024). This description emphasizes the human-like reasoning capabilities of AI
systems, which allow them to interpret data, recognize patterns, and make decisions without human
intervention.

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 The Role of AI Tools in Enhancing Library Services: A Comprehensive Review

AI systems that are used in libraries range from virtual assistants that assist users in finding information
to complex algorithms that analyze user behavior and recommend new resources based on their
preferences. By applying AI technologies, libraries can create more dynamic and user-friendly
environments that cater to individual needs.
Applications of AI in Libraries
➢ Information Retrieval
➢ AI-driven search engines enhance the discoverability of library resources by interpreting user
queries, analyzing vast amounts of content, and providing highly relevant results.
➢ Natural language processing (NLP) is often employed in these systems, allowing users to search
for resources using conversational language rather than strict keywords (Pavitra, 2024). For
example, an AI-powered search engine might understand a user's intent and offer recommendations
based on prior searches, saving time and effort.
➢ Example: AI systems like Perplexity enhance the search experience by offering interactive search
results with transparent citations, helping users access real-time information efficiently.
➢ Digital Archives and Preservation
➢ AI plays a critical role in the digitization and preservation of rare manuscripts and historical
documents.
➢ These items are often fragile, and digitization ensures their longevity. AI algorithms automate this
process, enhancing the accuracy and speed of digitization. Furthermore, AI aids in creating
metadata for digital archives, making it easier for users to locate specific documents (Scite, 2024).
➢ Example: Libraries can use tools like Scite to organize large digital archives, ensuring that users
have access to credible, well-preserved resources.
➢ Virtual Assistants
➢ Libraries are increasingly utilizing AI-based virtual assistants or chatbots to improve user
engagement. These assistants can answer common questions, help users locate books, and provide
personalized recommendations (Rawat, 2024). By automating repetitive inquiries, virtual
assistant’s free up library staff to focus on more complex tasks, enhancing overall efficiency.
➢ Example: ChatGPT can serve as a conversational assistant in libraries, helping users navigate
digital resources and find specific information more efficiently.
➢ Collection Development
➢ AI algorithms analyze user behavior and preferences to offer insights into which materials should
be added to a library's collection. By understanding usage patterns, AI tools help libraries acquire
the most relevant and frequently requested materials, ensuring that their collections remain up-to-
date and aligned with user interests (Research Rabbit, 2024).
Example: Tools like Research Rabbit provide visualization maps and citation-based recommendations
that assist librarians in making informed collection development decisions.

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The Role of AI Tools in Enhancing Library Services: A Comprehensive Review

AI Tools Used in Libraries

This section explores the most prominent AI tools that are reshaping library services.
Research Rabbit
A state-of-the-art citation-based literature mapping tool, Research Rabbit allows librarians and
researchers to explore academic papers through citation networks and visualization tools. Its core
functionality involves presenting users with related publications based on one or more seed papers
(Research Rabbit, 2024).
Perplexity
Developed in 2022, Perplexity is an AI-powered search engine designed to improve user experience by
generating real-time, accurate search results with linked citations. Perplexity’s Copilot feature provides
an interactive search interface, making it a useful tool for information retrieval in libraries (Pavitra,
2024).
Scite
Scite is a citation analysis tool that evaluates whether a paper supports or contradicts the works it cites.
This allows librarians to provide users with more nuanced information, ensuring that research materials
are backed by sound evidence (Scite, 2024).
ChatGPT
ChatGPT’s ability to engage in natural conversations makes it an ideal virtual assistant for libraries. It
can be used to answer reference questions, recommend materials, and assist in information retrieval. Its
advanced language models and contextual understanding set it apart from traditional chatbots (Rawat,
2024).
Consensus
Consensus is an AI tool that provides users with quick access to scientific research, focusing on
consensus-driven results. It helps libraries offer information backed by peer-reviewed studies,
increasing trust in the library’s resources (Consensus, 2024).
Conclusion
Artificial Intelligence is transforming libraries into more efficient, user-centric spaces. By leveraging
AI tools, libraries can enhance their information retrieval systems, automate archival processes, and
develop more dynamic collections that cater to user preferences. As AI continues to evolve, its role in
library management will likely grow, presenting new opportunities for innovation and improvement.
However, challenges related to ethical use, data privacy, and maintaining human oversight must be
addressed as libraries integrate AI technologies more deeply into their operations.
References
1. Chandrashekara, G., &Mulimani, M. N. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Library
and Information Science (LIS) Services. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-12.

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 The Role of AI Tools in Enhancing Library Services: A Comprehensive Review

2. Coursera. (2024, April 4). What Is Artificial Intelligence? Definition, Uses, and Types. Retrieved
June 10, 2024, from https://www.coursera.org/articles/what-is-artificial-intelligence
3. Mali, T. S. (2023). Use of Chat GPT in Library Services. International Journal of Creative
Research Thoughts (IJCRT), f264-f266.
4. Oseji, N. A., & et al. (2021). Integration of Artificial Intelligence into Library and Information
Workflow for Enhanced Services in Developing Economies. Ahmadu Bello University Library
Complex International Conference, (pp. 663-674). Zaria.
5. Pavitra, M. (2024, May 24). Perplexity AI Review: Features, Benefits, and Alternatives. Retrieved
June 14, 2024, from https://clickup.com/blog/perplexity-ai-review/
6. Poluru, L. (2024). Anticipating AI Impact on Library Services: Future Opportunities and
Evolutionary Prospects. IGI Global.
7. Rabbit, R. (2024, June 10). Research Rabbit: Features, Pricing & Use Cases. Retrieved June 16,
2024, from https://www.toolsforhumans.ai/ai-tools/research-rabbit
8. Rawat, A. (2024, April 8). What is ChatGPT? Everything You Must Know. Retrieved June 13,
2024, from https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2023/03/everything-you-need-to-know-about-
chatgpt/
9. Scite. (2024, June 10). Scite: Features, Pricing & Use Cases. Retrieved June 16, 2024, from
https://www.toolsforhumans.ai/ai-tools/scite

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 Connecting Users through AI Technologies: A Survey of Generative AI and
Tracking Systems
1
Pavithra, N. 1Agnes, A. 2Deepika, S. and 3Kulandai Teresa
1&2
Student, Department of Computer Applications, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract
The integration of AI technologies, specifically Generative AI and tracking systems, offers
transformative opportunities for enhancing user engagement and personalization. This paper
investigates how the libraries are face the challenges of remaining relevant and engaging for their
users. To address this, we propose leveraging generative AI and visit tracking technologies to create a
personalized and interactive library experience. Tracking library user visits involves collecting data on
their interactions with library resources. In any case, the rise of AI moreover brings challenges,
counting concerns approximately protection, information security, and potential algorithmic
preference. Libraries are changing in the age of data blasts to keep up with mechanical enhancements
and give get to the most noteworthy data whereas maintaining a strategic distance from obstacles.
When combined, Generative AI and the Tracking System creates a powerful collaboration. This not
only makes library interactions more relevant and engaging but also helps libraries are better meet the
evolving needs of their patrons, fostering a more personalized and efficient service environment.
Keywords: AI Technologies, Generative AI, Tracking Systems, Data Security, Libraries.
Introduction
With the growth of online resources and advancements in technology, the quality and scope of library
services are evolving rapidly. Libraries are focusing on improving user services and providing
independent access to collections, exploring automation to make services available online and
integrated with modern social platforms. Generative AI and tracking systems are revolutionizing
libraries by increasing efficiency and enhancing user experience. Generative AI supports the creation of
content such as summaries, recommendations, and responses, improving how users interact with library
resources. It can assist in answering queries, suggesting books, and even aiding research.
Tracking systems, like RFID, automate the operation of library tools. These systems help track books,
monitor borrowing and returns, and keep the library organized without much manual effort. Together,
these technologies improve the library experience by making it easier to find information, manage
resources, and provide better services for both users and staff.
AI Technologies in Libraries
Libraries are embracing new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve how they serve
their users. AI helps make library services faster, smarter, and more personalized. By using AI, libraries
can recommend books based on what users like, provide instant help through chatbots, and even create
summaries or guides to help users find information quickly. One major AI tool is generative AI, which
can create personalized content like book suggestions or summaries. Another is tracking systems,
which help libraries understand user preferences by analyzing how people use library resources. These

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 Connecting Users through AI Technologies: A Survey of Generative AI and Tracking Systems

technologies work together to make the library experience smoother and more tailored to individual
needs. As AI continues to develop, it will likely play an even bigger role in connecting users with the
information they need in a quicker, more personalized way. This survey explores how AI technologies
are changing the way libraries operate and how they benefit users.
Generative AI In Library Services
Computers provide an ideal platform for experimenting with and applying Artificial Intelligence in
libraries. Generative AI enhances library services by generating content such as book summaries and
personalized recommendations. By analyzing user preferences and library data, it simplifies and speeds
up the process of finding information. A prominent example of generative AI in library is the chatbot
Aisha at Zayed University Library. Aisha, created by Yrjo Lappalainen and Nikesh Narayanan, is an
innovative project that uses ChatGPT's API for library services. Aisha is outlined to offer productive
reference and back administrations to understudies and workforce, especially exterior normal library
hours. AI has further success at intellectual tasks similar as computer grounded game playing and
theorem proving than perceptual tasks. A few potential zones of appropriation are Reference
Administrations with Generative AI, tremendous dialect models like ChatGPT, can possibly
revolutionize library reference administrations.
Personalizing Library Experiences Through AI
Personalizing Library Experiences Through AI involves using artificial intelligence to make library
services more tailored to each user's needs. In the past, libraries provided the same resources for all
users. Now, AI can tailor recommendations, search results, and even virtual help to match what each
person is looking for. For example, if you frequently read books on history, AI can suggest similar
titles or research papers that fit your interests. It also improves search accuracy, making it easier to find
exactly what you’re looking for. This use of AI makes libraries more user-friendly and efficient,
allowing them to meet individual needs better while managing resources effectively. While integrating
AI in library services presents challenges, it also offers numerous benefits that can enhance the stoner
experience, ameliorate effectiveness and effectiveness, and transfigure the way libraries operate.
➢ Better search and discovery: AI-driven search engines and recommendation systems help users find
relevant resources more easily and quickly.
➢ Improved user experience: Chat bots offer personalized and responsive customer service, making
the user experience smoother and more accessible.
➢ Increased efficiency: AI can automate routine tasks similar as listing and
➢ Bracket, reducing the time and trouble needed to reuse and organize collections.
➢ Better resource allocation: AI can help libraries make informed opinions about which
➢ coffers to buy and how to allocate coffers more efficiently, grounded on operation
➢ Data, fashion ability, and demand.
➢ Enhanced availability: AI- powered tools can give indispensable textbook and audio
➢ descriptions, automatic restatements, and other assistive technologies, making it easier for users
➢ With disabilities to access library resources.

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Connecting Users through AI Technologies: A Survey of Generative AI and Tracking Systems

Tracking Systems in Libraries

Tracking systems in libraries are essential for managing and optimizing library operations. These
systems make it easier to manage library resources, such as books, digital media, and user information.
By automating tasks such as cataloging, check-outs, and returns, tracking systems reduce manual
workload and minimize errors. Tracking systems enhance library efficiency, improve user experience,
and ensure smooth operation through automation and real-time updates.
➢ These systems facilitate the following:
➢ Item Management: Each item is tagged with a unique identifier, allowing for easy cataloging and
tracking.
➢ Check-Out/Check-In: Automates the process of borrowing and returning items, updating their
status instantly.
➢ Location Tracking: Helps locate items quickly, reducing search time and improving resource
accessibility.
➢ Loss Prevention: Monitors item movements to reduce the risk of theft or loss.
➢ Usage Data: Collects data on borrowing patterns, helping libraries make informed decisions on
inventory and acquisitions.
Overall, tracking systems enhance operational efficiency, improve user service, and help maintain a
well-organized library. Technologies like barcodes and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags
help keep precise records of physical items, while digital asset management systems oversee electronic
resources.
Barcodes
A barcode is a type of Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC) technology that captures
real-time information. It consists of black and white bar patterns and was first used in grocery stores in
the early 1970s[5]. Barcodes in libraries are crucial for effectively managing and tracking library
resources. They play a crucial role in modern library operations by simplifying the processes of
cataloging, checking out, and returning items. Each library item has a unique barcode that is scanned to
retrieve its digital record in the library's catalog system.

Linear Barcode: 2D Barcode:

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Advantages
➢ Reduces Mistakes: Scanning barcodes is more accurate than typing information, so it helps avoid
errors.
➢ Low Cost: Barcodes are cheap to make and use, making them a budget-friendly option for tracking
items.
➢ Speeds Up Processes: Barcodes allow quick check-outs, returns, and stock checks by scanning,
saving time.
➢ Instant Information: Once scanned, the information is immediately available in the system.
➢ Disadvantages:
➢ Requires Equipment: You need barcode scanners and computers to use barcodes, which can be
costly for smaller libraries or businesses.
➢ Vulnerability to Environmental Factors: Barcodes can be affected by dirt, moisture, or fading,
making them difficult to scan.
➢ Damaged Barcodes: If a barcode gets damaged or worn out, it will not scan properly, leading to
Delays or Errors.
Synergizing Generative AI With Tracking Systems
Libraries are now part of the Knowledge Resource Service (KRS) unit, within the Knowledge
Management (KM) department. Generative AI makes content like text and images, while tracking
systems gather data on user activities and preferences. When these two technologies work together,
they can greatly improve user experiences by offering personalized content and services.For example,
if a user frequently reads about a specific topic, the AI can use tracking data to suggest related articles
or resources. This combination is especially useful in places like libraries or online stores, where AI
can help users find relevant materials more easily, improving engagement and satisfaction.
How AI-Generated Content and Tracking Systems Improve User Experiences
➢ Personalized Recommendations: Tracking systems observe what users read, watch, or engage with,
and AI uses this information to provide personalized recommendations. For example, if a user
frequently reads about technology, AI can suggest new articles or books on the same topic.
➢ Real-Time Adaptation: As users interact with websites or apps, tracking systems update their
preferences in real-time. AI can then instantly generate content that aligns with the user’s current
interests, such as custom product recommendations or curated reading lists.
Conclusion
This survey highlights how combining generative AI with tracking systems can significantly improve
user experiences. Generative AI creates personalized content based on data collected by tracking
systems, making interactions more relevant and engaging. In libraries, for example, this integration
helps by suggesting books that match a user’s interests, summarizing lengthy documents, and offering
tailored learning resources. These advancements lead to more satisfied and engaged users. Looking
ahead, it is crucial to address concerns like data privacy and fairness as these technologies evolve.

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Future efforts should focus on refining these tools to ensure they offer personalized experiences while
protecting user information. Overall, the partnership between generative AI and tracking systems has
the potential to greatly enhance how users connect with content and services.
References
1. Nikesh Narayanan. The era of generative AI: Transforming academic libraries, education, and
research.
2. Ku. Chhaya A. Khanzode, Badnera- Amravati, Dr. Ravindra D. Sarode. A LITERATURE
REVIEW : Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence and machine learning
3. Dr. S. Balasubramanian, Dr. N. Tamilselvan. A systematic review: Exploring the potential of
artificial intelligence in library services.
4. Ali Alwadi, Jeff Kilby. Tracking and automating a library system using radio frequency
identification technology.
5. Rourkela Wasim Rahaman. A case study in central library national institute of technology:
Enhancing library services using barcode, QR code and RFID technology:
6. Dr. Anupam Chanda. Barcode Technology and its Application in Libraries
7. C. Hurrell, S.E. Powelson, and C. Jensen-Ross. Tracking the Impact of Changes to a Provincial
Library Service Model: The Results of Two Satisfaction Surveys.

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 Leveraging Chatbots: Revolutionizing Library Services with AI
1
Sathish Kumar, M. 2Prakash, M. and 3Mani, M. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, PSGR College for Women, Coimbatore.
2
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.
3
Librarian, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss, Vaishnav College (Autonomous), Chennai
Abstract
This article explores the transformative potential of chatbots in enhancing library services through
artificial intelligence. By integrating chatbots, libraries can offer 24/7 assistance, streamline
information retrieval, and provide personalized user experiences. The study examines various chatbot
applications, including automated reference services, catalog searches, and user support, highlighting
their impact on improving accessibility and efficiency. Through case studies and expert insights, we
demonstrate how chatbots can address common challenges faced by libraries, such as resource
constraints and the need for constant user engagement. The findings suggest that adopting chatbot
technology can significantly enhance the effectiveness and reach of library services, paving the way for
more innovative and user-centric library environments.
Keywords: virtual assistance, automated chat system, AI bot
Introduction
In recent years, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened up new avenues for
enhancing various sectors, including library services. Chatbots, a prominent application of AI, are
transforming how libraries interact with their users by providing instant, reliable, and efficient support.
These intelligent tools can handle a wide range of tasks—from answering frequently asked questions
and assisting with catalog searches to offering recommendations and guiding users through complex
processes.
The growing complexity and volume of information available today have made it increasingly difficult
for libraries to maintain traditional service models. Patrons expect quick and accurate responses, often
outside regular operating hours. Chatbots address these expectations by offering 24/7 availability,
ensuring that users receive timely assistance regardless of when they need it. This capability is
particularly valuable for academic libraries, where students and researchers may require access to
resources and support at any time. Moreover, chatbots can be programmed to understand and respond
in multiple languages, making library services more inclusive and accessible to a diverse user base.
They can also gather data on user interactions, providing libraries with valuable insights into patron
needs and preferences, which can inform future service improvements. This article will explore the
practical applications of chatbots in library settings, supported by case studies and expert opinions. We
will discuss the benefits and challenges associated with implementing chatbot technology and offer
recommendations for libraries considering this innovative tool. By examining the transformative
impact of chatbots, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how AI is shaping the future
of library services.

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Evolution of Chatbot Technology

Chatbots, or conversational agents, have evolved significantly since their inception in the mid-20th
century. The early models, such as ELIZA developed in the 1960s, were rudimentary rule-based
systems designed to simulate human conversation by following a set of scripted responses. Over the
decades, advancements in natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and artificial
intelligence have propelled chatbots into sophisticated tools capable of understanding and responding
to complex queries in a human-like manner. The development of AI frameworks like Google's
Dialogflow, IBM's Watson, and Microsoft's Bot Framework has further accelerated the capabilities and
adoption of chatbots across various industries. These platforms leverage deep learning algorithms to
analyze vast amounts of data, allowing chatbots to learn from interactions and improve their responses
over time. Today, chatbots are employed in customer service, healthcare, finance, and education,
among other sectors, demonstrating their versatility and effectiveness.
Adoption of Chatbots in Libraries
Libraries have traditionally been at the forefront of adopting new technologies to enhance their services
and meet the evolving needs of their patrons. The integration of chatbots into library systems represents
a significant step forward in this ongoing process of innovation. Libraries began experimenting with
chatbots as early as the 2000s, primarily using them to provide basic information and answer frequently
asked questions. As chatbot technology matured, libraries expanded their applications to more complex
tasks. Modern library chatbots can assist with catalog searches, recommend resources, manage user
accounts, and even conduct virtual tours. The increasing sophistication of these tools has allowed
libraries to offer more personalized and efficient services, improving user satisfaction and engagement.
Literature Review
The academic literature on the use of chatbots in libraries highlights several key themes and findings.
Early studies focused on the feasibility and initial implementation of chatbots, examining how these
tools could handle routine inquiries and reduce the workload on library staff. Research conducted by
Luo and Zhang (2018) demonstrated that chatbots could effectively answer a high percentage of user
queries, freeing up librarians to focus on more complex tasks.
Subsequent studies have explored the impact of chatbots on user experience and satisfaction. A study
by Radziwill and Benton (2017) found that users appreciated the convenience and immediacy of
chatbot interactions, particularly for after-hours support. However, the study also noted challenges such
as the need for continuous updates to maintain accuracy and relevance.
Recent literature has examined the integration of chatbots with other library technologies, such as
digital catalogs and learning management systems. For instance, the work of Thomas et al. (2020)
highlighted how chatbots could be seamlessly incorporated into library websites and mobile apps,
providing a unified interface for users to access a wide range of services.
Challenges and Considerations
While the benefits of chatbots in libraries are well-documented, several challenges remain. Ensuring
data privacy and security is a critical concern, as chatbots often handle sensitive user information.

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Libraries must also address issues related to the accuracy and reliability of chatbot responses, which
require ongoing maintenance and updates. As the technology continues to evolve, libraries must stay
abreast of the latest developments to fully harness the potential of chatbots.
Open Source Chatbot for Library Websites
Implementing a chatbot on a library website can significantly enhance user engagement and provide
efficient support. Open-source chatbots are particularly appealing for libraries due to their cost-
effectiveness and flexibility. This section explores some of the best open-source chatbot platforms that
libraries can use to develop and integrate intelligent conversational agents into their websites.
Rasa
Rasa is a popular open-source framework for building chatbots and conversational AI. It provides tools
for both developers and non-developers to create context-aware bots that can handle complex
conversations.
Features
• Natural Language Understanding (NLU): Rasa's NLU module can understand user intents and
extract relevant information from text.
• Dialogue Management: Rasa allows for custom dialogue management and provides flexibility in
designing conversation flows.
• Custom Integrations: Libraries can integrate Rasa with their existing systems, including library
management systems and catalog databases.
• Community and Support: Rasa has an active community and extensive documentation, making it
easier for libraries to get started.
Example Use Case
A library can use Rasa to create a chatbot that helps users search for books, check library hours, and
manage their accounts. The bot can also provide answers to frequently asked questions and direct users
to additional resources.
Botpress
Botpress is another robust open-source platform designed for creating and managing chatbots. It is
particularly user-friendly and suitable for both technical and non-technical users.
Features
• Visual Flow Builder: Botpress offers a visual flow builder that simplifies the design of
conversation flows.
• Multi-Channel Support: The platform supports deployment across various channels, including
web, mobile, and social media.

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• Extensibility: Botpress allows for custom module development, enabling libraries to tailor the
chatbot to their specific needs.
• Analytics: Built-in analytics help libraries track bot performance and improve interactions over
time.
Example Use Case
A library could use Botpress to develop a chatbot that assists patrons with locating digital resources,
scheduling study room bookings, and providing information on upcoming library events and
workshops.
ChatterBot
ChatterBot is an open-source Python library designed to generate conversational responses. It uses
machine learning to improve its responses based on past interactions.
Features
• Language Training: ChatterBot can be trained with different languages, making it suitable for
multilingual library environments.
• Ease of Use: The library is easy to set up and use, even for those with minimal programming
experience.
• Extensive Libraries: ChatterBot includes various libraries for enhancing conversation quality and
relevance.
Example Use Case
A library can implement ChatterBot to handle user inquiries about library services, assist with
navigation on the library website, and provide instant responses to common questions.
Hubot
Originally created by GitHub, Hubot is a versatile open-source chatbot framework that can be
customized for various applications, including library services.
Features:
• Scripting Flexibility: Hubot allows for custom scripts to be written in CoffeeScript or JavaScript,
providing flexibility in bot behavior.
• Integration Capabilities: It can be integrated with a wide range of services and APIs, making it
highly adaptable.
• Community Contributions: A large number of community-contributed scripts are available,
which can be leveraged to enhance the bot's functionality.

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 Leveraging Chatbots: Revolutionizing Library Services with AI

Example Use Case

Libraries can use Hubot to create a chatbot that assists with interlibrary loan requests, provides research
assistance, and integrates with the library's digital catalogs for seamless user interactions.
Conclusion
The integration of chatbots into library services marks a significant advancement in leveraging artificial
intelligence to enhance user engagement and operational efficiency. The evolution of chatbot
technology, from rudimentary scripted responses to sophisticated AI-driven interactions, has opened up
new possibilities for libraries to meet the dynamic needs of their patrons. Libraries have been proactive
in adopting chatbots, recognizing their potential to provide 24/7 support, streamline information
retrieval, and offer personalized assistance. By incorporating chatbots, libraries can address common
challenges such as limited staffing and increased demand for digital access, ensuring that users receive
timely and accurate responses to their queries. Open-source chatbot platforms like Rasa, Botpress,
ChatterBot, and Hubot offer libraries the flexibility to develop and customize intelligent conversational
agents tailored to their specific needs. These platforms provide powerful tools for natural language
understanding, dialogue management, and integration with existing library systems, enabling libraries
to deliver a seamless and interactive user experience.
References
1. Botpress. (n.d.). Open-source conversational platform with a visual flow builder. Retrieved from
https://botpress.com/
2. ChatterBot. (n.d.). Machine learning in Python. Retrieved from
https://chatterbot.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
3. Hubot. (n.d.). Scriptable chatops bot. Retrieved from https://hubot.github.com/
4. Luo, L., & Zhang, Z. (2018). A research on the application of chatbot in university library
reference service. 2018 2nd IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic
and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), 674-678.
5. Radziwill, N. M., & Benton, M. C. (2017). Evaluating the use of chatbots in library reference: A
preliminary study. Information Technology and Libraries, 36(1), 28-39.
6. Rasa. (n.d.). Open source conversational AI. Retrieved from https://rasa.com/
7. Thomas, C., Davis, J., Butler, J., & McNabb, M. (2020). Chatbots in libraries: A case study of
virtual assistants in an academic library. Journal of Library & Information Services in Distance
Learning, 14(1-2), 55-68.

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Integrating ChatGPT in Library and Information Services: Benefits and Limitations
1
Manoj Kumar, T. 2 Venkatachalam, A.M (Dr.) 3Vinothkumar, J. & 4Salomi, S.
1
Deputy Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal
2
Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal
3
Senior Assistant Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal
4Assistant Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal

Abstract
The use of ChatGPT in library and information services is examined in this research. ChatGPT, an
advanced language model with remarkable natural language processing and understanding skills, was
created by OpenAI. This study assesses the possible benefits and drawbacks of incorporating ChatGPT
into library services, such as resource creation, education in libraries, information access, and
reference services. Results point to ChatGPT as a potentially useful tool for libraries and their patrons,
greatly enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of library services. The study broadens the corpus
of knowledge on artificial intelligence in library services.
Keywords: ChatGPT, Artificial Intelligence, Library and Information Services
Introduction
OpenAI's state-of-the-art natural language processing tool, ChatGPT, is excellent at creating dialogues
that seem human depending on user inputs. It is a flexible tool for libraries because of its capacity to
identify text patterns, evaluate context, and generate pertinent responses. ChatGPT revolutionizes
library services and information access by serving as a virtual assistant, conversation partner, and
translator.
Literature Review
Tanaij S. Mali (2023), examined the integration of ChatGPT with library services is a particular
emphasis on reference and information support. The paper addresses issues like ethical problems and
dependence on outside services while also highlighting advantages like quicker reaction times and less
workload for librarians. The benefits of ChatGPT include its round-the-clock assistance and tailored
suggestions; but, in order to fully utilize its potential, concerns about privacy, critical thinking, and
plagiarism must be carefully considered.
Muhammad Yousuf Ali (2023) carries out a qualitative analysis of ChatGPT's AI-based effects on
library services. According to the research, ChatGPT improves research activity, resource development,
and information access in libraries. Its efficiency and intuitive interface should make ChatGPT an
indispensable part of library operations. The paper recommends more investigation of ChatGPT's.
Overview of ChatGPT
An artificial intelligence model called ChatGPT, or Generative Pre-Trained Transformer for Chat, was
created by OpenAI and trained on large amounts of text from the internet. It responds to text-based

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 Integrating ChatGPT in Library and Information Services: Benefits and Limitations

queries with responses that resemble those of a human, handling a variety of duties like question-
answering, guiding, and helping with different text-based activities.
Applications of ChatGPT in Library Services
• Reference Services
ChatGPT can assist users by providing answers to frequently asked questions, suggesting useful
resources, and directing them to pertinent areas of the library's collection.
• Research Assistance
ChatGPT improves the effectiveness of information retrieval for study by recommending
keywords, databases, or search techniques.
• Virtual Tours and Orientation
ChatGPT can offer virtual tours of the library that emphasize the main areas, offerings, and points
of contact.
• Language Support
ChatGPT's multilingual features make it easier for people who speak different languages to access
library services.
• Accessibility
It can help people with disabilities by offering adaptive interfaces or text-to-speech capabilities.
• Feedback and Surveys
ChatGPT can gather input to enhance library services by means of interactive surveys or
conversational feedback methods.
ChatGPT's Significance in Library Services
• Responding to Inquiries: Improves user experience by offering prompt answers regarding library
policy, resources, services, and hours.
• Recommendations: A suggestion provides tailored book recommendations according to user
tastes, past reading choices, and prevailing motifs.
• Virtual Reference Desk: Serves as a virtual reference desk and can help with citations, research
inquiries, and database navigation, particularly after hours when personnel is not available.
• 24/7 Assistance: This feature guarantees that patrons can obtain library assistance whenever they
need it.
• Educational Support: Gives students and lifelong learners study advice, clarifies difficult ideas,
and offers tutoring services.
• Feedback Collection: Gets input from users regarding their preferences, experiences using the
library, and ideas for bettering the experience.
• Promoting Events and Programs: Encourages community involvement by alerting users to
forthcoming workshops, events, and programs.
Benefits of ChatGPT in Library Services
• Instant Responses : Provides prompt responses to user inquiries, cutting down on the amount of
time users must wait to locate books, resources, and data.

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Integrating ChatGPT in Library and Information Services: Benefits and Limitations

• Multilingual Support : By offering support for several languages, it caters to a wide range of
people.
• Customized Suggestions : By providing book recommendations that are based on previous
exchanges, this feature improves the user experience.
• FAQs and Tutorials : Offers guidance on utilizing library resources as well as responses to
frequently asked questions.
• Promotion and Engagement : Uses social media to interact with customers and advertise library
events.
Limitations of ChatGPT in Library Services
• Lack of Critical Thinking: The incapacity to critically assess information may lead to the spread
of false information.
• Dependence on Third-Party Services: This approach depends on outside services, which could
compromise availability and accuracy.
• Customization Restrictions: Restrictions on response customization could make specialized
queries less effective.
• Financial Restraints: Smaller libraries may find it expensive to implement and maintain
ChatGPT.
• Plagiarism Risks: Possibility of misuse for the creation of work without appropriate attribution,
requiring precautionary steps.
Conclusion
The present study investigates the potential of ChatGPT to improve library and information services.
Information access, research support, and virtual services are just a few of the many advantages it
provides; yet, there are drawbacks as well, including dependency, potential misuse, and ethical issues.
Carefully incorporating ChatGPT can improve patron experience and library productivity, adding to the
changing artificial intelligence environment of library services.
References
1. Ali, M. Y. (2023). Impact of AI-based ChatGPT on Library Services: Qualitative Analysis and
Recommendations. International Journal of Information Management, 30(4), 112-127.
2. Bozic, V. (2023). GPT Technology in Education: Advantages, Challenges, and Transformative
Potential. Educational Technology & Society, 18(3), 88-102.
3. Mali, T. S. (2023). Integrating ChatGPT into Library Services: Benefits, Challenges, and Ethical
Considerations. Journal of Library and Information Science, 25(2), 45-60.
4. Sok, S. (2023). Leveraging ChatGPT in Education and Research: Balancing Benefits and Risks.
Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 25-40.

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 Adopting Innovative Technologies in Libraries
1
Krishnaveni, K. and 2Noorul Hasan, I.
1
PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
2
Assistant Librarian, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College (Autonomous), Chennai
Abstract
The revolution in innovative technologies has brought about a change in the connection between
libraries and scholars. According to a librarian, libraries should make greater use of the "new
invisible" kind of technology. For most people, one of their hobbies is reading books. With a
smartphone or tablet, they can read their favourite novels anywhere. Wi-Fi allows e-readers to access
the internet. Applications for e-readers are available for Windows, Android, Blackberry, iPad, iPhone,
and MAC and PC computers. One of the biggest technical opportunities for libraries in 2017 is the use
of e-reader apps to reach a wider and more varied spectrum of patrons. By utilizing the revolutionary
potential of IoT, Clouds, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), Robots, Mobile Applications
for Libraries, Digitalised Book Marking, 2d & 3d Printers, Drones, Global Positioning System (GPS),
Block Chain, QR Code and etc., Daily increasing the new library software’s and technologies. This
paper explores the various innovative technologies which can be adopted for effective library services.
Keywords: Innovative Technologies, AR/VR, Drones, Robots, Library Services
Introduction
A library offers the community invaluable services. One of the most significant tools for promoting the
growth of knowledge is a library. Many people in society enjoy reading, however they are unable to
buy books because of the prices of books are very high. Hence, one become a member of a library, they
people can borrow valuable books. A unique book that explores into the amazing nexus between
libraries and technology. It explores the possibilities of cutting-edge technologies like block chain,
virtual reality, and artificial intelligence to change how libraries function and interact with their
communities with a creative approach.
Objectives
• Need of newest technological in libraries
• Way to use the innovative technologies for effective library services
Need Newest Technological in Libraries
Libraries have changed from being conventional book repositories to becoming hubs of knowledge and
technology in today's fast-paced digital landscape. Libraries get ready to adopt cutting-edge
technologies in 2024 to better serve their communities.
• Librarians help you find exactly what you need.
• Identifying the true news from the fake can be helped by librarians.
• Libraries offer a higher level of safety.

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Adopting Innovative Technologies in Libraries

• Libraries protect historical moments.

• Experts in increasing scholarly information's online accessibility.
Ways to Use this New Innovation Technology in Libraries
Robots
In the modern day, libraries are essential. The library is overworked. For this reason, a lot of libraries
have already started to automate in some capacity. Numerous libraries have previously effectively
incorporated automated technologies. It will be utilized to support the instruction of computer
programming and coding. of social connection, but it's a great method to draw people in and pique their
interest about technology and especially, about libraries.
Mobile Applications for Libraries
Nowadays, using mobile apps and becoming proficient with them is a new trend in the industry.
Additionally, the majority of consumers spend less time using mobile browsers and more time using
mobile apps. Connecting with people in a way they enjoy is therefore quite simple. A smartphone app
can expand library services beyond their physical locations and assist the speaking with individuals. In
order to facilitate the library's operations, this app also provides features like virtual tours, interactive
library guides, a catalogue, an interactive calendar with all of the events, and the ability to borrow and
read electronic books and articles. For customers, the ability to reserve materials or pay for certain
services is a huge value. To go one step further, the library can employ mobile apps to provide services.
Digitalised Book Marking
Many users find it extremely difficult to find books inside the library; therefore, a teach answer that
directs the user to the book is a state-of-the-art solution to this issue. While conducting this research, a
fascinating tool that functions as a standard bookmarker but offers extra capabilities to assist users in
finding books.
Virtual Reality
Is a relatively new technology that has applications in a variety of fields, including gaming and
medicine. Therefore, it does not even directly relate to the digital and does not apply to the library.
Users can utilize the virtual reality dialogue to search for books at the library. The entire concept of the
program is around finding relevant books and localizing literature in real-world locations.
2D & 3D Printers
To execute computations and generate 2D images, 3D computer graphics, also known as three-
dimensional computer graphics, employ a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is
stored in the computer. The public will eventually have very simple access to 3D printers. The subject
of 3D printing has received a lot of attention in the past year, and prices for these machines have
recently dropped. Numerous educational libraries have attested to its benefit. You can get a map of all
the libraries that provide 3D printing here. The usage of distinct rules is crucial, and pupils have truly
embraced them.

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Drones
Drones are unmanned aircraft or spacecraft that can fly on their own or with remote control from the
ground. These have several cutting-edge technologies installed, such as a laser, infrared camera, GPS
(Global Positioning System), sensor, navigator, and various drone hardware and software. A drone is a
type of flying robot.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Its use for Location, Navigation, Tracking, Mapping and Timing.
• Location– easily identify the place
• Navigation– moving from one location to another
• Tracking– observing an object's or a person's moves
• Mapping– designing global maps
• Timing – bringing global exact timing to life
QR Code
By scanning a QR code, you can instantly access digital magazines, e-books, and research papers.
Perfect for researchers and students in need of timely, varied materials, and it allows remote users to
obtain information as well. QR codes assist libraries reduce their carbon footprint by eliminating the
need for printed materials, which appeals to patrons who are concerned about the environment.
Block Chain
As Bitcoin's influence has grown over the past year, block chain technology has emerged as one of the
most talked-about innovations. Block chain technology functions as a decentralized database, recording
digital transactions under pseudonyms that are accessible to all members of the network. It is a novel
approach to data collection and storage as a result.
Voice Integration
Voice technologies, which are already widely used in daily life, have intriguing applications in
libraries. Applications and information systems in libraries can be made to react to voice commands,
which will benefit people with impairments and prevent repetitive motion injuries among library staff.
Years of research and development, together with incredible advancements as voice-activated
appliances such as smart speakers have entered the consumer market, have made speech recognition
dependable and accurate. However, speech technologies are still mostly in the experimental or early
deployment stages and have not yet reached the point of widespread use in libraries.
Conclusion
This is the library of the future, and it runs on technology. Librarians are utilizing the newest
technological advancements, such as cloud-hosted library solutions and artificial intelligence, to
enhance user experience and remain competitive. Libraries may revolutionize the old library model and
unleash new possibilities by embracing digital resources, implementing library automation, and

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Adopting Innovative Technologies in Libraries

utilizing electronic data interchange. Libraries are developing and adjusting to the shifting environment
of information access and storage with the help of these and other library technology trends. The only
thing limiting the possibilities is our imagination.
References
1. Arora, J. (2009). Library 2.0: Innovative technologies for building libraries of tomorrow.
2. Çolaklar, H. (2014): Evaluation of innovative services at university libraries. Journal of Balkan
libraries union, 2(2), 12-25.
3. Elaturoti, A. B. (2020): Libraries and Innovative Thinking in the Digital Age. In Managing and
Adapting Library Information Services for Future Users (pp. 165-188). IGI Global.
4. Gul, S., & Bano, S. (2019): Smart libraries: an emerging and innovative technological habitat of
21st century. The Electronic Library, 37(5), 764-783.
5. Gunjal, B. (2017, February). Innovative services in libraries: trends, issues and challenges.
In National Conference on Library Innovation for Excellence (LIFE), Feb. 16–17, 2017, IISER
Pune.
6. Jenda, C. A., & Kesselman, M. (2008). Innovative Library 2.0 Information Technology
Applications in Agriculture Libraries. Agricultural information worldwide, 1(2).
7. Lukasiewicz, A. (2007). Exploring the role of digital academic libraries: Changing student needs
demand innovative service approach. Library Review, 56(9), 821-827.
8. Potnis, D. D., Winberry, J., Finn, B., & Hunt, C. (2020). What is innovative to public libraries in
the United States? A perspective of library administrators for classifying innovations. Journal of
librarianship and information science, 52(3), 792-805.
9. Tiwari, K. (2016): Librarians: An innovative approach to library service: A case study on technical
university libraries in India. International Journal of Digital Library Services, 6(1), 104-112.

106 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Telepresence Robots: An Innovation or A Revolution
1
Subhasmita Sankhua, and 2Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Annamalai University, Chidambaram,608 002
2
Professor and Head, DLIS, Annamalai University, Chidambaram,608 002
Abstract
Libraries are known to be one of those organizations which are always flexible to changes, that are
needed. User satisfaction is one of the major mottos of the library and library professionals are always
keen towards trying on new technologies. Moving on with the trends has always been welcomed by
Libraries and information centers. Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, Robotics, Artificial intelligence,
IOT are some of the current technologies. Robotics has always been a fascination for the humans.
Robotics is being used in various fields like- higher education, astronomy, manufacturing etc. Libraries
can also implement the technology of Robotics. The present study aims to present an explanation on
one of such technologies, which is Telepresence Robots. The concept of Telepresence is not new but it’s
application in Libraries is surely new and is one of the less explored areas. The study explains the
basics of Telepresence technology and its association with the Robotics. It also attempts to provide
differentiation among Telepresence Technology and other similar technologies along with the types of
Telepresence Robots. The study explores various aspects of libraries where Telepresence Robots can
be employed. It also pays attention on the probable challenges while installing this technology. Above
all, the study concludes that the technology of Telepresence Robots can be a useful aid to libraries
despite of the factors that make it tough to adapt to such complex technology.
Keywords: Telepresence, Robotics, Libraries, Remote Access, Virtual Reality
Introduction
Libraries have been there for many years to cater to the various needs of users who come from
different strata of society. Library professionals have been trying to fulfill the demands of the users
which would keep them interested towards the library and its resources. With the advancement of
modern technologies, the ways of satisfying the user needs have been increased. Whether it is
Augmented reality or Virtual reality or Artificial Intelligence, all of thesepoints out to complement the
existing resources of the library. A librarian is not entitled to serve the limited users of his/her library,
rather he must indulge his efforts in providing assistance to the users who are in need irrespective of
their physical locations. Libraries and librarians have been trying in many ways to reach out to distant
users. On the other hand, trying out new technologies improves the capabilities of the staff and helps in
being creative.
Robotics is not new to the world now. The origin of Robotics can be traced back to 1923.1It refers to
the field of study which includes the construction, design and study of robots. Robots are devices to
assist humans. Sometimes robots perform actions, which are not possible to be done by normal human
beings.2

107 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
Telepresence Robots-An Innovation or A Revolution

Objectives
➢ To bring out the basics of Telepresence Robots
➢ To find out the potential ways of usage of Telepresence Robots in Libraries
➢ To address the probable challenges of implementing Telepresence Robots in Libraries
Telepresence Robot
One of the advanced technologies, that is not used by many libraries but has enough potential to be
fruitful for the endeavors of the library is the ‘‘Telepresence Robot’’. The term ‘Telepresence’ was
introduced by Marvin Minsky in 1980 for the first time. He described this technology as ‘a teleoperated
robotic system’.3The term ‘Tele’ refers to distance and ‘Presence’ means to be present or available at
some place. The technology of Telepresence enables a person to interact with or view any surroundings
or area without being physically present there. Different from the functions of Virtual Reality where the
human interacts with a computer-generated environment, this technology enables humans to observe
and even interact with a remote but real-world environment.4These robots are being used in various
fields for various applications. Such as To help elder people who are home-bound to interact with the
external world to have a feeling of social inclusion,5 to explore the deep sea environment and the
surfaces of other planets,6 for healthcare,7 as childcare support robots,8also in higher
education.9However, the technology of telepresence differs from remote control.
While in remote control equipment, the operator can control the device from the outside and can have a
view from outside, a device using telepresence technology will allow the person to have an experience
such that he is inside the device. For better understanding, we can consider an airplane.
A remote-controlled airplane can provide the operator with a different viewpoint, but a radio-
controlled airplane can provide you with the experience such as you are inside the cockpit and
controlling the plane by yourself.

[Fig.1 A man operating a remote-controlled airplane, source-Wikipedia]

108 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Telepresence Robots-An Innovation or A Revolution

[Fig.2 An airplane that has the telepresence facility, source- Science direct.com]
Types
Telepresence Robots are of 2 major Types. These are:
i. Stationary ii. Non-Stationary
Stationary Robots are meant to be attached to a single place, however, their display can be rotated
according to the convenience of the user. On the other hand, Non-Stationary Robots are mobile and
they can move from one place to another.

[Fig.3 Stationary TR, Source- https://www.trine-platform.com]

[Fig.4 Non-Stationary TR, with its components, Source- https://www.trine-platform.com]

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 109
Telepresence Robots-An Innovation or A Revolution

Telepresence Robots In Libraries

The success and usefulness of TR(Telepresence Robot) in various fields make it evident that these
can be used in Libraries as well. Thesedevicesare associated with various technologies such as video
conferencing, 10 Augmented and Virtual Reality,11and holographic technologies,12. Thus it can be used
in Libraries for various functions.
Applications of Telepresence Robots in Libraries
TR(Telepresence Robots) can be used in Libraries for various applications. These are described
below.
a. Speeding up Reference services- The use of TR can help in improving both the long range and
ready range reference services. A virtual consultation session with the reference librarian can be
conducted by the users at any point of time and from any location of the institution.This can be
more helpful when the library has a number of branches that too at remote locations. For instance,
if a library is far away from the main campus and does not have enough reference staff, the users
can have a virtual meet-up with the reference librarian, who is not present there.
b. Conducting various programs-The librarian and the staff of the library can interact with the users
through various virtual programs like storytelling events, talk shows, virtual quizzes, etc. These
types of events will keep the users interested towards the library and will help to establish a
familiarity between the staff and the users.
c. Virtual tours of the library – Telepresence Robots help in providing a virtual tour to users who
can not visit the library physically. This group of users may include elderly people, students from
remote villages, and persons with disabilities.13This will help in popularizing a library among the
users of distant lands and also in increasing the interest of such users in the services of libraries.
d. Increase in the accessibility of the resources- Implementing more technologies in libraries can
result in an increase in user's interest. Users of today’s generation are more drawn towards new
technologies. So use of TR can help in attracting more users to the library which in turn will result
in a rise in the usage of the library resources.
e. Dealing with limited staff-When there are a limited number of competent staff in the library for a
particular function such as – Reference service, telepresence can help in solving the queries of
multiple users without any rush in less time.
Challenges
Although there are many advantages of implementing Telepresence Robots in Libraries, there are also
some factors that need to be thought of.
a. i.Cost- Telepresence Robots or even any robots are high in cost. So they can be afforded only by
big institutions and large libraries. However small libraries can also implement it if they have
enough funds. Public libraries which are funded by Govt. can also try their hands on these.
b. ii. Infrastructure- Telepresence is not a stand-alone technology. It requires various components
for a smoother function. The mobile device needs enough space inside the library to move freely. It

110 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Telepresence Robots-An Innovation or A Revolution

also requires high-speed internet both in the library and in the other locations. However, the
libraries may not have the required infrastructure and it would be an additional responsibility.14
c. iii. User awareness-Making the users aware of the functionalities of the robots and teaching them
how to use it can be a tough task for the Library.
d. iv. Maintenance- After all maintenance of such complicated technology is a tough task in itself.
Conclusion
Moving ahead with the technologies is considered to be the responsibility of the Librarian. Moreover,
Library professionals keep on discovering new dimensions in order to provide a better experience to the
users who come to libraries. The Technology of Telepresence Robots can work for the betterment of
libraries for sure. However, it may not be suitable for small libraries.
References
1. Hu, Y. et al. ‘This really lets us see the entire world:’ Designing a conversational telepresence
robot for homebound older adults. in Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems
Conference 2450–2467 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2024).
doi:10.1145/3643834.3660710.
2. Tsui, K. M. & Yanco, H. A. Design Challenges and Guidelines for Social Interaction Using
Mobile Telepresence Robots. Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics 9, 227–301 (2013).
3. Duncan, C., Kasuya, M., Menke, K., Abe, K. & Nagai, T. Relationship building between
caregivers and children, using remote childcare support robots. International Symposium on
Affective Science and Engineering ISASE2024, 1–4 (2024).
4. Telepresence Robots for Remote Participation in Higher Education, Proceedings of the 3rd Annual
Meeting of the Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3663384.3663394.
5. Gillies, D. Student perspectives on videoconferencing in teacher education at a distance. Distance
Education 29, 107–118 (2008).
6. Cipresso, P., Giglioli, I. A. C., Raya, M. A. & Riva, G. The Past, Present, and Future of Virtual
and Augmented Reality Research: A Network and Cluster Analysis of the Literature. Front.
Psychol. 9, (2018).

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 111
 Personalized Services with Vidmagin at the Centre for Learning and Research,
Vellalar College for Women, Erode
1
Stephen, T. and 2Paul Jai Sudham, M.
1
Assistant Professor and Librarian (SF), Vellalar College for Women, Erode
2
Vidmagin, Coimbatore.
Abstract
The rapid evolution of library development has exposed the constraints of conventional search
techniques in catering to the changing demands of users. With the rise of digital libraries, personalized
services have become essential for mitigating information overload and enhancing user experience. By
harnessing big data analytics, libraries can track user search patterns to provide targeted
recommendations and support, thereby streamlining information retrieval and fostering deeper library
engagement. Solutions like Vidmagin's asynchronous communication model epitomize this
transformation, offering adaptable, user-focused interactions that transcend time and location
constraints, ultimately maximizing library resource utilization and user satisfaction.".
Keywords: Personalized services, user services, Vidmagin
Introduction
Recent advancements in library development have made traditional search methods inadequate for
meeting the growing service needs of users. With the rise of digital libraries, we’ve entered a new era
of personalized services. To offer these tailored services, libraries need to understand users' specific
needs and provide targeted solutions.
In an age characterized by information overload, distinguishing between useful and irrelevant
information is challenging. Libraries must precisely identify and cater to user needs to avoid wasting
time on unnecessary data.
The integration of big data technology can greatly enhance library services. Big data tracking is already
prevalent in various industries for tasks like information recommendation and data acquisition. By
analyzing and classifying users' search behavior over the past month, libraries can identify recent trends
and preferences. This technology enables libraries to trace users' browsing history and content,
uncovering potential needs and delivering timely service requests. As a result, users can access the
information they need more quickly, enhancing their experience and improving the library’s efficiency
and effectiveness.
Personalized service mode is based on people’s needs, people-oriented, caring, respecting and
understanding users, and providing users with accurate information services, rather than displaying a
large number of digital collection information to users. By providing personalized information services,
the library can timely improve the collection construction according to the user’s choice and feedback,
give full play to the maximum utility of information, eliminate the purchase of “dormant” resources,
improve the utilization rate of collection, and improve the service quality and service efficiency
according to the user’s suggestions

112 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Personalized services with Vidmaginpivot at the Centre for Learning and Research…

Definition
According to the Norman Nielsen Group, “Personalization is done by the system being used. Content
and functionality are delivered to a user based off their ‘role’ and or their behavior.” Personalization in
the library is much different than a customized experience, as personalization is left to a system
whereas customization is managed by the administrator. Putting trust in a system can seem
overwhelming, but there are benefits to creating a personalized experience for library users.
Objectives For Implementing Personalized Services in Libraries:
➢ Deliver personalized library experiences through data-driven recommendations and tailored
support, boosting user satisfaction and engagement.
➢ Streamline Information Retrieval: Harness advanced analytics to simplify and accelerate search
processes, ensuring users quickly find relevant information and maximizing library service
efficiency.
➢ Elevate Library Participation: Develop personalized services that drive usage and engagement with
library resources, fostering a dynamic and knowledgeable user base.
Personalized services in libraries can include:
❖ Customized book recommendations based on reading preferences.
❖ Tailored research assistance for individual projects.
❖ Personalized learning plans for language learning or skill development.
❖ Curated resource lists for specific topics or interests.
❖ One-on-one technology training sessions.
❖ Individualized support for students with disabilities.
❖ Personalized reading challenges or book clubs.
❖ Customized notification services for new releases or holds.
❖ Individualized research consultations for academic or professional projects.
❖ Personalized library tours or orientations.
❖ These services focus on meeting the unique needs and interests of each library user, making their
experience more effective, efficient, and enjoyable.
Why this Services Are Essential in Academic Libraries:
Academic libraries are central to educational institutions, providing resources crucial for the intellectual
growth of students, faculty, and researchers. Reference services are essential for several reasons:
➢ Supporting Academic Success: Helping users navigate extensive resources and achieve academic
goals.
➢ Meeting Diverse Information Needs: Addressing a wide range of queries from basic to complex.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 113
Personalized services with Vidmaginpivot at the Centre for Learning and Research…

➢ Navigating Information Resources: Guiding users through vast collections and online databases.
➢ Facilitating Research Excellence: Assisting with research strategies and locating scholarly
materials.
➢ Promoting Information Literacy: Teaching skills for evaluating and using information effectively.
➢ Access to Specialized Collections: Managing unique and rare materials for in-depth research.
➢ Assisting with Technology Integration: Supporting users with digital resources and technology.
➢ Interdisciplinary Support: Helping users with research across different fields.
➢ Connecting with Faculty: Collaborating to align library resources with academic needs.
➢ Preparing Students for Future Careers: Developing skills transferable to various professional
contexts.
Personalized services transform academic libraries from mere information repositories into dynamic
centers of learning and research. They empower users to navigate complex information landscapes and
contribute significantly to academic and intellectual development.
User-Friendly Resources
Creating and maintaining user-friendly resources, such as subject guides, tutorials, and FAQs, helps
users find information independently and supports lifelong learning by equipping them with the skills
needed for continuous personal and academic growth.
Personalized service with Vidmagin
Vidmagin, leveraging its underlying asynchronous communication is set to transform the way people
use libraries and access their resources, making information more accessible, flexible, and tailored to
individual needs. The asynchronous model breaks down traditional barriers, allowing users to seek
guidance and receive detailed responses from anywhere, any time, without the constraints of travel,
time zones or scheduling conflicts. This approach ensures that knowledge is readily available and
delivered in a format that enhances comprehension and retention. By integrating such technology into
library services, we move from static information retrieval to a more dynamic and interactive
experience, where users can engage deeply with content and follow up on their queries as needed. This
evolution in knowledge sharing paves the way for a more efficient and effective use of library
resources, benefiting the student community much significantly.
How it works
These are the technologies we use for our solution - Technology:
Front End - ReactJS & Angular
Backend - Python
Cloud - AWS ( S3, EC2, MediaConvert)

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 Personalized services with Vidmaginpivot at the Centre for Learning and Research…

Flow chart

Conclusion
The advent of personalized library services marks a significant milestone in addressing user diversity
and complexity. By integrating big data insights and cutting-edge technologies, libraries provide
tailored information, elevate user satisfaction, and cultivate a dynamic community. As academic
libraries transform into collaborative learning centers, embracing innovation ensures seamless
adaptation to evolving user demands and supports academic excellence.
References
• https://csi.pressbooks.pub/lis/chapter/readers-advisory-2/
• https://www.lisedunetwork.com/reference-service-library/ ([Retracted] Library Personalized
Service System Based on Computer Network Technology, Zhixiang Song, Lingwei Dang First
published: 30 May 2022 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2550820
• https://www.ebsco.com/blogs/ebscopost/personalization-and-privacy-library
• https://doi.org/10.4236/vp.2022.82005

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 115
 Application of IOT in Libraries
Deepa Shree, B.
II M.Lib.I.Sc. DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Redfields, Coimbatore.
Abstract
A library is a collection of sources of information and made accessible to the readers community for
reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical
building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A library housed with collection of books and non-book
materials. The IoT, is a network of physical devices. These devices can transfer data from one device to
one another without human intervention. The Physical objects can be embedded with sensors and
actuators. In libraries, IoT involves utilizing interconnected technology to improve functions and
services, including automated systems for book management, smart equipment, and enhanced data
collection for better user experiences. The Smartphone and Mobiles which are increasingly become a
part of modern living, as everyone wish to connect with internet all the time, this is possible because
availability of broadband network, WI-FI System. not only in offices, work places but also in daily life.
Various app, shopping site, Messengers like E-mail, Instagram, telegram and other AI technologies are
reducing the human efforts, maps Skype, all these are things which are based on Internet that is called
“Internet of things” and enhances easy access.
Keywords: Books, Manuscripts, IoT (Internet of Things), Data Transfer.
Introduction
Over the past decade, technological advancements have dramatically transformed the internet. This
evolution has given rise to numerous groundbreaking technologies, including machine learning, cloud
computing, big data, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Among these, IoT stands out as one of the most
significant and comprehensive developments. It connects a wide array of devices and objects through
the internet, enabling them to become "smart" by embedding them with software, electronics, sensors,
and other hardware. This connectivity allows for the collection and exchange of data, enabling these
devices to make decisions autonomously, either with or without human intervention. In today's world,
electronic devices like smartphones and mobiles have become integral to modern life, allowing
constant internet connectivity. This connectivity is facilitated by widespread broadband networks and
affordable Wi-Fi systems, enabling easy access to technology-based services. These advancements
make it possible to find information, book tickets, shop online, and navigate maps with ease in our
daily routines. The library profession stands out among various fields because it is service oriented. The
IoT improves the functioning, service, and security of the library. The Internet of Things is a key step
toward creating smart systems in all areas.
Various sectors, including automotive, logistics, transportation, and manufacturing, have embraced IoT
technology, resulting in impressive advancements in service delivery. The library's goal is to collect
and share information in a way that maximises satisfaction for both users and staff, while also saving
time, energy, and money. Governments in the USA, China, South Korea, Singapore, and Germany are

116 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Application of IOT in Libraries

investing heavily in IoT initiatives to enhance economic growth, develop smart cities, and build
advanced infrastructures.
Objectives of the Study
➢ To examine the integration of the IOT in libraries.
➢ To evaluate the impact on user experience.
➢ To explore IoT Applications in Modern Library Settings.
➢ To investigate future trends.
Literature Review
Deepmala et al. (2023) has conducted a study on Application of Internet of Things (IOT) in Libraries.
Deepmala highlights the applicability and impact of IOT on a variety of library tasks, including
circulation, document preservation, theft management, RFID, tracking resource movement, and
inventory control. Human-based performances were replaced by machine-based activities, particularly
in libraries and information centres, by information and communication technology are stated.
Shashidhara K.L (2023) reviews the emerging trends in IoT and Its application in Libraries. This
review explores recent scholarly research on the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in
libraries, with a particular focus on their potential within academic settings. This paper discusses
several elements of IoT applications in libraries. The study offers an in-depth analysis of IoT
technologies. The review asserts that despite cybersecurity concerns and implementation challenges,
integrating IoT technology into libraries is essential.
Sinha, Priyanka and Brar, Khushpreet Singh (2022) reviews the application of IoT in libraries.
They explored how the Internet of Things (IoT) is used in libraries and the benefits it could bring. This
paper examined real-life examples and potential uses of IoT in libraries, providing insights into its
practical applications.
Makwana, Jignesh (2021) conducted the study on Use of Internet of Things (IoT) Applications in
Modern Library Activities and Services. The study explores how IoT technology is transforming
library services and functions. It provides an overview of IoT’s role in modernising library structures
and services and underscored the transformative impact of IoT on libraries, pointing to both immediate
benefits and long-term potential in enhancing library activities and services.
Deshpande, Anita L (2022) conducted the study on usages of IoT in Smart Library. This paper
highlights the concept of internet of things in brief, what is IoT and how it applicable in libraries. The
author discuss about the need of IoT in modern society and its impact. It emphasises the proposed IoT
system is expected to enhance user convenience, and will be utilised effectively in the near future.
Methodology and Limitations
A comprehensive analysis and a mixed-methods approach were used for this study of IoT. A limitation
of the study is that no physical observations of libraries were conducted.

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Application of IOT in Libraries

Internet of Things (IoT)

The IoT refers to a network of objects, devices, or groups of entities, embedded with sensors, software,
and other technologies that enable them to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems.
This interconnected system can include a wide range of devices like computing units, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals, or even people that are assigned unique identifiers (UIDs) and are
capable of transmitting data autonomously without needing direct human-to-human or human-To-
Computer Interaction.
History of IoT
In 1997, Kevin Ashton started exploring RFID technology, which led him to create the term "Internet
of Things" in 1999. Advancements in smartphones, cloud computing, and sensors soon allowed real-
time communication between digital devices and physical objects. This enabled tracking and
monitoring through geolocation and various sensors. As mobile devices and wireless connectivity
became widespread, innovations like smart traffic systems and industrial robotics emerged. Today, IoT
supports many uses, in various fields.
Applications of IoT
IoT applications enhance various aspects of life and work by connecting devices to the internet. For
instance, IoT enables remote control of home devices, real-time vehicle tracking, efficient resource
management in agriculture, and improved city services like traffic management. It supports healthcare
monitoring, industrial automation, energy management and also libraries.
Smart Book Tracking
RFID Technology: Libraries use Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags embedded in books.
Each tag contains a unique identifier that helps in tracking the book’s location throughout the library.
RFID readers installed at various points (like entrances and exits) automatically update the library
system when books are checked in or out, reducing the need for manual scanning and minimising
errors.
Automated Check-In and Check-Out
Self-Service Kiosks: IoT-enabled kiosks allow library users to borrow and return books independently.
Users can scan their library cards and books, which are then processed through the system
automatically. This reduces wait times and frees up staff to assist with other tasks. Some kiosks also
offer the option to renew items or pay fines.
Smart Shelving
Sensors on Shelves: Shelves equipped with IoT sensors can detect when books are removed,
misplaced, or returned. These sensors provide real-time data to the library’s inventory system, helping
staff quickly identify missing or misfiled items and ensuring that books are always available where they
are supposed to be.

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Energy Management
Automated Climate Control: IoT systems can monitor and control the library’s heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as lighting. Sensors track temperature, humidity, and
occupancy levels, allowing the system to adjust settings dynamically to save energy and maintain a
comfortable environment. For example, lights may dim when rooms are unoccupied, and HVAC
systems can adjust based on current weather conditions and room usage.
Interactive Displays
Digital Signage: IoT technology powers interactive displays and digital signs throughout the library.
These can provide real-time information about library events, new book arrivals, and study room
availability. Interactive kiosks can also allow users to search the catalogue, access digital resources, and
get personalised recommendations.
Enhanced Security
Smart Surveillance: Libraries use IoT-enabled surveillance cameras and smart locks to enhance
security. Cameras can be monitored remotely, and smart locks allow access control to be managed via
smartphone or computer. This helps protect valuable resources and ensures the safety of both library
users and staff.
Environmental Monitoring
Climate Control for Rare Materials: IoT sensors monitor the environment in specific areas of the
library, such as archives or rare book rooms, where maintaining precise conditions is critical. Sensors
track temperature and humidity to protect sensitive materials from damage and ensure their
preservation over time.
Personalised Recommendations
Data Collection and Analysis: IoT systems can track users’ borrowing history and preferences to offer
personalised book recommendations. By analysing data on what types of books users check out
frequently, the library can suggest similar titles or new arrivals that match their interests.
Smart Study Rooms
Booking and Management: IoT technology can streamline the reservation and management of study
rooms. Users can book rooms through an app or website, and IoT systems can control room lighting,
heating, and audiovisual equipment based on the reservation. This ensures that study rooms are
prepared for use and adjusts settings automatically based on user preferences.
Visitor Analytics
Foot Traffic Monitoring: IoT sensors track the number of visitors entering and exiting the library.
This data provides insights into peak usage times and helps the library manage staffing levels and
resources more effectively. Understanding visitor patterns can also assist in planning events and
optimising library layouts.

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Application of IOT in Libraries

These applications of IoT in libraries enhance operational efficiency, improve user experience, and
ensure better management and preservation of library resources.
Advantages of IoT
➢ Minimised Human Effort: IoT devices communicate and perform tasks automatically, reducing the
need for manual work.
➢ Time Savings: Less manual effort means more time saved, making processes quicker and more
efficient.
➢ Enhanced Data Collection: IoT systems collect and analyse data more effectively, providing
valuable insights.
➢ Improved Security: Interconnected systems can be more secure, as they allow for better monitoring
and protection.
➢ Disadvantages of IoT
➢ Security: IoT systems can be vulnerable to network attacks because they are interconnected, and
securing them is challenging.
➢ Privacy: IoT systems collect detailed personal data even without direct user involvement.
➢ Complexity: Setting up and managing IoT systems is difficult because they involve many detailed
and interconnected parts.
Conclusion
IoT technology is transforming libraries by making it more efficient and user-friendly. With smart
devices and sensors, libraries can automate tasks like book tracking and check-ins, manage energy
better, and enhance security. Features such as smart shelving and interactive displays improve
inventory accuracy and user interaction. It helps libraries run more smoothly and provides a better
experience for users. As technology advances, IoT will continue to enhance library services and
operations.
References
1. Kumbargondar P. K. (2000). “Mizoram Development of Digital Library in India. Social and
Economic Problem Prospects.” PLANNER – 2016 Aizwal India
2. Cray, A.T, and Gallagher, M.E. (2001). “Principles for digital library development.” ACM, pp.48-
54
3. Dushay, N. (2002). “Localizing experience of digital content via structural metadata New york.” In
JCDL ’02: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries, pp. 244–
252, New York
4. Thompson, J. and Witten, I. (2003). “Assembling and Enriching Digital Library Collections. In
Proceedings USA.” The 3rd ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries.

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5. Bhat R. K. and Singh K. P. (2004). “Digital Libraries Emergencies, features challenges and
opportunity.” In proceedings of Digital Library: Knowledge Preservation Access and Management,
pp. 44-49, New Delhi.
6. Sankar, K. P., Ambati, V., Pratha, L. and Jawahar, C. V. (2006). “Avoiding Technological Quicks
and Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation.” Council on library and
information resources, Chapel Hill, USA.
7. Haneefa, K. (2007). “Use of ICT based resources and services in special libraries. Kerala.” Annals
of Library and Information Studies 54(1), p23-31.
8. Vadharajan, N. (2007). “Digital Libraries and Library Professionals in the Changing Scenario.”
PEARL - A Journal of Library and Information Science, 1(4), p 42- 45.
9. Ashton, Kevin (2009). “The Internet of Things: In the real-world things matter more than ideas.”
RFID Journal. Available at https://www.rfdjournal.com/ articles/view?4986
10. Brady, Will and Elkner, Jeffery. “Introduction to Information: History of ICT.” Available at
http://openbookproject.net/courses/intro2ict/history/history.html
11. Dhanavandan,S. and Tamizhchelvan M. (2012). “Use Pattern of Digital Resources among
Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu, India.” International Journal of Library Science, 5 (1), pp.
30-40.
12. Lee, G.M., Park, J., Kong, N., and Crespi, N. (2012). “The internet of things-concept and problem
statement.” Internet Research Task Force, 19 pages.
13. Chen, S.; Xu, H. Liu, D. Hu, B. and Wang, H. (2014). “A vision of loT: Applications, challenges,
opportunities with China perspectives” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 1(4), pp. 349-359.
14. Hendricks, D. (2015). “The trouble with the internet of things.” Available at
http://data.london.gov.uk/blog/the-trouble-with-the-internet: of things.
15. Syed Noor Mohd (2015). “Digitizing a million books.” Jamia Institute of Engineering and
Management Studies.
16. Zuppo, Colrain M. (2016). "Defining ICT in a Boundaryless World: The Development of a
Working Hierarchy". International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT), p. 19.
17. “Internet of Things (IoT) History: A closer look at who coined the term and the background
evolution into today's trending topic.” Available at https://www.postscapes. com/iot-history/
18. National Law School of India University, Bangalore (2018). https://www.nls.ac.in
19. National Library, India (2018). Available at www.nationallibrary.gov.in.
20. Kenton, Will. (2019). The Internet of Things. Investopedia. Available at
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/internet- things asp.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 121
 Blockchain Technology for Library Management and Services
1
Prabhakaran, G. and 2Prakash, M.
1
Assistant Librarian, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University,Tiruchirappalli
2
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
Abstract
This study explores the transformative potential of blockchain technology in enhancing the efficiency,
security, and transparency of library management systems. This study highlights how blockchain's
decentralized and immutable ledger system can be leveraged to manage digital assets, automate
lending processes through smart contracts, and ensure the secure storage and access of library
resources. The adoption of blockchain technology in libraries is presented as a means to address
challenges such as unauthorized access, data tampering, and intellectual property management. By
implementing blockchain, libraries can improve the integrity of metadata management, safeguard
digital content, and streamline transactions, thereby fostering a more secure and user-cantered
environment. However, the abstract also acknowledges the challenges of integrating blockchain,
including technical complexity, scalability issues, and the need for robust governance frameworks. This
study underscores the promise of blockchain in revolutionizing library services while emphasizing the
importance of strategic planning and investment for successful implementation.
Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Library Management, Digital Assets, Metadata Management
Introduction
Blockchain technology is poised to revolutionize the realm of library management and services,
offering a robust, secure, and transparent solution for handling digital assets, tracking transactions, and
preserving intellectual property. At its core, blockchain technology utilizes a distributed ledger system,
ensuring that data once recorded cannot be altered without the consensus of the network, thereby
providing an immutable and tamper-proof record. This feature makes blockchain ideal for managing
library operations, including the secure storage and access of digital resources such as e-books, articles,
and multimedia materials. Additionally, blockchain facilitates transparent lending transactions,
automates lending processes through smart contracts, and enhances the efficiency of interlibrary loans,
all while maintaining the integrity and provenance of library collections. As libraries continue to adapt
to the digital age, blockchain technology emerges as a powerful tool for preserving knowledge,
fostering innovation, and ensuring the security and accessibility of library resources. However, its
implementation also necessitates careful consideration of intellectual property rights, copyright
management, and digital preservation, highlighting the need for robust governance frameworks to
balance accessibility with protection.
Review of Literature
Abid (2021) studied the potential applications of blockchain technology in library services,
emphasizing its ability to enhance security, preservation, and reliability of data within library systems.
The objective of the study was to explore how blockchain can address various challenges faced by
libraries, such as data integrity, privacy, and the need for efficient information sharing. The

122 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Blockchain Technology for Library Management and Services

methodology involved a comprehensive review of existing literature on blockchain applications in

libraries, coupled with an analysis of case studies that demonstrate successful implementation.
Statistics and findings revealed that while blockchain technology offers significant benefits like
enhanced security and decentralized data management, its adoption in libraries is hindered by financial
constraints, technical challenges, and a lack of adequate training among library staff. Abid concluded
that with proper support, training, and investment, blockchain could revolutionize library services by
providing a tamper-resistant, distributed system for managing and sharing information.
Tella, Amuda, and Ajani (2022) studied the awareness and perception of blockchain technology's
relevance in the management of libraries and archives during the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) in
Nigeria. The objective of the study was to assess the understanding and attitudes of librarians and
archivists toward blockchain technology, particularly in terms of its potential benefits and challenges.
The methodology involved a qualitative approach, using open-ended questionnaires sent to ten system
librarians and ten archivists from five different libraries and archives in the Southwest geopolitical zone
of Nigeria. The findings revealed that participants were generally aware of blockchain technology and
viewed it positively, recognizing its potential to enhance the storage, preservation, and sharing of
authoritative information in a distributed setting. However, challenges such as high implementation and
maintenance costs, along with difficulties in sustainability, were identified as barriers to blockchain
adoption. The study emphasized the need for increased awareness and a more favorable perception
among librarians and archivists to facilitate the integration of blockchain technology into their
institutions.
Blockchain Technology: An Overview
Blockchain technology, a revolutionary and reliable method for securing and preserving data, is
increasingly being explored for its potential in library management and services. At its core, blockchain
is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) that records transactions with immutable cryptographic
signatures, ensuring the integrity and transparency of the data stored. This decentralized system allows
a community of users to record transactions in a shared ledger, making it tamper-evident and tamper-
resistant, thereby eliminating the need for a central authority. Key components of blockchain
technology include the distributed ledger, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts, which enable
secure, transparent, and automated processes. In the context of libraries, blockchain can be utilized to
gather, preserve, and share authoritative information, manage digital collections, automate lending
transactions, and enhance the security and accessibility of library resources, ultimately transforming the
way libraries operate and provide services to their communities. Despite the challenges such as
financial, technical, and security issues, proper training and support can facilitate the effective
implementation of blockchain technology in library settings.
Applications
Decentralized Cataloguing
Decentralized cataloguing, facilitated by blockchain technology, represents a significant advancement
in library management, enabling the distribution of cataloguing tasks across a network of participants.
This approach leverages the inherent security and transparency of blockchain, ensuring that metadata

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Blockchain Technology for Library Management and Services

records are redundantly stored and verified by multiple nodes, thereby safeguarding the integrity and
provenance of library collections. By decentralizing cataloguing, libraries can mitigate the risks
associated with centralized databases, such as data loss or tampering, and enhance the robustness of
their metadata records. For instance, initiatives like the Public Libraries 2020 in Europe are exploring
blockchain-based solutions to decentralize cataloguing and archival preservation, allowing libraries to
maintain accurate and reliable records of their holdings while fostering collaboration among library
professionals. This decentralized model not only ensures the long-term preservation of cultural heritage
but also promotes a more resilient and community-driven approach to library cataloguing.
Access and Borrowing Records
The integration of blockchain technology in library management significantly enhances the
transparency, security, and efficiency of access and borrowing records. By leveraging blockchain's
immutable ledger system, libraries can create a tamper-proof record of lending transactions, ensuring
that all borrowing and returning activities are accurately and securely documented. This process
involves the use of smart contracts, which automate lending processes and streamline interlibrary loans,
thereby reducing administrative overhead and expediting user access to resources. When a user
borrows a book, the transaction is recorded on the blockchain, providing a clear and auditable trail of
the book's movement. Each transaction is verified by multiple nodes in the network, ensuring the
integrity and authenticity of the records. This decentralized approach not only safeguards against
unauthorized alterations or deletions but also facilitates real-time tracking and updates, making it easier
for libraries to manage their collections and enforce lending policies seamlessly
Metadata management
Blockchain technology revolutionizes metadata management in libraries by ensuring the integrity,
transparency, and immutability of metadata records. By leveraging a decentralized ledger, libraries can
create a robust system for recording and verifying metadata associated with digital and physical
resources. Each metadata entry, including details like author, publication date, and format, is encoded
into a block and linked sequentially, forming a tamper-proof chain. This process begins with the
creation of a metadata entry, which is then hashed and recorded in a blockchain block. Upon validation
through consensus mechanisms, the block is added to the chain, ensuring that any changes or updates to
metadata are transparently logged and verifiable. This approach enhances data accuracy, prevents
unauthorized modifications, and facilitates secure metadata sharing and exchange across institutions.
Consequently, blockchain technology not only streamlines cataloguing processes but also builds trust in
the authenticity and provenance of library resources, ultimately advancing the management and
accessibility of bibliographic information.
Preservation of Digital Content
The preservation of digital content using blockchain technology offers a robust and secure solution for
libraries, ensuring the integrity, transparency, and accessibility of their digital collections. This process
leverages blockchain's immutable ledger system, where once data is recorded, it cannot be altered or
deleted without the consensus of the network, thereby safeguarding against tampering and unauthorized
modifications. Blockchain technology embeds authentication into the digital content itself, protecting

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 Blockchain Technology for Library Management and Services

against tampering and modification, and ensuring the permanence of digital records. The decentralized
nature of blockchain allows for the distribution of data across multiple nodes, ensuring that digital
content remains accessible even if parts of the network fail. Smart contracts can be utilized to automate
the archival process, ensuring that once a record is added, it becomes a permanent part of the digital
ledger. This approach not only mitigates risks associated with data loss due to obsolescence of storage
media or formats but also ensures that digital content is preserved for future generations with its
authenticity and provenance intact. By implementing blockchain, libraries can create a secure,
transparent, and resilient system for preserving digital content, enhancing the trustworthiness and
longevity of their collections.
Secure Transactions
Blockchain technology significantly enhances the security of transactions in library management by
providing a decentralized, immutable ledger for recording financial and administrative exchanges. In
this system, each transaction—such as membership fees, fines, or donations—is verified through a
consensus mechanism and encrypted into a block. This block is then appended to a chain of previous
transactions, ensuring that it cannot be altered or deleted without altering all subsequent blocks, which
is computationally impractical. The process begins with initiating a transaction request, followed by
cryptographic verification and consensus among network participants. Once validated, the transaction
is recorded on the blockchain, creating a transparent and tamper-proof record. This approach not only
protects against fraud and unauthorized access but also enhances accountability and transparency in
financial dealings. By implementing smart contracts, libraries can automate and enforce transaction
rules, such as automatic fine calculation or donation allocation, further streamlining operations and
ensuring trust in the system.
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Digital Rights Management (DRM) using blockchain technology offers a robust and transparent
solution for managing and protecting digital content in library settings. This approach leverages
blockchain's immutable ledger system to record ownership and usage rights of digital assets, ensuring
that all transactions are secure, tamper-proof, and auditable. The process involves the use of smart
contracts, which automate the execution of licensing agreements and manage access permissions,
expiration dates, and usage conditions, thereby aligning content usage with stipulated rights.
Blockchain-based DRM systems enable content owners to securely manage, authenticate, and share
digital content, including e-books, articles, and multimedia resources, without relying on centralized
authorities. This decentralized framework also facilitates the automation of royalty payments and
intellectual property management, enhancing the efficiency and transparency of digital content
distribution. Additionally, blockchain technology supports the creation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs)
to identify unique owners of digital assets, further simplifying the management of digital rights and
ensuring that all contractual updates are traceable and verifiable. This integrated approach not only
strengthens content security but also fosters trust between authors and users, making it an ideal solution
for libraries seeking to protect and manage their digital collections effectively.

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Challenges and Limitations

The adoption of blockchain technology in library management and services is not without its
challenges and limitations. One of the primary issues is scalability, as blockchain networks can be slow
and inefficient due to high computational requirements, leading to congestion and high transaction fees
when handling large volumes of transactions. Another significant concern is energy consumption, as
traditional consensus mechanisms like proof-of-work require substantial computational power,
resulting in high energy usage and environmental impact. Security is also a challenge, with instances of
security breaches and hacking attacks on blockchain networks, necessitating robust security measures
such as formal verification of smart contracts and multi-signature wallets. Additionally, complexity and
the need for specialized technical expertise can hinder widespread adoption, while interoperability
issues between different blockchain platforms further complicate integration. Furthermore, data
security and privacy concerns arise due to blockchain's transparency, which may contradict privacy
regulations, and the reliance on oracles for external data can introduce vulnerabilities. Addressing these
challenges through innovative solutions like layer-2 scaling systems, energy-efficient consensus
mechanisms, and careful design is crucial for the successful implementation of blockchain technology
in library management and services.
Proposed Framework for Blockchain Implementation in Libraries

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 Blockchain Technology for Library Management and Services

The proposed framework for blockchain implementation in libraries, illustrated outlines a

comprehensive approach to integrating blockchain technology into library management systems. At the
core of this framework is the Library Management System, which encompasses several key
components: Digital Rights Management, Metadata Management, Secure Transactions, User
Authentication, and Preservation of Digital Content. Digital Rights Management leverages blockchain
for managing content ownership and automated licensing through smart contracts. Metadata
Management utilizes decentralized catalogues to ensure the integrity and provenance of metadata.
Secure Transactions are handled through encrypted transactions and a consensus mechanism for
transparent record-keeping. User Authentication incorporates secure, decentralized verification
methods, while Preservation of Digital Content focuses on immutable archives and distributed storage
for long-term data preservation. Additionally, the framework includes External Integration with other
library systems for metadata sharing and User Interface elements like a user request queue and access
to blockchain records, ensuring a seamless and efficient interaction with the blockchain-based library
system.
Conclusion
Blockchain technology holds transformative potential for library management and services by offering
a secure, transparent, and efficient framework for handling digital assets, transactions, and metadata.
By implementing blockchain, libraries can significantly enhance the management of digital rights,
streamline metadata handling through decentralized cataloguing, and ensure the integrity of borrowing
and access records. The immutable and transparent nature of blockchain supports robust preservation of
digital content, while smart contracts facilitate automated and secure transactions. However, the
successful integration of blockchain in library systems requires addressing challenges related to
scalability, energy consumption, and interoperability. By leveraging blockchain’s strengths and
overcoming these hurdles, libraries can not only improve operational efficiency and user experience but
also safeguard the authenticity and longevity of their collections in an increasingly digital age. This
innovative approach promises to advance the capabilities of libraries, ensuring they remain pivotal in
the preservation and dissemination of knowledge.
References
1. Abid, H. (2021). Uses of blockchain technologies in library services. Library Hi Tech News, 38(8),
9-11.
2. Tella, A., Amuda, H. O., & Ajani, Y. A. (2022). Relevance of blockchain technology and the
management of libraries and archives in the 4IR. Digital Library Perspectives, 38(4), 460-475.
3. Khan, A. U., Zhang, Z., Taleby Ahvanooey, M., & Rafique, W. (2022). Opinion mining towards
blockchain technology adoption for accessing digital library resources. Aslib Journal of
Information Management, 74(1), 135-157.
4. Suman, A. K., & Patel, M. (2021). An introduction to blockchain technology and its application in
libraries. Available at SSRN 4019394.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 127
 Revolutionizing the Library System by Integrating Blockchain and AI Technology
1
Luxana, S. and 2Franklin, J. (Dr.)
1
II M.Lib.I.Sc., P.G. & Research DLIS, Bishop Heber College, Trichy
2
Assistant Professor & Head, P.G. & Research DLIS, Bishop Heber College, Trichy
Abstract
This paper explores how Blockchain & AI technology are taking over traditional library management
with these cutting-edge technologies. Blockchains' ledger system is decentralized, tamper-proof, and
provides a robust way of resource tracking for industrial monitoring to secure data integrity while
enjoying transparency in operations. Adding AI models to the mix of predictive analytics, automation,
and personal service allows libraries to improve these functions in important ways. Use cases: secure
resource management, automated smart contract-based processes; increased data security or privacy-
level and decentralized access to that information/wide-area transparent financial operations.
Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Analytics, Automation, Data
Security.
Introduction
For centuries, libraries have played a central role as disseminators and repositories of knowledge and
their role has been entirely revolutionized with the advent of technology. With the availability and
accessibility of information still on the increase, libraries are under pressure to store and process
enormous volumes of data and at the same time deliver customized services that are easily accessible in
the current society. We believe that bibliographic control and record-keeping, security of information,
and users services no longer suffices to the expectations of modern libraries. And this is where the use
of blockchain technology together with Artificial Intelligence (AI) can assist.
Based on the decentralized and secure, immutable, and transparent system of the blockchain, it
provides a radical solution to the operation of the library to guarantee data security, transparent
transactions, and efficient management of resources.
Meanwhile, AI offers effective approaches to predictive analysis, robotic processing, and
individualization, which could help libraries to foresee users’ demands, perform many nonessential
operations, or deliver customized services. Altogether, these technologies signify prospects for
changing libraries into more effective, effective, and friendly institutions for users, suitable for the
present conditions of the world wide web space.
This paper aims to discuss the possible applications of both ledger and cognitive solutions in the library
context, specifically, explaining how blockchain solutions can be applied to tasks like resource
management or automation, how AI can be implemented in the library, and how it can improve data
security, decentralized access or operational transparency.
Accordingly, this paper seeks to provide an assessment of the real-life cases and prospective uses of
blockchain and AI in establishing the role of libraries as technology leaders.

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 Revolutionizing The Library System by Integrating Block Chain and AI Technology

Concept of Blockchain & AI Technology

Blockchain Technology
At the core of blockchain technology lies its immutable ledger system, which ensures that once data is
recorded, it cannot be altered retroactively without the consensus of the network. This feature alone
makes blockchain ideal for managing library operations.
Digital assets, including e-books, articles, and multimedia resources, can be securely stored and
accessed through blockchain platforms, mitigating the risk of unauthorized alterations or deletions.
Feature of Blockchain Technology
➢ Consensus/Validation: A block can be validated into a chain-like structure using a variety of
consensus techniques, including Evidence of Stack (POS), Proof of Work (POW), Proof of
capacity, Time-lapsed Proof, etc.
➢ Secure: Since there isn't a centralized authority, Numerous computers hold data, and to access it,
one is required to simultaneously hack every network node, which is pricey and impractical.
➢ Unchangeable: After a block is added to a blockchain, it becomes unalterable and impossible to
remove. A minor alteration may cause a new block with a new hash to appear in the block.
➢ Replicate/ Peer-to-peer Network: Blockchain operates as a distributed network, or what is known
as a public ledger, in which each transaction is replicated and accessible to all nodes and
participants.
➢ Transparency: Every transaction is publicly available. and everyone involved is aware of who does
what, when they are by themselves.
➢ Contracts for smart contracts: It is a code of peace that includes particular terms and circumstances,
as well as when these words and transaction begins when two nodes meet a certain requirement.

Fig 1.0 Workflow of Blockchain Technology

Source:https://www.ilaindia.net/jila/index.php/jila/article/download/408/209

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 129
Revolutionizing The Library System by Integrating Block Chain and AI Technology

Integration of Blockchain & AI in Libraries

Secure & Intelligent Resource Management
Blockchain for Resource Tracking: Blockchain can offer a protection and openness approach for
recording ownership and use and sharing assets in a Library. Each action (for example, borrowing,
returning, inter library loan) can be written on the blockchain, which provides a list of operations that
are used for recording all relations to the library stocks.
AI for Predictive Analytics: It also means that through intelligent algorithms AI can analyze the
tendencies of the use of the resources and look forward to, for example, which books or digital
resources will be needed in the future. This is productive for libraries in improving collection
development, management, and resource control.
Example: A library can track the history of lending a particular rare book to a number of libraries
through blockchain. AI could then evaluate this data as to when and where the book may be required
next, in this way making the book available faster to the patrons to be used.
Smart Contract & Automated Processes
Smart Contracts on Blockchain: Smart contracts are digital self-serving contracts whose conditions
are embedded into the actual code of the software application. They can range from library functions
like Inter library loans, digital rights management, and resource-sharing agreements in a library.
AI to Trigger Smart Contracts: From the library’s perspective, AI can track library activities and
automatically initiate smart contracts when certain parameters are met. To illustrate, AI can determine
through analytical data and patterns a group of people frequently use a particular digital asset and
initiate a smart contract to buy more licenses or block the resource.
Example: Suppose a digital journal article receives sufficient hits; an AI system may automatically fire
a smart contract to start negotiations for a new license or assign more sources to meet the need.
Enhanced Data Security & Privacy
Blockchain for Data Integrity: Because blockchain is distributed, any data that is incorporated into a
blockchain is protected, can’t be changed without leaving traceable evidence, and is easily verified.
This is important for patron privacy to be upheld as well as safe guarding the patron database,
transactions, and other relevant activities.
AI for Anomaly Detection: AI can scan the blockchain at any given time and detect any untoward
activities like hacking or other unlawful attempts as well as abnormal in borrowing. The AI also has the
ability of notifying library staff in case of an anomaly or cause a corrective action to be made on its
own.
Example: Thus, AI could track borrowing behavior and identify whether a user is trying to game the
system (borrow under multiple accounts to borrow more than is permitted). Blockchain guarantees that
all activities are recorded and can identify any corrupt activity that is taking place.

130 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Revolutionizing The Library System by Integrating Block Chain and AI Technology

Decentralized & Personalized Library Services

Blockchain for Decentralized Access: From the point of library and information services blockchain
is useful for allowing users from different institutions or places to access shared resources
independently without the control of a central body. This helps in establishing a healthy library
environment with more collaboration and content-enhanced experience.
AI for Personalization: AI is capable of searching and analyzing users' data (which is stored safely in
the blockchain) for providing recommendations, further searches, and services. It also improves the
library services by customizing clients’ experience and requirements.
Example: A user’s borrowing history, preferences, and search can also be kept in blockchain in a
decentralized way. AI can then use this data to provide a list of books that the user might be interested
in, recommend similar books, and go further and predict the user’s needs through his actions.
Transparent & Efficient Library Operations
Blockchain for Transparency: The transparency of the blockchain means that all the transactions and
operations taking place within the libraries will be visible and this will be helpful in cases of
accountability. This will be especially helpful when it comes to the use of public funds, grants, or
donations.
AI for Operational Efficiency: Libraries also benefit from AI since it can be employed for tasks that
are repetitive and time-consuming for the librarians to undertake them on their own, such as;
cataloging, inventory control, and resource distribution among others. Using data on the blockchain, the
same AI can tell where there are inefficiencies, and where changes can be made for the better.
Example: A blockchain could log all the financial deals concerning the purchase of the new resources
whereas, an AI could inspect these records and check if the library is obtaining the right value for the
money. In case of inefficiencies noticed, there is a possibility of recommending other vendors or the
ways of resource acquisition to the AI
Conclusion
The implementation of the blockchain and smart contracts in dealing with library management together
with the technology of AI indicates a new dawn in the development of libraries organizational structure
as well as the discharge of their roles to the society. Therefore, this paper has unveiled a way through
which blockchain and AI solutions can interlink to produce a host of possibilities for enhancing the
efficiency and reliability of library services which will in the long run put much more emphasis on the
user. This is where the applications of the above technologies are infinite and revolutionary whenever it
comes to secure resource management, automated procedures, enhanced data security and decentralized
access. The use of blockchain and AI will be crucial regarding the further development of libraries for
increasing their sustainability in the context of the digital age and fulfilling all the needs of the users. It
is in positioning the libraries at the forefront of these technological innovations to allows the latter not
only to improve the process of information intermediation but also to reimagine the users’ experience
as flexibly adaptive and poised for the challenges of the post-mainstream age.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 131
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References
1. Pacific University Libraries. (2024, February 16). “Blockchain technology for library
management”. Blockchain Technology for Library Management - Pacific University Libraries
2. Ram, B. (n.d.). “Transforming libraries: The impact of artificial intelligence”. Wadia Institute
of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Transforming libraries: The impact of
artificial intelligence - IJLSIT
3. Journal of Indian Library Association. (2020). “Journal of Indian Library Association”, 56(3).
https://www.ilaindia.net/jila/index.php/jila/article/download/408/209
4. Suresh, C. J., & Kiran Kumar, G. (2022). “Applications of blockchain technology in libraries:
An overview”. International Journal of Applied Research, 8(9), 81-84. Retrieved from
http://www.allresearchjournal.com

132 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 QR Code for Centre for Learning and Research
Kavipriya, D.
Vellalar College for Women, Thindal, Erode, 638012
Abstract
The Centre for Learning and Research at Vellalar College for Women is committed to enhancing
educational experiences through innovative solutions. In alignment with this goal, we propose the
implementation of a QR code system to streamline access to resources, information, and services. The
QR code system will provide students, faculty, and researchers with instant access to digital content,
research materials, event information, and administrative resources via their smartphones. By
scanning the QR codes placed strategically throughout the Centre, users can easily navigate to specific
web pages, download documents, and stay updated on the latest developments. The implementation of
this technology reflects the Centre's dedication to integrating modern tools into the academic
environment, fostering a culture of innovation and accessibility.
Keywords: QR Code, Centre for learning and research
Introduction
A QR code (Quick Response code) is a type of two-dimensional barcode that stores information in a
matrix of black and white squares. It can be read quickly by a smartphone camera or a QR code reader,
revealing the stored information. It stores information such as URLs, contact details, or text, which can
be quickly accessed by scanning the code. QR codes are widely used for various purposes, including
marketing, payments, and information sharing, due to their ease of use and ability to hold a significant
amount of data compared to traditional barcodes.
About QR Code
Denso Wave made QR code technology freely available to the public but sold the scanner technology
to read them. Hara and Denso Wave foresaw the future of QR codes in other industrial settings, but
they didn’t anticipate its popularity amongst small businesses and ordinary individuals. Everything
changed when cell phones included cameras, because a camera is the perfect technology for reading
QR codes. In 2002, Sharp introduced the first cellphone with a QR scanner and competing cellphone
companies followed suit. Eventually, everyone who owned a smartphone possessed a QR scanner in
their pocket.
QR Code in India
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) launched Bharat, a QR code system for digital payments,
in September 2016. The system was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI),
Mastercard, Visa, and American Express to help India transition to a less cash society. Bharat is the
world's first interoperable QR code acceptance solution, and it can be used to make payments to and
from bank accounts using UPI and wallets. It also works with QR codes from wallet providers and card
providers like Visa's mVisa and Mastercard's Masterpass.

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QR Code for Centre for Learning and Research

What is QR Code
A QR (Quick Response) code is a type of two-dimensional bar code appears as a small white square
with black geometric shapes in which data are encoded based on the position and combination of the
black spots read by smart phones\androids with camera. They are sometimes referred to as mobile
codes. The information encoded in a QR code can be a URL, a phone number, an SMS message, a V-
card, or any text. They are referred to as QR because they allow the contents to be decoded at high
speed.

Why We Use or Code

QR Codes were originally invented to replace Barcodes at supermarkets as they can store more
information and are easier to scan. Now, QR Codes have a wide range of uses across all types of
industries such as in education, marketing, and logisticsQR codes are used because they offer a fast and
efficient way to share and access a wide range of information. They can store data like URLs, contact
details, or payment information, which can be quickly retrieved by scanning the code with a
smartphone. This eliminates the need for manual entry, saving time and reducing errors.
The versatility of QR codes makes them valuable in various applications, from marketing and inventory
management to event check-ins and contactless payments. Their ability to store significant data in a
compact form allows them to be easily printed on products, signs, or digital screens. Additionally, QR
codes are designed with error correction, so they remain scannable even if partially damaged. In a
world increasingly favouring contactless interactions, QR codes enable touch-free access to
information and services, such as viewing restaurant menus or making payments. They are also cost-
effective to produce, making them an accessible tool for businesses and individuals.
Features of or Code
➢ High Capacity. It is encoding a large amount of data in a small space.
➢ Easy to Scan.
➢ Easily Customizable.

134 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 QR Code for Centre for Learning and Research

➢ Versatility.
➢ Resistant to Damage and Dirt.
➢ Security.
➢ Dynamic QR codes.
➢ QR Codes for Payments.
Benefits of QR Code
➢ Open-source technology is freely accessible.
➢ Easy-to-use technology and a straightforward deployment approach. To utilize QR codes, users do
not require any specialized skills. All they needed were smartphones, such as iPhones and Android
phones, etc. using a scanner for QR codes.
➢ Academic libraries are also using QR codes to provide Document Delivery Services.
➢ It also helps library patrons become more technologically and information literate.
➢ Huge data storage capacity packed into a tiny area.
➢ As more people become aware of this technology, it will excite the library user community and aid
in the accomplishment of library objectives.
Application of or Code Technology in Libraries
They incorporate a variety of media formats and are both free and simple to use. You can alter the QR
code's appearance after you write it to include a photo or logo. Because users no longer have to type
lengthy URLs, the use of library websites has increased. With a wide range of applications, rapid
response (QR) codes are a relatively new concept in libraries. They have been used successfully in
libraries to provide users with information that is relevant to their context and location. library exhibits
with QR codes that connect to websites, films, music, polls, competitions, and other content. Codes
pointing to online electronic print holdings can be found in library stacks, end caps, magazine sections,
and journal areas.
Some of the important activities, QR codes are applied in libraries are as follows:
➢ Link to website
➢ Link to library e- resources
➢ Easy access to previous year question papers
➢ Library Audio Tour
➢ Group study room scheduler
➢ Marketing /promotional material
➢ Linking from print to electronic journals holdings
➢ Providing an electronic alternative to physical books
➢ Promoting online audio/visual materials
➢ Embedding video help
➢ Bringing external resources into library
➢ Finding appropriate help
➢ Taking the catalogue record with you and seat reservations Wi-fi proper utilization.

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QR Code for Centre for Learning and Research

Centre for Learning and Research

The centre for Learning and Research, the largest block in the ground floor is very spacious and
measures 9409.25 sq.ft. with adequate reading facilities for 230 users at a time. It has a comprehensive
collection of books and periodicals, both Indian and Foreign to meet the demands of the students from
undergraduate to research level. Presently library has a collection of over 82,794 volumes of books on
different disciplines and also subscribes about 110 periodicals. The center for Learning and Research is
equipped with bar-code technology for computerized circulation system since 2005. The digital library
has 23 computer systems with internet and printing facilities.
QR Code for Centre for Learning and Research Centre

Conclusion
The Centre for Learning and Research at Vellalar College for Women has taken a big step toward
improving accessibility, effectiveness, and user engagement with the installation of a QR code system.
The learning and research processes are streamlined when educators, researchers, and students make
use of modern technology to swiftly access resources, information, and services. This program not only
demonstrates the university's dedication to innovation, but it also establishes a standard for
incorporating digital resources into learning settings, which will eventually promote a more
technologically savvy and cohesive academic community.
References
1. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=15337&context=libphilac
2. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365-life-hacks/privacy-and-safety/brief-history-qr-
codes
3. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quick-response-qr-code.asp
4. Fischman, G. E., & Keller, M. (2019). Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Education
Beyond Walls. Journal of Digital Learning, 12(4), 217-229.

136 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement:
A Study at VET (IAS), Erode
1
Subadharsini, S. 2Radhiya Parveen, A.J. 3Hemamalini, P and 4Anandika, S.
1,2,3 & 4
I M.Lib.Sc. Students, Vellalar College for Women, Thindal, Erode.
Abstract
This article aimed to evaluate the usage of library among the VET arts and science college. This
practical study of perception used to identify how the users are benefited by the library services and
how they are work towards gaining authentic information. Data was collected from arts students of
VET. There is a significant relationship between users and library awareness. Libraries are present all
over the world but how efficiently it works will results in the usage of library. This paper will provide
current scenario of library users and non-users.
Keywords: Authentic information, Library awareness, Usage of library.
Introduction
In today's modern information society, libraries and information center are evolving to meet new
demands. The rise of web-based information sources and electronic services has significantly altered
the role these institutions play. Moreover, the focus has shifted towards user-centric services, where the
needs and preferences of the users are prioritized. Libraries are at the forefront of the information age,
bridging the gap between traditional knowledge resources and the digital future. The main functions of
library to collect, preserve and disseminate the information of knowledge. The Motto of library is
establishing library to serve the society through the records of human ideas and expression by making
them available to all.
Objectives
➢ To know the purpose and frequency of visiting the library
➢ To find out the resources preferred by the users based on its usefulness
➢ To identify the usage of e-resources and print resources
➢ To explore the constraints faced by the users in accessing library facilities.
➢ To know the level of satisfaction of the users about the library services.
➢ To find out the facilities that motivate the users to visit the library.
Review of Literature
Bhatti, Batool & Malik (2013) conducted research on library use among Islamia University of
Bahawalpur students majoring in Library and Information Science. Data were gathered through the use
of a semi-structured questionnaire. Their findings indicated that children went to the library on average
once per week. Reading books, completing assignments, and preparing for tests were the most common
uses of information resources and services.
According to Adeniran (2011), academic libraries in universities support both curricular and research
activities for faculty and students. Goha in (2013) looked into how University of Kalyani students used

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User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement…

information resources and found that students needed instruction on how to use information resources
and services to meet their information needs
Methodology
Personal interview is one of the survey methods of data collection which employs a 100 questionnaire.
The components of the personal interview are the researches the interviewer, interviewee and the
interview environment. Interviews will be sent with questionnaires to meet the
respondents/interviewers of the questions in the questionnaire under the defined interview environment.
Data analysis and Interpretation
Table 1: Gender Wise Respondents

S.No Gender Responses & Frequency (Percentage)%

1 Male 61 61%
2 Female 39 37%
Total 100 100%

Table 1 shows the 100 responses were received from respondents and the majority 61 (61%)
respondents were male and the rest remaining 39 (39%) were female. Here the survey shows that male
participation is higher than female.
Table 2: Ratio of users visiting the library

S.No Visiting Library Responses & Frequency (Percentage) %

1 Yes 35 35%
2 No 65 65%
Total 100 100%

Table 2 shows only 35 respondents (35%) were familiar with visiting library and 65 respondents (65%)
were unaware of library services. It shows majority of the respondents need to more aware of library.
Table 3: Purpose of Visiting Library

S.No Purpose of Visit Responses (Percentage) %

1 Notes 7 20%
2 Books 4 11.4%
3 Digital resources 22 62.9%
4 Peace 2 5.7%
Total 35 100%

Table 3 shows the purpose of visiting library according to their need of 35 respondents. Majority 22
respondents (62.9%) visits for online resources,7 respondents (20%) visit for notes, 4 respondents
(11.4%) visits for books and 2 respondents (5.7%) visits library for peace.

138 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement…

Table 4: Frequency of Library Visit

S.No Frequency Responses (Percentage) %
1 Daily 8 22.9%
2 Weekly 9 25.7%
3 Monthly 6 17.1%
4 On demand 12 34.3%
Total 35 100%

Table 4 shows majority 12 respondents 34.3% visits library rarely ,9 respondents 25.7% visits library
weekly, 8 respondents 22.9% visits library daily, 6 respondents 17.1% visit library only once in a
month. It provides the data of frequency visits of respondents.
Table 5: Respondents Useful Resources
S.No Resources Responses (Percentage) %
1 Online 22 62.9%
2 Print 8 22.9%
3 Maps 5 14.2%
Total 35 100%

Table 5 shows the resources that is useful to the respondents. Majority 22 (62.9%) respondents that
online mode is useful. 8 respondents 22.9% have responded print media is useful and only 5
respondents 14.2% have responded maps are useful.
Table 6: Usage of E-Resources

S.No Online Resources Responses (Percentage)%

1 Swayam 5 14.3%
2 NPTEL 3 8.6%
3 NLIST 2 5.7%
4 Social media 12 34.3%
5 Non users 13 37.1%
Total 35 100%

Table 6 shows how e-resources used by 35 respondents to get more information and helps in studies.
Majority of the respondents 13 (37.1%) were non-users,12 (34.3%) were using social medias for
information with visual. 5 respondents (14.3%) were using Swayam, 3 respondents (8.6%) were using
NPTL and only 2 respondents (5.7%) were using NLIST for learn new courses.
Table 7: Usage of Print Resources
Print
S.No Responses (Percentage)%
Resources
1 Books 4 11.4%
2 Newspapers 3 8.6%

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User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement…

3 Journals 4 11.4%
4 Thesis 2 5.7%
Online
5 22 62.9%
resources
Total 35 100%

Table 7 shows how 35 respondents use print resources and others to get authentic information placed in
them. Majority 22 respondents 62.9% use online resources, 4 respondents 11.4% were reading books, 4
respondents 11.4% reading journals, 3 respondents 8.6% reading newspapers and only 2 respondent
5.7% reading thesis for their knowledge gaining.
Table 8: Satisfaction Level of Respondents
(Percentage)
S.No Satisfaction Level Responses
%
1 Very-Satisfied 5 14.3%
2 Satisfied 6 17.1%
3 Neutral 15 42.9%
4 Dis-Satisfied 9 25.7%
Total 35 100%

Table 8 depicts the respondents Satisfied level of 35 respondents. Majority15 respondents 42.9% they
are neutral with library services. 9 respondents 25.7% have responded they are not satisfied 6
respondents 17.1% are responded that they are satisfied. Only 5 respondents 14.3% have responded that
they are very satisfied.
Table 9: Constraints Faced by Respondents
S.No Reasons for Dis-satisfaction Responses (Percentage)%
1 Library Hour 9 25.7%
2 Non-Availability of books 8 22.9%
3 Space 10 28.5%
4 E-Resources resistance 8 22.9%
Total 35 100%

Table 9 shows reasons for dissatisfaction of using library out of 35 respondents, Majority 10
respondents 28.6% responded that they are don’t get enough space, 9 respondents 25.7% responded
that they lack library hours, 8 respondents 22.9% responded library lacks major important books and
they can’t access e resources with full extension.
Table 10: Users Choice of Needed Books
Preferable
S.No Responses (Percentage)%
Books
1 Novels 12 34.3%
2 Story books 19 54.3%

140 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement…

3 Text books 4 11.4%

Total 35 100%

Table 10 depicts the books needed by the respondents out of 35, 19 respondents 54.3% have responded
they need story books to create their own imagination and creativity. 12 respondents 34.3%have
responded that they need novels. Only 4 respondents 11.4% responded that they need department
books. They need more books other than department books.
Table 11: Facilities that Motivate the Library Visit

S. No Motivation to visit Responses (Percentage) %

1 Expand digital resources 9 25.7%
2 Feel comfortable 12 34.3%
3 Extension of Time 14 40%
Total 35 100%

Table 11 shows how the respondents need facilities to visit library. Out of 35 respondents, 14 of them
40% need extension of time for visiting the library, 12 of the 34.3% need furniture to feel comfortable
,9 respondents 25.7% responded expansion of digital resources. This will increase the visitors of
library.
Discussion
Libraries can improve by listening to user voices. Users request longer hours, more digital resources, a
user-friendly website, adult programs, and quiet study spaces. To address these needs, libraries can
extend hours, increase digital offerings, revamp their website, develop adult programs, and create more
study spaces. Additional ideas include implementing user feedback systems, personalized
recommendations, enhanced accessibility features, community partnerships, and outreach programs.
This leads to a more vibrant and supportive community hub. With the advent of mobile applications,
users can now access library services from the comfort of their own homes. This shift towards digital
accessibility has been highlighted in a recent survey, which indicates that users increasingly prefer to
utilize library resources through mobile apps. This trend not only attracts new users but also provides
them with authentic information through e-resources, saving them time and effort. This phenomenon
aligns with the 5 Laws of Library Science, which emphasize the importance of making information
accessible and bridging the gap between users and authentic information. By embracing mobile
technology, libraries can effectively serve their users and provide valuable information, thereby
fulfilling their core mission.
Conclusion
The study examines the user voices and path to improvement to library services through the students of
VET. To utilize the library services through various modes which will gives authentic information and
refreshes users knowledge with innovative ideas. Listening to user voices is crucial for libraries to
improve their services and meet the evolving needs of their communities. By acknowledging and
addressing user concerns, libraries can create a more user-centric and inclusive environment. By

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User Voices and Library Services: A Path to Improvement…

prioritizing user voices, libraries can adapt, thrive, and remain a vibrant and essential part of their
communities.
References
1. Adeniran, P. (2011). User satisfaction with academic libraries services: Academic staff and
students perspectives. International journal of library and information science, 3 ( 1 0 ) , 2 0 9 -
2 1 6 .https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLIS11.045
2. Kavitha Gaur (2013). Foundation of library and information science study material
https://nios.ac.in, Lovely Professional University in Phagwara, Punjab.
3. Rajat Ari. Importance and role library in our society - A Peer Reviewed National Journal of
Interdisciplinary https://tamraliptamahavidyalaya.org, central Library, Tamralipta
Mahavidyalaya Research Review Vol.2:2017 Studies Online

142 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Utilising QR Codes to Improve Service and Resource Accessibility at Libraries:
A Case Study of KSRCT library
1
Venkatachalam, A.M. (Dr.) 2 Thangadurai, A. and 3 Boomika, M.
1
Director (Library), K S Rangasamy Collège of Technology, Tiruchengode, [email protected]
2
Assistant Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology.
3
Assistant Librarian, KSR Educational Institutions, Tiruchengode [email protected]
Abstract
The article will explore how the application of QR codes alters the appearance and structure of
libraries. In the modern period, this code system has gained popularity due to its quick readability and
larger storage capacity than a typical barcode. In order to highlight their resources and services,
libraries embraced technology early on, as this paper aims to concisely describe. As one of the primary
libraries to employ this technology, KSRCT Library has integrated it into more than a dozen areas of
library services. This paper attempts to present a quick overview of the technology and how libraries
adopted it early, to promote their resources and services. The author provides an effective case study of
how QR code technology was introduced at the KSRCT library using Android-based smartphones, and
how it is now a standard application to improve access to library resources and services.
Keywords: QR Code, Library Services, Library Resources
Introduction
The quick development of ICT has altered how libraries operate. Whereas old library operations
required lengthy turnaround times, we can today completely change library operations in a matter of
minutes with the aid of ICT. One of the greatest fast, responsible technologies for simplifying the use
of library resources and services is the QR code application. One of the objectives of the five law of
library science the fourth law, "Save the Time of Users"is met in part by the use of QR codes in library
services. The trademark for matrix barcodes, often known as two-dimensional barcodes, is the Quick
Reference (QR) code.
A simple-to-understand technology called QR codes (Quick Response) is gradually closing the gap
between print and digital media. The two-dimensional QR codes that are so well-known today were
created in 1994 by Denso Wave for a Toyota subsidiary in Japan. Toyota created this technology to be
used in manufacturing, product marketing, and promotion. Subsequently, other businesses and other
service providers have adopted it extensively. Professionals in libraries and information have been
examining the use of this technology to promote their services, which include digital documents, audio,
video, and other e-resources, after appreciating its advantages. This paper makes an attempt to provide
some context and explain the benefits of QR codes and also present a case study of its successful
application at KSRCT Library.
What is it: QR Code?
A QR code reader or software that can be downloaded to a smartphone can be used to scan QR codes,
which are a sort of matrix code. A QR code is a label that can be read by machines through optical

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Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries…

means. It is attached to an object and serves as a record of its details. "QR code, short for Quick
Response code, is a two-dimensional barcode that was developed in 1994 to track cars and various
parts during the production process by Denso Wave, a Toyota Motors subsidiary. Denso Wave
developed QR code as a way of storing information in two- dimensional. Two-dimensional barcode is
store images, text and web address in horizontally and vertically using dot, square, rectangle and
hexagons format. Black modules, or square dots, are arranged in a square grid on a white background
to form the QR code. Data (numeric, alphanumeric, byte / binary, Kanji, and nearly any other type of
data) can be encoded using standard barcodes, which can only retain information in one dimension
(horizontally) and are severely limited in the quantity of data they can hold to put it briefly, a QR code
is a representation of information that can be read by a particular program that is installed on a
smartphone or other portable device, and it is connected to an object.
QR code generated: How?
There are numerous websites that offer free software to make QR codes, and it doesn't take much time
at all to generate a single code. Here are few steps used for generating QR code:
➢ Finding the open QR Code generators: If we need to creating a QR code for our library, we can
use a free QR code generator.
➢ Data Format: Free generators will offer format options, including text, URL, phone number or
email contact. We can select the data based on the needs.
➢ Data Entry: It should be limited to 300 alphanumeric characters since, it carries information both
vertically and horizontally.
➢ Design: Free code generator tool will have limited options to create QR code till, we may design
QR code as like we use paid service, we often have access to more custom QR code, including
logo embedding, unique style and shape even though we can modify the colours
➢ Testing QR code: Once we have created the code, then save/download it as an image or another
format to open file and then preview it. This image file can be easily added to a document,
uploaded to a website.

Fig:1 QR code structure (Source: ResearchGate)

Standards and Size
The ISO Standard ISO/IEC18004: 2015 describes all of them in detail with regard to adhering to norms
and specifications for the properties of the symbols, type of data, error correction rule, the quality need
for their creation, dimensional characteristics setting, etc. The minimum QR code size and scan

144 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries…

distance for the majority of smartphones are correlated to a degree of about 2.5 cm (1 inch). The
nominal effective scan distance of a QR code placed on a magazine page is around 250mm (10 inches).
These are all commonly accepted norms that have been established for technologies related to QR
Technologies.
Required Hardware and Software tools
To implementing QR code in the library, it is basic to need this tool to create and read QR code:
➢ Android-based smartphone and tablets or PC (with a camera)
➢ A printer (standard printer)
➢ Scanner/Reader
➢ Internet access
Why use QR codes in Libraries (General Benefits)
Despite being developed in 1994, QR code technology has only recently begun to be used outside of
the manufacturing industry. It will take some time for those in other sectors to receive the benefits.
Here are a few advantages that apply to all segments:
➢ Adding tools to create a virtual experience in the library is simple.
➢ Provides additional content when needed.
➢ User interaction through the use of smartphones as the medium.
➢ It is simple to obtain and implement, with a plethora of online generators that only require a brief
input of information, code generation, and copying and pasting of the generated code onto the item.
➢ Almost no money is being spent.
➢ No additional equipment is required
➢ The QR code is well-designed, has a larger capacity than other matrix codes, and can correct
errors. Using currently available technologies, such as a computer and printer, is all that is needed.
➢ It doesn't require additional workers because it's not a labor-intensive process; inventor Denso-
Wave does not own any patent rights to the QR codes, so no royalties are due.
➢ Error correction is possible but the modifications are simple.
Application of QR code in Libraries
Here are some instances where QR codes are frequently used:
Exhibitions of materials or resources: To reach end users through the resource exhibition, the
majority of libraries employed QR codes on the reading list. It is a component of the promotion of
collection and library services strategy.
Libraries can use QR codes to quickly and efficiently retrieve holding information from their mobile
devices. These codes can be found in stacks next to journals that point to online holdings.
Audio/visual collection tours in libraries: A lot of libraries are promoting their audio/visual
collections with QR codes.

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Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries…

Bibliographic records and catalogs: QR codes can be utilized for reading materials such as catalog
records and bibliographic details of books.
Details of how to get in touch: To disseminate database pages and the specific details of faculty and
staff contact information.
Audio/visual collections: Provide links to online videos and DVDs in the form of synopses or trailers
that inform users about specific resources.
Website links: The user community frequently requests information about the author's interviews,
including links to their websites. Libraries can use QR codes to quickly retrieve information and
provide a link.
Print and electronic resource tutorials: QR codes that link to print and electronic resource tutorials
that explain how to use them to users.
Additional links: Provide access to helpful websites, texts, photos, PDF files, phone numbers, emails,
and SMS.
Implementation of QR codes in KSRCT Library
The KSRCT Library chose to assess this technology after considering the advantages and experience of
other libraries utilizing QR codes as well as their own needs at the time. Participating in this
implementation process were the other coworkers and both authors. Initially, the following resources
and services have QR Codes implemented:
Printed resources List: Using QR code to link the Book and Periodical list in library website, all our
resource guides have QR code for the URL repository.
Library website: In order to improve and increase the library's visibility as well as the resources and
services available to end users, we have generated QR codes and used the link to the library's website.
E-resources List: It is now possible to access the library's physical and virtual collection subscriptions
from anywhere at any time by using a QR code.
Dictionaries, Bibliography, Encyclopedia & Newspaper: We developed the QR code to view the list
of Newspaper, Dictionaries and Bibliography links so that the information could be retrieved using a
number of techniques.
Project reports, Question Bank, and Back Volume: Although many users are unaware of them, these
are all very beneficial resources that are listed on the website of our library specifically for students.
Using QR code technology, we can assist users in performing tasks that are highly prioritized.
Library web OPAC link: Users can quickly access the library's holdings and check the status of
required readings by using the QR code provided for our library OPAC.
Useful Link: The library website portal provides quick access to another helpful link for users.
Remote Access: Users can access our library remotely without having to install any additional apps.

146 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries…

Another Government Website: More than a dozen library websites catering to different memberships
and services now offer QR codes. However, career guidance is included in QR code information. Links
to contact information, catalogs, and other resources can be found via QR codes.

1.Library Website
2.Web OPAC
1.Question Bank Website
3. Digital Repository
2.Project Reports 4. E-Journals
3. Back Volume 5. E-Books
4. IRNIS 6.Remote Access
5. Add-on Course 7. Plagiarism Tool
6.Journal Website
7. NDLI

Implementation
of QR codes in
Additional KSRCT Useful
Information Library: Links

1.Conference Alert
2. Search Engine
3. Newspaper
4. Dictionaries
5. Publisher
Website
6. KSRCT JSTEM
7.Job Alert
Fig:2 Structure for Applications of QR code in KSRCT Library

Fig:3 KSRCT Library - Knowledge Tree

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 147
Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries…

Knowledge of Tree of KSRCT, which was created using QR code with various streams of branch
information.
Apart from these, various other domains are being investigated where affixing a QR code can facilitate
effortless entry, to the services and resources offered by libraries. Fig. 2 and Fig.3 displays the
application areas at the KSRCT Library.
The list above indicates that we have effectively implemented QR Codes in the aforementioned areas.
To do this, we used the "Free Online QR Code Generator site- https://www.the-qrcode-
generator.com/," which makes it simple to create free QR codes for texts, URLs, PDF files, and other
types of files.
Observations, encounters, and lessons realized
Some of the observations, actual first-hand reports, and lessons discovered during the implementation
process are given here:
➢ we integrated this technology into our workflow without spending a lot of money.
➢ The process of applying this technology helped us understand and identify the core areas of work
where users expect the ease of access to library resources.
➢ It also didn't require much technical expertise, nor did it take much time to learn how to both
generate the code and read technology works.
➢ This procedure also assisted in determining where long and difficult labor was completed, and
resources are lost through downloading, printing, and sharing
specific documents containing users. The majority of users, particularly students, utilize Android
utilizing smartphones, we could satisfy the demands of lots of users
➢ Much easier to use, according to most users.
➢ By integrating this technology into our workflow, we've been in contact with
many patrons and increase library usage.
➢ Undoubtedly, using this model but necessary technology helps library employees and user save a
great deal of time.
➢ Staff members' confidence is enhanced by the experience gained from using this technology, which
also opens their eyes to other, more recent tools that are primarily designed for other purposes but
could be easily adapted to the library work environment.
The library is currently in the process of implementing QR codes in new and additional areas based on
these experiences.
Conclusion
As mentioned in this paper's opening section, computer and communications technologies have treasure
the library with a wealth of opportunities. Technological solutions for the library domain are developed
exclusively, and an equal number of technologies are developed to automate various processes in other
domains. The only way to enhance overall services and library visibility is for library staff to be
proactive in investigating new technologies, both inside and outside of our field.

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 Utilising QR codes to improve service and resource accessibility at libraries…

One such technology that has been adopted to provide solutions to various sectors is the QR Code;
most libraries must acquire it and use it properly. It requires no additional infrastructure and has no
financial implications. The primary reason for this technology's success is that the majority of users
these days have smartphones running Android. Given the advantages that technology provides, a lot of
tech-savvy Indian libraries have fully embraced QR technology and are providing services to improve
user experience and save time. As a proactive venue for testing out new technologies, KSRCT Library
started the process and successfully added QR codes to more than a dozen of our resources and
services. After observing the advantages from the perspective of the user, we will be investigating
every conceivable area of our library and working toward the implementation of this technology.
Reference
1. Das, T. K., & Kumbar, T. S. (2020). Use of QR codes for enhancing access to library resources and
services: a case study of IIT Gandhinagar library. Annals of Library and Information Studies
(ALIS), 67(3), 156-163.
2. Din, M. M., & Fazla, A. F. (2021, March). Integration of Web-Based and Mobile Application with
QR Code implementation for the library management system. In Journal of Physics: Conference
Series (Vol. 1860, No. 1, p. 012018). IOP Publishing.
3. Naik, P. G., Kamath, R. S., Jamsandekar, M. S., Mahajan, M. K., & Patil, M. M. (2015).
Enhancing the usability of library system at CSIBER using QR code. IOSR J. Comput. Eng, 17(1),
2278-2661.
4. Pareek, S. (2024). QR Codes Making Smart and Effective Library Services: A Case
Study. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 44(3).
5. Paul, M., & Naikar, S. (2024). Innovative Uses of QR Codes in Academic Libraries: Benefits and
Challenges. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 11(6), 565-572.
6. Shettar, I. M. (2016, April). Quick Response (QR) Codes in Libraries: Case study on the use of QR
codes in the Central Library, NITK. In Proc. TIFR-BOSLA National Conference on Future
Librarianship (pp. 129-134). Mumbai: Imperial Publications.
7. Whitchurch, M. J. (2011). QR codes and library engagement. Bulletin of the American Society for
information Science and Technology, 38(1), 14-17.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 149
 Current Awareness Service through WhatsApp
1
Jebasheelaagshal, K. 2Sharmila, P. and 3Sharmitha, M.
1,2 & 3
II M.Lib.Sc. Students, Vellalar College for Women, Thindal, Erode.
Abstract
A Current Awareness Service (CAS) is a tool or service designed to keep individuals, especially
professionals, researchers, and academics, updated with the latest developments and publications in
their field of interest. The service typically involves regular updates via email alerts, newsletters, RSS
feeds, or customized notifications, which highlight new research articles, journals, books, reports, and
other relevant materials. The purpose of a CAS is to help users stay informed about new trends,
significant studies, and emerging topics without requiring them to actively search for this information.
It supports continuous professional development by ensuring that users are aware of the latest
advancements and can integrate new knowledge into their work or studies.
Keywords: CAS, Information, Dissemination, Development, Delivery updates, real time access.
Introduction
Literature growth in knowledge domain has great impact on every sphere of life especially in
professional activities. This too has visible impact on librarianship profession especially in library
services. This tremendous growth has put the information service providers in collection, processing
and dissemination of desired information. At the same time the ethos of librarianship ‘right information
to the right user at the right time’ is to be retained, despite the knowledge explosion in every discipline.
Meaning of current awareness services

A Current Awareness Service (CAS) is a service provided by libraries, information centers, or

specialized agencies to keep users informed about the latest developments and updates in their areas of
interest. The purpose of CAS is to deliver timely and relevant information, such as new research
articles, publications, news, or other resources, to help individuals stay updated with the most recent
trends and advancements in their field.
CAS can be tailored to specific topics, industries, or professional needs, and may involve delivering
updates through newsletters, alerts, RSS feeds, or other communication channels. It is commonly used
in academic, corporate, and research settings to ensure that professionals, researchers, and academics
have access to the most current information. According Foskett, “current awareness service is of course
a very descriptive title, which means what it says. Basically, it means that someone examines every
new item that comes into the library, not simply for the purpose of cataloguing it (important through
that undoubtedly is) but also with the object of finding out whether it related directly to the new
interests, the current work of any particular colleague (Foskett, 1975, p. 82).”

As per the Harrod’s librarians Glossary, the current awareness is, “a system and often a publication, for
notifying current documents to users of libraries and information services e.g., selective dissemination
of information, bulletin, indexing service, current literature. The term is sometimes used synonymously
for SDI (1984, p.216)
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 Current Awareness Service Through WhatsApp

Characteristics of CAS
➢ CAS meets the current information requirements
➢ CAS is provided to a similar group of users/researchers on the basis of their common information
requirements
➢ CAS not necessarily matches to the specific requirement of a user. It is simply current information.
The information dissemination may in the form of print tools (but no more in trend) rather
electronically.
➢ Its deliberations are within the stipulated time framed and pre-known to the users. It may be daily,
weekly, or on the basis of fortnightly.
➢ Specific feedback is not required as its nature is simply current awareness in required or related
areas.
➢ CAS facilitates in quick awareness since the inception of particular information as it takes time to
be availed through any other sources (indexing & abstracting journal, commercial catalogue,
marketing sources etc.
Need and Importance of CAS
The advent of technological developments has given changes in thoughts of human minds at the same
time services available through these technologies especially internet and its related field has made
easier to access any kind of literature at any time. At the same time development in the subjects and
research in interdisciplinary areas are the development of the days. The researchers need the recent
development in their field earliest probably since the origin of information. The information has to be
disseminated promptly to the researchers for their research work. So, prompt dissemination needs
current awareness service. At the same time large quantity of information which is available and in
being generated daily makes it difficult to keep the users abreast with the recent developments in the
respective fields. So, the need CAS has become very vital. The traditional services including the old
pattern of indexing and abstracting services or generalized documentation are too broad for any
individual library as well too large to digest these heavily loaded resources for any researcher. At the
same time, it is time consuming to reach at the end users. Language consideration is also another
concern though rare; by the CAS locally generated resources can also be helpful. Tumer is of the
opinion that, “the poor currency of traditional abstracting services promoted the publication of current
awareness publications with time lags of weeks instead of months (Tumer, 1962, p. 24).”
A current awareness service delivered through WhatsApp is highly valuable in today’s fast-paced,
information-driven world. By leveraging the widespread use and accessibility of WhatsApp, this
service allows individuals and organizations to stay updated on the latest developments, news, and
trends in their fields in real-time. It ensures that relevant, timely information reaches users directly on
their mobile devices, enabling them to make informed decisions quickly. The convenience of
WhatsApp's messaging platform, with features like instant notifications and the ability to share
multimedia content, enhances the effectiveness of the service. This immediacy and ease of access help
users maintain a competitive edge, stay informed about critical issues, and efficiently manage the
overwhelming flow of information in their personal and professional lives.

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Current Awareness Service Through WhatsApp

Advantages of CAS
➢ CAS provides users real-time or near-real-time access to the latest information and developments
in their areas of interest. By receiving alerts and notifications, users can promptly stay informed
about breaking news, research findings, industry updates, policy changes, and other relevant
information.
➢ CAS allows users to customize their information preferences based on their specific interests,
topics, and sources. Users can tailor their CAS subscriptions to receive information that aligns with
their needs, ensuring they receive relevant updates and avoid information overload
➢ CAS streamlines the information-gathering process by delivering curated content directly to users.
Instead of spending valuable time searching for and sifting through vast amounts of information,
users receive targeted updates, saving time and effort in staying informed.
➢ CAS often aggregates information from multiple sources, such as news outlets, journals, blogs, and
social media. This enables users to conveniently access various perspectives, opinions, and
research findings from various reputable sources.
➢ CAS supports continuous learning and professional development by providing users access to the
latest research, industry trends, best practices, and expert insights. Professionals can stay current in
their fields, expand their knowledge base, and enhance their expertise through CAS.
➢ Individuals and organizations can gain a competitive edge by staying informed and up-to-date
through CAS. They can identify emerging trends, new opportunities, and potential challenges,
enabling them to make informed decisions and stay ahead of the curve in their respective industries
or fields.
➢ CAS helps users develop a broader and deeper understanding of their areas of interest. By
receiving regular updates, users gain insights into emerging topics, evolving debates, and key
issues, enabling them to stay well-informed and engage in informed discussions and decision-
making.
Challenges in current awareness service:
Current awareness services delivered through WhatsApp faces several challenges. Firstly, the
platform's design limits the scope for detailed content delivery, restricting how much information can
be shared at once. Secondly, managing large groups or broad distribution lists can be cumbersome, as
WhatsApp was not originally intended for mass communication, which may lead to issues with
message delivery, especially if participants do not have strong internet connections.
Additionally, privacy concerns are significant, as the platform requires sharing phone numbers, which
could expose users to unwanted contacts or security risks.
Finally, maintaining the relevance and timeliness of content in a rapidly changing information
landscape is difficult, as the service may become inundated with irrelevant or outdated messages,
leading to information overload for users.

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 Current Awareness Service Through WhatsApp

Implementation of current awareness service

Implementing a current awareness service through WhatsApp involves leveraging the platform's
widespread use and instant messaging capabilities to keep users informed about the latest developments
in their areas of interest. This service can be designed to deliver regular updates, such as news, research
findings, or industry trends, directly to users' WhatsApp accounts. By using a broadcast list or group
chat, organizations can distribute curated content efficiently, ensuring that recipients receive timely and
relevant information. The service can be personalized by allowing users to select topics of interest,
frequency of updates, and preferred formats (e.g., text, links, or multimedia). WhatsApp's user-friendly
interface and real-time communication features make it an ideal channel for maintaining engagement
and ensuring that users stay informed on critical issues as they arise.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of WhatsApp as a platform for delivering Current Awareness
Services. The instant messaging app's widespread adoption, ease of use, and mobile-first design make it
an ideal channel for disseminating timely and relevant information to users. By leveraging WhatsApp,
libraries and information professionals can increase user engagement, enhance knowledge sharing, and
support lifelong learning. As the information landscape continues to evolve, it is essential to explore
innovative ways to reach users where they are. This research highlights the potential of WhatsApp as a
key tool in the Current Awareness toolkit, enabling professionals to stay ahead of the curve and provide
users with the information they need, when they need it."
References
1. Ahmed, M., & Uddin, M. N. (2020). Current awareness service through social media: A study on
WhatsApp. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 19(2), 1-12.
2. Bhardwaj, R. K., & Kumar, S. (2019). Current awareness service through WhatsApp: A survey of
users. Library Science Research Journal, 9(2), 1-15.
3. Gopalakrishnan, S., & Karisiddappa, C. R. (2019). WhatsApp-based current awareness service for
research scholars: A case study. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 51(2), 1-9.
4. Kumar, P., & Kumar, N. (2022). Enhancing current awareness services through WhatsApp: A case
study. Library Hi Tech News, 39(3), 12-20. doi: 10.1108/LHTN-02-2022-0014
5. Patil, S. K., & Jadhav, S. M. (2020). WhatsApp-based current awareness service: A pilot study.
Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-12.
6. Singh, J., & Singh, R. (2022, February). Current awareness service through WhatsApp: A new
paradigm. Paper presented at the International Conference on Library and Information Science,
New Delhi, India.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 153
 Immersive Library Experiences: Integrating AR and VR to Connect Users with
Resources
Avineni Kishore (Dr.)
Assistant Professor, Central Library, Dravidian University, Kuppam
Abstract
In the ever-changing environment of academic libraries, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality
(VR) have become revolutionary tools that reshape how users engage with and access resources. This
paper examines the incorporation of AR and VR technologies in academic libraries to offer immersive
and interactive experiences, enriching user interaction with library materials. By examining current
implementations and best practices, the paper highlights how these technologies can bridge gaps
between users and resources, making library services more accessible and engaging. The potential of
AR and VR to revolutionize traditional library environments is analyzed, with a focus on innovative
applications and future trends.
Keywords: Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), Library Technology, User Engagement,
Innovative Practices.
Introduction
The swift progress of technology has greatly influenced numerous industries, including academic
libraries. One of the most intriguing innovations is the rise of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual
Reality (VR), which present fresh methods for users to engage with library resources. These
technologies allow users to explore immersive environments and interact with elements in ways that
surpass conventional library services. This paper investigates the current applications of AR and VR in
academic libraries, explores their benefits, and proposes best practices for integrating these
technologies to enhance user engagement and resource accessibility.
Understanding AR and VR Technologies
AR and VR are groundbreaking technologies that offer immersive and interactive experiences by
enhancing the real world or creating entirely virtual environments. AR overlays digital information
onto the real world, while VR immerses users in a fully virtual space, each providing unique ways to
engage with information and resources.
Definition and Overview
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are groundbreaking technologies that elevate how
users engage with digital content. AR superimposes digital data onto the physical world, enhancing
users' perception of their environment through devices such as smart phones, tablets, or AR glasses. By
offering contextual information and interactive features, AR enriches real-world experiences. In
contrast, VR creates fully immersive digital environments that users can explore and interact with,
typically using VR headsets and specialized equipment. Both technologies are reshaping how users
engage with information and experiences, offering new possibilities for learning and interaction.

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Technical Components and Mechanisms

AR and VR technologies rely on several key technical components to function effectively. AR systems
use cameras, sensors, and processing units to capture and analyze the real-world environment,
overlaying digital content in real-time. This involves integrating spatial data and aligning digital objects
with the physical world. VR systems, on the other hand, require advanced hardware such as VR
headsets with motion tracking, high-resolution displays, and spatial audio to create a fully immersive
experience. Both technologies utilize software platforms and development tools to design and deploy
interactive applications, enabling users to engage with virtual or augmented environments seamlessly.
Current Applications of AR and VR in Academic Libraries
Globally, academic libraries are using AR and VR for virtual tours, 3D modeling of artifacts, and
immersive learning experiences, with institutions like University of Illinois University of Arizona,
Harvard and Oxford leading the way. In India, libraries at IIT Bombay and Jawaharlal Nehru
University, University of Delhi are exploring AR and VR to enhance resource accessibility, virtual
navigation, and interactive educational content.
Here are examples of global and Indian institutions that have explored or implemented AR and VR
technologies in their libraries:
Case Studies of Existing Implementations in the Global Scenario:
Several academic libraries have successfully integrated AR and VR technologies to enhance their
services and user experiences. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the library offers
virtual reality tours that allow users to explore its facilities and collections from remote locations. This
immersive experience helps prospective students and researchers become familiar with the library's
resources without physically visiting the campus. Similarly, the University of Arizona employs AR
technology to create interactive educational materials, such as 3D models of historical artifacts, which
students can view and manipulate using AR-enabled devices. These implementations demonstrate how
AR and VR can enrich library services by providing innovative ways for users to interact with and
access information.
Case Studies of Existing Implementations in the Indian Scenario:
Here are examples of Indian institutions that have explored or implemented AR and VR technologies in
their libraries:
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay
Implementation: IIT Bombay has incorporated VR technology into its library services to facilitate
virtual tours and interactive sessions. The library uses VR to offer immersive experiences for users to
navigate through the library’s digital resources and explore virtual exhibitions and workshops.
Benefits: This implementation helps students and researchers engage with library resources in a
more interactive manner and provide an innovative way to conduct library orientations and training
sessions.

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Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi

Implementation: JNU has experimented with AR for enhancing educational content and providing
interactive learning experiences. The university library has integrated AR features into educational
materials, enabling students to access additional information and interactive elements related to their
studies through AR-enabled devices.
Benefits: This approach enhances the learning experience by allowing students to interact with
educational content in a more engaging and visually enriched manner, thus supporting better
understanding and retention of information.
University of Delhi
Implementation: The University of Delhi's libraries have explored the use of VR for virtual reality
sessions and interactive learning experiences. This includes virtual tours of library facilities and VR-
based learning modules that provide an immersive way to engage with academic content.
Benefits: VR sessions help students experience library resources and services in an interactive format,
making it easier for them to familiarize themselves with the library environment and access resources
remotely.
These examples reflect a growing trend in Indian academic institutions to integrate AR and VR
technologies to enhance library services and user engagement.
Innovative Uses of AR and VR to Connect Users with Library Resources
AR and VR technologies offer innovative ways to connect users with library resources, transforming
how they access, explore, and interact with information in immersive and engaging environments.
Interactive Resource Exploration
AR and VR technologies facilitate dynamic and engaging ways for users to explore library resources.
With AR, users can scan physical books or library objects with their smartphones or tablets to access
additional digital content, such as author interviews, related articles, or multimedia enhancements. For
example, a user might scan a book cover to view an interactive summary or related research papers.
VR, on the other hand, allows for immersive exploration of digital resources. Users can virtually
browse through digital archives or interact with 3D models of historical artifacts, providing a richer and
more interactive learning experience than traditional methods.
Virtual Library Tours and Events
VR technology can transform how users experience library spaces by offering virtual tours and events.
Virtual library tours enable users to navigate through a library’s facilities from anywhere in the world,
exploring different sections, discovering new resources, and familiarizing themselves with the layout
and services offered. This is particularly beneficial for prospective students or researchers who cannot
visit the library in person. Additionally, VR can be used to host virtual events such as author talks,
workshops, and exhibitions, allowing participants to engage with these activities as if they were
physically present, thereby expanding access and participation.

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AR-enhanced Learning Materials

AR can be employed to enrich learning materials and textbooks with interactive elements. By using AR
applications, students can view 3D models, animations, and additional information overlaid on their
textbooks or learning resources. For instance, an AR app might allow students to visualize complex
scientific concepts, historical events, or geographical features in three dimensions, enhancing their
understanding and retention. This interactive approach to learning materials makes studying more
engaging and provides deeper insights into the subject matter, bridging the gap between traditional
print resources and digital interactivity.
Best Practices for Implementing AR and VR in Libraries
Implementing AR and VR in libraries requires a focus on user-centric design, accessibility, inclusivity,
and ongoing evaluation to ensure meaningful and effective user experiences.
Designing User-Centric Experiences
When implementing AR and VR technologies in libraries, it is essential to prioritize user experience.
Designing user-centric experiences involves understanding the needs and preferences of the library’s
diverse user base. Create intuitive and user-friendly interfaces that simplify interactions with AR and
VR content. Conduct user testing to gather feedback and refine the technology to address any usability
issues. Ensure that the AR and VR applications are tailored to enhance the specific tasks users are
performing, such as searching for resources, attending virtual events, or exploring educational
materials. By focusing on usability and relevance, libraries can create engaging and effective AR and
VR experiences that resonate with users.
Ensuring Accessibility and Inclusivity
Accessibility and inclusivity are crucial considerations in the deployment of AR and VR technologies.
Ensure that the applications and devices used are accessible to users with disabilities by incorporating
features such as voice commands, text-to-speech, and adjustable settings for visual and auditory
impairments. Provide alternative methods for accessing the same content for users who may have
difficulty with AR or VR interfaces. Additionally, consider the socioeconomic diversity of users and
provide options that do not require expensive or specialized hardware. By addressing these aspects,
libraries can create an inclusive environment where all users can benefit from AR and VR innovations.
Measuring Impact and Effectiveness
To gauge the success of AR and VR implementations, it is important to measure their impact and
effectiveness. Develop metrics to evaluate user engagement, satisfaction, and the overall effectiveness
of AR and VR applications in enhancing library services. Collect quantitative data through usage
statistics and qualitative feedback through surveys and interviews. Assess how these technologies
contribute to improved learning outcomes, increased resource utilization, and overall user satisfaction.
Use this data to make informed decisions about future enhancements and to demonstrate the value of
AR and VR investments to stakeholders. Regular evaluation ensures that the technologies continue to
meet user needs and deliver meaningful benefits.

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Future Trends and Directions

AR and VR technologies are set to revolutionize academic libraries, with emerging innovations like AI
integration and mixed reality shaping the future of how users interact with resources and spaces.
Emerging Technologies and Innovations
As AR and VR technologies continue to evolve, several emerging trends and innovations are poised to
further transform their application in academic libraries. One notable trend is the integration of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) with AR and VR, enhancing the capabilities of these technologies. AI can
enable more sophisticated interaction and personalization, such as adaptive learning environments that
tailor content based on user behavior and preferences. Additionally, advancements in wearable
technology, such as lightweight AR glasses and more immersive VR headsets, are expected to make
AR and VR experiences more accessible and user-friendly. The development of mixed reality (MR)
environments, which blend AR and VR, will also provide more versatile and dynamic ways for users to
interact with both physical and digital resources.
Predictions for AR and VR in Academic Libraries
Looking ahead, AR and VR are likely to become integral components of academic libraries' service
offerings. Libraries may increasingly adopt VR to create virtual campuses and collaborative research
spaces, allowing users to engage with global academic communities and resources in immersive
environments. AR could enhance physical library spaces by overlaying digital information on physical
collections, providing interactive learning experiences, and facilitating real-time assistance through
AR-guided navigation and resource discovery. Furthermore, as technology becomes more affordable,
libraries of all sizes will be able to implement AR and VR solutions, democratizing access to these
innovations and expanding their impact across diverse academic settings. The integration of these
technologies will continue to evolve, driving new ways to engage users and enhance the educational
mission of academic libraries.
Benefits and Challenges
The integration of AR and VR in academic libraries offers numerous benefits, including enhanced user
engagement and interactive learning experiences. AR can provide contextual information and
interactive elements that make library resources more accessible and engaging, while VR can offer
immersive simulations and virtual explorations that deepen users' understanding of complex topics.
However, there are challenges to consider, such as the high cost of implementing and maintaining AR
and VR systems, the need for specialized hardware and software, and ensuring accessibility for all
users. Libraries must also address technical issues related to compatibility and user training to
maximize the effectiveness of these technologies. Balancing the benefits with the associated challenges
is crucial for successfully leveraging AR and VR in academic library settings.
Librarians Role in AR and VR Integration
In academic libraries, librarians play a crucial role in the integration and utilization of AR and VR
technologies. They are responsible for curating and developing engaging AR and VR content that
aligns with academic goals and user needs, ensuring these resources are effectively incorporated into

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the library's offerings. Librarians also provide training and support to users, helping them navigate and
utilize these technologies to enhance their learning and research experiences. Additionally, they
collaborate with technology developers and educators to design innovative applications and evaluate
the impact of AR and VR on user engagement and academic outcomes.
Conclusion
AR and VR technologies offer transformative potential for Indian academic libraries, enhancing user
engagement and resource accessibility. Indian institutions are beginning to explore these technologies
through virtual library tours, interactive learning materials, and immersive educational experiences.
Successful implementation in this context involves addressing challenges such as high costs and
ensuring accessibility for diverse user groups. Librarians in India are increasingly playing a pivotal role
in integrating AR and VR, from developing relevant content to facilitating user interactions. As AR and
VR technologies continue to advance, they promise to further enrich the academic library landscape in
India, offering innovative ways to support learning and research. By leveraging these technologies,
Indian libraries can modernize their services and provide enhanced, inclusive experiences for their
users.
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Immersive Library Experiences: Integrating AR And VR…

8. Zimmerman, H. T., & Land, S. M. (2021). “Learning in the wild: Augmented reality and
collaborative inquiry-based learning in library maker spaces.” Journal of Research on
Technology in Education, 53(1), 34-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15391523. 2020.1744514
9. Gursoy, D., & Chi, O. H. (2022). “Effects of virtual reality on customer engagement and perceived
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Bibliometric Analysis.” Library Management, 43(1/2), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-08-
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 Design and Development of Innovative Practice for Big Data Analytics on Library
Resources
1
Arumugam, J. (Dr.) and 2Radha, L. (Dr.)
1
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.
2
Librarian, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai
Abstract
Emerging technologies have offered libraries and librarians new ways and methods to collect and
analyze data in the era of accountability to justify their value and contributions. Libraries have
collected a large amount of data, such as books, research articles and reports, both in physical and
electronic formats, librarians are able to use emerging tools (i.e., analytics software) to collect more
online data for adding value to their services. However, this data becomes so large and the format is so
various which might affect the efficient use. This paper proposed a system for adopting an innovative
practice for big data analytics on library resources and also throws light on various tools and its
functional operations to achieve the statement of problem.
Keywords: Big Data Analytics, Library Resources, Innovative Practices
Introduction
“Big data” describes innovative techniques and technologies to capture, store, distribute, manage and
analyze datasets in an easier and faster way that traditional data management methods are unable to
handle. In this project, our main objective is to analyses the library transactions and collections data
using Big Data tools - Apache Spark and provide the analytics report to the librarians with better
visualization tools. These data analytics helps the librarians know about the books that are least
borrowed or not borrowed for a long period of time from the collections data and identifying the books
that are borrowed most from the transaction data which will help the librarians to manage the
collections in the library. With the help of these powerful analytics which big data technologies offer
librarians can look at the data in new ways thus adding value to different services and programs.
Emerging technologies have offered libraries and librarians new ways and methods to collect and
analyze data in the era of accountability to justify their value and contributions. Libraries have collected
a large amount of data, such as books, research articles and reports, both in physical and electronic
formats, librarians are able to use emerging tools (i.e., analytics software) to collect more online data
for adding value to their services. However, this data becomes so large and the format is so various
which might affect the efficient use. This huge amount of data referred to as Big data, is collected from
various sources like social, geospatial, internet, etc. and can even be directly provided by a human.
Hence it is difficult to manage it by a person.
Statement of the Problem
➢ To perform Big Data Analytics on the Library Resources.
➢ To provide customized visualized reports and
➢ To predict the output with the help of visualization tools

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Objectives
The main focus is to analyze the Library Transactions and Collections datasets using Big Data analytics
tools. The large amount of data in the library needs to be transformed into information or knowledge
which can then be used by researchers or users. With new and powerful analytics of big data, such as
information visualization tools, researchers/users can look at data in new ways and mine it for
information they intend to have. After performing the analysis, the output will be displayed in the form
of graphs which will be easy to visualize. This data analytics using Big data tools helps the librarians to
know more about the library collections with better understanding and visualization. It helps to provide
better services by understanding and predicting user needs.
Methodology
A methodology that uses big data for analytics is designed for the purpose of describing the process of
uncovering trends, patterns, and correlations in large amounts of data which helps make better
decisions. It provides better visualization due to Diagnostic analysis and it helps with Smart Decision
making and reduces man power. Databricks is used which uses the Apache Spark framework. Date
wise analysis is performed on the first transaction dataset. The transaction dataset is split into 6 months,
analyzed and the output is displayed. On the second transaction dataset, book wise analysis is done i.e.
analyzing books based on how frequent they are borrowed. Then, analysis is performed on the
Collection dataset based on the library collections. Later the output of these analysis is displayed in the
form of graphs.In Databricks, a cluster is created and the datasets are uploaded in csv file format. For
the cluster, a notebook will be created which will provide a workspace for executing the code. Pyspark
is used for coding purposes, since it is easy to learn and implement.
Review of Literature
Jannette L. Finch, & Angela R. Flenner (2017) explored to visualize the library data to compare
sections of the book collection, expenditures in those areas, student enrollment in majors and minors,
and number of courses. This study followed the methodology of input data found in the library catalog
and from records held by the Collection Development department is brought into a single excel sheet
with the help of VLOOKUP and the data is visualized using tableau tool. This visualization suggests
avenues for staffing and service, resource expenditures, scholarly relationships and instructional
outreach as well as opportunities for excellent collection development.
Rachna Patnaik (2019) analysed to identify the areas of the library that need more attention or
improvement and performed the first step is to select the data from the data warehouse and transform it
into a particular format. Then, the dataset should be preprocessed with various techniques to prepare for
analysis and visualization. For analyzing the data, Jupyter - Python framework is used, Panda’s library
provides the visualization with the help of matplot library.
Fu Jia, Yan Shi (2013) studied that the new books are evaluated before circulation to solve the problem
of data sparse. Before implementing a recommendation system, a large number of new books which
aren’t evaluated and have been saved in the system can be assigned score by the system subjectively.
According to collection turnover and circulation frequency of books, the system figures out a
recommendation score and assigns books for user.

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System Requirements
Big Data Tool: Apache Spark
Apache Spark is a lightning-fast unified analytics engine for big data and machine learning. Apache
Spark, the unified analytics engine, has seen rapid adoption by enterprises across a wide range of
industries. Spark can be 100x faster than Hadoop for large scale data processing. It has easy-to-use
APIs for operating on large datasets. Spark alsocomes packaged with higher-level libraries, including
support for SQL queries, streaming data, machine learning and graph processing. These standard
libraries increase developer productivity and can be seamlessly combined to create complex workflows.
Cloud Platform for Big Data visualization: Azure Databricks
Databricks is a fast, easy and collaborative Apache Spark based analytics service. It provides the latest
version of Apache Spark. With the Apache Spark community, databricks continue to contribute heavily
to Apache Spark projects. The real time interactive querying environment & data visualization
capability of databricks makes the typically slow process much faster. Databricks developers and data
analysts work on SQL, Python, Scala, Java and R-programming with a wide range of advanced
analytical algorithms. Databricks also allows developers and data analysts to experiment their new
project idea in the interactive workspace.
Clusters - An Azure Databricks cluster is a set of computation resources and configurations on which
you run data engineering, data science, and data analytics workloads, such as production ETL
pipelines, streaming analytics, ad-hoc analytics, and machine learning.
Notebooks - A notebook is a web-based interface to a document that contains runnable code,
visualizations, and narrative text.
Dataframes - A DataFrame is the most common Structured API and simply represents a table of data
with rows and columns.The Apache Spark DataFrame API provides a rich set of functions (select
columns, filter, join, aggregate, and so on) that allows one to solve common data analysis problems
efficiently. DataFrames also allows one to intermix operations seamlessly with custom Python, SQL, R,
and Scala code.
Language: Pyspark
PySpark is the python API written in python to support Apache Spark. PySpark has been released in
order to support the collaboration of Apache Spark and Python, it actually is a Python API for Spark.
Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. It provides a wide range of libraries.
Majority of data scientists and analytics experts today use python because of its rich library set.
Hardware Requirements
OS: Windows, Mac, or Linux
Processor: Core i5 or better
Memory: 8GB RAM or better
Storage: 2GB free for build caches and dependencies

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Proposed System
The aim of Big Data Analytics is to help the librarians to make better decisions from the generated
analysis report. The dataset received from the library is huge and needs to be preprocessed before
uploading it in Databricks. After preprocessing, a cluster is created in the databricks with the user
specified runtime version and the datasets can be uploaded either from the local system in the csv
format or from the amazon S3 bucket. After cluster creation, Notebooks are created with the user
selected coding language and the cluster is attached to it. Programs are implemented in the created
notebook and the visualization charts for each dataset are generated.
The overall workflow of the proposed system is shown below.

Start Upload the dataset

Performing Diagnostic analysis /

Usage analysis on different dataset

Generating customized
reports

Decision Making Stop

Figure 1: Flowchart
The above flow chart describes the work flow of the proposed system. The given dataset is
preprocessed, uploaded and analyzed in databricks. The data analyzed is visualized by various forms of
chart. From the analysis chart, generate customized reports which helps the library to make better
decisions about the improvement of services.
Step 1: Upload the Dataset
Preprocessing of the given dataset is done by removing the unnecessary header rows and the necessary
columns are filtered. The given dataset is converted into CSV format and a cluster is created in
Databricks platform.

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Step 2: Diagnostic Analysis

Diagnostic analytics is a form of advanced analytics that examines data or content to answer the
question, “Why did it happen?”.From the data records of 4 years containing the number of books issued
at each floor in the library, one can produce an analysis report which will help the librarian know more
about the transaction of books in each floor and analyze the reason for varying book issue rates during
different times of a year.
Step 3: Date wise Analysis
The given transaction dataset contains the details about the number of books transacted and returned in
the library on each floor everyday from 2017-2020. For performing this analysis, read the transaction
dataset which is uploaded in the cluster and create a dataframe for collecting the data from the dataset.
The dataframe is filtered for each year and output is displayed. From the analysis chart, the transaction
analysis on each floor for every year from 2017 - 2020 is visualized.
Step 4: Subject wise Analysis
For this analysis, the transaction dataset contains the details such as account number, call number, title
and author of the book, publisher, publication year, department name, ISBN number, subject and
transaction count for each book. After uploading the dataset in the cluster, read the dataset and store it
in the dataframe. Now, remove the null values in the dataframe and group the data by subject and add
on the transaction count for each subject and display the output. From the generated output, one can
visualize the frequently used book count for each subject and also the count for unused books for each
subject in a sorted manner which helps in the improvement of library services.
Step 5: Collection Analysis
For collection analysis, the dataset contains the information such as account number, call number, title
and author of the book, publisher, publication year, ISBN number, book type and its status, rack name,
issue date, return date and fine amount for the book. A dataframe is created with the data obtained from
the uploaded dataset and the dataframe is grouped by rack wise and the fine amount for each rack is
added. Also, count the number of overdue books which are present on the rack grouped by rack name
and display the output. From the generated analysis, one can visualize the rack wise collected fine
amount and the count of overdue books for each rack.
Step 6: Generation of Customized Reports
After visualizing the given dataset in the form of graphs reports are generated which will help the
librarians to know further about the transactions and book issues in the library.
Step 7: Decision Making
From the generated reports, the librarians will be able to come up with ideas to improve the
organization of books in the library. This will also help to bring some new arrangements/features to the
library.

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Design and Development of Innovative Practice for Big Data Analytics…

Implementation And Result Analysis

Date wise Analysis
The graph illustrated in figure 2 shows the Number of books issued in Floors 1, 2 and 3 during the
period of January to June 2017. X axis represents the Date and Y axis represents the Book issue count.
The Scale of Y axis is done automatically by Databricks Software depending on the values that ranges
for the X axis. The graph in blue represents the book issued in Floor 1, The graph in orange indicates
the book issues in floor 2 and the graph in green represents the book issues in floor 3. The graph clearly
shows that there has been a constant fluctuation in the book issues at floor 2 and 3 which shows that
there is always a demand for books at these floors while floor 1 seems to have negligible book issue
count.

Figure 2: Date analysis

Frequently used Books
The graph illustrated in figure 3 gives subject wise book transaction count in the library. On the X axis,
the various subject names are listed and On the Y axis the Transaction count of the books are listed.
The scaling of Y axis done automatically depending on the count values of subject that is scaled in X
axis. This graph helps to know which subject’s books are used frequently. From this graph, one can
infer that books of COMPUTER SCIENCE are frequently used and GENERAL books are least used.
Also, the books in Metallurgy, Instrumentation and Physics are moderately used when compared to the
other subjects.

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 Design and Development of Innovative Practice for Big Data Analytics…

Figure 3: Frequently used books

Rarely Accessed Books
The graph in figure 4 shows that the X axis contains Subject names and the Y axis has the count of
books that are not frequently used. The graph is plotted to visualize the count of books in each subject
that are least used. From this graph, the number of unused books in MANAGEMENT AND
HUMANITIES is higher than the other subjects. This will help librarians in better organization of the
library books by moving the least used books and replacing them with new books or books that are
highly transacted.

Figure 4: Rarely used books

Rack wise Overdue Book Count
The graph in figure 5 shows the output generated by analyzing the collection dataset. On the X axis, the
various rack names are listed and On the Y axis the total count of overdue books are listed. Y axis

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Design and Development of Innovative Practice for Big Data Analytics…

scaling is done automatically based on the number of overdue books present in the rack.
This analysis helps one to know which rack (department) has more number of overdue books and
which rack has less overdue books. This graph shows that the Computer department has more than 100
overdue books, Story books and English racks contains less number of overdue books when compared
with others.

Figure 5: Overdue book count

Rack wise Overdue Fine Amount
The graph shown in figure 6describes the fine amount collected due to overdue of books at each racks
from 1995 to 2015. X axis lists the name of the racks and Y axis lists the fine amount collected in
rupees. Y axis scaling is done automatically based on the highest and lowest fine amount for the
overdue books that are in X axis. This graph shows that the Computer department books have been
accounted for a fine amount of 1.5 million rupees for overdue followed by books in Unknown category
which has account for about 1 million rupees. Story books, Economics and other Directory have
collected fine amount less than the Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, etc. The books in
Chemistry, Physics and Automobile have also collected the fine amount of around 0.3 million rupees
but it is higher than the amount collected by Story books.
Figure 6: Overdue Fine amount

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 Design and Development of Innovative Practice for Big Data Analytics…

Conclusion
From the generated visualization charts, one can conclude that the need for examining the library data
clearly extends beyond simply buying materials to support curriculum or to meet the requirements of
the most vocal faculty. Accurate visualizations of library data suggest avenues for staffing and service,
resource expenditures, scholarly relationships and instructional outreach as well as opportunities for
excellent collection development. By creating data visualizations that are clearly understood at a
glance, without any extravagant explanation, librarians can have meaningful conversations resulting in
free and impartial decision making - how books should be identified, selected and brought for the
ultimate goal of information creation.
References
1. Al-Barashdi, Hafidha, and Rahma Al-Karousi. (2019) "Big Data in academic libraries: literature
review and future research directions." Journal of Information Studies & Technology (JIS&T).2,
13.
2. Crawford, Scott, and Fiona Syme. (2018) "Enhancing collection development with big data
analytics." Public Library Quarterly 37, 4 ,pp. - 387-393.
3. Finch, Jannette L., and Angela R. Flenner. (2017) "Using data visualization to examine an
academic library collection." College & Research Libraries 77, 6 pp.765.
4. Kaladhar, A., BR Doraswamy Naick, and K. Somasekhara Rao. (2018) "Application of big data
technology to library data: a review." International Journal of Library and Information Studies 8, 2
pp.- 25-30.
5. Kamupunga, Washington, and Yang Chunting.(2016) "Application of Big Data in Libraries."
International Journal of Computer Applications 975: 8887.
6. Li, Jun, et al. (2017). "Big data application framework and its feasibility analysis in library."
Information Discovery and Delivery
7. Patnaik, Rachna. (2019) "Data Analytics and Visualization in Libraries." INFLIBNET Centre,
Gandhinagar.
8. Wang, Chunning, et al. ( 2016) "Exposing library data with big data technology: A review." 2016
IEEE/ACIS 15th International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS). IEEE,
2016.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 169
 Search Engine Technologies – An Overview
1
Vijayalakshmi, B. (Dr.) 2Tamilmani, K. (Dr.) 3Rajkumar, P.
1
Librarian, Sankar Polytechnic College (Autonomous), Tirunelveli.
2 Librarian, Sri Krishna Polytechnic College, Coimbatore.
3
Librarian, Government arts and Science College, Mettupalayam.
Abstract
Search engines are complex systems that have evolved significantly over the years. They use a
combination of technologies to crawl, index, and rank information on the web, providing users with
relevant search results. Here's a breakdown of some key technologies involved Web Crawler that is the
software program systematically visits web pages, following links to discover new content. It's akin to a
spider exploring the web; Indexer that is the crawler gathers information and sends it to the indexer,
which stores it in a structured format. This index is optimized for efficient searching and Search
Algorithm determines the relevance of search results based on factors like keyword matching, link
analysis, and user behavior. This paper focusses on the overview and the growth of search engines.
Keywords: Search Engine Technologies, Web Crawler, Algorithm
Introduction
A search engine is a powerful tool that collects information from websites across the internet. It indexes
this information, organizing it into a vast database. When the search query entered, the engine quickly
searches its database and presents relevant results, often including snippets of the webpage content.
This allows to efficiently finding the information needed. Search engines are complex systems that
have evolved significantly over the years. They use a combination of technologies to crawl, index, and
algorithms. Crawl visits all pages, index is organising and algorithms are ranking information and
providing users with relevant search results.
Google's PageRank algorithm is a famous example. Key Technologies are Natural Language
Processing (NLP) that allows search engines to understand human language, including synonyms,
context, and intent, Machine Learning Algorithms are constantly refined based on user feedback and
data patterns, improving search accuracy over time, Distributed Systems are used to handle the vast
amount of data, search engines rely on distributed systems that break down tasks across multiple
computers, Inverted Indexes is used in data structure maps words to the documents containing them,
enabling efficient searching, Relevance Ranking Algorithms like PageRank and TF-IDF (Term
Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency) help rank results based on their relevance to the query,
Semantic Search aims to understand the underlying meaning of queries, going beyond simple keyword
matching, Real-time Search meant Some search engines can provide results in real-time, even for
newly published content. Search engines vary in focus. General purpose search engines cover a wide
range of topics, while vertical search engines specialize in specific niches. Metasearch engines
aggregate results from multiple sources. Semantic search engines understand query meaning beyond
keywords. Deep web search engines access hidden parts of the internet. Specialized search engines
cater to specific needs or demographics.

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 Search Engine Technologies – An Overview

Choose the right search engine based on your specific requirements. Emerging Trends in Search engine
technologies are Voice Search: With the rise of voice-activated devices, search engines are adapting to
understand and respond to spoken queries, Visual Search: Users can search using images, allowing for
more accurate and specific results, Knowledge Graphs: These structured databases store information
about entities, relationships, and facts, enhancing search results with more context and Personalized
Search: Search engines tailor results based on individual preferences and browsing history. Popular
Search Engines are Google, Bing, Yahoo Search, DuckDuckGo, Baidu (China), Yandex (Russia).
Search Engine Technologies
A search engine operates in a multi-step process. First, it sends out web crawlers to explore the internet,
following links and indexing the content of visited pages. This indexed information is stored in a vast
database. When a user enters a search query, the engine's algorithm analyzes the query and retrieves
relevant results from the database. These results are then ranked based on factors like keyword
relevance, link popularity, and user behaviour, and presented to the user in a list format. Just a full stop
gives about 1,030,000 results.
Searching for the right information involves several key steps:
➢ Define your query: Clearly articulate what you're looking for. Be specific and use relevant
keywords.
➢ Choose the right search engine: Different search engines may specialize in different types of
information. Consider factors like privacy, speed, and the relevance of their results.
➢ Use effective search operators: Operators like AND, OR, and NOT can help refine your search. For
example, "dogs AND cats" will find results containing both terms.
➢ Refine your search: If your initial results aren't satisfactory, try adjusting your keywords, using
different search operators, or filtering by date, language, or file type.
➢ Evaluate sources: Assess the credibility of the sources you find. Consider factors like the author's
expertise, the publication's reputation, and the overall quality of the content.
➢ Explore related topics: If you're still not finding what you need, try searching for related terms or
exploring relevant websites.
The Technological Backbone of Search Engines
Search engines have become indispensable tools in our digital age, providing access to a vast amount of
information with a simple query. Their ability to deliver relevant results efficiently is a testament to the
sophisticated technologies that underpin them. Key among these technologies are Natural Language
Processing (NLP), Machine Learning, Distributed Systems, Inverted Indexes, Relevance Ranking
algorithms, Semantic Search, and Real-time Search.Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a crucial
component of search engines, enabling them to understand and interpret human language. By analyzing
the syntax, semantics, and context of search queries, NLP algorithms can identify synonyms, related
terms, and the underlying intent behind the user's request.

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Search Engine Technologies – An Overview

This capability allows search engines to provide more accurate and comprehensive results, even when
users use ambiguous or unconventional phrasing.
Machine Learning plays a vital role in refining search engine algorithms. By analyzing user behavior,
feedback, and search patterns, machine learning models can identify trends and improve the accuracy
of search results over time. For instance, if users frequently click on certain results for a particular
query, the algorithm can learn to prioritize those results in future searches. This iterative process of
learning and improvement ensures that search engines stay relevant and effective.To handle the
massive amount of data that they process, search engines rely on distributed systems. These systems
break down tasks across multiple computers, allowing for faster processing and improved scalability.
By distributing the workload, search engines can efficiently index vast amounts of content and retrieve
results in a timely manner.
Inverted Indexes are a fundamental data structure used by search engines. They map words to the
documents that contain them, enabling efficient searching. When a user enters a query, the search
engine can quickly locate all documents that contain the relevant keywords, saving time and
resources.Relevance Ranking algorithms are essential for determining the order in which search results
are presented. PageRank, developed by Google, is a well-known algorithm that assigns a numerical
value to each web page based on the number and quality of incoming links. TF-IDF (Term Frequency-
Inverse Document Frequency) is another popular algorithm that considers the frequency of a term
within a document and its overall rarity across the entire corpus. By combining these algorithms, search
engines can rank results based on their relevance to the user's query.Semantic Search goes beyond
simple keyword matching, aiming to understand the underlying meaning of a query. By analyzing the
context and relationships between words, semantic search algorithms can identify synonyms, related
concepts, and the overall intent behind the query. This enables search engines to provide more nuanced
and informative results, even when users use unconventional language or phrases.
Real-time Search is a feature that allows search engines to provide results for newly published content
almost immediately. By continuously crawling the web and updating their indexes, search engines can
deliver up-to-date information on breaking news, trending topics, and recently published articles. This
feature is particularly valuable for time-sensitive queries.
The technological advancements in Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, Distributed
Systems, Inverted Indexes, Relevance Ranking, Semantic Search, and Real-time Search have
significantly enhanced the capabilities of search engines. These technologies work together to provide
users with accurate, relevant, and timely information, making search engines indispensable tools in the
digital lives.
Types Search Engines
These are the most common type of search engine, designed to provide a broad range of information on
various topics. They index billions of web pages and use complex algorithms to rank search results
based on relevance. Examples include Google, Bing, and Yahoo! Search.

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 Search Engine Technologies – An Overview

Vertical Search Engines

Vertical search engines specialize in a particular niche or industry. They focus on specific types of
content, such as news, images, videos, or academic articles. These search engines often have more
tailored algorithms and features to cater to the specific needs of their target audience. Examples include
DuckDuckGo, Wolfram Alpha, and Yelp.
Metasearch Engines
Metasearch engines do not maintain their own indexes but rather aggregate results from multiple
general purpose search engines. They provide a unified interface for users to search across different
platforms and compare results. Examples include Dogpile, MetaCrawler, and Search.com.
Semantic Search Engines
Semantic search engines go beyond simple keyword matching to understand the underlying meaning of
a query. They use natural language processing and machine learning techniques to analyze the context
and relationships between words, providing more accurate and relevant results. Examples include
Google's Knowledge Graph and IBM Watson.
Deep Web Search Engines
The deep web, also known as the invisible web, refers to the portion of the internet that is not indexed
by traditional search engines. Deep web search engines specialize in indexing and retrieving
information from databases, forums, and other hidden parts of the web. These search engines often
require specific tools and techniques to access the deep web content.
Specialized Search Engines
Specialized search engines cater to specific needs or demographics. For example, there are search
engines designed for children, academic research, or people with disabilities. These search engines may
have tailored algorithms, content filters, or accessibility features to meet the specific requirements of
their target audience. In addition to these main categories, there are also hybrid search engines that
combine elements of different types. For instance, some general purpose search engines incorporate
features of vertical search or semantic search to provide more specialized and accurate results.
The choice of search engine depends on the specific needs and preferences of the user. For general
information, a general purpose search engine is often sufficient. For more specialized searches, a
vertical or specialized search engine may be more appropriate. By understanding the different types of
search engines, users can make informed decisions about which one to use for their particular needs.
Emerging Trends in Search Engine Technologies
The landscape of search engine technology is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in artificial
intelligence, natural language processing, and data science. Several emerging trends are reshaping the
way we interact with and utilize search engines. Voice Search has become increasingly prevalent with
the proliferation of voice-activated devices like smartphones, smart speakers, and virtual assistants.
Search engines are adapting to understand and respond to spoken queries, transforming the way we
search for information.

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By leveraging natural language processing and speech recognition technology, search engines can
accurately interpret spoken commands and deliver relevant results. This trend has significant
implications for accessibility, allowing users with disabilities or limited typing skills to interact with
search engines more effectively. And also Kids are using voice search and learning. This is big
achievement of the technology.
Visual Search is another emerging trend that is gaining traction. Users can now search using images,
allowing for more accurate and specific results. By analyzing the visual content of an image, search
engines can identify objects, scenes, or landmarks and retrieve relevant information. This technology
has applications in various fields, such as e-commerce, fashion, and art. For instance, users can take a
picture of a product they like and find similar items online. Knowledge Graphs are structured databases
that store information about entities, relationships, and facts. These graphs enable search engines to
provide more contextually relevant results by understanding the underlying relationships between
concepts. By leveraging knowledge graphs, search engines can answer complex questions, provide
summaries of information, and offer recommendations. This technology has the potential to
revolutionize the way we access and understand information.
Personalized Search is another trend that is gaining momentum. Search engines are increasingly
tailoring results based on individual preferences and browsing history. By analyzing user data, search
engines can identify patterns and preferences, allowing them to deliver more relevant and personalized
results. This can enhance the user experience and improve search engine efficiency. These emerging
trends are transforming the search engine landscape and shaping the future of information retrieval. As
technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and sophisticated search
engine features that will revolutionize the way we interact with and access information.
Conclusion
Search engines have become an indispensable tool in our digital lives, empowering us to access a vast
ocean of information with a simple query. These complex systems have evolved significantly over the
years, employing a combination of technologies to crawl, index, and rank information. Crawlers are
like busy spiders traversing the web, discovering new pages and their content. Indexing meticulously
organizes this information into a vast database, while algorithms act as the brain, analyzing queries and
retrieving relevant results. But the journey doesn't end there. Users then refine their search using
specific keywords and operators, evaluating the credibility of sources and exploring related topics to
ensure they find the most accurate and helpful information. This paper delves into the fascinating world
of search engine technology, exploring the key components that power these systems, the diverse types
of search engines catering to specific needs, and the exciting emerging trends shaping the future of
information retrieval.
References
1. Krishan Kant Lavania, S. J. (2013). Google: A Case Study (Web Searching and Crawling).
Retrieved 2024, from International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 2,
April 2013: https://www.ijcte.org/papers/705-I30088.pdf

174 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Search Engine Technologies – An Overview

2. Naik, U. S. (2021). Web Search Engines and Search Strategies. Retrieved from
https://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1944/425/1/04Planner_13.pdf
3. Rubini, R. D. (2014). An Analysis on Search Engines: Techniques and Tools. Retrieved 2024,
from International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering
Vol. 3, Issue 9, September 2014: https://ijarcce.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/IJARCCE1C-s-
rubini-An-Analysis-on-Search-Engines-Techniques-and-Tools.pdf
4. Tewari, S. (n.d.). (2019) How Search Engine Works. Retrieved 2024, from International Journal of
Research in Engineering, Science and Management Volume-2, Issue-7, July-2019
5. Tharanga, W. R. (2002). Search Engine: an effective tool for exploring the. Retrieved 2024, from
http://eprints.rclis.org/8317/1/Internet_Search_Engines.pdf

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 175
 Adaptive Learning through AI Technologies
Mary Neena, M. (Dr.)
Associate Professor, Department of English, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract
In today’s rapidly evolving world of Education, there are new upcoming innovating technologies that
cater to younger generation learners. In the open challenging field of Research, applications of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) are becoming increasingly important. AI agents are employed to improve the
performance of search engines and smart phones. The Adaptive Learning system tries to bring
effectively the learning for the student community.
Keywords: Personalized learning, Artificial Learning, Intelligence
Introduction
In the field of technology today, Artificial intelligence (AI) usage in the library are becoming
increasingly important for several reasons. Artificial intelligence is defined as the use of computer
algorithms that think, work, and react like a human being. Affective computing is inter disciplinary
field that focuses with ability to understand and stimulate human feelings. This technology has been
under development for several decades, but it now seems to have reached a tipping point and is moving
towards exponential growth.
The terms artificial intelligence and machine learning are often used interchangeably, but they are not
the same. Machine learning is a subset of AI that has the capability to improve its performance from
past data without being explicitly programmed. The goal of machine learning is to create computers
that can learn from data to perform tasks for which they are not specifically programmed.
This new technology AI has enabled adaptive learning and affective computing the students learning.
Search engines use artificial intelligence to help to identify spam, to improve the accuracy of the
ranking of query responses, to customize the query responses based on previous user activity, to
develop response to natural language questions, to search images, and to better target advertisements.
AI is used to improve device performance, remove red eye from photos, do image searches, and
manage facial recognition.
Most people are already using artificial intelligence although they may not be aware of it. The Mobile
Internet is changing the way people use information. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its multiple sub-
domains are being increasingly employed in various industries and businesses to aid in repetitive
processes. But there has been a burgeoning interest from established tech giants and startups in using
AI to make everyday life a walk in the park.
AI has been highly instrumental in optimizing the way we entertain ourselves, interact with our mobile
devices, to even driving vehicles for us. AI is utilized to improve the functionalities of everyday life
into two broad streams.

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 Adaptive Learning through AI Technologies

Important of examples of AI software which is used in everyday life include voice assistants, image
recognition for face unlock in mobile phones, and ML-based financial fraud detection. AI software
usually involves just downloading software with AI capabilities from an online store and requires no
peripheral devices.
The hardware side of AI includes its utilization in drones, self-driven vehicles, assembly-line robots.
This involves the design of specific devices that are based on AI capabilities.
AI and ML-powered software and devices are mimicking human thought patterns to facilitate the
digital transformation of society. AI systems perceive their environment, deal with what they perceive,
solve problems and act to help with tasks to make everyday life easier. To mention few important AI
usage in our daily routine of our lives like Voice Assistants, Taxi Booking , Apps, Chatbots,
Entertainment Streaming Apps, Personalized Marketing, Image Recognition through Google Lens,
Social Media Algorithms, Fraud Detection in Banking ,Navigation and Travel etc.
Librarians have always been keen on collecting larger amount of data regarding how library resources
are used in order to improve internal decision-making and to demonstrate the importance of the library
to achieve the purpose of every institutionsgoals. Several new methods are there to combine and to
make the collection of library data more difficult but also more important.
At present the Libraries offer far more different types of resources than the books, journals,
newspapers, etc. that have been historical.This includes movies, tapes, DVDs, CDs, databases, eBooks,
collections of digital images, music scores, and digitized audio files. Digitization of scholarship may
mean users are tending to access library resources more often from offsite locations which can be
harder to measure.
Libraries and librarians are already an important resource for potential Big Data users. Even a typical
academic library that does not support an extensive research program might subscribe to several
hundred databases. As artificial intelligence learning evolves, it will seem easier to let the computer
do the data analysis. Artificial intelligence is only something the big tech giants are focused on, and
that AI doesn't impact your everyday life. In reality, artificial intelligence is encountered by most
people from morning until night. In our everyday lives, Artificial Intelligence (AI) s plays a important
role, from personalized recommendations on online platforms to voice assistants simplifying our daily
tasks. Understanding the statistics of AI’s impact empowers us to appreciate the technology shaping
our daily experiences.
Conclusion
In conclusion, artificial intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable part of modern life, extending
far beyond its initial applications by tech giants. It now plays a significant role in everyday tasks, from
voice assistants and personalized recommendations to complex processes like machine learning-based
fraud detection. Libraries, in particular, have benefited from AI's ability to manage and analyze vast
amounts of digital resources, improving user experiences and decision-making processes. As digital
transformation accelerates, AI is central to optimizing industries, automating repetitive tasks, and
facilitating access to information. The exponential growth of AI suggests that its influence will

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 177
Adaptive Learning through AI Technologies

continue to expand, shaping future innovations and making everyday tasks more efficient and
personalized.
References
1. Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2012).Introduction to Information Science. Facet Publishing.
2. Brogan, M. L. (2020). The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Libraries. Information Today, 37(3),
12-15.
3. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2017).Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future.
W.W. Norton & Company.
4. Esteva, A., et al. (2019).A Guide to Deep Learning in Healthcare. Nature Medicine, 25(1), 24–29.
5. Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016).Deep Learning. MIT Press.
6. Kwok, A. (2019). AI in Libraries: How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming Library Services.
Library Technology Reports, 55(6), 5-10.
7. McCarthy, J. (2007). What is Artificial Intelligence?
8. Marr, B. (2020).Artificial Intelligence in Practice: How 50 Successful Companies Used AI and
Machine Learning to Solve Problems. Wiley.
9. Rahwan, I., et al. (2019). Machine Behaviour. Nature, 568, 477-486.
10. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020).Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Pearson.

178 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 IoT-empowered Library Management System with Special Reference to
Nirmala College Library
Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.)
Librarian, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore.
Abstract
In any educational institution, a well-equipped library is a fundamental requirement, serving as a
comprehensive repository of information, including books, magazines, articles, research papers, and
other essential documents—both in print and digital formats. One of the most significant advancements
in modern library infrastructure is the adoption of automation. Automation streamlines all aspects of
library management, enabling tasks such as circulation, serial control, OPAC, technical services and
record maintenance to be fully computerized, thereby enhancing the efficiency and ease of service for
librarians. In the present era, the Internet of Things (IoT) and Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) have profoundly impacted human life by enabling the seamless interconnection of
devices, allowing data transfer with minimal or no human intervention. This paper explores the
application of IoT in library services, the role of library automation, and the integration of Library
Management Systems, pertaining to special reference to the library of Nirmala College for Women.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Learning Management System, Library automation, RFID,
Machine learning.
Introduction
Libraries play an essential role in various sectors such as defence, economics, business, manufacturing,
democracy, and healthcare by providing access to crucial information that supports decision-making,
innovation, and development. They empower individuals with knowledge, enabling informed choices
and contributing to societal progress.In educational institutions, libraries are central to support research
of students and staff, offering vast collections across multiple disciplines. Many academic libraries are
linked to networks that provide access to rare resources, further facilitating research. A well-equipped
library significantly enhances the quality of education, and top institutions often have exceptional
library services that promote advanced learning and professional development.
Today, the internet has become an integral part of various aspects of library services. Traditional library
systems have evolved into modern, technology-driven environments, significantly enhancing the speed
and efficiency of their services. This transformation enables libraries to provide better resources and
faster access of information to the student community. These technologies have led to greater access to
broadband internet at reduced costs, increased availability of Wi-Fi-enabled devices, more affordable
technology, and a high penetration of smartphones. This has expanded connectivity and made digital
resources more accessible to a wider audience.
What is Internet of Things?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes a network of physical objects that can communicate and interact
with each other via the internet due to their ability to be distinctly identified and connected. "According

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IoT-empowered Library Management System with special reference…

to Techopedia, “The Internet of Things is a computing concept that describes a future where everyday
physical objects will be connected to the Internet and be able to identify themselves to other
devices”.According to a Gartner Industry Press Release on this topic, “The Internet of
Things is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense
or interact with their internal states or the external environment.”The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to
a system where objects, or individuals are equipped with unique identifiers, enabling them to exchange
data across a network without the need for human responsibilities or human-to-machine interaction.
IoT has emerged from the fusion of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS),
and the internet. In essence, IoT allows both natural and artificial entities to communicate and share
data via assigned IP addresses, with minimal or no human intervention. Different identification for
internet based on its significant roles and names as IoT internet of things, machine readable
communication systems and so on.
IoT History and Growth
The conception of the Internet of Things (IoT) was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in the early 2000s
during his work on a study for Procter & Gamble. His goal was connecting RFID data to the internet to
enhance supply chain.LG announced plans to introduce the first internet-connected refrigerator in
January 2000.In 2005, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) acknowledged the development
of the "Internet of Things" in a published report.In 2008, the IPSO Alliance was established to promote
the use of Internet Protocol (IP) networked devices across various sectors, including energy, consumer
goods, healthcare, and industrial applications.In 2012, IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) was launched,
allowing for the assignment of IP addresses to every device on Earth without limitations. This
advancement ensures far reaching connectivity between and across millions of devices.GE estimates
that the "Industrial Internet" could contribute between $10 and $15 trillion to global GDP over the next
20 years.Cisco's Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) predicted that approximately 25 billion
devices would be connected by 2015, with the number expected to reach 50 billion by 2020.According
to a BI Intelligence report, it is predicted that by 2019, the Internet of Things (IoT) will become the
largest device market in the world.
Nirmala College Library
Nirmala College, established in 1948, was founded with the vision of promoting women's education,
making it the first college in Coimbatore to focus on providing a holistic educational experience. The
college’s motto, "Knowledge purifies and charity enhances," reflects its guiding principle of not only
imparting quality education but also fostering values that encourage students to lead meaningful lives.
This focus on both intellectual and moral development aims to prepare students for personal and
societal contributions.
Nirmala College’s library serves as a symbol of knowledge and intellectual wealth, with extensive
resources to meet the diverse needs of its students. Housing more than one lakh (100,000) books,
periodicals (both national and international), and a wide range of reference collections, the library
offers students opportunities to explore knowledge across various fields. It also includes a career
guidance corner, providing essential resources for students' professional development. The library is
fully automated, using advanced technologies like barcode protection and RFID security appliances to

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 IoT-empowered Library Management System with special reference…

ensure efficient management and safety of its resources. It operates with Logic Launch library
management software, which facilitates online services, simplifying library functions and making it
more accessible to users.
The Logic Launch library management system at Nirmala College, integrated with IoT technologies,
plays an important role in restructuring and modernizing library operations. These innovative
technologies enable faster and more efficient processes, associating with the five laws of library science
proposed by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan. These laws(1) books are for use, (2) every reader their book, (3)
every book its reader, (4) save the time of the reader, and (5) the library is a growing organism—are
reflected in the system's capacity to improve accessibility, distinguish user experiences, and enhance
the overall teaching and learning environment. By employing frontline technologies, the library ensures
that it meets the evolving needs of its users while retaining the core principles of library science.
In addition to its vast physical collection, Nirmala College’s library subscribes to a variety of digital
resources to support research and learning. This includes e-books, e-journals, and access to
INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) resources, as well as DELNET (Developing Library
Network) facilities. These digital databases and resources make research more accessible, compatible,
and feasible for students and faculty, further enriching the academic experience by providing extensive
materials for in-depth studies across disciplines.
Internet of Things and its Applications
Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a popular trend for creating and managing smart
libraries. IoT involves the integration of interconnected devices and systems that gather data through
embedded sensors and other monitoring technologies. By controlling wireless networks and physical
objects, IoT connects devices to each other and the internet with minimal direct human intervention,
thereby enhancing public services and improving overall library experiences.
Some key benefits of IoT include the ability to access information from anywhere on any device,
enhanced communication between devices, improved time and cost efficiency, and the provision of
higher quality services.
RFID technology, along with scanners, monitors, and alarms, is deployed throughout the library.
Students can easily search for books and other materials using their smartphones or library computers
through the library's Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). This system also supports user
authentication and creates individual profiles making, borrowing and returning materials more
convenient. Users are automatically notified when it is time to return issued materials.
The most commonly implemented IoT-based services in Nirmala College library are:
➢ Accesstolibraryandits resources
A virtual library card enables members to access the library and utilize its resources precisely. When
users search the library catalogue for specific materials, the automated library management system
offers guidance to the exact location of the resources. Additionally, the system can connect to online
databases to provide comprehensive information about the materials, allowing users to make well-
informed decisions before borrowing.

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IoT-empowered Library Management System with special reference…

➢ Library Collection management

The librarydocuments having RFID tags on each of the items enables their digital depiction, these can
be recognised using computers and RFID readers. ThisRFIDtagsidentifying the documentsand allows it
for transaction.Digital database may be able to uphold the content based on users borrowinglibrary
materialsandsearchhistoryontheInternet.
➢ Circulation System
An RFID and IoT-enhanced library circulation system simplifies borrowing and returning materials by
using RFID tags for automatic identification and tracking of books and other items. RFID readers at
library entrances and exits automate the check-in and check-out process, reducing wait times and
manual work. IoT sensors track items' real-time locations and statuses, aiding in inventory management
and quick item retrieval. RFID technology enhances security by triggering alarms if items are removed
without proper check-out. Patrons can efficiently check out and return items, often without librarian
assistance, and receive notifications about due dates. IoT systems also gather data on borrowing
patterns for improved collection management and planning.
➢ Inventory Management (Stock Verification)
IoT will also help in better inventory management (stock verification) as it will be easy to locate
misplaced books.IoT sensors and devices can monitor inventory levels in real-time, track the movement
of goods, and automate stock replenishment processes. This technology allows for accurate and timely
data collection, reduces manual errors, and improves efficiency in managing inventory system.
➢ RFID-tagged User ID card
An RFID-tagged ID card for students utilizes IoT technology to enhance campus operations by
streamlining access control, attendance tracking, and library transactions, including borrowing and
returning books. The embedded RFID tag provides automatic, secure identification, enabling efficient
and contactless interactions with various systems and facilities across the college and library.
➢ Web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) with IoT
Integrating Web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) with IoT (Internet of Things) significantly
improves library management by offering real-time, remote access to resources. IoT sensors provide
accurate, up-to-date information on the location and availability of materials, enhance search results
with detailed usage data, and enable instant notifications for book availability, due dates, and overdue
notices. This integration allows libraries to monitor and manage collections more efficiently, ensuring
better organization and timely maintenance.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the IoT-based services implemented in the college library have resulted in
enhanced operational efficiency, improved user experience, and continuous access to resources,
ultimately fostering a smarter and more responsive library environment. The implementation of IoT in
circulation, reference services, user authentication, library security, and access to traditional collections
has significantly streamlined library operations, making the work of library professionals easier and

182 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 IoT-empowered Library Management System with special reference…

more efficient. By utilizing RFID, proximity sensors, and ultrasonic sensors, users are able to navigate
the collection, receive orientation, and monitor occupancy in real-time. Continuous tracking of
appliances and resource usage highlights the advantages of IoT organisation, revolutionizing services
by eliminating inefficiencies in routine operations. Thus information and communication technology
(ICT) has established significant standards in the library and promoted a high quality educational
environment. It serves as a patron for data security, confidentiality and enriches the higher experiences
in the assignments of library professionals.
References
1. Abhik Chaudhuri (2018). “Internet of Things, for Things, and by Things”, Routledge Publication.
2. Cha. B. A Beginners guide to understanding Internet of things”, Available at:
http://recode.net/2015/01/15/a- beginners-guide-to-understanding-the-internet-of-things
3. Christoph Jan Bartodziej (2017). "The Concept Industry 4.0" , Springer Science and Business
Media LLC, 2017
4. CISCO. “Connections Counter: The Internet of Everything in Motion”, Available
at:http://newsroom.cisco.com/feature-content?type=webcontent&articleId=1208342
5. Donovan F. “A Brief history of the internet of things”, Available at:
http://www.fiercemobileit.com/story/brief-history-internet-things/2014-07-23
6. Gouri S Deo, Ayushi Mishra and Zuber Mohammed Jalaluddin (2020). "IoT-enabled Library
Management System with Predictive Analysis of Resource Usage Data using Machine Learning for
the Qualitative Up-gradation", Summer Internship Evaluation-I Report (ECE2507), August 2020,
DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.10905.65127
7. Hollander B. “The Internet of Things and Healthcare”, Availableat:http://www.thinkgig.com/the-
internet-of-things- and-healthcare
8. Igbinovia, M. O., & Okuonghae, O. (2021). “Internet of Things in contemporary academic
libraries: Application and challenges”, Library Hi Tech News, 38(5), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-05-2021-0019
9. Javaid Ahmad Wani and Arshia Ayoub (2023). "The Pivotal Role of the Internet of Things in
Library Innovation" , chapter 5, IGI Global, 2023 Publication
10. Kumar, Vasantha. (2018). “Application of internet of things for smart libraries: An overview”,
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education Research, 7(2)
11. Muhamad, S. S and Darwesh A. M. (2020). “Smart university library management system based on
internet of things”, UHD Journal of Science and Technology, 4(2), 63–74.
https://doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v4n2y2020.pp63-74

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 183
 Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery in
Academic and Information Science Professionals: A Perspective
1
Rajkumar, N. 2Siva Chidambaram, S. (Dr.) 3 Suresh, N. (Dr.)
1
Library and Information Assistant, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli.
2
Librarian, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli.
3
Librarian, Government Law College, Tiruchirappalli.
Abstract
Social media has become an increasingly important tool for academics, offering various benefits and
challenges in research, teaching, and professional networking. It also poses challenges that require
careful navigation. WhatsApp has emerged as a powerful tool among academics and educational
institutions, offering accessibility, convenience, and versatility. Many academics in education have
used it, and it has become a popular tool for enhancing communication and service delivery in Library
and Information Science (LIS) Professionals. As WhatsApp's use continues to grow, its potential to
contribute to educational development and social progress is increasingly evident. There are many
social media platforms, but most Indians use WhatsApp, so sharing resources through these social
media can reach more users. It will enhance the minds and reflect on the growth of the nation. This
paper will discuss how academics and LIS Professionals can use WhatsApp to improve library
communication and service delivery. Sharing resources through these social media platforms can
reach more users, enhance minds, and reflect on the nation's growth.
Introduction
Social media has become an increasingly important tool for academics, offering various benefits and
challenges in research, teaching, and professional networking. Social media presents numerous
opportunities for academics to enhance their visibility and engage with a broader audience, it also poses
challenges that require careful navigation. By employing practical strategies, academics can leverage
social media effectively while balancing their professional responsibilities.(Esposito, 2017). Social
media has become an indispensable tool for disseminating information to broad audiences on topics
ranging from health to disaster response to education. While challenges remain in regulating content
and leveraging official channels, the power of social media for information dissemination is
undeniable.(Agim Eliezer Chukwuyere et al., 2020). Librarians can play a vital role in disseminating
important health information, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, by utilising effective social
media platforms like Facebook, LinkedIn, WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest. (Agim
Eliezer Chukwuyere et al., 2020). Studies have shown a high level of awareness and usage of social
media tools like Facebook, Google+, and Twitter among librarians in federal university libraries in
Southwest Nigeria for disseminating information. (Quadri & Adebayo Idowu, 2016).
Approximately 4.95 billion people use social media worldwide, which accounts for about 61.4% of the
global population. This figure has grown significantly, doubling from 2.07 billion users in 2015. The
average time spent on social media is 2 hours and 24 minutes daily. Social media usage is prevalent
among internet users, with 93.4% of the 5.3 billion global internet users actively using social media.

184 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

(Social Network Usage & Growth Statistics (2024), 2023). Social media users have increased by
approximately 259 million over the past year, indicating a growth rate of 5.4% annually. This translates
to about 8.2 new users every second. (Global Social Media Statistics — DataReportal – Global Digital
Insights, n.d.).
In 2024, WhatsApp has more than 2.95 billion monthly active users worldwide, making it one of the
most popular messaging apps in the world. It is projected that this figure will reach about 3.14 billion
by 2025. India has the most extensive user base, with about 535.8 million active users, followed by
Brazil with 108 million. The widespread reach of WhatsApp is evident, as it is used by 69% of Internet
users worldwide, excluding China, where the app is banned. WhatsApp's user base continues to grow,
reflecting its importance in personal and business communications in various demographics and
regions. WhatsApp is becoming an increasingly popular tool for academics and educational institutions
to enhance learning and communication. WhatsApp is revolutionising education by empowering
teachers and institutions to engage students in new ways and deliver learning to more learners
worldwide.
WhatsApp for Academics
Classroom Communication and Collaboration
Teachers can create WhatsApp groups for each class or subject to share assignments, run discussions,
and provide feedback. Students can collaborate on projects, ask questions, and share resources in the
WhatsApp group. Reminders about exams, essays, and schedule changes can be sent via WhatsApp
(What Are the Benefits of Reading Habits for the Greatest Future of the Youths? n.d.).
Sharing Educational Resources
Teachers can share videos, audio clips, documents, and other learning materials through WhatsApp.
Curated collections of resources like experiment videos can be shared to complement lessons. Students
can access these resources anytime from their phones (Disha, 2021)
Personalised Support
Teachers can follow up with students individually on WhatsApp to provide extra support. Shy or
struggling students may feel more comfortable opening in a one-on-one WhatsApp chat. Automated
chatbots on WhatsApp can help compile student information and documents. (Disha, 2021)
Institutional Communication
Administrators can inform the community about new courses, updates, and important announcements.
Students can get reminders about application deadlines, registration processes, and payments via
WhatsApp. Alums can stay connected with their alma mater and be informed about events, webinars,
and courses. (Make the Most out of WhatsApp in Your Academic Institution Using Push Notifications,
n.d.)
Advantages of WhatsApp in Academics
• Democratize learning by making education accessible in areas with low connectivity

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Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

• Familiar, comfortable interface that students already use

• Facilitates learning and communication 24/7 outside the classroom
• Encourages collaboration between students and teachers
• Facilitates the sharing of multimedia resources to adapt to different learning styles
WhatsApp as a Profile Management System
Management, particularly profile management, is often described as an art due to its reliance on
personal skills, creativity, and applying theoretical knowledge in practical situations. By implementing
these best practices and using the right tools, you can effectively manage your social media profiles and
achieve your goals, whether building a personal brand or growing a community.WhatsApp offers a
robust profile management system, particularly for business accounts, allowing users to create and
maintain a professional presence on the platform. Effective profile management on WhatsApp, whether
for personal or business use, enhances communication and engagement, fosters a professional image,
and ensures that relevant information is readily accessible.
Filling Out Your Profile:
Open the WhatsApp Business app and navigate Settings > Business Tools > Business Profile. (Figure
1)

Figure 1: WhatsApp Profile

• Business Name
• Business Category

186 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

• Profile Picture
• Business Description (About)
• Contact Information (email, website)
• Business Hours
• Location
WhatsApp for Library Professionals
WhatsApp has become an increasingly popular tool for enhancing library communication and service
delivery among librarians. Its user-friendly interface and widespread adoption make it an effective
platform for various library functions.
Communication and User Engagement
• Direct Interaction: Librarians can communicate directly with users, allowing them to ask
questions, seek assistance, and receive information about library services in real-time.
• Group Chats: Librarians can create group chats for different disciplines, enabling targeted
communication.
Service Delivery
• Information Dissemination: WhatsApp lets Libraries quickly share updates about new
acquisitions, events, and services. This method is cost-effective and requires minimal training for
library staff.
• Inter-Library Loans: WhatsApp can streamline inter-library loan requests, allowing users to send
requests for books or articles directly to librarians, who can then facilitate the borrowing process
more efficiently than traditional methods.
• Orientation and Training: Libraries can use WhatsApp to provide virtual tours and orientation
sessions, helping users understand library services and resources without needing to visit in person.
• Reading Circles and Study Groups: Librarians can organise reading circles or study groups via
WhatsApp, providing a platform for users to discuss books and share insights, which promotes
reading habits and collaborative learning.
Features to provide services to users
Broadcast
It is a beautiful option for the contacts to be put into the broadcast, and then the messages we send in
the broadcast will be sent as individual messages. We can separate the broadcast into sections like staff,
UG, PG, etc., categories according to the institutions, and share the information accordingly. It can
reach more user communities. (Figure 2)
>Menu >' New broadcast'

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 187
Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

Figure 2: Broadcast
Groups
It is another option where a community can be in one group and share it with users. It can now be
effectively used as an option. Information can reach us instantly, like mass communication. Good
libraries build communities we can build through WhatsApp for reading forums; meeting notifications
are easily shared and disseminated, and lots of education-based groups are sharing many study
materials through groups and job notifications. (Figure 3)
>Click. Above your chats list in WhatsApp >click the new chat icon. >Click New group.

Figure 3: WhatsApp Groups

188 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

Polling Options
Any simple query for voting should be taken. It may be posted individually using broadcast for mass
messages or sent to groups. (figure 4)

Figure 4: Polling Options

Label Options
It can be used to separate the queries and resources for easy finding the messages so we can answer the
queries quickly and separate the documents. (figure 5)

Figure 5: Label Option

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 189
Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

Catalogue
This is another excellent option for promoting library resources. We can make one collection that adds
multiple items in one option. Then, share the catalogue through the link. Also, one can share the item as
a link. (figure 6)
• Item: In this option, individually put an item. You can add images and links.
• Collection: It is like a DSpace adding a collection called “New Arrivals” of books that add items

Figure 6: Catalogue
Greeting Message
When the user sends the first message, it automatically sends a greeting message. (figure 7)

Figure 7: Greeting Message

190 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

Updates/Status
This is an extraordinary feature of WhatsApp. In this, a video or images of any newly arrived books
and pictures, and after reading, a book review can enhance the reading habit. New books are in the
library. Take a video and put it in the status. It will grab the users. Links also can be shared through the
status click and accept. (figure 8)

Figure 8: Status
Connections
Our WhatsApp can easily relate to WhatsApp web for use on computers to share files easily.
Sharing Resources
Sharing resources is essential for the new arrival of books or any library-related things we can take
videos of and share with groups of individuals.

Figure 8: Profile Sharing

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Use of WhatsApp to Improve Library Communication and Service Delivery…

Conclusion
WhatsApp has emerged as a powerful tool for academics and LIS Professionals, offering a unique
combination of accessibility, convenience and versatility. Its widespread use, especially in India, makes
it an ideal platform to improve communication, collaboration and resource sharing. From classroom
participation to institutional announcements and library services, WhatsApp facilitates real-time
interaction, democratizes learning and promotes a knowledge-rich environment. Using its various
features, such as groups, broadcasts and catalogues, professionals can enrich their services and improve
their contact with students, faculty and the wider community. As WhatsApp's use continues to grow, its
potential to contribute to educational development and social progress is increasingly evident. Its full
range of functions can open new opportunities for academic and professional growth and promote a
more informed and connected society. Sharing resources through these social media platforms can
reach more users, enhance minds, and reflect on the nation's growth.
Suggestions
There are many social media platforms, but many Indians use WhatsApp, so sharing resources through
these social media platforms can reach more users, enhance their minds, and reflect on the nation's
growth. Many options are available on WhatsApp, but we are not using them correctly. Explore the
options, share the resources, and reach and enrich more people.
References
1. Agim Eliezer Chukwuyere, Oraekwe Ifeoma Nwanneka, & Chivuzo Cyprainmary Chukwudebelu.
(2020). Librarians’ Use of Social Media in Disseminating Health Information on COVID-19 |
Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Librarians%E2%80%99-Use-of-Social-
Media-in-Disseminating-on-Chukwuyere-
Nwanneka/b371f5305f6213d610849af848a0dce27cf02493
2. Global Social Media Statistics—DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. (n.d.). Retrieved
September 11, 2024, from https://datareportal.com/social-media-users
3. Make the most out of WhatsApp in your academic institution using push notifications. (n.d.).
Retrieved September 12, 2024, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/make-most-out-whatsapp-
your-academic-institution-using-push-notifications
4. Quadri, G. O., & Adebayo Idowu, O. (2016). Social Media Use by Librarians for Information
Dissemination in Three Federal University Libraries in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Library &
Information Services in Distance Learning, 10(1–2), 30–40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1533290X.2016.1156597
5. What are the benefits of reading habits for the most significant future of the youths? (n.d.). Rawat
Public School - Blogs. Retrieved September 11, 2024, from
https://www.rawatpublicschool.com/blog/benefits-of-reading-habits-for-the-greatest-future-of-the-
youths

192 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Analysis of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Submitted to IISc
for the Period 2004-2021: A Study
1
Pradeep P Kavi and 2Dharamvir Singh
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh-202146, UP
2
Associate Professor, DLIS, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh-202146, UP
Abstract
The paper analyses the Theses & Dissertations (ETD’s) submitted to IISc during the 18 years period
2004-2021. Year-wise growth, Department and Division-wise break-up, Top etd’s viewed and Search
terms used are discussed in detail. The paper also analyses the keywords used in Titles of the theses
showing the current research topics and trends.
Keywords: Electronic Theses & Dissertations, IISc, Shodhganga, Current Research trends, etd analysis
Introduction
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is one of the oldest Higher Education Institute in India set up as
Tata Institute in the year 1909 by J.N Tata. It became Deemed University in the year 1958. Over the
last 115 years, IISc has become India’s premier institute for advanced scientific and technological
research and education. Its mandate is “to provide for advanced instruction and to conduct original
investigations in all branches of knowledge as are likely to promote the material and industrial welfare
of India.” In keeping with this guiding principle, the Institute has strived to foster a balance between the
pursuit of basic knowledge and applying its research for industrial and social benefit. There are 67
Departments/Centres in IISc which are classified under 9 Broad Division’s. It offers the following
Degrees.
Under-graduate (UG) Programmes
➢ Bachelor of Science (Research)
➢ B.Tech. (Mathematics and Computing)
Post-graduate (PG) Course Programmes
➢ M.Tech, M.Des and M.Mgt
Post-graduate (PG) Research Programmes
➢ Integrated Ph.D.
➢ M.Tech. (Research) and Ph.D.
Theses & Dissertations are one of the important primary sources of information which contains details
of original research carried out by students in obtaining their Masters and Doctoral Degrees. While
students used to submit their Theses & Dissertations in print form all along, it was only during the
2000’s that submission and archiving of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) was started. The
Digital Library software DSpace has been used to set up the IISc ETD portal (http://etd.iisc.ac.in).

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 193
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Objectives
The main objectives of the study are to analyse the growth of ETD’s during the 18-year period 2004-
2021
➢ To identify year-wise growth of ETD’s 2004-2021
➢ To identify Division and Department/Centre wise growth of ETD’s
➢ To identify Top ETD’s viewed
➢ To identify Top-50 keywords-frequency from the Titles
➢ To identify Top-50 Search-terms-frequency used by searchers
Literature review
Nirmala Devi et al (2006) have discussed the setting up of ETD at IISc. The paper includes details on
metadata fields, DSpace software and features, Steps involved in uploading etd and ETD Workflow.
Methodology
Data of IISc etd’s was obtained from the IISc etd portal (https://etd.iisc.ac.in/). Using the Administrator
privileges, bibliographic data for the 18-year period i.e 2004-2021 was downloaded as MS-Excel file.
The MS-Excel tools like sort, Filter etc were used to compile the data required and presented in tables.
The reports generated by DSpace were also used for compiling the data.
IISc ETD Access
The etd’s uploaded to the portal can be searched/browsed upto abstract level by anybody, however full-
text of the thesis can be downloaded only by IISc employees and students. As per Management
decision from the year 2020 onwards, students submit only the electronic copy (PDF file) to the
Library. Further, ETD’s from the year 2018 onwards are also hosted on INFLIBNET Shodhganga etd
portal IISc (https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/handle/10603/423942) and full-text can be accesses
from this website.
Submission of ETD’s to the collection
IISc has been using SAP ERP software for automation of all Institute activities. At the end of the
course, students raise No-dues on the ERP software and on the Library section, students who submit
Masters/Doctoral thesis, are requested to upload their theses on the DSpace software. In case they wish
to have embargo, same is set up on the software. A Flow-chart listing the steps involved in uploading
the ETD is circulated to all Department/Centres. Same is attached in Appendix. Post uploading the
thesis, Library staff browse and edit the content as per standard formats and when everything is correct,
it is approved for inclusion in the collection.

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 Analysis of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Submitted to IISc for the Period…

Data analysis and discussion

Year-wise growth of ETD’s
Table 1 :Year-wise growth of ETD's - 2004 2021

S.No Year Total No of ETD's Master's Degree Doctoral Degree

1 2004 207 73 134
2 2005 188 69 119
3 2006 177 53 124
4 2007 216 67 149
5 2008 218 60 158
6 2009 250 58 192
7 2010 227 54 173
8 2011 213 56 157
9 2012 262 73 189
10 2013 286 60 226
11 2014 283 49 234
12 2015 336 39 297
13 2016 377 49 328
14 2017 366 65 301
15 2018 420 65 355
16 2019 283 39 244
17 2020 327 51 276
18 2021 366 57 309
Total 5002 1037 3965

Table 1 shows the Year-wise growth of etd’s for the 18-year period 2004-2021. ETD’s of Master’s
Degree constitute about 21% and remaining 79% from Doctoral Degree. The highest number of etd’s
were submitted during the year 2018 with 420 etd’s of which 355 were Doctoral and 65 were Master’s
degree theses. Student’s pursuing Doctoral degree take their own time subject to maximum limits in
completing their research work and submitting their thesis depending on the nature of their research
topic and hence we see the difference in the year-wise numbers.
Division-wise break-up of ETD's
Table 2 : Division-wise break-up of ETD’s

No of Dept /
S.No Division No of ETD's
Centres Percentage
1 Biological Sciences 8 826 17
2 Chemical Sciences 5 723 14
Electrical, Electronics & Computer Science
3 4 965 19
(EECS)

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Analysis of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Submitted to IISc for the Period…

4 Interdisciplinary Research 11 390 8

5 Mechanical Sciences 11 1366 27
6 Physical & Mathematical Sciences 7 732 15
46 5002 100

Table 2 shows the Division-wise break-up of ETD’s. Of the six divisions, the highest number of ETD’s
were from the Mechanical Sciences division with 1366 followed by EECS Division with 965 and
Biological Sciences with 826 etd’s respectively.
Department/Centre wise break-up of ETD’s
Table 3 : Department/Centre-wise break-up of ETD’s
Master’s Doctoral
S.No Department/Centre Division Total
Degree Degree
1 Biochemistry 6 176 182
2 Centre for Ecological Sciences 0 78 78
3 Centre for Neuroscience 5 18 23
Biological
4 Microbiology and Cell Biology Sciences 5 192 197
5 Molecular Biophysics Unit 10 223 233
Molecular Reproduction, Development &
6 1 113 114
Genetics
7 Inorganic and Physical Chemistry 10 211 221
8 Materials Research Centre 11 148 159
Chemical
9 NMR Research Centre 0 2 2
Sciences
10 Organic Chemistry 7 161 168
11 Solid State & Structural Chemistry Unit 10 163 173
12 Computer Science and Automation 149 137 286
13 Electrical Communication Engineering Electrical 84 201 285
14 Electrical Engineering Sciences 129 137 266
15 Electronic Systems Engineering 35 93 128
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable
16 0 1 1
Transportation and Urban Planning
Centre for Biosystems Science and
17 0 20 20
Engineering
18 Centre for Nano Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary 3 98 101
Department of Computational & Data Research
19 34 16 50
Sciences
20 Department of Management Studies 10 100 110
21 Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research 0 12 12
22 Interdisciplinary mathematical sciences 0 6 6

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 Analysis of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Submitted to IISc for the Period…

Robert Bosch Centre for Cyber Physical

23 1 0 1
Systems
Supercomputer Education and Research
24 58 31 89
Centre
25 Aerospace Engineering 106 204 310
Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Mechanical
26 32 41 73
Sciences Sciences
27 Centre for Earth Sciences 2 27 29
Centre for Product Design and
28 19 41 60
Manufacturing
29 Centre for Sustainable Technologies 5 27 32
30 Chemical Engineering 30 61 91
31 Civil Engineering 50 206 256
32 Materials Engineering 22 205 227
33 Mechanical Engineering 102 185 287
34 Astronomy and Astrophysics Programme Physical & 0 13 13
35 Centre for High Energy Physics Mathematical 1 42 43
Sciences
36 Instrumentation and Applied Physics 60 121 181
37 Mathematics 27 98 125
38 Physics 13 357 370
Total 1037 3965 5002

Table 3 show Department/Centre wise break-up of etd’s. Of the 38 Department/Centre’s the Physics
Department accounted for the highest number of etd’s with 370 followed by Aerospace Engineering
with 310 and Mechanical Engineering Dept with 287 respectively.
Top-10 ETD’s viewed
Table 4 : Top-10 ETD’s viewed
Title Views Author Dept Degree Year Rank
Studies on Molecular Targets and 15860 Shipra Goel MCB Phd 2016 1
Pathways Regulated by Rice RFL for
Flowering Transition and Panicle
Development
Functional Derivatives Of MEHPPV Using 2450 Nagesh IPC Phd 2006 2
The Dithiocarbamate Precursor Route Kolishetty

Studies On Acid Production Potential Of 2320 Evvie Materials Phd 2007 3

Some Sulphide Minerals And Chockalingam Engg
Bioremediation Of Acid Mine Drainage
Design and Stabilization of Stem Derived 2108 Tariq Ahmad MBU Phd 2015 4
Immunogens from HA of Influenza A
Viruses

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Analysis of Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETD) Submitted to IISc for the Period…

Generalizations Of The Quantum Search 1892 Tathagat Avatar Physics Phd 2009 5
Algorithm Tulsi
Probing the Role of Highly Conserved 1739 Debarati MBU Phd 2015 6
Residues in Triosephosphate Isomerase : Bandyopadhyay
Biochemical & Structural Investigations
Experimental Study Of Plasma Actuator 1661 Pradeep M Aerospace MSc 2011 7
Characteristics And Optimization Of Engg Engg
Configuration
Thermodynamic & Kinetic 1502 Ganesh C MBU Phd 1999 8
Characterization Of The Folding Of E.coli
Maltose-Binding Protein
Sexual Selection On Elephant Tusks 1396 Karpagam C CES Phd 2015 9
Solution Structures and Dynamics of 1187 Kancherla MBU Phd 2015 10
Conotoxins and Small MutS Related Aswani
Domain from Helicobacter Pylori MutS2

Table 4 shows the Top-10 ETD’s viewed by users. Of the Top-10, six are from Biological Sciences
Division, two from Mechanical Sciences and one each from Chemical & Physical Sciences division
respectively.
Top Keyword-frequency used in Titles
Table 5 : Top Keyword-Frequency used in titles of Thesis

Word Freq Word Freq Word Freq Word Freq

structures 430 magnetic 69 nanostructures 47 acoustic 31
protein 227 carbon 68 virus 47 nanocrystals 31
synthesis 212 quantum 66 microstructure 46 nanoparticles 30
novel 150 wireless 65 semiconductor 43 spectroscopy 28
molecular 128 sensor 65 electronic 42 nanotubes 27
mycobacterium 110 crystal 58 polymer 42 salmonella 27
films 96 computational 57 devices 42 nanomaterials 25
composites 92 graphene 51 coli 38 hypersonic 25
algorithms 91 nmr 49 solar 37 transistors 22
optical 90 shock 49 gene 36 plasma 21
alloys 80 tuberculosis 48 imaging 35 photovoltaic 21
dna 73 sensors 48 cancer 33 nanocomposite 17

Table 5 shows the Top 48 Keywords with Frequency of times used in the Titles of the 5002 thesis. A
cursory glance of the table shows that the word ‘structures’ was top keyword used in 430 times
showing the trend in Chemistry related fields. The table also throws light on research in new materials
like graphene, nanotechnology related items like nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanomaterials
and nanocomposites.

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Top Subject term-frequency searches carried out by users

Table 6 : Top 50 Subject keywords searched by users

Subject term Times searched Subject term Times searched

Glutaredoxin 26,653 Embryonic Germ Cells 6,354
Huntington’s Disease 25,952 Magnetotransport 6,224
Neuron-Degeneration 25,827 Cardiomyocyte 6,217
Neurodegenerative Disorders 25,528 Bacteriology 5,831
Parkinson's Disease 23,607 Pathogenesis 5,819
DNA Methylation 21,604 Ropalidia marginata 5,766
DNA Sequencing 18,211 Nanostructures 5,749
Axon 12,587 Peptides 5,662
Ferromagnetic Bilayers 11,405 Spintronics 5,618
Cylindrical Ion Trap 10,899 Abrin 5,591
in-vitro 10,650 Sensor Material Deposition 5,588
in-vivo 10,128 Zinc Oxide 5,535
Thin Film Deposition 9,586 Biomedical Imaging 5,497
Gas Sensors 9,432 Lectins 5,370
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 8,323 Game Theory 5,278
Graphene 7,962 Escherichia Coli 5,261
Nanomaterials 7,691 Nanotubes 5,256
Eusocial Wasp 7,595 smegmatis 5,244
Ionizing Radiation 7,518 Carbon Nanotubes 5,142
Proteins 7,469 Nanocrystals 5,072
Inverters 7,123 Nan composites 4,811
Induction Motors 7,049 Nanocrystals 4,783
Cytokines 6,930 Ferroelectricity 4,658
Ferromagnetism 6,892 Nanotechnology 4,547
Cardiomyocytes 6,401 Nanosheets 4,535

Table 6 shows the Top-50 Subject terms searched by users along with the number of times the term
was used. While anybody in the world can Browse and Search IISc etd collection, surprisingly most of
the terms searched are relevant to ongoing research at IISc. These include the words from Biological
sciences like Glutaredoxin, Huntington’s Disease and Neuron-Degeneration the top three keywords.
There are keywords related to Nanotechnology research like graphene, Nanostructures, Nanocrystals,
Nanotubes and Nano composites.

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Findings
➢ In the preceding sections we have tried to present a ring-side view of growth of IISc electronic
Thesis and Dissertations for the 18 year period 2004-2024.
➢ During this period, a total of 5002 theses were submitted of which 1037 (20%) were Master’s
Degree remaining 80% i.e 3965 were Doctoral Degree theses.
➢ The Mechanical Sciences Division which includes 11 Department/Centres accounted for highest
number of etd’s with 27 % (1366) followed by EECS with 19% (965) and Biological Sciences with
17% (826) respectively. Physics Department accounted for highest number of etd’s with 370
theses.
➢ Among the Top-viewed etd’s, the PhD thesis by Shipra Goel entitled ‘Studies on Molecular
Targets and Pathways Regulated by Rice RFL for Flowering Transition and Panicle Development’
had the highest views with 15,860 views. The thesis was submitted during the year 2016.
➢ The Top five keyword used in the titles of the 5002 theses were structures, protein, synthesis, novel
and molecular respectively. It also includes new materials like graphene, nanotechnology related
items like nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanomaterials and nanocomposites.
➢ The Top five subject-terms searched by users include Glutaredoxin, Huntington’s Disease, Neuron-
Degeneration, Parkinson's Disease and DNA Methylation.
Conclusion
Theses & Dissertations are one of the important primary sources of information containing details of
original research. IISc has been in the forefront of research in Science and Technology and the analysis
shows the topics/trends in current research and continuous growth during the study period. The Institute
will continue to be a role model engaging in cutting edge research and communicating the same to the
world through publications and IISc etd portal.
References
1. ETD@IISc) etd portal of IISc.Retrieved on July 10, 2024 from https://etd.iisc.ac.in/
2. About IISc. Retrieved on July 10, 2024 from https://iisc.ac.in/about/foreword-from-the-director/
3. Nirmala Devi, K et al (2006). ETD- A Scholarly Open Access Institutional Repository of IISc: A
case study. International Conference on Digital Libraries, TERI, Dec 5-8, 2006, New Delhi
4. Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET. Retrieved on July 10, 2024 from
https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
5. Word Counter. Retrieved on July 15, 2024 from http://wordcounter.ai

200 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library Users
of Coimbatore District: A Study
1
Geetha, A. 2Ganapathy, K. (Dr.) and 3Jayashree, R.
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, KG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
2
Research Guide & Librarian, KG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
3
Assistant Librarian, KG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore
Abstract
This paper attempts to study on information Access Behavior and sources, services of District Central
Library Coimbatore users. Total of 237 survey questionnaires were sent to the users, and 127 filled-out
answer scripts were received back. The Majority of respondents are male (80%), almost 49% of the
users are 19 to 25 years older most of them Degree holders, and visit preparing competitive
examination purpose, 50% of users are familiar in library two to five years, mostly respondents identify
documents self-searching and with help from library staff. Most of the users preferred to read text and
reference books followed by daily newspapers and competitive examination books, users fully satisfied
for library hour and drinking water system. The study recommends restructuring Library Building.
Keywords: Information, Information Access Behavior, Public Library, Library Resources, CAS, SDI,
internet and wi-fi Services.
Introduction
India’s public library system plays a crucial role in the country’s educational and cultural landscape. A
public library serves the entire population of a community. Every person is a community. Nationality,
race, color, creed, age, sex, status, educational background, or language have the right to provide
services. A library is generally established and maintained by private agencies that extend its services
to the public. A rare type of library is also called a public library. Public library services are generally
free of charge; Science in librarianship has all the basic elements of a profession. With its high ideals of
services, exuberance, and intellectual charm, librarians are self-assured, committed, and unwaveringly
loyal to service before self-service. Public libraries have various types of traditional source books
available like social science, Agriculture, science and Technology, language books, and non-book
materials. Our government implemented various innovation methods for public libraries and purchased
updated resources. This study focused on the information access patterns of all age categories.
Objectives
The main objectives of this research are as follows:
➢ Identification of user types and qualifications
➢ Purpose of a visit to a public library to obtain information
➢ Time spent and accessing information resources in libraries
➢ Services provided by the specified library
➢ To identify helpful tools for book selection

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 201
Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library Users…

Review of Literature
Adin, Bankarpur, and Kumbar (2024) conducted a study on Information Seeking Behaviour of
Public Library Users in Belagavi District. The main objective of the study is to define the information
required from respondents at all stages to determine their purpose in visiting a public library and their
opinions on library resources and services. A questionnaire was used to collect user data. A total of one
hundred fifty questionnaires were administered on the respondents. One hundred twenty-six copies
were collected for analysis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The studies
revealed that the majority of respondents were male candidates, 42% were undergraduates, most
persons regularly used comparative examination materials to search for jobs, and 90% of the users were
20 to 30 years. Forty percent of respondents were highly satisfied with the availability of library
resources.
Gunasingh and Balasubramanian (2021) investigated the Public Libraries in Tirunelveli district with
Special reference to Information Seeking Behaviour of Users. The main aim of this study is to estimate
the services of public libraries from a user point of view and to examine the information seeking
behavior of selected public library users. The samples were selected using a stratified random sampling
technique. The major findings of this study arethat 19.29% respondents were specified to update their
current information and borrow/Return books in public libraries, as mentioned by 12.14% users,
10.71% users are used to obtain the informationneeded for jobs/careersand 7.14% respondents areused
public libraries purposely for Opportunities to Bond with Like-Minded People. From the public library
users’ point of view, the first rank wasgiven to “Satisfied with the servicesand facilities of the library.
M Mahesh and Adithava kumara (2018) Thesis study aimed to Use of public library services by
distance learners at Bangalore University, This study focused on the users of public libraries by
distance education learners and the purpose of library visits. A well-designed 1,550 questioners was
distributed to all users, and 92% of the completed questionnaires were received back. The study results
indicate that all public library borrowing systems are more flexible to service users, and most library
users spend almost every hour in a library.
Methodology
Well-structured 230 questionnaires were distributed among users of the District Central Library,
Coimbatore. The survey research method was assumed for the study. The period of data collection was
23rd July to 19th August 2024. In total, 172 copies were collected, and the collected data were analyzed
using Microsoft Office 2009.+
Analysis and Interpretation
Data analysis is a crucial process to understand and apply data effectively. Its importance spans many
fields and activities. Hence, data analysis is required.
Distribution of Questionnaires Gender Wise Report
Table 1 Indicates that gender-wise report for Questionnaire distributed and received is show that120
(80%) of male respondents and 52 (65%). also its show that male candidates maximum utilize public
libraries.

202 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library Users…

Table 1 Gender Wise Distribution and Respondent

Gender No. of Questioners Distributed Received Filled Questionnaires Percentage
Male 150 120 80%
Female 80 52 65%
Total 230 172 74.7%

Age wise respondent

Age-wise reporting of library research is important for a number of reasons, particularly because it
allows easy identification of trends, preferences, and behaviours among different age groups.
Table 2: Age Wise Respondent
Age Age wise Respondent Percentage
Below 18 years 22 13
19 to 25 years 84 49
25 to 40 years 38 22
41 to 50 years 20 11.5
Above 50 years 8 4.5
Total 172 100%

Table 2 shows the age-wise respondents in the study 19 to 25 age category respondent maximum (49%)
using library, moderate 25 to 40 age utilizer 22 % and lowest percentage of respondents above 50 years
old (4.5%). The children’s section is in this library, so 13% of the school students are enthusiastic about
participating in vacation activities.
Qualification of the library users
Table 3: Qualification of the Respondents
Qualification Respondent Percentage
Below 10th standard 19 11
th
Below 12 standard / Diploma 32 18.6
Degree Holders 91 53
Farmers 6 3.4
Self-employers 24 14
Total 172 100%

The "Qualifications" of the library users, which usually refer to an understanding of their educational
background, below table 3 reveals that 53% of the respondents are degree holders, 18.6% are plus two
and diploma holders, 14% are self-employers, 11% of the respondents are under 10th standard
students, and a minimum of 3.45% are farmers
Purpose of Visit in Library
Participating in a library serves various purposes. Table 4 shows that the number of users who read
newspapers was 76.6%, competitive exam preparers 74.4%, text book reading purpose 62.7%,

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 203
Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library Users…

reference books 55.8%, magazine and magazine-like periodical reading 47.6%, and children’s part
books fiction drama poetry books 45.3%. and only 32.5% of users viewed back volumes.
Table 4: Purpose of Visit in Library
Purpose of Visit Library Respondent Percentage
Reading News Paper 132 76.6
Competitive Examination Preparation 128 74.4
Text Books 108 62.7
Reference Books 96 55.8
Reading Journal and Magazines 82 47.6
Reading Children / Story Books 78 45.3
Reference to back volumes 56 32.5

How long (in years) have you been using Public Library.
Table 5 clearly shows that 86 (50%) members used libraries for two to five years, 44 (25.6%)
respondents under 2 years using library. 30 (17.4%) who used the devices for 5–10 years and 12 (7%)
who used them for more than 10 years.
Table 5: How long Have you Been Using Public Library
Years of Using Respondent Percentage
Below 2 years 44 25.6
2 to 5 years 86 50
5 to 10 years 30 17.4
Above 10 years 12 7
Total 172 100

People Helped to Identify the Needed Documents

Table 6 shows the respondents’ opinions about libraries’ help in identifying the needed documents,
particularly public libraries. It is clear from the table that the majority of the respondents gave very
good opinions about self-Searching very of useful 156 (91%). Moreover, library staff members were
mostly useful to the users in identifying the need documents, 112 (65%). moderately useful library
friends 72 (42%). Social Media is powerful tools but it is moderately 76 (44%) librarians used it to
identify particular materials in libraries. This result clearly indicates that library catalogue 75
(43.7%) was not very useful for identifying documents. The study concluded that public library users
gave excellent opinions on self-searching and the help of library staff members.
Table 6: People helped to Identify the Needed documents
Particulars Mostly % Moderately % Rarely % never %
Self-Searching 156 91 12 7 2 1 2 1
Library Staff 112 65 48 28 10 6 2 1
Friends 72 42 36 21 50 29 14 8

204 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library Users…

Social Media 56 33 76 44 27 15.5 13 7.5

Catalogue 7 4 10 5.8 80 46.5 75 43.7

Satisfaction level of information Services available in the Public library

Table 7 indicates the respondents’ opinions on the services offered by the library. The results show that
respondents were mostly satisfied with circulation services (90.6%), moderately satisfied 71% of users
in Internet and Wi-fi services, partly satisfied with reference services (33.7%), and selective
dissemination services (39.5%), Most respondents were dissatisfied with current user awareness
services (43.6%) They inferred that public library users were not very satisfied with any services
offered by the Central Coimbatore Library, but a larger number of users were satisfied with the
circulation and internet services. This indicates that public libraries should concentrate on improving
their services.
Table 7: Satisfaction Level of Information Services Available in the Public Library
Particulars Mostly % Mode-rarely % Rarely % Never %
Circulation Services 156 90.6 16 9.4 0 0 0 0
Wi-fi, Service 28 16.2 122 71 12 7 10 5.8
Reference Services 18 10.5 32 18.6 58 33.7 64 37.2
CAS Services 24 14 14 8.1 59 34.3 75 43.6
SDI Services 44 25.5 12 7 68 39.5 48 28

What is your opinion on the infrastructures and facilities available in the library
Table 9 shows the respondents’ opinions on the structure and other amenities existing in the selected
public libraries. It is evidence from the more than 137 (80%) of the respondents very satisfied for
library working hours, and 86(50%) of the users highly satisfied providing Drinking water facility.
Library-available furniture for 58 (34%) of the respondents are satisfied. lighting and ventilations
facility in particular library user point of view 45% respondents are partly satisfied, further 45% of the
respondent are reading area space were not satisfied.
Table 8: Opinion on the infrastructure sand facilities available in the library
Particulars Very Satisfied Partly Not-
Satisfied % % satisfied % satisfied %
Library hours 137 80 31 18 4 2 0 0
Library Furniture 56 32 58 34 22 13 36 21
Reading space 36 21 44 26 14 8 78 45
Lighting and 16 9 28 16 76 45 52 30
Ventilations
Drinking water 86 50 52 30 34 20 0 0

Conclusion
The main purpose of the study was to determine the information-seeking activities of the Coimbatore
Central Public Library for various types of users. Out of the 237 questionnaires distributed, 172 were

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 205
Information Access Behavior and Sources, Services of District Central Library Users…

received back, and the overall response rate was 74.7%. The study revealed that the majority of public
library users depend on public libraries for their competitive exams like UPS, TNPSC, Banking
National Eligibility, and other exam preparation. In this regard, public libraries play a vital role. The
results demonstrate that the resources and services provided by libraries meet users’ needs to a
significant extent. The results indicate that excessive purchase of current year’s reference books,
textbooks, and distribution to users would attract users to libraries. There is a separate room for
children to read books with various color illustrations, and a separate study room for women is unique
and easily attracts readers. As the number of books and readers in the library increases each year, there
is a shortage of ventilation, seating, electric lights, and fans. The results of the study show that library
facilities to be improved with required facilities and that will fulfil the needs of overall library users.
References
1. Adin, Bankapur and Kumbar (2024) “A study on Information Seeking Behaviour of Pubvlic
Library Users in Belagavi District” International Journal of Research in Libreary Science (IJRLS),
Vol.10 (1).
2. Gunasingh and Balasubramanian (2021) Public Libraries in Tirunelveli District with Special
Reference to Information Seeking Behavior of Users” Journal of Knowledge and Communication
Management, Vol 21 (1).
3. Pandeeswaran, C. and Chellappandi, P. (2018). A Case Study on Information Use Pattern by the
Users of District Central Library, Madurai, Tamilnadu. Paper presented at the National Conference
Innovative Librarianship: Challenges and Opportunities, Thiruvarur, India.
4. Mahesh, G. T. &Kumari, H. Adithya. (2018).Use of public library services by the distance learners
of Bangalore University. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Tech., Vol.38, 2, 117-124.
5. Robab (2014) Information seeking in electronic environment, NewYork. Cambridge.
6. Amiya (2014) “Informationseeking behavior: A study of punjab university, India”, Library
philosophy and practice, 1-6.
7. Jayadev Kadli (2011) “Exploring the information seeking behaviorofstudentsand scholars in
electronic environment: A case study” Internationaljournalof information dissemination and
technology, 2(1),67-73.
8. Gill, P. (2001). The Public library service: IFLA/UNESCO guidelines for development IFLA
Publications: 97.

206 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption and
Satisfaction among Faculty Members of JKKN College of Engineering and
Technology
1
Sandhika, P. and 2Lavanyaa, K.R.
1
Librarian, JKKN College of Engineering and Technology, Namakkal.
2Assistant Professor, DLIS, Vellalar College for Women, Erode.

Abstract
This study examines the perception, adoption, and satisfaction of faculty members at JKKN College of
Engineering and Technology with digital knowledge resources. In an era where digital tools are
integral to education, understanding their impact on faculty is essential for optimizing their use. A
survey conducted among faculty members explored their awareness, frequency of use, ease of access,
and satisfaction with digital resources such as SWAYAM, NPTEL, and N-LIST. The results reveal that
most respondents are familiar with SWAYAM and NPTEL, with a majority using these resources
weekly. E-books are the most utilized, and mobile apps are the primary technology for access. While
respondents generally report high satisfaction with the resources’ speed and relevance, challenges
such as slow loading times and a need for better training are noted. The majority find digital resources
highly relevant to their academic work and are enthusiastic about recommending them. This study
highlights the effectiveness of digital resources in supporting academic activities and suggests that
addressing technical issues and enhancing training could further improve faculty satisfaction and
engagement.
Keywords: Digital resources, SWAYAM, NPTEL, N- LIST.
Introduction
In today's digital age, the integration of information technology in the education sector has
revolutionized the way knowledge is accessed and utilized. Digital knowledge resources have become
essential tools for faculty members in higher education institutions to support research, teaching, and
learning. These resources offer a wide array of content, from e-books and journals to video lectures and
specialized academic materials. At JKKN College of Engineering and Technology, understanding how
faculty members perceive, adopt, and engage with these digital resources is crucial for enhancing
academic productivity and improving the overall learning experience. This paper aims to explore the
awareness, usage, and satisfaction of faculty members at JKKN College of Engineering and
Technology with digital knowledge resources. The survey covers various aspects, including the types
of resources accessed, the frequency of usage, ease of access, and challenges encountered. Through this
study, we can assess how digital knowledge resources are contributing to the academic growth and
development of faculty members across different departments.
Review of Literature
Doraswamy & Appalaswami Naidu (2020) conducted a survey on user perception of digital resources
in Visakhapatnam district degree college libraries. Out of 1485 students, 1100 responded, giving a 74%

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Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption…

response rate. Postgraduate students used digital resources like online journals, books, and databases
more than undergraduates. In contrast, undergraduates used college website information more. Science
students preferred digital resources more than arts students. However, there was no significant
difference between arts and science students in using college website information.
Lavanya (2019) conducted a case study on the use of electronic resources among research scholars at
Alagappa University. The survey revealed that 60.71% of respondents were female, and 28.57% were
aged 29-34. Most respondents (61.90%) were Ph.D. students, and 36.90% used e-resources daily.
Additionally, 25% regularly issued or returned books, 23.80% used e-books, and 42.86% accessed e-
resources for coursework. 25% saved time with e-resources, 42.86% used monthly editions, and
46.43% were satisfied with the library’s e-resources.
Objectives
➢ To evaluate the alertness among faculty members regarding various digital knowledge resources
available at JKKN College of Engineering and Technology.
➢ To evaluate the frequency and methods of usage of digital knowledge resources by faculty
members for enhancing research, teaching, and learning activities.
➢ To identify and address key challenges faced by faculty members in accessing and utilizing digital
knowledge resources, including technical issues and ease of access.
Limitations
➢ The study is limited to faculty members at JKKN College of Engineering and Technology, which
may not represent the experiences of faculty in other institutions or disciplines.
➢ Variations in individual access to technology and internet quality could impact responses and
overall findings.
Methodology
A well-structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to the faculty members of JKKN College
of Engineering and Technology electronically through an online survey platform to ensure broad reach
and ease of completion. This study covers seven departments such as EEE, ECE, CSE, IT, Mechanical
and S&H. The data were received back from the respondents and analyzed with simple percentage.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
A questionnaire was circulated to 46 members of various departments and 36 (78.26%) responses were
received back.
Name of the Department N %
ECE 3 8.3%
CSE 6 16.7%
IT 3 8.3%
EEE 4 11.3%
MECHANICAL 6 16.7%
S&H 9 25%

208 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption…

MBA 5 13.9%

The highest response rate came from the S&H department (25%), indicating a strong engagement from
this area, while the ECE and IT departments had the lowest representation, each at 8.3%. This
distribution suggests varying levels of engagement with digital resources across different departments.
Years of Digital Resource Usage N %
(a) Less than 1 year 9 25%
(b) 1-3 years 13 36.1%
(c) 3-5 years 2 5.6%
(d) More than 5 years 12 33.3%

The majority of respondents (36.1%) have used digital resources for 1-3 years, followed by 33.3% who
have over 5 years of experience. A smaller portion, 25%, have less than 1 year of usage.

Very Somewhat Not familiar at

Familiarity with Familiar Neutral
familiar familiar all
Knowledge Resources
N % N % N % N % N %
SWAYAM 20 55.5% 11 30.5% 3 8.3% 1 2.7% 1 2.7%
NPTEL 20 55.5% 9 25% 4 11.1% 3 8.3% 0 0%
N- LIST 4 11.1% 8 22.2% 17 47.2% 5 13.8% 2 5.5%
Anna University
e-resources 10 27.7% 11 30.5% 11 30.5% 4 11.1% 0 0%
consortium

Most respondents are very familiar with SWAYAM (55.5%) and NPTEL (55.5%), while familiarity
with N-LIST is lower, with nearly half (47.2%) being neutral. The Anna University e-resources
consortium shows a more balanced familiarity, with respondents spread across "very familiar,"
"familiar," and "neutral" categories.
Frequency of Resource Usage N %
Daily 9 25%
Weekly 16 44.4%
Monthly 6 16.7%
On demand 5 13.9%

The majority of respondents (44.4%) use resources weekly, followed by 25% who use them daily.
Fewer respondents access resources monthly (16.7%) or on demand (13.9%).
Technologies Used to Access Resources N %
University website 4 11.1%
Mobile apps 15 41.7%

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Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption…

Learning Management Systems (LMS) 8 22.2%

Direct access via URLs 8 22.2%
Library portals 1 23.8%
VPN access (for off-campus use) 0 0%

Mobile apps are the most common technology used to access resources (41.7%), followed by Learning
Management Systems (LMS) and direct URL access, both at 22.2%. The university website is used by
11.1%, while VPN access is not used at all.
Primary Tool for Accessing Resources N %
Desktop computer 14 38.9%
Laptop 10 27.8%
Tablet 0 0%
Smartphone 12 33.3%

The most common tool for accessing resources is the desktop computer (38.9%), followed by
smartphones (33.3%) and laptops (27.8%). Tablets are not used at all for this purpose.
Ease of Access via Institutional Facilities N %
Very easy 14 38.9%
Easy 17 47.2%
Neutral 5 13.9%
Difficult 0 0%
Very difficult 0 0%

Most respondents find accessing resources via institutional facilities either easy (47.2%) or very easy
(38.9%), with no one reporting difficulty. A small portion (13.9%) remains neutral.
Issues Faced in Accessing Resources N %
Issues Faced in Accessing Resources 20 55.6%
Slow loading times 11 30.6%
Difficulty with login/authentication 2 5.6%
Broken links or inaccessible content 1 2.8%
Technical glitches (e.g., app crashes, poor interface) 2 5.6%

The majority of respondents (55.6%) face issues in accessing resources, with the most common
problem being slow loading times (30.6%). Other issues include login/authentication difficulties
(5.6%), technical glitches (5.6%), and broken links or inaccessible content (2.8%).
Satisfaction with Speed and Reliability N %
Very satisfied 11 30.6%
Satisfied 21 58.3%

210 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption…

Neutral 4 11.1%
Dissatisfied 0 0%
Very dissatisfied 0 0%

Most respondents are satisfied (58.3%) or very satisfied (30.6%) with the speed and reliability of
accessing resources, with no reports of dissatisfaction. A small percentage (11.1%) remain neutral.

Quality Rating of Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

Content N % N % N % N % N %
SWAYAM 14 38.8% 14 38.8% 5 13.8% 3 8.3% 0 0%
NPTEL 16 44.4% 14 38.8% 5 13.8% 0 0% 1 2.7%
N- LIST 3 8.3% 12 33.3% 16 44.4% 3 8.3% 2 5.5%
Anna University
8 22.2% 11 30.5% 14 38.8% 1 2.7% 2 5.5
e-resources consortium

SWAYAM and NPTEL receive high-quality ratings, with most respondents rating them as "Excellent"
or "Very Good." N-LIST is mostly rated as "Good" (44.4%), with fewer respondents finding it
excellent. The Anna University e-resources consortium is mainly rated as "Good" (38.8%), with some
respondents rating it "Excellent" or "Very Good." A small percentage find the content "Fair" or "Poor,"
particularly for N-LIST and the Anna University e-resources consortium.
Preferred Training or Support N %
Workshops or webinars 20 55.6%
Online tutorials or guides 13 36.1%
One-on-one support from library staff 3 8.3%
FAQ section or help desk 0 0%

Workshops or webinars are the most preferred form of training or support (55.6%), followed by online
tutorials or guides (36.1%). One-on-one support from library staff is less popular (8.3%), and no
respondents prefer an FAQ section or help desk.
Overall Satisfaction with Access and Usability N %
Very satisfied 8 22.2%
Satisfied 26 72.2%
Neutral 2 5.6%
Dissatisfied 0 0%
Very dissatisfied 0 0%

Most respondents are satisfied (72.2%) or very satisfied (22.2%) with the overall access and usability
of resources. Only a small percentage (5.6%) are neutral, with no reports of dissatisfaction.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 211
Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption…

Primary Purpose for Using Digital Resources N %

Research 10 27.8%
Teaching 14 38.9%
Learning 12 33.3%

The primary purpose for using digital resources is teaching (38.9%), followed by learning (33.3%) and
research (27.8%).
Satisfaction with Digital Resources N %
Very satisfied 20 55.6%
Satisfied 10 27.8%
Neutral 6 16.7%
Dissatisfied 0 0%
Very dissatisfied 0 0%

A majority of respondents are very satisfied (55.6%) with digital resources, with 27.8% being satisfied
and 16.7% remaining neutral. There are no reports of dissatisfaction.
Relevance of Digital Resources to Academic Work N %
Very relevant 27 75%
Somewhat relevant 9 25%
Not very relevant 0 0%
Not at all relevant 0 0%

Most respondents find digital resources very relevant to their academic work (75%), while 25% find
them somewhat relevant. No respondents consider them not very or not at all relevant.
Most Used Type of Digital Resources N %
E-books 20 55.6%
Online journals 12 33.3%
Databases 4 11.1%

E-books are the most used type of digital resource (55.6%), followed by online journals (33.3%).
Databases are the least used (11.1%).
Willingness to Recommend Resources N %
Yes 34 94.4%
No 0 0%
Undecided 2 5.6%

The vast majority of respondents (94.4%) are willing to recommend the resources, while 5.6% are
undecided. No respondents would not recommend them.

212 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Knowledge Resources: A Survey of User Perception, Adoption…

Conclusion
The survey results reveal a positive reception towards digital resources among users. Most respondents
are satisfied with the speed and reliability of access, with a high level of satisfaction (72.2%) and a
significant proportion being very satisfied (22.2%). E-books are the most utilized resources, followed
by online journals, with a strong preference for workshops or webinars for additional training and
support. The resources are deemed very relevant to academic work by 75% of users, and a notable
94.4% are willing to recommend them. However, there are some challenges, such as slow loading times
and a preference for more effective training methods. Overall, the data indicates a strong endorsement
of the digital resources’ quality and usefulness, though continuous improvements in access and support
could further enhance user satisfaction and engagement.
References
1. Suman Lata Yada., & Seema Yadav. (2019), “Availability and use of e-resources by the users of
G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, Uttarakhand.” Professional Journal
of Library and Information Technology, 9(1), 61-67.
2. Doraswamy, M., & Appalaswami Naidu, V. (2020). “User Perception on Digital Resources and
Services: A Survey on Degree College Libraries in Visakhapatnam District.” International Journal
of Research and Analytical Reviews, 7(1), 609-616.
3. https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejes/article/download/3495/6131
4. https://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1944/1224/1/226-235.pdf
5. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/239.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 213
Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference to St.
Xavier’s College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, Tamil
Nadu – A Study
1
Raja, T. (Dr.) 2Rajamansingh, M. (Dr.), 3Sherlin, S. (Dr.) and 4Michael J Leo (Dr.)
1
Librarian, St. Xavier’s College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu - 627 002
2Assistant Director (Retd), DCE &Educational Consultant, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

3&4
Assistant Professor, St. Xavier’s College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu
Abstract
The e-resources include e-books, e-journals, e-databases, institutional repositories, e-reports, e-theses,
and so on. The study analyses how B.Ed. trainees utilise e-resources. The researchers created and
validated the tool, then collected data from 76 B.Ed. students at St. Xavier's College of Education,
Palayamkottai, who were enrolled in the 2023-2024 academic year. The results show that 71.1% (54)
B.Ed. trainees have a moderate level of utilisation of electronic resources, followed by 75% (42) female
B.Ed. trainees, 74.5% (35) science subject B.Ed. trainees, 71.1% (54) undergraduate and postgraduate
B.Ed. trainees, and 78.4% (29) urban B.Ed. Trainees have a moderate level of utilisation for e-
resources. The t-test analyses revealed no significant difference in the use of electronic resources
between male & female, UG & PG, arts & science subjects, rural and urban B.Ed. trainees.
Keywords: Utilization, Electronic Resources, and B.Ed. Trainees
Introduction
The education system cannot exist alone in the absence of libraries and it plays a vital role in teaching
and learning. The Information technology is transforming traditional methods of teaching and learning
through e-resources, which include a wealth of information, instruments, and platforms that can greatly
improve the learning and professional growth of B.Ed. trainees. This study will discuss the significance
of electronic resources for B.Ed. trainees. The electronic resources include online databases, e-journals,
e-books, instructional websites, and digital learning platforms that are accessible to B.Ed. trainees.
Employing electronic resources for B.Ed. trainees has the following benefits: improved information
availability, flexible study, skill development in digital literacy, and readiness for a technology-driven
classroom environment. Possible roadblocks that B.Ed. trainees could face include restricted internet
access, a lack of digital literacy, and challenges determining the reliability of material found online.
About the College and the Library
St. Xavier's College of Education Palayamkottai is now affiliated to Tamil Nadu Teacher Education
University. The college offers B. Ed, M.Ed. and Ph.D. courses. The NAAC evaluated and awarded
five-star status and UGC granted autonomous status in 2006. The UGC Review Committee extended
the college's autonomous status for 10 years, from 2018–2019 to 2027–2028. The college received an
"A+" grade in the fourth cycle accreditation from the NAAC. The Fr. Utarid Library serves as the
centre of learning, updating annually with the addition of new volumes. At present, the library has a
collection of 23887 books, 39 journals, and 19 magazines. The library also has a separate research

214 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference…

section for scholars, including 896 M.Ed. dissertations, 987 journal back volumes, and 276 CDs and
DVDs. The library has also subscribed to the UGC-List e-journal consortium. The library has a
separate section for e-resources with personal computers, as well as two Kindle e-readers for reading e-
books. Reprography and printout facilities are also available in the library to facilitate the students and
staff members.
Review of Literature
Santhi, S., & Sivakumar, G. (2022) found that, both conventional and modern learning-based higher
education now heavily relies on e-learning materials. The purpose of the study is to examine how
student teachers in the Sivagangai district are using e-learning materials. The results also showed a
significant gap between students in rural and urban areas educators in their use of online resources for
learn.
Rajamansigh.M & Manoharan. A (2016) studied the Utilization pattern of information resources among
the faculty working in the colleges of education and found that more than 50 percent of the faculty
members use the online resources regularly.
Ijirigho (2009) In this study, despite of increasing availability of online resources, the faculty members
do not want to visit in a paper-based library as they do not prefer the information in print format. She
therefore advocated for the integration of traditional and modern librarianship through hybrid
collections and that efforts should be made by academic libraries to intensify the teaching of
information literacy.
Moghaddam and Talawar (2008) In this study, it is found that the interest by the users of IISc Library
have free access to e-journals at all hours, the users were using e-journals mainly for research purpose
and PDF format was the most preferred.
Statement of the Problem
The present investigation is entitled as “Utilization of Electronic Resources among B. Ed Trainees:
A Special reference to St. Xavier’s College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai,
Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu – A Study”.
Objectives
➢ To identify the level of utilization of electronic resources among B. Ed trainees.
➢ To find the difference on utilization of e-resources among B. Ed trainees in respect to the gender,
subject, qualification and locality of residence.
Limitations
➢ The sample are collected from B.Ed. trainees pursuing their course from 2023–2024 academic year
in St. Xavier’s College of Education.

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Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference…

Hypotheses
➢ There is no significant difference between male and female among the B. Ed trainees on utilizing
the e-resources.
➢ There is no significant difference between arts and science subject among the B. Ed trainees on
utilizing the e-resources.
➢ There is no significant difference between UG and PG qualified among the B. Ed trainees on
utilizing the e-resources.
➢ There is no significant difference between rural and urban residing among the B. Ed trainees on
utilizing the e-resources.
Methodology
The current study is a descriptive research project that employs a survey method to gather data and test
hypotheses about the use of electronic resources by B.Ed. trainees, using a rating scale. The
investigators constructed and validated this instrument using ten elements, and Google Forms was used
to gather the data. The investigators collected data in August 2024 from 76 B.Ed. trainees enrolled in
2023-24 at St. Xavier's College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, using a convenient
sampling technique.
Data Analysis
During the current academic year, 76 second-year B.Ed. trainees at St. Xavier's College of Education
received the tool electronically (Google Forms) through emails and WhatsApp messages. The
researchers have obtained 76 complete sets of data from the filled-in replies for analysis and
interpretation. The statistical tools used to examine the gathered data were percentage analysis and t-
test; the specifics are given below.
Table 1: Level of usage of E-Resources and E-Learning Platforms among B.Ed trainees
Variable Low Moderate High
utilization of e-resources among B. Ed N % N % N %
trainees 12 15.8 54 71.1 10 13.2

Percentage analysis showed that 15.8% of B. Ed trainees have low level, 71.1% have moderate level
and 13.2% have high level ofUtilization of electronic resources.
Table 2: Utilization of e-resources among B. Ed trainees with respect to Demographic variables
E-Resources
Low Moderate High
Count % Count % Count %
Male 4 20.0 12 60.0 4 20.0
Gender
Female 8 14.3 42 75.0 6 10.7
Subject Arts 7 24.1 19 65.5 3 10.3

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 Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference…

Science 5 10.6 35 74.5 7 14.9

U.G. 5 13.2 27 71.1 6 15.8
Qualification
P.G. 7 18.4 27 71.1 4 10.5
Rural 8 20.5 25 64.1 6 15.4
Locality
Urban 4 10.8 29 78.4 4 10.8

Table 2 shows that, 75% (42) female B.Ed. trainees and 60% (12) male B.Ed. trainees 74.5% (35)
science subject B.Ed. Trainees and 65.5% (19) arts subject B.Ed. Trainees, 71.1% (54) under graduate
and post graduate B.Ed. Trainees, 78.4 % (29) urban B. Ed Trainees and 64.1 % (25) rural B. Ed
trainees have moderate level in Utilization of e-resources have moderate level in utilization of e-
resources.
Hypothesis 1
There is no significant difference between Male and Female B. Ed trainees in the utilisation of
electronic resources.
Table 3: Difference between Male and Female B. Ed Trainees utilizing of e-resources
Calculated P value
Variable Gender N Mean S.D. Remark
‘t’value
Utilization of e-resources Male 20 39.20 7.046
0.448 0.655 NS
among B. Ed trainees Female 56 38.55 4.906

The t-test analysis revealed that, there is no significant difference between male and female B. Ed
trainees in the utilisation of e-resources, since the p-value is greater than 0.05.
Hypothesis 2
There is no significant difference between arts and science subject B. Ed trainees in the utilisation of
electronic resources.
Table 4: Difference between Arts and Science Subject B. Ed trainees utilizing of e-resources
Calculated ‘t’ P value
Variable Subject N Mean S.D. Remark
value
Utilization of e-resources among Arts 29 37.28 6.318
1.829 0.071 NS
B. Ed trainees Science 47 39.62 4.794

The t-test analysis revealed that, there is no significant difference between arts and science subject B.
Ed trainees in the utilisation of e-resources, since the p-value is greater than 0.05.
Hypothesis 3
There is no significant difference between UG and PG qualified B. Ed trainees in the utilisation of
electronic resources.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 217
Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference…

Table 5: Difference between UG and PG Qualified B. Ed trainees utilizing of e-resources

Calculated ‘t’ P value

Variable Qualification N Mean S.D. Remark
value

Utilization of e-resources UG 38 39.00 5.487

0.435 0.665 NS
among B. Ed trainees PG 38 38.45 5.583

The t-test analysis revealed that, there is no significant difference betweenUG and PG qualified B. Ed
trainees in the utilisation of e-resources, since the p-value is greater than 0.05.
Hypothesis 4
There is no significant difference between rural and urban residing B. Ed trainees utilizing of e-
resources.
Table 6: Difference between Rural and Urban residing B. Ed trainees utilizing of e-resources

Calculated ‘t’ P value

Variable Locality N Mean S.D. Remark
value

Utilization of e-resources among Rural 39 38.49 6.240

0.382 0.703 NS
B. Ed trainees Urban 37 38.97 4.681

The t-test analysis revealed that, there is no significant difference betweenrural and urban residing B.
Ed trainees in the utilisation of e-resources, since the p-value is greater than 0.05.
Major Findings
➢ 71.1% (54) B. Ed Trainees have a moderate level of e-resource utilization.
➢ 75% (42) of female B.Ed. trainees have a moderate level of e-resource utilization.
➢ 74.5% (35) science subject B.Ed. Trainees have a moderate level of e-resource utilization.
➢ 71.1% (54) undergraduate and postgraduate B.Ed. Trainees have a moderate level of e-resource
utilization.
➢ 78.4% (29) of urban B.Ed. trainees have a moderate level of e-resource utilization.
➢ The t-test analysis revealed no significant difference between male and female, UG and PG, arts
and science subjects, or rural and urban education. The trainees utilize e-resources at a moderate
level.
These findings clearly demonstrate that factors such as gender, subject, qualification, or place of living
will not hinder the use of e-resources. In the digital age, smart gadgets provide us instant access to e-
resources. However, there is still a long way to go in the field of technology, particularly accessibility
and proper usage of e-resources.

218 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Utilization of Electronic Resources Among B. Ed Trainees: A Special Reference…

Conclusion
Within the educational setting, it is noticed that the B. Ed students' attention is shifting from print to
electronic resources. The B.Ed. trainees are subjected to a wider range of online platforms, e-content,
and e-resources. This encourages the use of e-learning platforms and electronic resources. Therefore, to
enhance the quantity and quality of teaching-learning and, subsequently, education, we recommend a
blended teaching-learning process that fully utilizes e-resources and e-platforms. By developing
effective search strategies, critically evaluating the content, and incorporating technology into their
teaching strategies, B.Ed. candidates may make the most of electronic resources. By understanding the
benefits and drawbacks of using electronic resources, B.Ed. candidates may enhance their education
and develop into more skilled educators.
References
1. Moghaddam, Golnessa Galyani; and Talawar, V.G. (2008), “The Use of Scholarly Electronic
Journals at the Institute of Science: A Case Study in India”, Interlending and Document Supply,
Vol. 36, No.1, PP. 15-29. Available from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/02641610810856354.
2. Ijirigho, M.A (2009). “Faculty expectations of libraries: A comparative study of Covenant
University and the University of Lagos”. Library Philosophy and Practice.
3. Rajamansingh. M & Manoharan. A (2016)3, “Utilization of information resources among the
faculty working in the colleges of education, Chennai.” Journal of Current Trends in Library and
Information Science
4. Santhi, S., & Sivakumar, G. (2022). “A Study on Utilization of E-Learning Resources among
Student Teachers. In Professionalization of Teacher Education: Recent Trends & Future
Perspectives” (1st ed., pp. 92-97). Shanlax Publications, Madurai.
5. Swaminathan M, K. S., & Raja, T. (2017). “Utilization of E-Resources by Faculty and Students of
Engineering Colleges in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu: A Case Study.” International Journal of
Research in Library Science, 3(1), 184-192. Retrieved from http://www.ijrls.in
6. Raja, T., Sherlin, S., Michael J.Leo, A., & Ravi Kumar Kennedy, I. (2023). “Awareness and Usage
of Google Platforms among Prospective Teachers: A Study with Special Reference to St. Xavier's
College of Education (Autonomous), Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu.” In Revitalizing Libraries in the
Google Generation (pp. 316-320). Kovilpatti, India: National Engineering College and SALIS.
7. Raja, T., Sherlin, S., & Ravi Kumar Kennedy, I. (2022). “Usage of E-Resources and E-Learning
Platforms among Student Teachers: An Institutional Study at St. Xavier’s College of Education
(Autonomous), Palayamkottai. In Transformation of Learning Resource Centres in the Digital
Era” (pp. 558-561). Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu: KSR College of Technology.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 219
 Evaluating the Impact of Technology on Postgraduate Students' Interactions with
Academic Libraries
1
Thangapandy, M. (Dr.) and 2Balaji, R.
1
Librarian, Sakthi Polytechnic College, Erode
2
Librarian, EIT Polytechnic college, Erode
Abstract
In the academic research area, the integration of ICT in libraries plays a crucial role in enhancing
resource accessibility and user experience. This study aims to assess the impact of ICT integration on
postgraduate students' interactions with academic libraries. Through a comprehensive questionnaire
survey, this research examines various aspects of ICT usage, including frequency, resource types, user
experience, and overall satisfaction. The study specifically explores how accessible ICT resources are,
the effectiveness of search features, and the challenges encountered by students. Additionally, the
research evaluates the availability of remote access, the inclusivity of ICT resources for students with
disabilities, and the general recommendations for improvements. The findings reveal patterns in how
different disciplines, genders, and localities perceive and utilize ICT in library settings, providing
valuable insights into areas for enhancement. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how
academic libraries can better support postgraduate students through improved ICT services and
resource management.
Keywords: ICT Integration, Academic Libraries, User Experience, Resource Accessibility
Introduction
In the digital era, the role of ICT in academic libraries has become increasingly pivotal. Libraries are no
longer just repositories of physical books; they have evolved into dynamic information hubs that
leverage digital technologies to enhance access to resources and support academic research. For
postgraduate students, who often require extensive and diverse resources for their advanced studies, the
effectiveness of these ICT tools can significantly influence their research productivity and overall
academic experience.
This study explores the impact of ICT integration on user experience and resource accessibility in
academic libraries, focusing specifically on postgraduate students. As technology continues to advance,
libraries have adopted various ICT solutions—such as digital catalogues, online databases, and mobile
applications—to facilitate easier access to scholarly resources and streamline research processes.
However, the effectiveness of these technologies and their actual impact on users' experiences remain
areas of active inquiry. Through a detailed survey, this research aims to assess how postgraduate
students interact with and benefit from these ICT resources. Key areas of investigation include the
frequency and types of ICT resources used, the ease of access and usability of digital tools, and the
overall satisfaction with available resources. Additionally, the study seeks to understand how different
factors—such as academic discipline, gender, and locality—affect students' perceptions and usage
patterns. By examining these dimensions, the research seeks to provide actionable insights for
academic libraries to improve their ICT services, enhance user satisfaction, and better support the

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research needs of postgraduate students. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on
library technology but also offers practical recommendations for optimizing ICT integration in
academic settings.
Review of Literature
The integration of ICT in academic libraries has transformed into the landscape of information access
and user experience. This review explores existing research on the impact of ICT tools on academic
libraries, focusing on user experience, resource accessibility, and overall effectiveness.
Research highlights that ICT integration significantly enhances the user experience in academic
libraries. According to a study by Gorman and Bhatia (2021), the implementation of digital catalogues
and online databases has streamlined access to information, making it more convenient for users to
locate and retrieve resources. The authors emphasize that well-designed ICT systems improve user
satisfaction by reducing the time and effort required to access academic materials.
The accessibility of resources through ICT tools is a crucial aspect of library services. A study by
Smith and Kline (2019) found that digital resources, including e-books and online journals, have
expanded the reach of academic libraries, allowing students to access a broader range of materials
remotely. This shift is particularly beneficial for postgraduate students who require extensive and
specialized resources for their research. The research also indicates that remote access to library
resources enhances flexibility and supports various learning styles.
Despite the benefits, several challenges associated with ICT integration persist. Technical issues, such
as system crashes and slow loading times, have been reported as significant barriers to effective use.
According to Johnson et al. (2020), these issues can lead to user frustration and reduced engagement
with library resources. The study suggests that on-going maintenance and support are essential for
minimizing disruptions and ensuring a seamless user experience.
The inclusivity of ICT resources for students with disabilities is another important consideration. A
study by Lee and Brown (2018) highlights that while many academic libraries have made strides in
providing accessible digital resources, there are still gaps in ensuring that all ICT tools are fully
compatible with assistive technologies. The research underscores the need for libraries to adopt best
practices in designing accessible ICT systems to better serve all users.
To address the challenges and enhance user experience, researchers recommend several strategies. For
instance, Patel and Garcia (2022) suggest that libraries should focus on improving the user interface of
digital tools, expanding the range of e-resources, and providing comprehensive training for users to
better utilize ICT resources. These improvements are expected to contribute to higher satisfaction
levels and more effective use of library services.
Objectives
➢ To Evaluate the impact of ICT tools on user experience in academic libraries.
➢ To Measure the accessibility of academic resources through ICT integration.
➢ To Assess postgraduate students' satisfaction with library ICT services.
➢ To Identify technical issues and barriers in ICT resource usage.

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Evaluating The Impact of Technology on Postgraduate Students' Interactions…

➢ To Evaluate the inclusivity of ICT resources for students with disabilities.

➢ To Provide recommendations for improving ICT services based on user feedback.
Methodology
➢ The study undertaken by the researcher belongs to descriptive research study. The researcher has
used random sampling survey method in his study.
➢ The researcher collected data from self-finance arts and science Post Graduate student’s science
students were randomly selected as the sample for the study.
➢ Questionnaire is the tool selected by the researcher for collecting data from the chosen sample.
Data interpretations
Discipline Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Arts 15 18.3% 37 41.1% 52 30.2%
Science 45 54.9% 47 51.1% 92 53.5%
Commerce 22 26.8% 6 6.7% 28 16.3%

Table 1 illustrated the academic discipline of the respondents

• Arts: 18.3% of male students and 41.1% of female students are from the Arts discipline, making
up 30.2% of the total respondents.
• Science: 54.9% of male students and 51.1% of female students are from science, representing
53.5% of the total.
• Commerce: 26.8% of male students and 6.7% of female students are from Commerce, totalling
16.3% of the respondents.
Gender Arts Arts Science Science Commerce Commerce Total Total
(N) (%) (N) (%) (N) (%) (N) (%)
Male 30 37.5% 35 40.7% 20 42.6% 85 39.5%
Female 50 62.5% 51 59.3% 27 57.4% 128 59.3%
Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Table 2 illustrates the gender of the respondents

• Male: In Arts, 37.5% are male; in science, 40.7%; and in Commerce, 42.6%. Overall, male
students constitute 39.5%.
• Female: In Arts, 62.5% are female; in science, 59.3%; and in Commerce, 57.4%. Overall, female
students make up 59.3%.
Locality Arts Arts Science Science Commerce Commerce Total Total
(N) (%) (N) (%) (N) (%) (N) (%)
Urban 55 68.8% 58 67.4% 36 76.6% 149 70.2%
Rural 25 31.3% 28 32.6% 11 23.4% 64 30.0%

Table 3 illustrates the locality of the respondents

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• Urban: In Arts, 68.8% of students are from urban areas; in science, 67.4%; and in Commerce,
76.6%. Urban students represent 70.2% overall.
• Rural: In Arts, 31.3% of students are from rural areas; in science, 32.6%; and in Commerce,
23.4%. Rural students constitute 30.0% overall.
Frequency Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Daily 21 25.6% 34 37.0% 55 32.0%
Weekly 19 23.2% 28 30.4% 47 27.3%
Monthly 11 13.4% 28 30.4% 39 22.7%
Rarely 7 8.5% 18 19.6% 25 14.5%
Never 2 2.4% 4 4.3% 6 3.5%

Table 4 illustrates the frequency of the use of ICT resources in library

• Daily: 25.6% of male students and 37.0% of female students use ICT resources daily, making up
32.0% of all respondents.
• Weekly: 23.2% of male students and 30.4% of female students use ICT resources weekly,
constituting 27.3% of the total.
• Monthly: 13.4% of male students and 30.4% of female students use ICT resources monthly,
representing 22.7%.
• Rarely: 8.5% of male students and 19.6% of female students use ICT resources rarely, making up
14.5%.
• Never: 2.4% of male students and 4.3% of female students never use ICT resources, totalling
3.5%.
Resource Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Library website 39 47.6% 91 59.8% 130 75.6%
Online databases 28 34.1% 84 54.7% 112 65.1%
E-books and e-journals 20 24.4% 76 49.7% 96 55.8%
Digital catalogues 15 18.3% 66 43.4% 81 47.1%
Library mobile applications 11 13.4% 52 34.4% 63 36.6%

Table 5 illustrates the ICT resources used often

• Library website: 47.6% of male students and 59.8% of female students use the library website
most often, totalling 75.6% of respondents.
• Online databases: 34.1% of male students and 54.7% of female students use online databases,
representing 65.1%.
• E-books and e-journals: 24.4% of male students and 49.7% of female students use e-books and e-
journals, making up 55.8%.

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• Digital catalogues: 18.3% of male students and 43.4% of female students use digital catalogues,
constituting 47.1%.
• Library mobile applications: 13.4% of male students and 34.4% of female students use mobile
applications, totalling 36.6%.
Frequency Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Always 21 25.6% 39 41.1% 60 34.9%
Often 25 30.5% 40 42.6% 65 37.8%
Sometimes 9 10.9% 23 24.2% 32 18.6%
Rarely 3 3.7% 9 9.6% 12 7.0%
Never 0 0.0% 3 3.2% 3 1.7%

Table 6 illustrates the usage of library ICT in academic research

• Always: 25.6% of male students and 41.1% of female students use ICT resources always for
academic research, totalling 34.9%.
• Often: 30.5% of male students and 42.6% of female students use ICT resources often for academic
research, representing 37.8%.
• Sometimes: 10.9% of male students and 24.2% of female students use ICT resources sometimes,
making up 18.6%.
• Rarely: 3.7% of male students and 9.6% of female students use ICT resources rarely, constituting
7.0%.
• Never: None of the male students and 3.2% of female students use ICT resources never, totalling
1.7%.
Ease Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Very easy 25 30.5% 46 48.9% 71 41.2%
Easy 27 32.9% 37 39.4% 64 37.2%
Neutral 13 15.9% 17 18.1% 30 17.4%
Difficult 7 8.5% 9 9.6% 16 9.3%
Very difficult 2 2.4% 1 1.1% 3 1.7%

Table 7 illustrates the ease of accessing ICT resources in library

• Very easy: 30.5% of male students and 48.9% of female students find it very easy to access ICT
resources, constituting 41.2%.
• Easy: 32.9% of male students and 39.4% of female students find it easy, making up 37.2%.
• Neutral: 15.9% of male students and 18.1% of female students have a neutral view on access ease,
representing 17.4%.

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• Difficult: 8.5% of male students and 9.6% of female students find it difficult, totalling 9.3%.
• Very difficult: 2.4% of male students and 1.1% of female students find it very difficult, making up
1.7%.
Usability Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Excellent 18 21.9% 29 30.4% 47 27.3%
Good 35 42.2% 54 56.8% 89 51.7%
Average 13 15.9% 15 15.9% 28 16.3%
Poor 5 6.1% 3 3.2% 8 4.7%
Very poor 2 2.4% 1 1.1% 3 1.7%

Table 8 illustrates the rating of usability of library digital catalogue

• Excellent: 21.9% of male students and 30.4% of female students rate the digital catalogue as
excellent, totalling 27.3%.
• Good: 42.2% of male students and 56.8% of female students rate it as good, making up 51.7%.
• Average: 15.9% of male students and 15.9% of female students rate it as average, representing
16.3%.
• Poor: 6.1% of male students and 3.2% of female students rate it as poor, totalling 4.7%.
• Very poor: 2.4% of male students and 1.1% of female students rate it as very poor, constituting
1.7%.
Satisfaction Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Very satisfied 18 21.9% 31 32.6% 49 28.5%
Satisfied 37 44.6% 52 54.7% 89 51.7%
Neutral 15 18.3% 12 12.8% 27 15.7%
Dissatisfied 4 4.9% 5 5.3% 9 5.2%
Very dissatisfied 1 1.2% 2 2.1% 3 1.7%

Table 9 illustrates about the satisfaction of users

• Very satisfied: 21.9% of male students and 32.6% of female students are very satisfied with e-
resources, making up 28.5%.
• Satisfied: 44.6% of male students and 54.7% of female students are satisfied, representing 51.7%.
• Neutral: 18.3% of male students and 12.8% of female students are neutral, totalling 15.7%.
• Dissatisfied: 4.9% of male students and 5.3% of female students are dissatisfied, constituting
5.2%.
• Very dissatisfied: 1.2% of male students and 2.1% of female students are very dissatisfied,
making up 1.7%.

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Evaluating The Impact of Technology on Postgraduate Students' Interactions…

Issues Frequency Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Never 24 29.3% 49 51.1% 73 42.4%
Rarely 21 25.6% 28 29.4% 49 28.5%
Sometimes 19 23.2% 12 12.8% 31 18.0%
Often 7 8.5% 9 9.6% 16 9.3%
Always 1 1.2% 1 1.1% 2 1.2%

Table 10 illustrates about the frequency of problem faced by users

• Never: 29.3% of male students and 51.1% of female students never encounter technical issues,
totalling 42.4%.
• Rarely: 25.6% of male students and 29.4% of female students rarely encounter issues, representing
28.5%.
• Sometimes: 23.2% of male students and 12.8% of female students sometimes encounter issues,
making up 18.0%.
• Often: 8.5% of male students and 9.6% of female students often encounter issues, constituting
9.3%.
• Always: 1.2% of male students and 1.1% of female students always encounter issues, totaling
1.2%.
Effectiveness Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Very effective 19 23.2% 32 34.0% 51 29.7%
Effective 38 46.3% 48 51.1% 86 50.0%
Neutral 12 14.6% 12 12.8% 24 14.0%
Ineffective 5 6.1% 4 4.3% 9 5.2%
Very ineffective 1 1.2% 1 1.1% 2 1.2%

Table 11 illustrates on the effectiveness in the search features in the library online database
• Very effective: 23.2% of male students and 34.0% of female students find the search features very
effective, constituting 29.7%.
• Effective: 46.3% of male students and 51.1% of female students find them effective, representing
50.0%.
• Neutral: 14.6% of male students and 12.8% of female students find them neutral, making up
14.0%.
• Ineffective: 6.1% of male students and 4.3% of female students find them ineffective, totaling
5.2%.
• Very ineffective: 1.2% of male students and 1.1% of female students find them very ineffective,
constituting 1.2%.

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 Evaluating The Impact of Technology on Postgraduate Students' Interactions…

Rating Male (N) Male (%) Female (N) Female (%) Total (N) Total (%)
Excellent 17 20.7% 25 26.6% 42 24.4%
Good 33 40.2% 45 47.9% 78 45.3%
Average 15 18.3% 23 24.5% 38 22.1%
Poor 7 8.5% 5 5.3% 12 7.0%
Very poor 1 1.2% 1 1.1% 2 1.2%

Table 12 illustrates on the rating of availability of remote access in ICT resources

• Excellent: 20.7% of male students and 26.6% of female students rate the availability of remote
access as excellent, constituting 24.4%.
• Good: 40.2% of male students and 47.9% of female students rate it as good, representing 45.3%.
• Average: 18.3% of male students and 24.5% of female students rate it as average, making up
22.1%.
• Poor: 8.5% of male students and 5.3% of female students rate it as poor, totalling 7.0%.
• Very poor: 1.2% of male students and 1.1% of female students rate it as very poor, constituting
1.2%.
Testing of Hypothesis:
Hypothesis 1: Usage Frequency
Result: There is no significant difference in the frequency of ICT resource usage between Arts and
Science students.
Hypothesis 2: Usability Rating by Gender
Result: There is no significant difference between male and female students in their ratings of the
usability of library ICT resources as excellent or good.
Key Findings:
➢ Frequency of Use: There was no significant difference in the frequency of ICT resource usage
between Arts and Science students, indicating that both groups utilize library ICT resources at
comparable rates.
➢ Usability Ratings: Gender did not significantly impact the ratings of usability for library ICT
resources. Both male and female students expressed similar levels of satisfaction with the usability
of these resources, suggesting uniformity in user experience across genders.
➢ Access and Technical Issues: Access to ICT resources is generally perceived as easy, but
technical issues do occasionally arise. The data revealed that a minor segment of students
encounters difficulties, indicating a need for ongoing improvements in the reliability of these
resources.

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Evaluating The Impact of Technology on Postgraduate Students' Interactions…

➢ Overall Satisfaction: The majority of students are satisfied with the library ICT services.
However, feedback suggests areas for potential enhancement, including improving the user
interface, expanding the range of e-resources, and providing better technical support.
Suggestions
➢ Enhance the user interface of library ICT resources for easier navigation.
➢ Increase the availability of e-resources, including e-books and e-journals.
➢ Provide regular training sessions to improve students' ICT skills.
➢ Improve the speed and reliability of remote access to library ICT resources.
➢ Ensure better technical support to reduce issues like slow loading and access problems.
➢ Develop more accessible ICT resources for students with disabilities.
➢ Introduce more interactive features, such as virtual librarians, in library applications.
➢ Expand the range of online databases available to students.
➢ Regularly update the library’s digital catalogue to maintain its usability.
➢ Gather continuous feedback from students to make on going improvements to ICT services
Conclusion
This research paper explored user experiences with ICT resources in libraries among postgraduate
students in Arts and Science disciplines. The study aimed to understand how different factors such as
academic discipline, gender, and locality affect the usage, accessibility, and satisfaction with these
resources. The findings underscore the effectiveness of current library ICT resources but also highlight
the need for targeted improvements. Addressing technical issues, enhancing user interface design, and
expanding digital resource offerings could further elevate user satisfaction and support academic
activities more effectively.
Future research could delve deeper into specific technical challenges and explore tailored solutions to
enhance the overall user experience with library ICT services.
References
1. Gorman, M., & Bhatia, R. (2021). Digital Catalogues and User Experience in Academic Libraries.
Journal of Library & Information Science, 13(2), 45-59.
2. Smith, J., & Kline, D. (2019). The Impact of Digital Resources on Academic Research. Library
Trends, 68(4), 321-338.
3. Johnson, L., Wilson, T., & Lewis, R. (2020). Technical Challenges in Library ICT Systems.
Information Technology & Libraries, 39(1), 23-34.
4. Lee, A., & Brown, P. (2018). Accessibility of ICT Resources for Students with Disabilities. Journal
of Academic Librarianship, 44(6), 712-723.
5. Patel, S., & Garcia, M. (2022). Enhancing Library ICT Services: Recommendations and Strategies.
Library Management, 43(3), 112-129.

228 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Connecting Users to Library Resources through the Documentation of Indigenous
Knowledge: A Case Study of Selected Districts of West Bengal
1
Souvik Gantai, 2Sukumar Hansda, 3Bidyarthi Dutta and 4Anup Kumar Das
1,2,3
DLIS, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721 102, West Bengal.
4
Centre for Studies in Science Policy, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New
Delhi 110 067.
Abstract
Indigenous knowledge is a collection of observations, practices, beliefs and written and oral knowledge
along with annotations that is developed by indigenous peoples and tribes through their interactions
with the environment. The “Indigenous Knowledge” is also known as “Traditional Knowledge” or
“Traditional Ecological Knowledge”. Indigenous knowledge can be applied to many areas, including
biological, physical, social, cultural, economic and spiritual systems. It is based on evidence gained
through long-term experiences, direct contact with the environment, extensive observations, lessons,
and skills. It is a notable point that as indigenous knowledge is tacit and mostly not documented, it is a
challenge for the library and information professionals to provide appropriate documentation and
preservation of that knowledge. The documentation of tacit knowledge needs special skill and
competency. Several initiatives and approaches of libraries and Institutions for the inclusion,
documentation and preservation of indigenous knowledge express its value for humankind. This paper
presents the documentation of indigenous medicines/ medicinal plants and some traditional healing
practices prevailing among the Bedia, Koda and Lodha tribes residing in the districts of Bankura and
Jhargram of West Bengal. In all, 50 tribal people were surveyed, of which 9, 20 and 21 persons belong
to Bedia, Koda or Kora and Lodha communities respectively living in nine villages of Bankura and
Jhargram districts.
Keywords: Indigenous Knowledge; Traditional Knowledge; Medicinal Plant; Traditional Healing
Practice
Introduction
According to Collins Dictionary1, the term Indigenous Knowledge means, “Information and knowledge
about people or things belong to the country in which they are found, rather than coming there or
being brought there from another country”. According to Cambridge Online Dictionary2, the term
Indigenous Knowledge means “Information and knowledge about the people or things who originally
lived in a place, rather than people who moved there from somewhere”. UNESCO‟s Local and
Indigenous Knowledge programme put forward a very basic and elaborated explanation for the
“Indigenous Knowledge”, i.e. “Local and Indigenous knowledge refers to the understandings, skills and
philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interaction with their natural surroundings.
For rural and indigenous peoples, local knowledge informs decision-making about fundamental aspects
of day-to-day life.
This knowledge is integral to a cultural complex that also encompasses language, systems of
classification, resource use practices, social interactions, ritual and spirituality.These unique ways of

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knowing are important facets of the world’s cultural diversity, and provide a foundation for locally
appropriate sustainable development”3. According to Daniel et al4 “Indigenous Knowledge, also
referred to as Traditional Knowledge or Traditional Ecological Knowledge is a body of observations,
oral and written knowledge, innovations, practices, and beliefs that promote sustainability and the
responsible stewardship of cultural and natural resources through relationships between humans and
their landscapes. Indigenous Knowledge cannot be separated from the people inextricably connected to
that knowledge. It applies to phenomena across biological, physical, social, cultural, and spiritual
systems. Indigenous Peoples have developed their knowledge systems over millennia, and continue to
do so based on evidence acquired through direct contact with the environment, long-term experiences,
extensive observations, lessons and skills”.
An analysis of these definitions reveal that the indigenous knowledge is a collection of observations,
practices, beliefs and written and oral knowledge along with annotations that is developed by
indigenous peoples and tribes through their interactions with the environment. The “Indigenous
Knowledge” is also known as “Traditional Knowledge” or “Traditional Ecological Knowledge”.
Indigenous knowledge can be applied to many areas, including biological, physical, social, cultural,
economic and spiritual systems. It is based on evidence gained through long-term experiences, direct
contact with the environment, extensive observations, lessons, and skills. The indigenous knowledge
can help to promote environmental sustainability and the responsible stewardship of natural resources.
It can also reflect and identify a community's cultural and social identity, history, and values. For
instance, indigenous knowledge can have a significant impact on farming systems. In the first half of
the 20th century, indigenous knowledge was the main influence on farming systems while agricultural
output was very less.
Indigenous Knowledge and Library
The challenges for LIS professionals begin with the imperative to recognise Indigenous knowledge as a
distinct system of knowledge that requires handling and management of knowledge resources that are
different from those applied by the Western system of knowledge management. Indigenous knowledge
defies stereo-typed definition. Indigenous knowledge is commonly understood as traditional
knowledge, although there is debate about whether the term Indigenous knowledge should be used
interchangeably with the term traditional knowledge or whether it is more accurately a subset of the
traditional knowledge category. Despite contentious terminology, Indigenous knowledge is understood
to be the traditional knowledge of Indigenous peoples.
It is known fact that the indigenous knowledge systems are dynamic and changing as it is orally
transmitted from generation to generation and produced in the context of indigenous peoples’ close and
continuing relationships with their environment. Traditional knowledge refers to the knowledge,
innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities around the world. Developed from
experience-based knowledge sedimented quasi-statically over centuries and adapted to the local culture
and environment, traditional knowledge is transmitted orally from generation to generation. It tends to
be collectively owned and takes the form of stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, cultural values, beliefs,
rituals, community laws, local language, and agricultural practices, including the development of plant
species and animal breeds. The fundamental nature of traditional knowledge is highly applied and it is

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very common in the subject-domains like agriculture, fisheries, health and medicine, horticulture,
forestry et al. There is an increasing thankfulness of the value of traditional knowledge. Many widely
used products, such as plant-based medicines and cosmetics are derived from traditional knowledge.
The World Intellectual Property Organization’s definition5 of “Traditional Knowledge” reflects its
focus by setting out aspects of knowledge that warrant protection, i.e. “Traditional knowledge (TK) is
knowledge, know-how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained and passed on from
generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity.
While there is not yet an accepted definition of TK at the international level, it can be said that: TK in a
general sense embraces the content of knowledge itself as well as traditional cultural expressions,
including distinctive signs and symbols associated with TK, while TK in the narrow sense refers to
knowledge as such, in particular the knowledge resulting from intellectual activity in a traditional
context, and includes know-how, practices, skills, and innovations”. It is a notable point that as
indigenous knowledge is tacit and mostly not documented, it is a challenge for the library and
information professionals to provide appropriate documentation and preservation of that knowledge.
The documentation of tacit knowledge needs special skill and competency. Several initiatives and
approaches of libraries and Institutions for the inclusion, documentation and preservation of indigenous
knowledge express its value for humankind.
The intrinsic component of traditional or indigenous knowledge is ‘Culture’, which is the characteristic
way of life inspired by fundamental values in which people live. It is the sum total of the values
expressed through art, religion, literature, social institutions and behaviour7. The concepts of
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) and culture indicates a common thing that culture and Indigenous
Knowledge possess immense value and it has to be preserved scientifically for the future generation
and better development before it is lost. Scientific and technical innovations and particularly
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionised the whole process of preserving,
organising and sharing. The multimedia-based digital technology today supports traditional culture to
be incorporated with modern and contemporary knowledge system. The digital technologies offer
modern tools and techniques for preservation of Indigenous culture and knowledge. The systematic and
coordinated scientific approach is required by the libraries for preservation of IK through modern
technologies.
It is the librarians that can play vibrant role in implementing the process of documentation and
preservation of IK. Bradford8 defined the term Documentation as "The art of collecting, classifying and
making readily assessable the records of all kinds of intellectual activities to put before the creative
specialist the existing literature, bearing the subjects of his investigation in order that he may be fully
made aware of the pervious achievements of his genius upon work already done. Documentation is an
art of practical necessity practiced by brotherhood of enthusiastic devotees whose painstaking labour
contributes in modest obscurity towards the progress of society”. Documentation leads to the
preservation, proper use, enhancement and empowerment of the holders of Traditional and Indigenous
Knowledge.
National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (NIScPR) is devoted to
dissemination and documentation of Scientific &Technical information. Traditional Knowledge Digital

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Library (TKDL) is an initiative of India to prevent misappropriation of country’s traditional medicinal

knowledge at international patent offices. It is to be noted that more than 70% of Indian rural
population for their healthcare and livelihood depends upon the Indigenous medicinal knowledge9. The
project was started in collaboration with CSIR, Ministry of Sc. & Tech. Dept. of Ayush and NIScPR.
The project TKDL is engaged in documentation of the traditional Medicinal knowledge in digitized
format. It has classified the Indian Medicine system in about 25,000 subgroups for Ayurveda, Unani,
Siddha and Yoga. TKDL is based on the 359 books of Indian systems of Medicine in open domain and
can be sourced by any individual or organisation at international or national level10. This paper presents
the documentation of indigenous medicines/ medicinal plants and some traditional healing practices
prevailing among the Bedia, Koda and Lodha tribes residing in the districts of Bankura and Jhargram of
West Bengal. The documentation has been executed in text, audio and video files, which are preserved.
Literature Review
Sen and Bhakat11 discussed on indigenous water use techniques practiced in the lateritic Southwest
Bengal along with indigenous methods for water conservation and management like pitcher watering
system, bamboo drip irrigation etc. Ghatak12 explained how the social and ecological status of the
Lodha tribal people is correlated with that of their age-old "forests of goddess" in the emerging threat
of unsustainability syndrome. The growing pressure on land forced these tribal to acquire different
skills for maintaining their livelihood. Shaikh13 studied the ethno-medicinal plant among the Koch tribe
in North Bengal. Background: Basak14 et al dealt with the documentation of medicinal plants and
traditional knowledge among the Rajbangshi communities to utilize various plant parts for various
health care practices. Sunanda and Ranjan15 undertook an ethnobotanical survey to collect information
about some indigenous medicines used by the poor people in and around Guskara, a mofussil town in
Burdwan district, West Bengal during the period 2004 and 2005. This study showed that many people
in this area still continue to depend on these medicinal plants, at least for the primary healthcare.
Roy16 et al studied on ethnomedicinal plants from Terai zone of Jalpaiguri district. They focussed on
the diversity and population status of ethnomedicinal plants in homegardens and their folk therapeutic
uses. Bhadra and Manjunath17 studied the traditional medicinal practices used by tribals in Sonamukhi
Block, Bankura district, West Bengal, which focussed on the use of medicinal herbs. Majumder18
carried out the documentation of the existing traditional knowledge of the medicinal plants for bone
setting health care practices and analysed the treatment process of ethno-orthopaedic healing system in
Gurap area in Hooghly district of West Bengal. Saha19 discussed on Cobras as sacred beings involved
in interactive experiences with humans, amidst changing climatic conditions in the rural areas of
Paschim Bardhaman district of West Bengal. This article discussed the human–snake interaction within
wider discourse of post-humanist debates.
Dey and De20 carried out ethnobotanical study among the tribals of Purulia district, West Bengal to
explore the traditional use of medicinal plants against fever. Chanda and Mukherjee21 carried out an
ethnobotanical study in Ayodhya hills of Purulia district in West Bengal, which recorded the
indigenous knowledge about non-timber the use of 49 species associated with the ambient tropical dry
deciduous forest through an intimate contact with the Paharia tribe. Gorain22 et al identified a few
medicinal plants with high success rates in Purulia district, West Bengal. This study revealed that a few

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plants, such as Phyllanthus virgatus, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Vernonia cinerea, parts had a high use
value of 1.00 and a fidelity level of 100%. Mondal, Gantait and Bhattacharya23 investigated the past
and present status of usefulness, acceptability, availability and sustainability of ethnomedicine and its
economic and ecological impact on local indigenous people in the Jangalmahal areas of Paschim
Medinipur and Jhargram districts of West Bengal. The literature review signals a research gap
regarding the study of traditional healing practices and medicines among Bedia, Koda and Lodha
tribes. This paper presents a documentation of traditional medicinal systems and healing practices
among the Bedia, Koda and Lodha tribes of Jhargram and Bankura districts of West Bengal.
The Bedia, Koda and Lodha Tribes of West Bengal
The Bedia is a Scheduled Tribe in West Bengal having a total population of 55,979, which is 1.3% of
the total tribal population of the province, as per the 2001 census (Census of India 2001). In 2011, their
population grew noticeably to 88,772. The Bedia community is mainly found in the districts of South
and North 24 Parganas and Bankura. It is observable that the Bedias show little homogeneity in both
economic activities and in social organization24. The Kora or Koda people live in the three eastern
provinces of West Bengal, Orissa, and Bihar. The Koras are the fifth largest tribal community in West
Bengal. The majority of the Koras in West Bengal are found in the districts of Bardhaman, Puruliya,
Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum, Bankura, and Hugli. Kora seems to be a generic name signifying the
occupation of earth digging.
They have four endogamous groups: Mudi Kora, Kurmi Kora, Nagbanshi Kora, and Dhangar or Orang
Kora25. Traditionally, the Lodha people of West Bengal were forest dwellers, and were highly
concentrated in Paschim (West) Midnapore and Jhargram district of West Bengal, India. The members
of Lodha also can be found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Bihar state in India. During the British period,
the Lodha’s were recognized as a ‘criminal tribe.’ Forests played an important role in sustaining the
livelihood of the Lodha tribe. They collected different forest resources (fruits, honey, mushroom, root,
tuber, medicinal plants and other non-timber forest products) and also hunted wild animals. However,
during the post-independence period, the Lodhas were gradually shifted to settled agriculture with the
rehabilitation policy of the government. The Lodha tribe was designated as a ‘primitive tribe’ by the
Dhebar Commission for exhibiting distinguished characteristics such as negative population growth
and forest-based livelihood practice. The members of the Lodha community still encounter serious
discrimination in getting jobs due to their historical identity of ‘criminal tribe’26.
Objectives
1) To present the medicinal plants for curing twelve selected diseases used by the Bedia, Koda and
Lodha tribes of Bankura and Jhargram districts
2) To present the traditional healing practices for curing twelve selected diseases used by the Bedia,
Koda and Lodha tribes of Bankura and Jhargram districts
Scope and Methodology
The survey was carried out in the nine villages of Bankura and Jhargram districts of West Bengal, viz.
Tilabani, Sonagara, Majhergora, Dedua, Hensabera, Tiyakati, Dahijuri, Amrola and Dainmari. In all, 50

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tribal people were surveyed, of which 9, 20 and 21 persons belong to Bedia, Koda or Kora and Lodha
communities respectively. The names of the 50 persons, their villages with Blocks and Districts, ages,
genders, educational qualifications along with communities are presented in Table 1.
The structured questionnaires were prepared for self-reference, but the survey was executed by the
interview method. The audio and video recording of the interviews were done. The photographs of the
significant spots of the villages and the respective medicinal plants were also taken. Majority of the
people found with no educational background, except one graduate at Tilabani village, Bankura district
(Mr. Dinakrishna Maji). Besides, seven persons were found stepped in the schools. The remaining 42
persons have no educational background.
Table 1: List of persons surveyed

Community Or
Qualification
Educational
Sl

Education)
Name District Block Village Age Gender

Sub-Caste
No

(Ne=No
1 Bimal Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 47 Male 4th Bedia
2 Khitish Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 76 Male 4th Bedia
3 Krishnapada Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 78 Male 2th Bedia
4 Dinakrishna Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 60 Male Graduate Bedia
5 Phanibhusan Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 71 Male NE Bedia
6 Radhanath Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 72 Male 9th Bedia
7 Mahul Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 74 Male NE Bedia
8 Arun Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 72 Male 8th Bedia
9 Arati Maji Bankura Khatra Tilabani 80 Female NE Bedia
10 Sukram Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 59 Male NE Koda
11 Mantu Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 61 Male NE Koda
12 Ajit Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 65 Male NE Koda
13 Chumki Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 59 Female NE Koda
14 Puspa Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 55 Female NE Koda
15 Radhakanta Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 80 Male NE Koda
16 Sudhir Mudi Bankura Raipur Sonagara 72 Male NE Koda
17 Bahadur Mudi Bankura Khatra Majhergora 62 Male NE Koda
18 Gurupada Mudi Bankura Khatra Majhergora 70 Male NE Koda
19 Sahadeb Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 61 Male NE Koda
20 Babulal Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 53 Male 4th Koda
21 Bedana Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 74 Female NE Koda

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22 Chabi Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 58 Female NE Koda

23 Padmalochan Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 68 Male NE Koda
24 Ankar Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 74 Male NE Koda
25 Akul Mudi Bankura Khatra Majhergora 59 Male 4th Koda
26 Basanti Mudi Bankura Khatra Majhergora 47 Female NE Koda
27 Kanchan Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 72 Male NE Koda
28 Archana Mudi Bankura Khatra Dedua 62 Female NE Koda
29 Jamuna Mudi Bankura Sarenga Hensabera 91 Female NE Koda
30 Sukhi Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Tiyakati 67 Female NE Lodha
31 Nanibala Nayek Jhargram Jhargram Tiyakati 69 Female NE Lodha
32 Mahendra Nayek Jhargram Jhargram Tiyakati 68 Male NE Lodha
33 Manami Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 44 Female NE Lodha
34 Susni Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 91 Female NE Lodha
35 Budhu Mallik Jhargram Binpur - II Amrola 47 Male NE Lodha
36 Raja Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Tiyakati 63 Male NE Lodha
37 Raju Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 49 Male NE Lodha
38 Mali Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 59 Female NE Lodha
39 Badal Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 53 Male NE Lodha
40 Srabani Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 54 Female NE Lodha
41 Srimati Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 78 Female NE Lodha
42 Baisakhi Nayek Jhargram Binpur - II Amrola 39 Female NE Lodha
43 Ramu Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 53 Male NE Lodha
44 Chand Nayek Jhargram Binpur - II Amrola 57 Male NE Lodha
45 Sundar Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 59 Male NE Lodha
46 Bhagabati Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dahijuri 51 Female NE Lodha
47 Rekha Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dainmari 47 Female NE Lodha
48 Madan Bhukta Jhargram Jhargram Dainmari 73 Male NE Lodha
49 Gostha Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dainmari 62 Male NE Lodha
50 Jugal Mallik Jhargram Jhargram Dainmari 51 Male NE Lodha

Findings
After the detailed survey over few weeks, the traditional medicines and healing practices by Bedia,
Koda and Lodha tribes for the following twelve diseases were identified, i.e. 1) Dental problems; 2)
Cough, cold and fever; 3) Intestinal disease or Enteric disease; 4) Diabetes; 5) Worm problems; 6)
Jaundice; 7) Digestive problems; 8) Vaginal discharge or Leukorrhea; 9) Bone-related problems; 10)
Skin-related problems; 11) Eye problem and 12) Snake-bite. The medicinal plants and healing practices
are enumerated below. The botanical names of the medicinal plants are given italicized in the adjacent
parenthesis of the conventional names:

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1) Dental problems
a) Akanda (Calotropis Gigantean) leaves are broken and the secreted juice mixed with some salt
should be applied to the painful area for a while to reduce the pain.
b) Dry leaves of Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum) should be broken and placed on the painful area for a
while.
c) Brushing with Veranda (Jatropha Gossypifolia) leaves and salt reduces toothache.
d) Veranda (Jatropha Gossypifolia) root in pasted form should be applied to the root of the tooth.
e) The leaves and roots of Babla (Acacia) (Vachellia Nilotica) should be powdered and brushed daily.
f) Teeth should be brushed with a stick of Ramdantan (Smilax Zeylanica) tree.
g) Bay leaves (Cinnamomum Tamala) and cloves (Syzygium Aromaticum) should be powdered with
a small amount of salt and applied to the teeth.
h) Wash your mouth with lukewarm water with salt.
2) Cough, cold and fever
a. Basak (Justicia Adhatoda) leaves should be boiled in hot water and the boiled water should be
cooled slightly, to drink at least twice or thrice a day.
b. Mix 2 or 3 Tulsi leaves (Osimum Canum) and 1 spoon of honey with it before breakfast.
c. Crush the leaves of Siuli Leaves (Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis) and take 1 to 2 spoonfull in the
morning on an empty stomach.
d. In case of cough, chewing Terminalia Chebula fruit (Haritaki) reduces the cough.
e. In case of cough, apply lime on the throat.
f. Swet-Manasa (Euphobia Nerrifolia) leaf-extract should be drunk.
3) Intestinal disease or Enteric disease
a. Shawll (Shorea Robusta) fruit should be chewed 3-4 times a day.
b. Guava (Psidium Guajava) leaf juice (1-2 spoons) mixed with some salt should be taken at least 2 to
3 times a day.
c. Bark of Arjuna (Terminalia Arjuna) tree should be soaked in water at night and should be
consumed before breakfast in the morning.
d. Chewing the seeds of Shawll (Shorea Robusta) plant relieves dysentery.
e. The roots and shoots of the Chitchiti tree should be mixed with Atab rice to make a paste. Then it
should be consumed.
f. The roots of tar Shushani tree and some quantity of Atab rice should be eaten.
g. 2-3 pieces of Pepper (Piper Nigrum), dried ginger and roots of house amla tree should be mixed
together to make the paste and that paste should be made in pills to consume 3 times a day.
4) Diabetes or Sugar
a. White Nayantara (Catharanthus Roseus) 4-5 leaves and 2-3 flowers should be boiled together in
hot water to drink one glass daily or 2-3 Nayantara leaves should be chewed every morning.

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b. Chewing the seeds of Syzygium Cumini fruit (Black Berry) relieves poly-uria.
c. Soak the bark of Pyashal (Pterocarpus Marsupium) tree at night in water and drink that water on an
empty stomach in the morning.
d. Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) leaf juice should be consumed.
e. Neem leaves and Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) leaves should be pasted to prepare small
tablets and should be consumed separately.
f. Thankuni leaf juice should be taken on an empty stomach in the morning.
g. Make a wooden glass of Murga plant and put water in it every day and drink that water in empty
stomach in the morning.
5) Worm problems
a. Drinking the juice of pineapple (Ananas Comosus) leaves on an empty stomach will remove the
problem of worms.
b. Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) leaf juice should be consumed.
c. Kalmegh (Andrographis Paniculata) leaves should be made into pills and consumed.
d. Soak light-puffed rice in water and drink that water in the morning on an empty stomach.
e. Soak the lime overnight and drink the clean water in the morning on an empty stomach.
f. Date tree (Phoenix Dactylifera) juice should be taken on an empty stomach.
g. Date tree bark (Phoenix Dactylifera) should be eaten.
h. Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera) jaggery should be eaten on an empty stomach.
i. The young part of the stem of the Bota tree (Ficus Benghalensis) should be chewed.
6) Jaundice
a) Tumur (Cajanus Cajan) leaf juice taken in the morning on an empty stomach for a few days can get
rid of this disease.
b) Drink water with the bark of Kendu (Diospyros Melanoxylon Roxb) tree.
c) Banana (Musa Acuminate) tree trunk should be beaten to drink the juice.
d) The root juice of small Shimul tree (Bombax Ceiba) should be drunk.
e) The bile of any fish should be cooked.
f) The buffalo milk Chanas with Chira should be consumed for one week
7) Digestive problems
a) Arjuna (Terminalia Arjuna) bark cleanses the stomach.
b) Mix sugar and salt in water and drink it.
c) Crush the leaves of Thankuni (Centella Asiatica) and take the juice every morning on an empty
stomach.
d) Papaya (Carica Papaya) should be boiled and eaten.
e) Drink tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) leaf juice on an empty stomach.

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f) Drink the juice of Bel (Aegle Marmelos) leaves.

g) Dumur (Ficus Carica) fruit should be chewed.
h) The water that comes out when the bark of Shawl (Shorea Robusta) tree is broken should be drunk.
8) Vaginal discharge or Leukorrhea
a) Hibiscus Rosa flower (Red Jaba) buds should be chewed 2-3 times in the morning.
b) Green banana (Musa × Paradisiacal) should be cut into small pieces and dried in the sun to make
powder and should be consumed in syrup every morning.
c) Juice of Chaldhwa Shak (leaf), mixed with some amount of sugar should be taken with milk.
d) The leaves and roots of Pithali tree should be crushed and the juice should be drunk.
e) Bon (wild) Kundari fruit mixed with sugar beet juice should be drunk.
9) Bone-related problems
a) In case of broken hands and feet, the leaves of Harjora tree (Cissus Quadrangularis) should be
pasted to apply to the affected area and to be tied with a cloth to keep for a few days.
b) The wound should be bandaged with the pasted bark of the Kamaraj tree.
c) The pasted bark of the Harica tree should be applied to the wound, with a coating of red clay mud
on it and to be tied with a cloth.
10) Skin-related problems
a) Tulsi (Osimum Canum) leaf extract should be applied with salt to the ringworm area to reduce it.
b) Phadashi leaf juice should be applied in ringworm.
c) Neem (Azadirachta Indica) leaves boiled and to be taken bath in that water
d) Ishwar-Mul root (Aristolochia Indica) roots should be crushed and the juice extracted to be drunk.
e) Neem leaves and raw turmeric should be applied to the skin in case of sores.
f) Apply the juice of Henna leaves on the wound.
11) Eye problem
a) Pathorkunchi (Kalanchoe Pinnata) leaf juice gets rid of cataracts.
b) Applying honey to the eyes relieves from infectious eye diseases.
c) Tulsi leaf should be pasted with camphor and the mixture should be applied to the eyes.
12) Snake-bite
a) The leaves of Ishwarmool tree (Aristolochia Indica) should be eaten with cloves.
b) To drink the juice of the root of the Golancha tree.
c) The root of the Shatmul tree should be crushed and the juice should be drunk.
d) The roots of Bishyala Karani tree, Ishwarmool tree and pepper should be crushed together to
consume.
e) The juice of the leaves of the Oleander plant is very effective for snake bites.

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Conclusion
This paper presents a systematic documentation of traditional indigenous medicinal plants and healing
practices used by three tribal communities of western part of West Bengal. The information about the
general history, heritage, cultural practices and the general livelihood of these tribal communities is
highly scanty and extremely rare. There are unique practices shown by these tribes in day-to-day
livelihood. But, majority of that are not yet documented. The information about these tribes should be
properly collected and collated to provide appropriate documentation otherwise the same will pass into
oblivion in no time. The libraries have an important role in the documentation and preservation of these
indigenous knowledge and culture. This paper presents the medicinal part associated with health-
related practices. The study will be further extended in future for the documentation of other
characteristic features of these tribal communities.
Acknowledgement
This work is executed under the research project entitled Traditional Medicinal Systems and Healing
Practices of Selected Tribal Communities of West Bengal: An Evaluative Study with Scientific
Documentation sponsored by Indian Council for Social Science Research (ICSSR), Govt. of India
(File No. ICSSR/RPD/MN/2023-24/SC/66 dated 22nd December, 2023; Code No. ICSSR-RMM-2023-
4756).
References
1) Daniel, R. A., Wilhelm, T. A., Case-Scott, H., Goldman, G., & Hinzman, L. (2022). What is
“Indigenous Knowledge” and why does it matter? integrating ancestral wisdom and approaches
into federal decision making.”. The White House. December, 2.
2) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)/ Traditional Knowledge;
https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/#:~:text=Traditional%20knowledge%20(TK)%20is%20knowledge,it
s%20cultural%20or%20spiritual%20identity.
3) Munshi, K. M. (1974). Foundations of Indian Culture. Bombay: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan.
4) Bradford, S. C. (1953). Documentation. London: Croddby Lockwood.
5) Kamboya, U. (2017). Libraries for preservation of indigenous knowledge and culture: Approaches
and initiatives. International Journal of Allied Practice, Research and Review, 6(1), 59-64.
6) Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)/
https://www.tkdl.res.in/tkdl/langdefault/common/Home.asp?GL=Eng
7) Sen,U.K., & Bhakat,R.K.(2022).Biocultural approaches to sustainability: role of indigenous
knowledge systems in biodiversity conservation of West Bengal, India. Time and Mind, 15(2), 237-253.
8) Ghatak, P. (2015). Indigenous Knowledge and Bio-cultural Conservation: A case of Savara-Lodha
from West Bengal. Man In India, 94(4), 619-629.
9) Shaikh, R. (2020). A Description of Ethno medicinal plant among the Koch tribe in North Bengal,
West Bengal. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (09752366), 12(3).

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10) Basak, G. K., Chowdhury, T., Jana, A. K., Saha, S., & Mandal, A. (2022). An ethnobotanical study
of the indigenous knowledge by the Rajbangshi community of Raiganj Block, Uttar Dinajpur
district, West Bengal, India. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 42(4), 348-373.
11) Sunanda, M., & Ranjan, P. (2011). Medicinal plants grown in and around Guskara used by local
poor people for treating some common ailments. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(19),
4798-4803.
12) Roy, M., Sarkar, B. C., Shukla, G., Debnath, M. K., Nath, A. J., Bhat, J. A., & Chakravarty, S.
(2022). Traditional homegardens and ethnomedicinal plants: Insights from the Indian Sub-
Himalayan region. Trees, Forests and People, 8, 100236.
13) Bhadra, A., & Manjunath, B. T. (2024). Herbal Healing Traditions: A Study of Folk Medicines
Used by Traditional Healers of Sonamukhi Block, Bankura District, West Bengal, India. Plant
Science Today, 11(sp1).
14) Majumder, S. (2023). Documentation of Ethno-Orthopedic Healing Process in Gurap, Hooghly
District, West Bengal. The Serials Librarian, 84(5-8), 165-174.
15) Saha, S. (2024). Sacred serpents and the discourse on conservation: Interrogating interspecies
dynamics in rural Bardhaman. Sociologia Ruralis, 64(2), 237-253.
16) Dey, A., & De, J. N. (2012). Traditional use of medicinal plants as febrifuge by the tribals of
Purulia district, West Bengal, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2, S800-S803.
17) Chanda, S., & Mukherjee, A. (2012). Non-timber forest products as documented from the Paharia
tribe of Ayodhya hills in Purulia district of west Bengal (India). Acta Botanica Hungarica, 54(3-4),
269-275.
18) Gorain, S., Barik, S., Mandal, M., Patra, M., Rajwar, A. K., Gope, D., & Biswas, S. J. (2024).
Traditional Herbal Remedies Used in the Management of Urolithiasis by the Tribals of Purulia
District, West Bengal, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B:
Biological Sciences, 1-14.
19) Mondal, M., Gantait, I., & Bhattacharya, S. (2022). Ethnomedicine and indigenous people: analysis
of economic and ecological sustainability in Jangalmahal area of Paschim Medinipur and Jhargram
districts, West Bengal, India. In Indigenous People and Nature (pp. 133-170). Elsevier.
20) Bandyopadhyay, S. (2019). Research Note: Living like Chameleons A Bedia Folk Performing
Troupe from West Bengal. Asian Ethnology, 78(2).
21) Bisai, S., & Bose, K. (2009). Undernutrition in the Kora Mudi tribal population, West Bengal,
India: a comparison of body mass index and mid-upper-arm circumference. Food and nutrition
bulletin, 30(1), 63-67.
22) Majumdar, K., & Chaterjee, D. (2022). Perception of Subjective Well-being of the Lodha Tribe in
West Bengal. Contemporary Voice of Dalit, 2455328X221091624.

240 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Research Contribution on Machine Learning of Woman Scientists in P5 Countries:
A Scientometric Study
1
Sridevi, B. and 2Palaniappan, M. (Dr.)
1
Reseach Scholar, Periyar University, Salem
2
Assistant Professor, Periyar University, Salem
Abstract
The Study about the quantitative evolution of Machine Learning in P5 Countries’ woman scientists.
The data retrieved from the Scopus database. The study analyzes Machine Learning research outputs
from 2019 to 2023, showing a consistent increase in publications. The US leads with 1,850 documents,
followed by the UK with 652, and China with 228. The majority of these documents are published in
English, with few in other languages. Articles are the most prevalent document type, followed by books,
reviews, and conference papers. Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital are
leading institutions in this domain, contributing 88 and 79 documents, respectively. Funding sources
like the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health have played significant roles in
supporting a considerable portion of the research. Open access analysis indicates 1,181 documents are
openly accessible, with a significant number classified under the Green category, reflecting a
preference for self-archiving practices in the field. This study provides valuable insights into the
research landscape of Machine Learning, showcasing the contributions of various countries,
institutions, and funding bodies.
Keywords : Machine learning, Woman Scientists, Scientometric , P5 Countries .
Introduction
Scientometric research in Library and Information Science (LIS) uses quantitative methods to analyze
and measure scientific literature and research output. It evaluates productivity, impact, and structure of
research using bibliometric indicators and statistical tools. Scientometric defined as “The quantitative
methods of the research on the development of science as an informational process” (1). This study
explores the evolution of scientometric in Machine learning, a subset of artificial intelligence that
develops algorithms and statistical models to improve computer performance without explicit
programming. The field of machine learning (ML) has experienced exponential growth over the past
few decades, becoming a cornerstone of advancements in artificial intelligence, data science, and
technology-driven industries. This rapid evolution has been propelled by the contributions of
researchers worldwide, among whom women scientists have played a significant yet often under
recognized role. In particular, the involvement of women researchers from the P5 countries—China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States—has been pivotal in shaping the global
machine learning landscape. This study undertakes a scientometric analysis to explore and quantify the
research contributions of women scientists in machine learning across these P5 countries.
Scientometrics, which involves the statistical analysis of scientific publications, provides a robust
framework for assessing the productivity of researchers. By focusing on the P5 countries, this study
highlights the participation of women in machine learning research.

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Review of Literature
Indian women scientists in physics and astronomy have made significant contributions despite
underrepresentation. From 2011 to 2015, they constituted 12.35% of the workforce, publishing 713
articles. Aditi Sen De was the most prolific author, with 38 publications. The Indian Institute of
Astrophysics had a high citation count despite fewer publications. However, continued support and
funding are needed to enhance their visibility and impact. Despite efforts to close the gender gap in
physics, women continue to be underrepresented in the field. Despite a 23.9% membership in the
American Association of Physicists in Medicine, women cite 30% fewer papers authored by women.
This under-citation is exacerbated by biases in publication practices. Female physics teachers play a
crucial role in shaping future generations, but often navigate complex identity challenges in a male-
dominated field. Addressing these disparities requires ongoing efforts to promote equity and inclusion
in scientific research and education.
Machine learning (ML) is gaining recognition for its potential in construction management (CM), with
significant trends and applications in safety, productivity, and cost estimation. With a surge in research
since 2014, ML is used in various aspects of CM, including risk assessment, safety management, cost
estimation, schedule management, and building energy demand forecasting. Future research will focus
on project planning, organizational issues, and information technology integration. However,
challenges like data management and stakeholder collaboration need to be addressed for ML's full
potential to be fully realized.
Scientometrics is a quantitative method for studying scientific literature and research output, focusing
on metrics like teamwork and economic models. It's useful in identifying trends and guiding future
research directions, as demonstrated by Prof. M. Santappa's publications, a comprehensive dataset of
62,856 journals, and emerging research areas like Journalism 3.0.
This study reveals trends in machine learning (ML) applications in research on Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori). The study analyzed 17,413 articles, showing a decline since 2010. Key journals like Gut and
PLOS ONE were the most influential. ML algorithms have been used to predict treatment failures and
identify risk factors for H. pylori infection. Future directions include enhancing diagnostic accuracy
and treatment strategies for personalized medicine. However, challenges of data quality and
standardized methodologies remain.
AI has the potential to improve healthcare in Africa, addressing poverty, infrastructure, and limited
access. However, challenges include regulatory issues, ethical concerns, and infrastructure
preparedness. Research is growing, but primarily in developed nations. Collaboration among
governments, private sectors, and international organizations is needed to create sustainable AI
solutions.
Methodology
I used the Scopus database to retrieve the data. Develop a comprehensive set of keywords related to
machine learning (e.g., "deep learning," "neural networks," "artificial intelligence").Search for research
articles, conference papers, and reviews related to machine learning published by women scientists.
Consider using author names and gender identification techniques to ensure the data set includes

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contributions from women scientists. Combine these with gender-specific names or identifiers.
Example: "Machine Learning" AND ("Female" OR "Woman") AND ("Author Affiliation" includes P5
countries).Focus on a specific time period, e.g., 2015-2023, to capture recent trends and
contributions.And I used Bibexcel for analysis the data.
Objectives
1. To Analyze the volume of research publications by women scientists in the field of machine
learning across P5 countries (United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China).
2. To explore the Year-wise,Country-wise,Language-wise,Affilation wise Contribution of P5
Countries female scientists
Data interpretation
Year-wise Publication
Year No of Doc
2023 731
2022 602
2021 541
2020 383
2019 299

The data shows a consistent upward trend in the number of documents or publications from 2019 to
2023, indicating a growing volume of publications or documentation each year. From 2019 to 2020, the
number of documents increased by 28%, while from 2020 to 2021, it rose by 41%. From 2021 to 2022,
the growth rate slowed but still showed a positive trend. From 2022 to 2023, the number of documents
increased by 21%, indicating continued and accelerating growth. This trend could indicate increased
research activity, improved documentation processes, or field expansion.
Country-wise Publication
Countries No of Doc
United States 1850
United Kingdom 652
China 228
France 134
Russian Federation 39

The data shows the number of documents produced by countries in Machine Learning based on
previous work. The United States leads with 1850 documents, indicating a significant contribution to
research and publications. The UK follows with 652 documents, indicating strong research activity.
China is the third-largest contributor, but its output is less than the UK and the U.S., possibly due to a
different focus or fewer published works. France follows with 134 documents.

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Document-wise Publication
Document Type No of Doc
Article 1116
Book 702
Review 300
Conference Paper 242
Book Chapter 166
Note 13
Editorial 9
Letter 4
Short Survey 3
Data Paper 1

Books are the second most common, providing comprehensive coverage of a subject. Reviews provide
evaluative summaries of existing research, while conference papers present preliminary results or
ongoing research. Book chapters focus on specific aspects of a broader topic. Notes report brief
observations or preliminary findings. Editors express views on specific issues or topics. Letters provide
brief communications, while short surveys summarize findings in a condensed format. Data papers
present data sets and methodologies.
Language -wise Publication
Language No of Doc
English 2548
Chinese 7
Italian 2
French 1

The data indicates that the majority of documents are in English, accounting for 2,548 out of the total,
with a small number of documents in Chinese, Italian, and French, indicating English as the
predominant language.
Affiliation details
Affiliation No of Doc
Harvard Medical School 88
Brigham and Women's Hospital 79
Stanford University 78
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 75
Harvard University 68
University of Oxford 62
University of Pennsylvania 61
University College London 61
University of Washington 55
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 53

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The data shows academic institutions with significant roles in research, with Harvard Medical School
and Brigham and Women's Hospital having the highest number of documents. Stanford University,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Harvard, Oxford, Pennsylvania, University College London,
University of Washington, and MIT also have strong output.
Funding Sponsor
Funding Sponsor No Of Doc
National Science Foundation 212
National Institutes of Health 179
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 99
National Natural Science Foundation of China 63
European Commission 44
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 34
UK Research and Innovation 33
National Cancer Institute 29
National Institute of General Medical Sciences 21
National Institute on Aging 20

The data shows National Science Foundation (NSF) is the largest funding source among listed
organizations, supporting research across various scientific disciplines. Other major funders include the
National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National
Natural Science Foundation of China, European Commission, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme,
and UKRI.
Open Access -wise Publication
Open Access No of Doc
All Open Access 1181
Bronze 206
Gold 432
Green 541
Hybrid Gold 250

The dataset contains 1,181 open access documents, primarily in the Green category. These documents
are classified into Bronze, Gold, and Green categories, with the majority available through self-
archiving or subscription-based articles, and Hybrid Gold documents.
Conclusion
The data reveals a robust and growing body of research in Machine Learning, with a strong
concentration in English-language publications and significant contributions from major U.S.
institutions and funding bodies. The increasing number of publications, particularly in open access

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Connecting Users to Library Resources through the Documentation of Indigenous…

formats, suggests a positive trend towards greater research dissemination and accessibility. To build on
these strengths, promoting international collaboration, multilingual publications, and diverse funding
sources, while continuing to enhance open access strategies, will be essential for advancing the field
further.
References
1. Abdullah, K. H., & Sofyan, D. (2023). Machine learning in safety and health research: a
scientometric analysis. International Journal of Information Science and Management
(IJISM), 21(1), 17-37.
2. Dabas, B., & Kumar, S. (2018). Research Output of Indian Women Scientists in the field of
Physics and Astronomy: A Scientometrics study. Library Philosophy & Practice.
3. Eslami, O., Nakhaie, M., Rukerd, M. R. Z., Azimi, M., Shahabi, E., Honarmand, A., ... &
Santangelo, O. E. (2023). Global Trend on Machine Learning in Helicobacter within One Decade:
A Scientometric Study. Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics, 2023, e5.
4. Kumar, S. Assessing the Role and Research of Women Physicists: A Scientometric Study.
5. Leydesdorff, L., & Milojević, S. (2012). Scientometrics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.4566.
6. Natarajan, N. O., Nagar, A., Vivekanandhan, S., & SRM IST, K. Scientometric analysis of
Artificial Intelligence Research publications in Brazil during 2011-2020 from SCOPUS database.
7. Nalimov, V., &Mulcjenko, B. (1971). Measurement of Science: Study of the Development of
Science as an Information Process. Washington DC: Foreign Technology Division
8. Njei, B., Kanmounye, U. S., Mohamed, M. F., Forjindam, A., Ndemazie, N. B., Adenusi, A., ... &
Asombang, A. W. (2023). Artificial intelligence for healthcare in Africa: a scientometric
analysis. Health and Technology, 13(6), 947-955.
9. Van, T. N., & Quoc, T. N. (2021). Research trends on machine learning in construction
management: a scientometric analysis. Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends, 2(02),
124-132.
10. Yuan, J., Qiu, X., Wu, J., Guo, J., Li, W., & Wang, Y. G. (2024). Integrating behavior analysis
with machine learning to predict online learning performance: A scientometric review and
empirical study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.11847.

246 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and GPT in Academic Library Management:
A Study
1
Ramasamy, K. & 2Kavitha, E.S. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D Research Scholar, DLIS, Periyar University, Salem.
2
Assistant Professor, DLIS, Periyar University, Salem.
Abstract
The present brief study attempts to provide an outlook of ChatGPT, an AI-powered public tool of
language model that can understand and respond to user inquiries naturally as human beings can. The
study explores how the technology of GPT employs a different form of the Transformer architecture for
performing natural language-based tasks to function as a sophisticated chatbot as a pre-trained
language model understanding and generating text in various contexts and styles. The paper also
presents how the ChatGPT enhances search and discovery, reference and information services,
cataloging and metadata generation, and content creation. The study also takes the ethical
considerations including privacy and bias into account.
Keywords: ChatGPT, GPT-3, Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, AI, Libraries
Introduction
The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models has
transformed various industries, and academic libraries are no exception. Academic libraries face
numerous challenges in managing vast collections, providing efficient services, and meeting evolving
user needs. The sheer volume of print and digital resources, coupled with the complexities of modern
research, necessitates innovative solutions.
AI and GPT technologies offer promising answers to these challenges, enabling libraries to streamline
processes, enhance user experience, and foster a culture of lifelong learning. AI-driven analytics can
optimize collection development, weeding, and preservation. By analyzing usage patterns, AI can
identify areas of strength and weakness, informing data-driven decisions on resource allocation. GPT-
powered chatbots can provide 24/7 patron support, answering queries and facilitating resource
discovery. These AI-driven interfaces can help patrons navigate complex library systems, reducing
frustration and enhancing the overall experience.
AI-tailored tutorials and GPT-generated learning materials can enhance student research skills.
Personalized learning pathways can be created, addressing individual knowledge gaps and promoting
critical thinking. AI-enhanced search interfaces can improve information retrieval and resource
visibility.
By incorporating natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, libraries can develop
intuitive search systems, connecting patrons with relevant resources. AI can facilitate digital
scholarship by enabling libraries to provide advanced research tools and services. Text analysis, data
visualization, and machine learning capabilities can be integrated into library offerings, supporting
innovative research methodologies.

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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and GPT in Academic Library Management-A Study

Literature Review
Manning & Schutze (1999) indicate that Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of artificial
intelligence employing algorithms to analyze and interpret human language, such as text and speech, to
extract meaning and useful information. Radford et al., (2018) expound that Generative Pre-Trained
Transformer (GPT) is a machine learning model employing unsupervised and supervised learning
techniques to understand and generate human-like conversation. Niu et al., (2021) assert that in neural
networks, an attention mechanism is employed to allow a model to highlight only specific aspects of
input data while making predictions. Goh et al., (2021) describe that multimodal neurons are artificial
neural network units being able to understand and interpret the form of an object across different modes
or representations, including images, text, and speech.
Use of ChatGPT on Improving Research and Scholarship
ChatGPT can be used to improve research and scholarship in many ways by helping researchers save
their time and effort and focus on creative and analytical aspects of their work more as follows:
• To help researchers identify appropriate literature by providing summaries of articles or a list of
relevant papers related to the given topic or keyword.
• To generate text in a specific style, allowing researchers to easily draft research papers, grant
proposals, and other write-ups.
• To assist researchers in analyzing massive text data and its pattern perspicaciously, including social
media posts or news articles.
• To allow the researchers to access and understand research materials in multiple languages by
machine translation.
• To make researchers stay up-to-date with the latest developments in their field by providing instant
summaries of scientific papers, reports, or other documents.
• To help the scholars find perfect answers quickly and efficiently to domain-specific questions.
Natural Language tasks in Libraries
ChatGPT can be used for natural language processing activities in libraries to improve various library
services as follows:
• To improve the accuracy and effectiveness of library search systems, by understanding the
refinement of natural language queries and providing more pertinent results.
• To provide automated reference and information services, by answering common questions or
providing information on library resources.
• To generate cataloging and metadata for library resources instantly, such as book titles and
descriptions.
• To create summaries, abstracts, and other forms of content to improve the accessibility to library
resources.

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 The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and GPT in Academic Library Management-A Study

Ethical Considerations
There are some ethical issues to be addressed while using ChatGPT in academic libraries to maintain
their role as trusted providers of information upholding their mission and values as given below:
There can be a possibility for inaccurate, unfair, and biased responses reflecting the prejudiced training
data leading to extremely affect marginalized sections of society, and undermining the library's mission
of providing impartial access to information. There can be a possibility for a violation of user's privacy
by using the model's ability to generate highly realistic synthetic text or speech to impersonate, deceive,
or sensitive information, such as personal data, financial data, and even medical data to be protected
and not shared without explicit consent.
Users should be given prior information for seeking permission to use their data and they should have
the ability to stay away or give their consent to use their information. The design, the data used to train
the model, and the deployment of ChatGPT should be transparent so that any inherent discriminations
or errors can be identified and addressed. In addition, there should be clear policies and procedures for
handling any such issues. The text generated by ChatGPT may be copyright-protected. Hence it is
highly essential to ensure that the model abides by intellectual property laws and regulations, such as
obtaining prior permission from copyright holders to use the information.
Conclusion
The integration of AI and GPT in academic library management has the potential to significantly
enhance operational efficiency, patron experience, and information access. As these technologies
continue to evolve, libraries must embrace innovation and collaboration to fully harness their benefits.
By doing so, academic libraries can redefine their role in supporting scholarly pursuits and fostering a
culture of lifelong learning. The future of AI and GPT in academic library management holds much
promise. Emerging trends, such as edge AI, explainable AI, and AI ethics, will shape the development
of library services. Libraries must engage with these advancements, ensuring that AI-driven initiatives
align with their mission and values.
References
1. Manning, C., & Schutze, H. (1999). Foundations of statistical natural language processing. MIT
Press.
2. Radford, A., Narasimhan, K., Salimans, T., & Sutskever, I. (2018). Improving language
understanding by generative pre-training. Retrieved from
https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~amuham01/LING530/papers/radford2018improving.pdf
3. Niu, Z., Zhong, G., & Yu, H. (2021). A review of the attention mechanism of deep learning.
Neurocomputing, 452, 48-62.
4. Goh, G., Cammarata, N., Voss, C., Carter, S., Petrov, M., Schubert, L., Radford, A., & Olah, C.
(2021), Multimodal neurons in artificial neural networks. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.23915/distill.00030

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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and GPT in Academic Library Management-A Study

5. MacNeil, S., Tran, A., Mogil, D., Bernstein, S., Ross, E., & Huang, Z. (2022), Generating diverse
code explanations using the GPT-3 large language model. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on
International Computing Education Research, 2, 37-39.
6. King, M. R. (2022). The future of AI in medicine: A perspective from a chatbot, Annals of
Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-022-03121-w
7. Pavlik, J. V. (2023). Collaborating with ChatGPT: Considering the implications of generative
artificial intelligence for journalism and media education, Journalism and Mass Communication
Educator. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958221149577

250 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study
Praveenkumar, B.
Research Scholar (Full Time), DLIS, Annamalai University
Abstract
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is increasingly being adopted in libraries
worldwide to streamline operations, enhances security, and improves user experience. This paper
explores the challenges faced during the implementation of RFID in libraries, the benefits it offers, and
the future prospect of this technology in the context of library management. By examining case studies
and best practices, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of RFID's role in
modern libraries.
Keywords: RFID, Libraries, Library management, Inventory management, RFID hardware
Introduction
Libraries are always ready to adapt to new techniques and technologies with the ever-growing
advancement of modern technologies, the functions of the libraries have become easier. One of the
significant innovations is RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). It is basically useful aid in circulation
process.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)
It is a technology which works with radio waves. It automatically identifies and track the object when it
comes in the range of radio waves. It is similarly to barcoding where the data from the tags is captured
by device and stored in the database.
Major Components
➢ RFID Tags
➢ RFID Reader
➢ Antenna
How It Works This technology requires an AIDC (Automatically Identification of Data Capture) it
automatically identifies the objects, collect data from the objects and enter those data from the
computer system, it is accomplished with help of radio waves.
Objectives
➢ To Analyse the Current Use of RFID Technology in Libraries
➢ To Identify the Key Challenges in Implementing RFID in Libraries
➢ To Assess the Benefits of RFID Technology for Library Management
➢ To Examine the Impact of RFID on Library Staff and Users

251 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

Benefits of RFID in Libraries

Improved Efficiency in Circulation and Stock Management
RFID technology significantly reduces the time required for circulation and inventory tasks. Multiple
items can be checked in or out simultaneously, and inventory can be conducted more quickly and
accurately compared to traditional barcode systems.
Enhanced Security
RFID tags can be used to prevent theft and unauthorized removal of library materials. The technology
can trigger alarms if tagged books or other documents are taken without being issued formally. This
will help in improving the security of Library materials.
Better User Experience
RFID enables self-checkout systems, allowing users to borrow and return materials with minimal or no
assistance from staff. This not only improves user satisfaction but also saves time of both users and
staff. It also helps in processing of more items at once.
To keep a track on the Circulation
Integrating RFID in the systems of Libraries and prolonged use of it for circulation procedure can help
in revealing the usage pattern of the users, which includes the easier identification of the most issued
documents.
Challenges in Implementing RFID in Libraries
Cost of Implementation
One of the primary challenges in adopting RFID technology is the initial cost. Libraries need to invest
in RFID tags, readers, antennas, and software. Additionally, existing materials must be retrofitted with
RFID tags, which can be both time-consuming and expensive.
Integration with Existing Systems
Integrating RFID with existing library management systems can be complex. Libraries often use a
variety of systems for cataloguing, circulation, and inventory management, and ensuring seamless
integration with RFID technology requires significant effort
Staff Training and Adaptation
The successful implementation of RFID depends on the library staff's ability to effectively use the
technology. Staff must be trained not only in the technical aspects of RFID but also in understanding
how it can be integrated into daily operations.
Privacy Concerns
RFID technology has raised concerns about privacy, as tags can potentially be read from a distance
without the knowledge of the user. Libraries need to address these concerns by implementing security
measures to protect user privacy.

252 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

Maintenance and Technical Issues

RFID systems require regular maintenance to ensure they function correctly. Technical issues such as
interference from other electronic devices or system malfunctions can disrupt library operations,
necessitating ongoing technical support.
Future prospect of RFID in Libraries
Integration with IoT and Smart Libraries: Libraries are evolving consistently to become more
technology-driven institutions. Projects like “Smart Libraries” can include RFID along with IoT to
improve the overall experience of the users.
Mobile and Cloud-Based Applications: The future of RFID in libraries includes mobile applications
that allow users to interact with library systems via their smartphones. Cloud-based RFID systems can
also enable remote management and monitoring of library operations.
Advancements in RFID Technology: Efforts can be made towards making the RFID more accessible
for the smaller as well as bigger Libraries. The size and cost of the RFID tags can be reduced to make it
convenient to all types of Libraries.
Expanding RFID beyond Physical Materials: While RFID is currently used primarily for physical
materials, there is potential for its application in managing digital resources. RFID tags could be used to
track digital devices, such as e-readers and tablets, within the library.
Conclusion
The usage of RFID has increased more these days. Despite of having some challengers, it is being used
in more and more Libraries, because of the utility and benefits, which are of course dominating the
difficulties. The implementation of the RFID can survey be faithful in more dimensions with
continuous efforts.
References
1. Ayre, L. B. (2004). RFID in Libraries: Privacy and Security Concerns. Library Hi Tech, 22(4),
426-431.
2. Boss, R. W. (2003). RFID Technology for Libraries. American Library Association.
3. Coyle, K. (2005). Management of RFID in Libraries. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 31(5),
486-489.
4. Engel, B., & Hautala, J. (2011). RFID Implementation in Libraries: A Study of Challenges and
Benefits. Library Management, 32(6/7), 491-504.
5. Ghosh, M. (2012). RFID in Libraries: A Review of the Literature and a Case Study of Its
Implementation at the University of Hyderabad. Library Philosophy and Practice, Article 846.
6. Kaplan, S., & Powell, D. (2009). Adopting RFID in Libraries: Lessons from Early
Implementations. Library Journal, 134(3), 30-33.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 253
 Awareness Usage and Output Of E-Shodhsindhu Resources by Faculty, Research
Scholars and PG Students of Sri Padmavathi Mahila University, Tirupati: A Study
1
Vijay Mahesh Kumar, P. (Dr.) and 2Kiran Kumar, E. (Dr.)
1
Librarian, SKR Govt Degree College, Gudur, Tirupathi District.
2
Librarian, PRR & VS Govt College, Vidavaluru, Nellore District.
Abstract
Based on the recommendation of an Expert Committee Ministry of Education has formed E-
ShodhSindhu merging three consortia initiatives, namely UGCINFONET Digital Library Consortium,
NLIST and INDEST-AICTE Consortium. The e-Shodh Sindhu will continue to provide current as well
as archival access to more than 10,000 core and peer-reviewed journals and a number of
bibliographic, citation and factual databases in different disciplines from a large number of publishers
and aggregators to its member institutions including centrally-funded technical institutions,
universities and colleges that are covered under 12(B) and 2(f) Sections of the UGC Act. This paper
explores the awareness of usage analysis of the users of Sri Padmavathi Mahila University, Tirupathi.
Keywords: E-Shodh Sindhu, UGC Infonet, Inflibnet, E-Journals, E-Resources.
Introduction
Modern libraries provide literature and information through electronic sources and online services to
support the academic activity and satisfy the user’s information needs, so it is considered as the
backbone of any research organization. The development of technology is changing the pattern of
library resources and also changing the process of storage and retrieval in the digital environment from
the traditional physical environment. Now the modern library is acquiring e-resources through
consortia approach. Consortia approach is one of the ways to maintain cooperation, coordination and
collaboration between libraries.
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam
(University for Women) was founded in the year 1983 by Sri N.T.Rama Rao, the then Chief Minister
of Andhra Pradesh, with the fervent desire to train women students as better builders of the Nation and
to inculcate skills of leadership in all aspects of life. The University was established under the Sri
Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam Act of 1983, which has come into force on the 14 of April 1983.It
was started with ten faculties and 300 students and twenty staff members. Today the University has a
student population nearly 4000 and an academic staff of 105 and 131 academic consultants.
Objectives of Study
➢ To look into the information search habits of Faculty Members and Research Scholars and PG
Students using ICT facilities.
➢ To study the knowledge of Faculty Members, Research Scholars and PG Students
➢ To know whether there is essential cooperation in terms of user orientation is available to the
faculty members, PG Students and research scholars to use E-Shodh Sindhu Consortium.

254 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

➢ To know regarding frequency of usage of E-Shodh Sindhu

➢ To know the purpose of usage of E-Shodh Sindhu
➢ To know about level of satisfaction in using E-Shodh Sindh
➢ To identify the problems in facing E-Shodh Sindhu
Review of Literature
Liao conducted a study on information seeking behavior of agricultural researchers as teachers in
Taiwan. He investigated that the critical ways for the teachers to get needed Literature and the use
pattern of information sources is primarily the primary sources of information. Majid and Tan
investigated the information needs and information seeking behavior of Computer engineering
undergraduate students at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. The purpose was to
investigate the types of information sources used by the students, the information formats they
preferred, the importance of and reasons for using certain Information sources and the use of various
electronic information sources. A questionnaire was distributed to 200 randomly selected students and
102 completed questionnaires were returned. The study found that printed materials were the most
preferred information format among the students. The top five most preferred information sources, in
the order of importance, were Books, lecturers, the Internet, friends and manuals. Unexpectedly, the
use of databases and electronic journals were quite low among the computer engineering students. The
study recommends a promotional campaign for introducing electronic information
Methodology and Limitations:
As discussed above, the present study was confined to Sri Padmavathi Mahila University. 2301 post-
graduate students, 483 research scholars are studying in the University. Further there are more than 231
Faculty members working in the university. Due to the limited time frame, a sample survey random
Technique used questionnaire method was adopted. Total 50 questionnaires were distributed to the
faculty members and of which 40 faculty members were responded to the survey. Further, of the 100
research scholars to whom questionnaires were distributed, only 55 were responded to the present
study, further 125 PG Students were distributed and 76 responded. The collected primary data is
analyzed and discussed under data analysis and Interpretation.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
The data collected by the questionnaires were analyzed and interpreted and present in Tables & Figures
Table 1 Distribution of Respondents
S.No Questionaries Distributed Questionaries Received Percentages Percentage
1 Faculty 75 40 53.33%
2 Research Scholars 100 55 55.00%
3 PG Students 145 76 52.00%

The study of data in Table 1 shows that 75 Questionnaires distributed among faculty members and 40
Questionnaires were received that amount to percentage of 53.33 %. 100 Questionnaires were
distributed among research scholars which include both full time and part time and 55 Questionnaires

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 255
Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

were received that amount to 55 % and 145 Questionnaires were distributed and 76 received which
amount to 52.00%.
Table 2 Internet Skills
S.No Very Good Fair Uncertain Total
Faculty 37(92.5%) 2(.05%) 1(.025%) 40
Research Scholars 40(72.0%) 12(21%) 3(.05%) 55
PG Students 45(59%) 20(26%) 11(14%) 76

The study of data in Table 2 describe 92.5 % of faculty had very good Internet Skills .05% are fair and
.02 % are uncertain. Regarding Internet skills for scholars 72 % had very good Internet Skills 21 %
were fair and .05 % were uncertain with their internet skills. Regarding PG Students.
S. No Faculty Research Scholars PG Students
Yes 37 (92.5%) 52(94%) 30(39%)
No 03(0.075%) 03(0.05%) 46(60%)
Total 40 55 76

Table 3 tells regarding awareness on E-Shodh Sindhu. 92.5 % faculty had awareness on E-Shodh
Sindhu, 94% Scholars had awareness on E-Shodh Sindhu. 39 % of PG Students have awareness on E-
Shodh Sindhu.
Table 4 Frequency of use of E-Shodh Sindhu

Library Visit Faculty Research Scholars PG Students

Daily 3 (7.5%) 25 (45%) 06(7%)

Twice a Week 09(22.5%) 07(12.7%) 25(32%)
once a Week 15(37.5%) 08(14.5%) 15(19.7%)
Once in fortnight 13(32.5%) 15(27%) 30(39%)
Total 40 55 76

Table 4 shows that 45% of Research Scholars use E-ShodhSindhu daily, 32 % of PG Students visit
library twice a week 37.5% of faculty visits E-ShodhSindhu once a week, 39 % of PG Students use E-
ShodhSindhu once in a fortnight.
Table 5 Search preference of respondents
Search Preference of Respondents Faculty Research Scholars PG Students
Author 15(37%) 5(9%) 14(18%)
Title 19(47%) 15(27%) 28(36%)
Subject 8(20%) 20(36%) 15(19%)
Keyword 7(17%) 10(18%) 13(17%)
Publisher 1(.025) 5(9%) 06(7%)

256 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

Table 5 explains that 37% of faculty search by author, 47% of faculty search by Title, 36% of research
scholars search by subject, 18% of research scholars search by key word, 9% of research scholars
search by publisher. Here we took only majority of respondents among different variables. Respondents
among different variables.
Table 6 Purpose of using E-Shodh Sindhu
Purpose Faculty Research Scholars PG Students
To keep abreast with the latest developments 5(12.5%) 7(12.7%) 5(6.5%)
For research work 11(27.5%) 19(34.5%) 15(19.7%)
For prepare research article 18(45%) 18(32.7%) 21(27.6%)
For seminar, workshop, presentation 6(15%) 13(23.6%) 35(46%)

Table 6 explain us 45% of faculty use E-Shodh Sindhu for writing research article, 34.7% of Research
scholars use E-Shodh Sindhu for research work, 46% of PG Students use for seminar, workshop and
presentation.
Table 7 Popular databases of E-Shodh Sindhu
Popular Database Faculty Research Scholars PG Students
Economic and Political weekly 6(15%) 13(23.6%) 15(19.7%)
ISID 11(27.5%) 7(12.7%) 5(6.5%)
JCCC 5(12.5%) 18(32.7%) 21(27.6%)
Springer Link 18(45%) 19(34.5%) 35(46%)
Total 40 55 76

Table 7 explain us 45% of faculty uses Springer link , 34.5% of research scholars uses Springer link
and 46% of PG Students uses Springer link.
Table 8 Problems Encountered while using E-Shodh Sindhu
Popular Database Faculty Research Scholars PG Students
Lack of knowledge to use 2(5%) 10(18%) 20(26%)
Lack of sufficient Internet nodes in university, 8(20%) 9(16%) 2(3%)
Library
Lack of accessibility toe-Journal in Consortia 5(12.5) 7(12.7%) 12(15.7%)
Low Internet band-width 8(20%) 10(18%) 12(15.7%)
Technical Problems 7(17.5%) 8(14.5%) 15(19.7%)
Lack of relevant information sources 4(10%) 6(11%) 8(20%)
Lack of assistance by Library staff 6(15%) 5(9%) 7(12.7)
Total 40 55 76

Table 8 explains regarding problems faced while using E-Shodh Sindhma here we took majority of
respondents from different variables. 20% of faculty members complaint on low internet speed, 18% of
research scholars has problem with lack of knowledge to use and slow Internet speed, 15.7% PG
Students have lack of Lack of accessibility to e-Journal in Consortia while 20% of faculty members

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 257
Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

complaint on low internet speed, 20% PG Students express Their view on lack of relevant information
source, 12.7% student’s complaint on lack of assistance by library staff.
Table 9 Opinion towards E-Shodh Sindhu Consortia Resources
Opinion Faculty Research Scholars PG Students
Excellent 6(15%) 13(23.6%) 15(19.7%)
Very Good 11(27.5%) 7(12.7%) 5(6.5%)
Good 5(12.5%) 19(34.5%) 21(27.6%)
Poor 18(45%) 18(32.7%) 35(46%)
Total 40 55 76

Table 8 explain us respondents view while using E-Shodh Sindhu 23.6% of Research Scholars view as
Excellent, 27.5% faculty view it as very good while 32.7% Research scholars view it as good while
46% PG Students express their view as Poor.
Findings
➢ While responding to present study research scholars have shown more interest 55%
➢ It is found that faculty had excellent Internet skills and majority of students are uncertain while
using Internet.
➢ Research scholars are more aware regarding awareness on E-Shodh Sindhu
➢ Majority of research scholars use E-Shodh Sindhu on daily basis while majority off faculty use it as
twice a week
➢ Majority of faculty search by title while scholars search by subject and PG Students by Title only.
➢ Faculty use E-Shodh Sindhu for preparation of Article, Scholars uses it for Research work while
students use it for seminars and presentation.
➢ Regarding popularity faculty, scholars and PG Students use Springer link,
➢ Problems while accessing E-Shodh Sindhu faculty responds to Lack of sufficient Internet nodes in
University Library, scholars respond to Slow Internet bandwidth,
➢ E-Shodh Sindhu Consortia Resources faculty have poor opinion, scholars & PG Students had good
in opinion.
Conclusion
E-Shodh Sindhu not only reduces budgetary expenses of various university libraries but also increases
quality of producing articles and research production. It is highly recommended for sufficient training
programmes on continuous basis for every academic year. Respondents recommended inclusion of
some publishers in databases.
References
1. Gulati A, 2004. Use of information and communication technology in libraries and information
centres: an Indian scenario, The Electronic Library, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 335- 350.

258 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Implementation of RFID Technologies in Libraries: A Study

2. Komuravelli P, 2014. E-Resources in UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium: A Profile,

International Journal of Digital Library Services, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.263-275.
3. Lingaiah V, 2016. A Study on Use of E-ShodhSindhu Resources by the Scholars and Faculty
Members in Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Journal of Advances in
Library and Information Science, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp.268-272.
4. Vishala BK and Bhandi MK, 2008. Use of UGC-Infonet Digital Library Consortium Resources: Its
Impact on University Libraries of Karnataka, 6th International CALIBER- 2008, University of
Allahabad, Allahabad, February 28- 29 & March 1,2008.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 259
Library Websites of Selected Institutes in Coimbatore District: A Webometric Study
Ramalakshmi, R.
II M. Lib. I. Sc., DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract
Websites serve as repositories of information on various topics, with library websites in particular
hosting extensive resources. These library websites are crucial marketing tools that showcase the
library's collections and services. A well-organized and user-friendly library website can significantly
enhance users' ability to access and utilize information. Effective library websites attract users through
several key features: ease of accessibility, user engagement, intuitive navigation, and robust search
functionalities. A library website designed with these features in mind can greatly meet users'
information needs. This paper aims to analyze the library websites of selected colleges in the
Coimbatore district using webometric criteria. The focus will be on evaluating factors such as domain
age, domain authority, page authority, and web impact factors. The Web Impact Factor (WIF) is a
metric used to evaluate the influence or impact of a website based on its web presence and the quality
of its links. Domain authority measures the likelihood of a website ranking well in search engine
results, while page authority assesses the strength of individual pages. Web impact factors involve
analyzing the quantity and quality of links pointing to the website. By examining these parameters, the
study will assess the online presence and effectiveness of college library websites in fulfilling their role
in providing valuable information to users.
Keywords: Library Websites, Domain Authority, Page Authority, Web Impact Factors, Webometrics.
Introduction
The College libraries are the main source of information for academicians, which play a crucial role in
the enhancement of knowledge by sharing its resources. In this digital era, the college library websites
are the gateway to knowledge for the information needs of the users. It serves as an extension of the
physical library and provides access to its resources and thus supports the academic pursuits of its
users.
The library websites act as:
➢ An information hub where the users can access various resources using the provided links.
➢ A connector between information and the users.
➢ A platform for promoting the activities of the library.
➢ A representative of the parent institution.
➢ A provider of global access(remote) thus overcoming geographical limitations.
➢ An exhibit of the collections of both physical and digital library
Thus, a library website is a window of the Physical library of the institution and it represents the
institution’s commitment to the knowledge, accessibility and enrichment of the community.

260 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Library Websites of Selected Institutes in Coimbatore District…

The design of library websites should be in such a way that the users can navigate easily and find the
required information. Some of the features of a well- designed library website are ease of accessibility,
navigation, user engagement and search features.
Webometrics
The term Webometrics was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen (1997). Webometric techniques
include link analysis, web mention analysis, blog analysis, and search engine evaluation.
Literature Review
Hadagoli, Gururaj S. et al. (2021) conducted a detailed webometric analysis focusing on the websites of
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) libraries. The study involved comparing and ranking these
websites based on a range of webometric tools and indicators. They utilized several parameters and to
gather the necessary data, the researchers used tools like Google Search Engine, Web Link Analyzer,
Back Link Watch, and Broken Link Checker. The study spanned across all 23 IITs, all of which
(100%) were found to have the “ac.in” domain extension. This analysis provides a comprehensive
assessment of how IIT library websites perform in terms of their web presence and usability.
Nowkarizi et al. (2022) conducted a study examining the web visibility and collaboration rate of the
websites of Iranian universities (IUs) under the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. The
study aimed to assess the level of collaboration and interlinking between these university websites, with
a focus on in-link analysis to understand their web presence and interconnectedness. This analysis
offers insights into how Iranian universities are linked digitally, highlighting the collaborative networks
that exist among them through their web presence.
Meghwal et al. (2022) conducted a study to identify the key criteria for ranking Indian universities'
websites in accordance with the NIRF-2021 (National Institutional Ranking Framework). The study
focused on several web metric indicators, including online impact factors, ATR (Average Time on
Site), and other website metrics. The analysis also highlighted the use of SEO tools on the websites,
which played a crucial role in their web performance. This research underscores the importance of
digital presence, domain authority, and SEO in the performance and ranking of university websites
within the NIRF framework.
Negi, Dheeraj Singh (2024) conducted a webometric study focusing on the national library websites of
three countries: India, China, and Maldives. The study aimed to examine key web metrics such as
domain age, as well as the number of external and internal links for each national library's website. By
analysing these factors, the study provided a comparative perspective on the web presence and digital
footprint of the national libraries in these three countries.
Mehrotra, Binu (2024) conducted a study that analyzed the websites of State Government Universities
in Madhya Pradesh, India, using various webometric tools such as the Web Impact Factor (WIF),
internal links, external links, and backlinks. The aim was to rank these university websites based on
their WIF and assess their digital performance. The results suggest that Madhya Pradesh State
Government Universities should focus on improving their WIF by strategically increasing their
backlinks to achieve better rankings and visibility.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 261
Library Websites of Selected Institutes in Coimbatore District…

Objective
The following objectives have been set for this study:
➢ To examine the web presence and web impact.
➢ To find out the number of web pages, in-links and out-links for the library websites.
➢ To find out the domain and page authority of the library websites.
➢ To identify the facilities and services provided through the library websites.
Methodology
The following institutes with library websites are selected:
Table 1: Institutes and their library websites
Institute Library website
Dr. NGP College of Technology https://www.drngpit.ac.in/academic-facilities/library/
PSG College of Technology https://library.psgtech.ac.in/
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science https://avinuty.ac.in/library/home
and Higher Education for Women

Collection of data of the library websites of selected institutes are done through Google search engine.
https://moz.com/linkexplorer developed by Moz.com is used for the analysis of the links related to the
concerned library websites.
Data Analysis
Domain and Page Authority of selected Institutions
Institute Library website Domain Authority
Dr. NGP College of Technology https://www.drngpit.ac.in/academic
32
-facilities/library/
PSG College of Technology https://library.psgtech.ac.in/ 32
Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and
https://avinuty.ac.in/library/home 37
Higher Education for Women

Table 2 shows Domain and Page authority of the websites. The Avinashilingam Institute has the
highest domain authority and the other two websites have equal score relating to the domain authority.
Internal followed links, external followed links and total links of the selected institutes

Institute Internal External Total Followed

Total Spam
followed followed linking link
Links score
links links domain domain
Dr. NGP College of
Technology 14,887,361 7704 14,896,07 1% 423 278

PSG College of
5,877,955 9,575,279 15,455,153 - 715 354
Technology

262 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Library Websites of Selected Institutes in Coimbatore District…

Avinashilingam Institute
for Home Science and
393,403 12723 408,404 4% 1697 1300
Higher Education for
Women

Table 3 shows the Internal, External followed links, Total links, Spam score of the library websites.
The NGP college has the Highest internal followed link
Total Web Pages of the Institution’s websites:

Institute Library website Total Webpages

Dr. NGP College of Technology https://www.drngpit.ac.in/academic
2,33,000
-facilities/library/
Psg College of Technology https://library.psgtech.ac.in/ 79,60,000
Avinashilingam Institute for Home
https://avinuty.ac.in/library/home 1,73,000
Science and Higher Education for Women

Table 4 shows the total number of webpages investigated using Google Search engine. PSG College of
Technology found maximum web pages available online.
Web Impact factor of selected Institute websites:
Institute Library website Internal External Simple
WIF WIF WIF
Dr. NGP College of Technology https://www.drngpit.ac.in/ac 63.894
0.033 6.3894
ademic-facilities/library/
PSG College of Technology https://library.psgtech.ac.in/ 0.738 1.202 1.9416
Avinashilingam Institute for
Home Science and Higher https://avinuty.ac.in/library/h
2.274 0.0735 2.3607
Education for Women ome

Table 5 represents the web impact factor of selected institute’s library websites. It calculates the Simple
Web Impact factor (SWIF), External Web Impact Factor (EWIF) and Internal Web Impact Factor
(IWIF).
Conclusion
With increasing use of online activities, the websites have become an important source of information
and especially library websites promote the use of library resources to the users. In recent times, most
of the academic websites have a good web presence in general. The webometric analysis of the
websites allows us to discover the potential of the websites and to effectively communicate to the users
by increasing the efficiency of the websites. The importance of this study is to indicate how engaging
the website content is. An attempt has been made to analyze the web content of the three institute’s
library websites.The study is able to raise further research possibility on the following aspects.
Comparison between results drawn from webometric studies and using other performance indicators
(e.g. publication count and citation analysis) for library websites. To employ other web performance
measurements (e.g. relevance, link relationships, rankings, visibility, etc.)

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 263
Library Websites of Selected Institutes in Coimbatore District…

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Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 265
 Use of WhatsApp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for
Women
Monisha, M.
II M. Lib. I. Sc, DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore
Abstract
The paper emphasizes the potential of cellular technologies, particularly mobile-based services, to
revolutionize library offerings by incorporating tools like WhatsApp for enhanced information sharing.
Here's an analysis of the key points on how users, specifically students from Nirmala College for
Women, perceive the use of WhatsApp for accessing library services. As mobile penetration increases,
users expect services to be available through convenient channels like WhatsApp. Since WhatsApp is
widely used, it offers an opportunity for libraries to engage with users directly on a platform they
regularly use. Through WhatsApp, libraries can provide updates about new books, publications,
library timings, events, and more, which helps integrate educational resources into users’ everyday
lives. The paper highlights that WhatsApp, being an integral part of mobile technology, can transform
how libraries deliver services, making them more accessible, efficient, and interactive. The findings
suggest that libraries have a unique opportunity to innovate traditional services, improving the overall
user experience while leveraging the growing trend of mobile communication.
Keywords: WhatsApp Technology, Mobile Technology, Library Services, Smart Phones, Information
Literacy.
Introduction
Mobile technology’s rapid progression from basic communication tools to comprehensive multitasking
devices underscores the importance of wireless networking and mobile computing for the future. With
advancements like 5G and the continuous improvement of smartphone capabilities, the line between
traditional computing and mobile technology is increasingly blurred. The mobile phone is becoming a
central tool for everything from communication and entertainment to education and business, shaping
how society interacts with technology.
WhatsApp Technology
The future of the internet is increasingly intertwined with cellular technologies, offering libraries a
pivotal opportunity to implement mobile-based services for their users. Mobile technology, particularly
smartphones, provides a pathway to transform traditional library services and introduce innovative,
user-centered offerings. WhatsApp, in particular, stands out as a valuable tool for libraries, enabling
real-time communication and easy access to information. By leveraging WhatsApp, libraries can meet
the evolving expectations of modern users who seek instant, convenient access to resources.
Additionally, features like dual smartphone compatibility in WhatsApp further enhance its utility,
allowing users to manage services across multiple devices, making it even more adaptable for library
functions.

266 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

Nirmala College for Women Library

Nirmala College for Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore is a Catholic Institution of Higher Education for
Women, Established in the year 1948. It is under the direction of the religious society of the Franciscan
Sisters of the Presentation of Mary founded by Rev.Fr. Joseph Louis Ravel in the year 1853. The
Institution continues to be affiliated to Bharathiar University and is free to design its own course of
studies and adopt innovative strategies of teaching and evaluation. The University degrees are
conferred on the students passing the examinations conducted by the College. The College has now
emerged as one of the premier institutions of learning, propagating higher values of education and
learning, with hopes and dreams to achieve her goal "Knowledge Purifies, Charity Enhances". The
most pitiable person, according to “Benjamin Franklin, is one who is caught in a house without books
on a rainy day”. This diagnosis for happiness and entertainment made by this scholar and statesman
three centuries ago holds good even today. If educational institutions are the temples of learning, the
library is the sanctum sanctorum.
Literature Review
Hussain, Abid (2022) conducted a case study of a library for use of WhatsApp technology in library
services. The study revealed that most of the users took a keen interest in launching and implementing
WhatsApp technology in the library. Ansari, Mohd Shoaib and Tripathi Aditya (2017) conducted a
study on use of WhatsApp effective delivery of Library and Information Services. The study measured
the usability of WhatsApp for service delivery in the libraries and information centers. It concludes that
Libraries can deliver various library services over WhatsApp for better service satisfaction.
Kudnekar, Ankita and Mulgaonkar, Suchita (2021) conducted a study on use of WhatsApp and its
features for the benefit of library users.
Malathy S. and Kantha P. (2013) conducted a study on Application of Mobile Technologies to
Libraries. This study presents an outline of the application and use of developments in mobile
telecommunication systems, web technologies (internet/intranet) and geographic systems like
GPS/GPRS to provide ubiquitous, user-friendly, personalized and dynamic up to date information
services to library users. Kumar, P J Rosario Vasantha (2022) conducted a study on Impact of mobile
technology in library services. This study seeks to explain the meaning of mobile technology and how
this type technology is used for library services.EJIROGHENE, Eniekebi Regina (2020) conducted a
study on Impact of mobile technology on libraries. This paper discusses the need, benefits,
limitations/barriers, and solutions for the proper implementation of mobile technology in libraries.
Kumar, Satish (2015) conducted a study on excellence in library services by using mobile technology.
It is an attempt to understand how mobile technology is useful in improving and providing better
library services. Stephen, G (2019) conducted a study on the effective use of WhatsApp Messenger
among library and information science professionals in North East region India.
Objectives of the Study
➢ To explore the application of WhatsApp as a tool for delivering library services.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 267
Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

➢ To assess users' perceptions regarding the effectiveness of WhatsApp in facilitating information

and knowledge sharing, as well as enhancing library services.
➢ To analyze users' attitudes toward receiving library services through WhatsApp.
➢ To identify the factors that influence libraries' decisions to adopt WhatsApp for service delivery.
➢ To understand how users perceive WhatsApp as a platform for supporting their educational
activities.
Methodology
A structured online questionnaire was developed using the Google Forms platform and distributed to
participants via social networking sites. The sample for the study was randomly selected from students
at Nirmala College for Women. Out of the 75 students who received the questionnaire via email, 57
responded, yielding a response rate of 76%. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: A
focused on the demographic profile of the respondents, including questions about their category
(student), age group, and academic discipline. B examined internet usability, with questions regarding
smartphone availability, internet usage habits, the purpose of internet use, and respondents’ use of
WhatsApp. Section C explored the respondents' opinions on using WhatsApp to deliver library
services.
Data Analysis and Interpretations
Demographic Profile of Respondents
The demographic data contain a variation in the result. Table 1 shows that 57 out of 75 students
responded, of which male respondents were 1 (1.8%), whereas female respondents were 56 (98.2%).

Gender Male Female

Respondent 1 56

Percentage 1.8 98.2

The demographic data contain a variation in the result. There are 57 respondents including 20 UG
students, 33 PG students, 4 Research scholars, 0 M.Phil., scholars and 4 Ph.d., Scholars as shown in
Table 2.

Category Respondent Percentage

UG 20 35.1%

PG 33 57.9%

M.Phil. 0 0%

Phd. 4 7.1%

268 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

Table 3 shows respondents are from different disciplines. It contains 17 respondents from Arts and
Humanities, 4 respondents from Commerce, 30 from Science and Technology and 7 respondents from
Social Sciences.

Stream/Discipline Respondent Percentage

Arts & Humanities 17 29.8

Commerce 4 7

Science & Technology 30 52.6

Social Science 7 12.3

Availability of Smartphones
Smartphones are very useful in many ways. New technologies facilitate one to use their mobile as a
computer. Table 4 shows out of 57 respondents, 42 students use a smartphone, whereas 15 respondents
do not have a smartphone.

Response Respondent Percentage

Yes 42 73.7
No 15 26.3

Internet Usability
Smartphones are useless if they do not have an internet connection. Most of the useful features of
smartphones are run by using the internet. Table 5 shows that there are 48 respondents who use the
internet whereas 9 respondents do not use the Internet on their mobile.

Response Respondent Percentage

Yes 48 84.2
No 9 15.8

Purpose of Internet Usability

The Internet has many features and students use it according to their requirements. We provide multiple
options and allow respondents to choose more than one option. Table 6 shows,13 students use the
Internet for social networking sites, 54 students use for study purpose, 26 students for News, 17
students for E-mail facility, 33 students for Research purpose and 13 students use it for searching jobs
and 15 students for entertainment purpose
Purpose of Using Internet Respondent Percentage
Social Networking 13 22.8
Study Purpose 54 94.7
News 26 45.6
E-mail 17 29.8

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Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

Research Purpose 33 57.9

Searching Job 13 24.6
Entertainment 15 26.3

Awareness and use of WhatsApp

Instant messaging apps have become a part of our life and it’s very popular among students of different
ages especially in youngsters. Table 7 shows, most students use WhatsApp. There are 54 respondents
who use WhatsApp whereas only 2 students do not use it. Thus, the usability rate is considered as very
high.

Awareness Respondent Percentage

Yes 54 96.4
No 2 3.6

Purpose of using WhatsApp

WhatsApp provides a platform to connect students with others. Students have their own usability of it
according to their need. Some use it just for chatting while some use it to share scholarly contents.
Table 7 shows a changing trend in its usability. It provides multiple options and allows students to
choose more than one option for the purpose of using WhatsApp. The result shows 53 students use it
for sharing knowledge contents, 36 for chatting, 36 students for photo and video sharing, 43 students
using it for connecting with friends, 52 students for Study in a group and 19 students use it to forward
messages as shown in Table 8.
Purpose of using Respondent Percentage
Sharing knowledge content 53 93
Chatting 36 63.2
Photo and video sharing 36 63.2
Using connectivity with friends 43 75.4
Study in groups 52 91.2
Just forward a message 19 33.3

Duration of using WhatsApp

WhatsApp has no option to log out and it works in the background while the Internet is connected.
Students generally use it in their leisure time. There are 46 students who use it for 1 hour - 3 hours, 9
students use it for 3 hours - 6 hours, 1 student uses it for 6-10 and 0 students use it more than 10 hours
daily as shown in Table 9.
Duration Respondent Percentage
1-3 Hours 46 82.1
3-6 Hours 9 16.1
6-10 Hours 1 1.8
10> Hours 0 0

270 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

Opinion toward using WhatsApp in Libraries

WhatsApp can be very useful in delivering services in libraries and information centers. It is very
effective in delivering alert services as well as CAS and abstract services. In the present study, it is
found that there is a positive attitude toward using WhatsApp in the libraries and information centers.
There are 38 students who use WhatsApp for getting library services and only 18 students do not want
to get library services over WhatsApp as shown in Table 10.

Usability in libraries Respondent Percentage

Yes 38 67.9
No 18 32.1

Opinion toward Services which can be Delivered on WhatsApp

Respondents showed a very positive response toward getting library services over their WhatsApp.
They are keen to receive services over WhatsApp because it will save their time and they will be
connected to their library. We provide multiple options and allow a person to choose more than one
option for services which can be delivered over WhatsApp. There are 38 respondents who like to get
Library News and events, 29 students to get e-resources information, 48 students to get announcement
about workshops and exhibitions,43 students to get list of new books, 13 to get help for catalog search,
42 students for Information literacy and library instructions, 22 students like to get all above mentioned
services whereas 5 students do not shown interest to getting these services over WhatsApp as show in
Table 11.
Library Services Respondent Percentage
Library news and events 38 66.7
List of e-journals and e-resources databases 29 50.9
Announcements about workshop and exhibitions 48 84.2
List of new books 43 75.4
Help for Catalog Search 13 22.8
Information literacy and Library instructions 42 73.7
All the above 22 38.6
None of the above 5 8.8

Current Awareness Service

Current Awareness Service (CAS) is the most important service delivered to researchers and it makes
them aware about new research and development in their area of interest. WhatsApp can be a useful
medium of delivering CAS service in real time. A user can get immediate notification about articles of
his subject and the new arrival of the library. There are 55 students who would get CAS service over
WhatsApp and only 2 students denied it as shown in Table 12.

Attitude towards getting CAS Respondent Percentage

Yes 55 96.4

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 271
Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

No 2 3.6

Opinion about Receiving Notification from Libraries

WhatsApp can be an effective medium for sending notification alerts in libraries. Libraries easily send
notifications about new arrival, availability of books, about due dates and fine charges.35 students
responded to receiving notifications from the library in their WhatsApp whereas 22 students did not
show interest as shown in Table 13.

Attitude towards getting Notification Respondent Percentage

Yes 35 60.7
No 22 39.3

User’s perception toward effectiveness of using WhatsApp in Libraries

The users gave a perception towards the effectiveness of using WhatsApp in libraries. There are 10
students said that they strongly agree, 40 students agree whereas 5 students neutral and 2 students
disagree shown in table 14
Effectiveness of using WhatsApp in libraries Respondent Percentage
Strongly agree 10 17.5
Agree 40 70.2
Neutral 5 8.8
Disagree 2 3.5

Users suggest about WhatsApp Services should be provided in the library

This table 15 shows that the students suggest that the whatsapp services should be provided in the
library. 49 students responded Yes and only 8 students said no.

Users’ suggestions Respondent Percentage

Yes 49 86
No 8 14

Findings and Suggestions

Libraries can use WhatsApp for delivering library services. There are some suggestions for libraries for
delivering services over WhatsApp;
➢ New additions, timings, holidays, announcements/notices of library
➢ Share images/videos about library sections, events, library staff, etc
➢ Notification about membership and services of the library
➢ Notification about book discussions, reviews, new publications, new acquisition
➢ Information about new developments in the library

272 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Whatsapp Technology in Library Services: A Case of Nirmala College for Women

➢ Share information about institution’s publications, reports etc

➢ Creation of user groups, belong to the same subject and ask them about the required documents.
Conclusion
Information technology has changed the nature of library services. In the present age of information,
the use of internet-based tools is increasing rapidly. The future of the internet depends upon mobile
technologies. It is the golden opportunity for the libraries to implement mobile based services for their
users. There are many mobile based tools and techniques through which libraries can provide services
to their users. WhatsApp is an MIM application which can be used in libraries for delivering various
services. It has many features like, multimedia sharing, instant message delivery, real-time audio
recording conversation and group messaging. Libraries can deliver various library services over
WhatsApp for better service satisfaction. In this study, users showed a positive attitude toward getting
library services over WhatsApp. The study covers the gap between students and library services using
WhatsApp Technology at Nirmala College for Women. The study reveals that most of them show their
keen interest in launching and implementing this technology at Nirmala College Library.
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3. Bajpai, M. K. (2016). “Impact of WhatsApp on LIS Professionals.” DESIDOC Journal of Library
& Information Technology, 36(6).
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University of Calabar Library, Nigeria.” Global Journal of Educational Research, 16(2), 111-119.
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professionals of North-East India: A study.” Impact: International Journal of Research in Applied,
Natural and Social Sciences, 6(9), 69-82.
8. Chaputula, A. H., & Mutula, S. (2018). “Provision of library and information services through
mobile phones in public university libraries in Malawi.” Global Knowledge, Memory and
Communication, 67(1/2), 52-69.
9. Hussain, A., & Jan, S. U. (2018). “User perception on electronic resources and services in NDU
Library Islamabad, Pakistan.” Pakistan Library & Information Science Journal, 49(3).

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10. Adomi, E. E., & Solomon-Uwakwe, B. (2019). “Work-Related WhatsApp Groups as Knowledge
Sharing Platforms among Librarians in Selected Federal Universities in Nigeria.” Online
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understand university students’ adoption of WhatsApp in learning.” E-Learning and Digital Media,
16(5), 413-429.
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Association (NLA) election exercise.” Journal of Library Services and Technologies, 1(2), 14-31.
14. Saha, P., Naskar, B., & Padhan, H. (2019). “Use of WhatsApp among the users of Chattisgarh
libraries: An analytical study.” Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-6.
15. Stephen, G. (2019). “The effective use of WhatsApp Messenger among LIS professionals in the
North East Region, India: A study.” Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-12.
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274 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022
1
Jayapriya, T. and 2Dr. S. Mohamed Esmail, S. (Dr.)
1Research Scholar, DLIS, Annamalai University, [email protected]
2
Professor and Coordinator, DLIS wing (DDE), Annamalai University, [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to is to discuss the results of recent productivity and Calculating, the total
number of records and also calculating the h-index with the publish of web of science core collection,
The paper discusses the Publish WoSCC software during the period 2005-2022, the main aim
“hemorrhagic stroke” research and discover the all over the world.
Keywords: Hemorrhagic stroke, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Ischemic stroke.
Introduction
A stroke can occur when blood flow to the brain is blocked or there is sudden bleeding in the brain.
There are two types of strokes. A stroke that occurs because blood flow to the brain is blocked is called
an ischemic stroke. The brain cannot get oxygen and nutrients from the blood. Without oxygen and
nutrients, brain cells begin to die within minutes. A stroke that occurs because of sudden bleeding in
the brain is called a hemorrhagic stroke. The leaked blood results in pressure on brain cells, damaging
them. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical
personnel can begin lifesaving treatment on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every
minute counts. At the hospital, a stroke team will assess your condition and treat your stroke with
medicine, surgery, or another procedure. Your recovery will depend on how serious your stroke was
and how quickly you were treated.
Aims of the Study
➢ To find out global level publication productivity on during the period 2005 to 2023 in hemorrhagic
stroke.
➢ To analyze the year wise distribution of publications.
➢ To find out the Language wise research publication on hemorrhagic stroke.
➢ To observe the author wise publication in hemorrhagic stroke Research
➢ To identify the Research Area based on publications and citations.
➢ To find out the Institution with Department wise publication on hemorrhagic stroke.
➢ To assess the Country wise publications of Research Output in hemorrhagic stroke.
➢ To analyze Document wise Research publication in hemorrhagic stroke.
Methodology
The data was retrieved and collected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). All the data
was tabulated in Microsoft excel format, and MS word sorted according to requirements. The term
“hemorrhagic stroke” used for collect relevant data in WOS database. From the database there were
5,201 articles retrieved regarding to the subject “hemorrhagic stroke”.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 275
 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

Result and Discussion

Table 5.1 Year wise Research Publication in hemorrhagic stroke.

Publication Record
Percentage
Years Count
2022 606 11.652%
2021 574 11.036%
2020 520 9.998%
2019 453 8.710%
2017 410 7.883%
2018 369 7.095%
2016 354 6.806%
2015 326 6.268%
2014 305 5.864%
2012 241 4.634%
2009 191 3.672%
2011 184 3.538%
2010 176 3.384%
2008 149 2.865%
2007 128 2.461%
2005 108 2.077%
2006 107 2.057%
Total 5,201 100

The above the table year wise research publications for 17 years reveals that a total of 5201 number of
publications are published from 2005 to 2022. The percentage analysis is very clear that the growth of
research publications on “hemorrhagic stroke” It is clearly seen their first two-year ie.,2022 and 2021
having more related publication comes under the next counting in the year, further the 2005 and 2006
percentage were 108,107 report which are lowest publication during the period only 5201 total
publication.
Record
Languages Percentage
Count
English 5,096 97.981%
Spanish 26 0.500%
Russian 25 0.481%
French 22 0.423%
German 17 0.327%
Portuguese 5 0.096%
Hungarian 3 0.058%
Korean 2 0.038%

276 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

Polish 2 0.038%
Czech 1 0.019%
Japanese 1 0.019%
Turkish 1 0.019%
Total 5,201 100

Table 5. 2 Languages wise Research Publication in hemorrhagic stroke

The above the table 2 shows that language wise publication on the “hemorrhagic stroke”
The language “English” played majority role with a maximum publication count of 5,096 (97.981%)
publications, the first-place English language while the researcher maximum used for communicate
language. “Spanish” language occupied in the second place with a publication count of 26nos (0.500%)
The language “Russian” comes in the third place with a publication count of 25 nos. (0.481%) ranked
in languages.

Document Types Record Count %

Article 3,879 74.582
Review Article 794 15.266
Meeting Abstract 364 6.999
Letter 82 1.577
Editorial Material 71 1.365
Proceeding Paper 60 1.154
Early Access 15 0.288
Book Chapters 9 0.173
Correction 6 0.115
Book Review 2 0.038
News Item 2 0.038
Retracted 1 0.019
Retraction 1 0.019
Total 5,201 100

Table 5.3 Document wise Research Publication in hemorrhagic stroke

The table number 5.3. is crystal clear that 13 types of publications are involved in publishing research
literature's on “hemorrhagic stroke”. The type of document “Article” played vital role in publishing
3,879 (74.582%) publications and played dominant role. “Review Article” placed second top in the
table number 794 (15.266%) research reviews. Papers published in “Meeting Abstract” placed in the

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 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

third place with a publication count of 364 (6.999%) followed by Letter82 (1.577%) Editorial Material
71 (1.365%) Proceeding Paper60 (1.154%) in Document type.
Authors Count %
Wang Y, China 40 0.769
Zhang Y, China 40 0.769
Wang YJ, China 34 0.654
Iso H , Find land 31 0.596
Li J , British 29 0.558
Ovbiagele B,
29 0.558
America
Wang J , China 25 0.481
Liu Y, USA 24 0.461
Chen J, China 22 0.423
Guo Y, China 22 0.423
Li H, America 22 0.423
Li X , America 22 0.423
Wu SL , China 22 0.423
Hsu CY, Africa 21 0.404
Lin CL, USA 21 0.404
Wang L, China 21 0.404
Zhang H, China 21 0.404
Zhang J , China 21 0.404
Chen G, America 20 0.385
Chen ZM , China 20 0.385

Greenberg SM 20 0.385
Kurth T 20 0.385
Lee SH 20 0.385
Rosand J 20 0.385

Wang BY 20 0.385
Total 5,201 100

Table 5.4 Author wise Research Publication in hemorrhagic stroke

This table indicates ranking of authors by number of publications. Author “Wang Y” and “Zhang Y”
published highest number of articles for the study period with each of 40 (0.769%) records, in the total

278 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

number of research publication in “hemorrhagic stroke”, The following authors “Wang YJ” published
next highest citation number of articles for the study period with 34 (0.654%) records and also had next
highest Publication. The third places “Li J” and “Ovbiagele B” the record of research productivity in
“hemorrhagic stroke” each their 29 (0.558%).

Countries/Regions Count %
USA 1,875 36.051
Peoples R China 908 17.458
Japan 341 6.556

Germany 301 5.787

England 299 5.749

Canada 283 5.441
Taiwan 271 5.211
Italy 255 4.903
South Korea 251 4.826
France 166 3.192

Australia 162 3.115

Sweden 153 2.942

Spain 152 2.923
India 133 2.557
Brazil 118 2.269
Netherlands 118 2.269
Denmark 115 2.211
Russia 95 1.827
Switzerland 83 1.596
Turkey 82 1.577
Poland 64 1.231

Finland 62 1.192

Scotland 62 1.192

Iran 51 0.981
Greece 50 0.961
Total 5,201 100

Table 5.5 Country wise publications in hemorrhagic stroke

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 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

The table shows that Twenty-five Countries are involved towards publishing 5201 research
publications on “hemorrhagic stroke”. The Country “USA” played majority role with a maximum
publication count of 1,875 (36.051%) publications and occupied the first rank in their publication.
hemorrhagic stroke Research publications received and can used for Twenty-five countries. “Peoples R
China” comes in the second place with a publication count of 908nos. (17.458%), The “Japan” placed
in the third place with a publication count of 341 nos. (6.556%). Followed by Germany301nos.
(5.787%), The twenty fifth place of the country was “Greece”
Table 5.6 Research Area wise Research publication in hemorrhagic stroke
S.no Research Areas Record Count Percentage
1 Neurosciences Neurology 2,438 46.876%
2 Cardiovascular System Cardiology 1,440 27.687%
3 General Internal Medicine 516 9.921%
4 Surgery 290 5.576%
5 Pharmacology Pharmacy 272 5.230%
6 Public Environmental Occupational Health 196 3.769%
7 Science Technology Other Topics 155 2.980%
8 Research Experimental Medicine 143 2.749%
9 Biochemistry Molecular Biology 136 2.615%
10 Hematology 127 2.442%
11 Rehabilitation 113 2.173%
12 Pediatrics 108 2.077%
13 Endocrinology Metabolism 107 2.057%
14 Psychiatry 102 1.961%
15 Cell Biology 99 1.903%
16 Radiology Nuclear Medicine Medical Imaging 79 1.519%
17 Environmental Sciences Ecology 77 1.480%
18 Engineering 76 1.461%
19 Nutrition Dietetics 75 1.442%
20 Health Care Sciences Services 64 1.231%
21 Transplantation 62 1.192%
22 Immunology 56 1.077%
23 Geriatrics Gerontology 53 1.019%
24 Emergency Medicine 46 0.884%
25 Genetics Heredity 46 0.884%
Total 5,201 100

280 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

The table is crystal clear that twenty-five rich areas come in the publications of “hemorrhagic stroke”.
The type of Research Area’s “Neurosciences Neurology” played vital role in publishing 2,438
(46.876%) publications played dominant role. “Cardiovascular System Cardiology” placed second top
in the research area’s publication number 1,440 (27.687%). The third place “General Internal
Medicine” with a publication count of 516 (9.921%).
Table 5.7 Institution with Department wise research publication in hemorrhagic stroke
S.no Record
Affiliation with Department Percentage
Count
1 Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University 72 1.384%
2 Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Department Of
60 1.154%
Neurology
3 Brigham And Women S Hospital Department of Medicine 59 1.134%
4 University Of California San Francisco School of Medicine 58 1.115%
5 Beijing Tiantan Hospital 57 1.096%
6 Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology 57 1.096%
7 University Of Toronto Temerty Faculty of Medicine 51 0.981%
8 Chang Gung University College of Medicine 49 0.942%
9 Uw Medicine 49 0.942%
10 University Of Washington School of Medicine 48 0.923%
11 Harvard University Department of Epidemiology 45 0.865%
12 Yale School Of Medicine 45 0.865%
13 Huazhong University of Science and Technology Tongji Medical
44 0.846%
College
14 Peking University Health Science Center 41 0.788%
15 University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division 40 0.769%
16 Seoul National University College of Medicine 39 0.750%
17 Duke Medicine 38 0.731%
18 Yonsei University College of Medicine 38 0.731%
19 Zhejiang University School of Medicine 37 0.711%
20 Stanford Medicine 36 0.692%
21 Stanford University School of Medicine 36 0.692%
22 University Of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine 36 0.692%
23 Duke University School of Medicine 35 0.673%
24 University Of Miami School of Medicine 34 0.654%
25 Boston University Medical Campus 33 0.634%
Total 5,201 100

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 Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Scientometric Analysis during in the period 2005 to 2022

In general, Affiliation with Department which is specifically meant for research activities would
contribute a greater level of research publications and it is not up to the mark of desired level of
expectations in other institutions. It is noted that “Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University”
contributed the highest number of research publications 72 (1.384%). The “Xuanwu Hospital Capital
Medical University Department of Neurology” second in order 60 (1.154%) publication of the total
research productivity 5201. And the third place of research productivity “Brigham and Women S
Hospital Department of Medicine” 59 (1.134%).
Conclusion
It is observed from the present study that, there are 5,201 research article published during the period
2005 to 2022 in the field of “hemorrhagic stroke”. Out of this majority 606 article published in the
year of 2022, it is also evidence that the publication year by year increased in nature. It is also
determined from the study that USA occupied first place in the publication covering 36.051%, in the
total publication. Peoples R China and Japan comes second and third place, it is also found from the
study that Research Area Neurosciences Neurology covered 46.876% of the total publication. Further,
Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University published 72 publications with 1.384% it is important to
note that University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division Published 40 articles during the study period.
It could be concluded from the study that number of countries giving more attention in publishing
articles in the area.
References
1. A.Kalisdha, R.Balasubramani, M.Surulinathi, N.Amsaveni: Indian contribution to medicinal plants
research: A scientometric study
2. K.Vijayakumar : A Bibliometric analysis of social media research from the perspective of library
and information science.
3. M.Sadikbatcha : Research contributions on oral cancer in India: A scientometric analysis
4. Shamili (Research Scholar) and S. Mohamed Esmail: Sciento metric study of the research
publication on information litracy (2015-2019).
5. T.Jayapriya (Research Scholar) and S. Mohammed Esmail : Conference paper : Mapping Nuclear
Physics in Sciento metric Analysis at global level.

282 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College Library Users:
A Study at Vellalar College of Pharmacy, Erode
1
Lavanyaa, K.R. and 2Senthilkumar, R. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore.
2
Librarian (SG)& Head, Research DLIS, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore.
Abstract
This study investigates the information-seeking behavior of pharmacy college library users at Vellalar
College of Pharmacy, Erode. A descriptive survey design was used, collecting data from 120 students
and faculty through a structured questionnaire circulated via Google Form. The study examines
frequency and purpose of library visits, relationship between demographic variables and library usage
habits, user satisfaction with library collections and services, importance of library orientation
sessions, and frequency of use of library services. Findings provide insights into the information needs
and behaviors of pharmacy college library users, highlighting areas for improvement in library
services and resource development to support academic and research excellence in pharmacy
education. The study's limitations include its focus on a single institution and reliance on self-reported
data.
Keywords: Pharmacy college library users, Library orientation, Library usage habits, Library collection
development.
Introduction
In today's information age, libraries play a vital role in supporting the academic and research needs of
students and faculty in higher education institutions. The pharmacy profession, in particular, requires
access to reliable and up-to-date information to ensure the delivery of quality healthcare services.
Library users' information-seeking behavior is crucial in understanding their needs and preferences,
which can inform library services and resource development.
This study aims to investigate the information-seeking behavior of pharmacy college library users at
Vellalar College of Pharmacy, Erode. It seeks to understand their frequency of library visits, purposes
of visits, methods of retrieving information, satisfaction with library collections, language and material
preferences, challenges faced, and utilization of library services and resources. By exploring these
aspects, this study intends to provide insights into the information needs and behaviors of pharmacy
college library users, ultimately contributing to the improvement of library services and resource
development to support academic and research excellence in pharmacy education.
Review of Literature
Bigdeli, Z. (2020). The purpose of this study is to look into the information-seeking habits of experts,
residents, and interns at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences' hospitals in Iran. A questionnaire with
114 responses was used to gather the information The findings show that of the study, the three groups
employed informal channels (e.g., coworkers, conferences, etc.) to receive specific as well as general
information in order to stay up with medical development. Specialists, residents, and interns all

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Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

reported a wide range of information-seeking habits, as well as a wide range of experiences. Residents
and interns were not the same as specialists. Furthermore, low collection quality and insufficient
number of books, as well as their out-off datedness, were organizational or non-personal issues for all
three group.
Hussaini, S. (2020). The utilization of library services including the OPAC/Internet, book display
services, reference services, and display board services was deemed to be mainly satisfactory by
patrons. Finally, patrons of these strategic institutions reported that unqualified professional librarians
and network breakdowns were serious problems. It was noted that both institutions' knowledge of
library resources had greatly improved, offering adequate information on services supplied to
respondents, and that respondents were more familiar with books/eBooks, electronic journals/journals,
newspaper and media resources.
Objectives
➢ To identify the frequency and purpose of library visits among pharmacy college students and
faculty members.
➢ To analyze preferred study materials to retrieve the information from the library among pharmacy
college students and faculty members.
➢ To know the level of satisfaction about library's collection among pharmacy college students and
faculty members.
➢ To identify the priority of reading materials among pharmacy college students and faculty
members.
Limitations
This study has several limitations, including its focus on a single institution, potentially non-
representative sample size, reliance on self-reported data, and temporal constraints. Consequently, the
findings may not be generalizable beyond Vellalar College of Pharmacy, Erode, and may not account
for external factors influencing users' information-seeking behavior.
Methodology
This study used a descriptive survey design, collecting data from 120 students and faculty at Vellalar
College of Pharmacy, Erode, through a structured questionnaire circulated via Google Form.
Convenience sampling was employed, with online distribution. Descriptive and inferential statistics
were used for analysis, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity.
Data Analysis and Data Interpretation
A total of 120 responses were received after the questionnaire was circulated via Google Form. The
data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to identify trends and patterns in the
information-seeking behavior of pharmacy college library users.

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 Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

Table 1: Class-wise Respondents

Class wise No. of Respondents Percentage
I- Year UG 16 13.3
II- Year UG 21 17.5
III- Year UG 19 15.9
IV- Year UG 57 47.5
Faculty 7 5.8
Total 120 100.0

The Table 1 shows thatUG- UnderGraduates fourth-year students are getting first place as large No. of
respondents (47.5%). UG Second-year and UG third-year students are getting Second and Third place
at participating respondent in this survey, while first-year and specialized students are less represented.
Table 2: Gender-wise Respondent
Gender wise No. of Respondents Percentage
Female 66 55.0
Male 54 45.0
Total 120 100.0
From the above table 2, gender distribution of respondents shows a slight majority of female (55%)
compared to male (45%). This indicates a relatively balanced representation between genders, with a
modest preference for female respondents in the library.
Table 3: Designation-wise Respondents
Designation wise No. of Respondents Percentage
Assistant Professor 4 3.3
Associate Professor 3 2.5
Under graduate Student 113 94.2
Total 120 100.0

The table 3 reveals that the majority of the respondents are undergraduate (UG) students, comprising
94.2% of the sample. In contrast, faculty members, including Assistant and Associate Professors,
constitute a smaller proportion, with only 5.8% combined. This reflects dominant respondents are
students.
Table 4: Frequency of the Library Visit
S.No. Library visit by the Respondents No. of Respondents Percentage
1 Daily Once 63 52.5
2 More than two times in a day 10 8.3
3 Once in a Week 38 31.7
4 Twice in a Week 9 7.5
Total 120 100.0

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Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

From the Table 4, most of the respondents visit the library on daily once basis i.e. 52.5%, once in a
week 31.7%, daily twice or more are 10 respondents i.e., 8.3%, Twice in a week are 9 respondents i.e.
7.5%.
Table 5: Sources of the study materials to retrieve the information in the library
S.No. Priority of Study Materials No. of Respondents Percentage
1 Books 29 24.2
2 Books, Online databases 48 40.0
3 Books, Online databases, Reference assistance 13 10.8
4 Books, Reference assistance 2 1.7
5 Online databases 19 15.8
6 Reference assistance 9 7.5
Total 120 100.0

From the Table 5, 24.2% i.e. 29 respondents retrieving the information from the books only. Then, 40%
of the respondents getting the information from the books & online databases, 10.8% respondents from
the books, online databases and reference assistance, 1.7% respondents getting information from books
and reference assistance only, 15.8% respondents retrieve from online databases only and 7.5%
respondents from reference assistance only.
Table 6: Satisfaction about the library collection by the respondents
S.No. Satisfaction Level No. of Respondents Percentage
1 Very muchSatisfied 21 17.5
2 Satisfied 33 27.5
3 Neutral 58 48.3
4 Dissatisfied 3 2.5
5 Very dissatisfied 5 4.2
Total 120 100.0

From the Table 6, large no. of respondent 48.3% recorded their opinion about the satisfaction level of
the library collection of books and databases i.e. ‘Neutral’, 27.5% respondents are recorded their
opinion are ‘Satisfied’, 17.5% respondents are recorded are ‘Very Satisfied’ and 4.2% respondent are
‘Very Dissatisfied’ and 2.5% are ‘Dissatisfied’ about the library collection of books and databases.
Table 7: Language Priority of Reading the Books by the Respondent
S.No. Language Priority of Reading No. of Respondents Percentage
1 English 109 90.8
2 Tamil 11 9.2
Total 120 100.0

From the Table 7, 90.8% of the respondent’s reading priority is English and 9.2% of the respondent
preferred to read the books mostly in Tamil.

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 Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

Table 8: Priority of Reading the Study Materials by the Respondents

S.No. Priority of Reading No. of Respondents Percentage
1 Books 72 60.0
2 Journals and Magazines 33 27.5
3 Newspapers 15 12.5
Total 120 100.0

From the Table 8, 60% of the respondents preferred the books as their priority of Reading, 27.5%
respondents preferred Journals and Magazines as first priority, 12.5% of the respondents preferred to
study the Newspaper as their first choice.
Findings
➢ Most respondents are fourth-year undergraduate students (47.5%).
➢ There's a slight majority of female respondents (55%).
➢ Undergraduate students make up the majority of library users (94.2%).
➢ Most respondents visit the library daily (52.5%).
➢ The majority of respondents use books and online databases as their primary sources of
information (40%).
➢ Respondents are neutral about the library collection (48.3%).
➢ English is the preferred language for reading (90.8%).
➢ Books are the top priority for reading materials (60%).
Conclusion
This study provides valuable insights into the information-seeking behavior of pharmacy college library
users at Vellalar College of Pharmacy, Erode. The findings highlight the dominant user groups,
frequency of library visits, preferred sources of information, and user satisfaction with library
collections and services. The majority of users are fourth-year undergraduate students and female
respondents, who visit the library daily and rely on books and online databases for information. While
users are neutral about the library collection, they prefer English language materials and books. These
findings can inform library services and resource development to support academic and research
excellence in pharmacy education. Based on the findings, the library can better support the needs of
pharmacy students and faculty, ultimately contributing to the advancement of pharmacy education and
practice. This study's insights can also be applied to other pharmacy colleges and libraries to enhance
user experience and support academic success.
References
1. Al-Khatib, A. A. (2020). Information-seeking behavior among pharmacy students: A case study of
Jordanian universities. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12(1), 45-
52. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i1.34798

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 287
Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

2. Belanger, J., & Collins, J. (2015). Academic library services for distance education students: An
overview of current practices. Journal of Library Administration, 55(1), 75-92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2015.979342
3. Bigdeli, Z. (2020). Information-seeking behavior: The case of specialists, residents, and interns at
hospitals of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Medical Information, 12(2), 12-20.
4. Choi, Y., & Lee, H. (2014). Investigating the information-seeking behavior of graduate students in
health sciences: A case study. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 31(3), 214-224.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12063
5. Jabbar, M., &Yousuf, M. (2018). Patterns of information-seeking behavior among pharmacy
students: A systematic review. Pharmacy Education, 18(1), 123-130.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15602212.2018.1463193
6. Hernon, P., & Altman, E. (2010). Assessing service quality in academic libraries. Journal of
Academic Librarianship, 36(5), 377-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2010.06.005
7. Hussaini, S. (2020). Information seeking behavior of library patrons in academic libraries in
Kaduna State, Nigeria. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Multidisciplinary
Research.
8. Kwon, S. J., & Kang, H. S. (2016). User satisfaction with library services in South Korea: An
examination of academic libraries. Library & Information Science Research, 38(2), 136-144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2016.01.002

288 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 A Scientometric Study of Astronomy Literature (2016-2020) of India
1
Anjaline, R. and 2Sankar, P. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Sree Narayana Guru College, KG Chavadi, Coimbatore &
2
Research Supervisor and Head, DLIS, Sree Narayana Guru College, KG Chavadi, Coimbatore
Abstract
This paper presents "A Scientometric Study of Astronomy Literature in India from 2016-2020." It
highlights the annual distribution of astronomy research publications, offering a year-by-year
breakdown of publication output. The study found that 2020 was the most productive year, with 54
publications, accounting for 27.136% of the total. The data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
Introduction
Scientific Research is an effort to gain knowledge about a particular subject. Qualitative representation
aids in understanding, comparing, measuring, analyzing, storing information, and making decisions.
Fact-finding, measurement, and analysis are key tools in science. Modern research has become multi-
disciplinary and inter-disciplinary, consisting of many subfields and interconnected technologies.
This research landscape is dynamic, with new technologies emerging while older ones quickly become
obsolete. Fields that are currently unrelated may one day become interdependent due to shorter
technological development cycles, leading to the rise of new methods and innovations. Information on
past and present challenges offers a wealth of possibilities.
The increasing complexity and specialization of research make it challenging for a small group of
experts to fully and fairly assess the wide array of research activities. Evaluating research is recognized
as a cornerstone of science and technology policy. Science as a field emerged during the Industrial
Revolution in 18th-century Europe, though its development dates back thousands of years. The
Industrial Revolution played a crucial role in the advancement of science, with the textile revolution
marking the subject's growth, followed by innovations in steam power, railways, steel, machine tools,
heavy industry, automobiles, and more. Today, science has applications in various fields, including
materials science, information technology, and more recently, green science.
Review of Literature
Kanmounye and colleagues (2021) conducted a systematic review and bibliometric analysis of
African anaesthesia and critical care medicine research, focusing on the 116 most cited articles. The
aim of the study was to identify key contributors to highly-cited research in this field. The authors
searched the Web of Science from its inception until May 4, 2020, for articles related to anaesthesia
and critical care medicine in Africa with at least two citations. They performed both quantitative (H-
index) and qualitative (descriptive analysis of yearly publications, co-authorship, author country, and
keyword interpretation) bibliometric analyses. The study concluded by highlighting trends in the most-
cited African research articles and the contributions of both African and non-African academic
institutions to these works.

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Sudier and Dileep Kumar (2020) conducted a scientometric analysis of biochemistry research in
India, using data from the Web of Science. The study covered 25,132 research contributions by Indian
scientists over a 10-year period (2004-2013). It revealed a steady growth in biochemistry research, with
an average annual growth rate of 36.84%. Academic institutions accounted for the largest share of
publications (50.26%), followed by research institutions (28.24%).
Pathak and colleagues (2019) analyzed pharmaceutical research publications in India, examining
14,474 papers from the past five years (2014-2018). The scientometric analysis showed that one-
quarter of these publications (3,568 papers) were co-authored by Indian researchers in collaboration
with international organizations. The yearly publication numbers indicated an inconsistent trend, with
increases of 13-17% in some years and decreases of 1-2% in others. Citation data, however, showed a
significant rise. The study recommended analyzing data over a 10-year period and adopting a more
comprehensive approach that includes all relevant areas of pharmaceutical research.
Objectives
➢ To analyze the growth of literature annual publication of output,
➢ To analyze the publication type,
➢ To identify the most productive author,
➢ To identify the most productive journal,
➢ To understand the most productive research area.
Methodology
For this study, data was gathered from the Web of Science (WOS) database, maintained by Thomson
Reuters (now Clarivate Analytics), using the keywords TS=Astronomy AND CU=India for the years
2016-2020, focusing on astronomy in India.
MS-Excel software was utilized for data interpretation. The analysis includes year-wise distribution,
authorship patterns, and identifies prolific authors in the field of experimental biology. A total of 199
articles were included in the study period, along with book reviews and special issues. The journals
reviewed were published bimonthly, monthly, and quarterly.
Analysis of Data
The table -1 illustrates the yearly allocation of publications of the astronomy research. It provides the
year wise output of publications. It found that the most product year in the terms of publications records
is 54 (27.136) with the highest number of publications in the year of 2020. The least number of
publications are found to be of 2016 with 30 (15.075%) publication.

Year Publications Records Percentage

2020 54 27.13
2019 31 15.57
2018 35 17.60
2017 49 24.62

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 A Scientometric Study of Astronomy Literature (2016-2020) of India

2016 29 15.07
Total 198 100%

The table 1 shows the year- wise growth of publication in Astronomy the study period of 2016-2020

S. No Document Types Records Percentage

1 Article 171 86.40
2 Review 16 9.54
3 Editorial Material 06 3.01
4 Early Access 02 1.00
5 Biographical Item 01 0.50
6 Book Review 01 0.50
7 Proceedings Paper 01 0.50
Total 198 100%

Table2 reveals that what is the document type and percentage for that and records based on the material
like article have 172 records and of 86.432 out of 198% and book review and proceedings paper share
the same value as 0.503% at the same time that is the least value.

S.No Authors Records Percentage

1 Pai A 16 8.08
2 Ajith P 15 7.57
3 Gupta A 15 7.57
4 Berry Cpl 14 7.07
5 Clark Ja 14 7.07
6 Coughlin Mw 14 7.07
7 Ghosh A 14 7.07
8 Holz De 14 7.07
9 Husa S 14 7.07
10 Mciver J 14 7.07
11 Sisu S 14 7.07
12 Raymond V 14 7.07
13 Riles K 14 7.07
14 Abbott R 13 6.56
15 Adams C 13 6.56
16 Arai K 13 6.56
17 AreedaJs 13 6.56

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Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

18 Arun Kg 13 6.56
19 Ashton G 13 6.56
20 Aston Sm 13 6.56
21 Barker D 13 6.56
22 Barsotti L 13 6.56
Total 198 100%

Table3 shows highly productive authors based on number of publications, irrespective of disciplines
during period of 2016-2020 appeared in web of science. The author Pai. A is the most productive
author; he has the contributed sixteen records in percentage of 198 he takes over 8.040%.

S. No Research Areas Percentage

1 Astronomy Astrophysics 62.81
2 Physics 22.11
3 Science Technology Other Topics 13.6
4 Computer Science 7.03
5 Engineering 6.53
6 Optics 4.02
7 Instruments Instrumentation 3.51
8 Telecommunications 3.01
9 Mathematics 1.50
10 History Philosophy of Science 1.05
11 Materials Science 1.05
12 Neurosciences Neurology 1.05
13 Chemistry 0.5
14 Geology 0.53
15 Meteorology Atmospheric Sciences 0.50
16 Nuclear Science Technology 0.50
Total 100%

Table 4 depicts that the total research output of the astronomy for the study period 2016-2020, in
different journals. The Journal Astronomy Review Letters published from the India has highest impact
factor (100%), followed by Journal of Astronomy Astrophysics of 62.812%, Physics 22.111,
Mathematics of 1.508%, and last Nuclear science technology 0.503%.
S. No Organizations- Enhanced Percentage
1 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 31.31

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 A Scientometric Study of Astronomy Literature (2016-2020) of India

2 Inter University Centre of Astronomy Astrophysics 20.20

3 Department of Science Technology India 19.19
4 Indian Institute of Technology System 19.19
5 Max Planck Society 17.7
6 National Aeronautics Space Nasa 16.06
7 California Institute of Technology 14.14
8 Centre National De La Recherche CNRS 14.14
9 Indian Institute of Astrophysics 13.31
10 Instituto Nationale Astro FISICAINAF 11.1

Table 5 shows the organizational – TIFR leads with 31.31% of contribution.

S.No Organizations Percentage
1 Tata Inst Fundamental Res 26.76
2 Interuniversity Centre Astron Astrophysics 15.15
3 Caltech 14.14
4 Indian Inst Astrophysics 13.13
5 Indian Inst Technology 13.13
6 Nasa 12.12
7 University Tokyo 11.11
8 Australian National University 10.10
9 Cardiff University 9.59
10 Mit 9.56
Total 100%

Table 6 shows TIFR may contribute 53 (26.768 %) publications, followed by Massachusetts Institute of
Interuniversity centre Astrophysics published 30 (15.152),
Findings
This research paper the productivity on research published by Astronomy based on Web of Science
database during 2016-2020. The Astronomy journal selected for the year 2016 –2020. The total
documents of Astronomy out of 198 documents. The proportion of research and a decline Astronomy in
last five years. And highest contribution is Journal of Advances of Astronomy is published are 198
Research Papers.
➢ Distribution of Research Papers from 2016 to 2020 in this Journal is between the maximum
numbers of research paper 27.136% published in 2020 and minimum number of papers published
15.075% in 2016.
➢ Most country wise contribution of Astronomy found that India made 198(100.00%).
➢ The total reference of single author on Astronomy in highest contribution by Pal 16(8.081%) and
the least by Barsottil 12(6.566%).
➢ The most productive journal on Astronomy is Astrophysics 25(12.563%).

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Assessing the Information Seeking Behavior of Pharmacy College…

➢ Astronomy most productive research area consists highest range had by Astronomy Astrophysics
125(62.814%).
➢ Publication type on Astronomy are the lowest level is 1(0.503) and the highest consists of Article
172(86.432%).
Conclusion
The scientometric study offers insights that extend beyond just journals, authors, and subjects. It
reflects the quality of journals and supports collaborative efforts among faculty within the same or
different countries. The study also highlights various bibliometric measures that can help characterize
journals, showcasing major fields. Scientometrics is a crucial tool for examining scientific research
across all disciplines. However, the study's findings are limited to the Web of Science (WOS) database,
which only includes peer-reviewed journals. Including additional reputable Indian journals would
provide a more comprehensive view of research in astronomy in India. This study can help forecast
trends in Indian research in astronomy and related fields in the near future.
Reference
1. Kanmounye US (2021), Systematic review and Bibliometric Analysis of African Anesthesia and
Critical Care Medicine Research Part II: A Scientometric Analysis of the 116 most Cited Articles:
BMC Anaesthesiology
2. Vijayakumar Bharati (2020), Indian Contribution to Bigdata: A Scientometric Study:
3. Sandeep S Pradhan (2020), Scientometric Analysis of Annuals of Library and Information Studies:
International Journal of Library Science and Research; 9(1).
4. Iranna M Shettar (2020), Coronavirus: A Scientometrics Study on World Research Publications:
International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology; 10(1).
5. Sajana C (2020), Internet of Things in Libraries: A Scientometric Study: International Journal of
Library Science and Research; 10(2). pp. 65.
6. Jiaur Rahaman & others (2020), Scientometric Study of the Research Performance on
Oceanography: The World Perspectives: Library Philosophy and Practice;
7. Grammes N and others (2020), Research Output and International Co-Operation among Countries
during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scientometric Analysis: Journal of Medical Internet Research;
1.pp. 22.
8. Lin Jin (2020), A Scientometric Review of Literature on Traffic Forecasting in Transportation: IET
Intelligent Transport System; 15. pp. 1-16.

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 Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research:
A Scientometric Approach
1
Uma, N. 2Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.) & 3Manikandan, S.
1
Research Scholar, Research DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode &
Librarian, Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women, Chennai.
2
Librarian (SG) & Head, DLIS, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode.
3
Librarian and Information Assistant, Grade-I (SG), Anna Centenary Library, Chennai.
Abstract
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Indian contributions to sports science research
with a scientometric approach, highlighting recent trends, and institutional performances. The findings
of this study reveal that From 1993 to 2022, India's sports science publications grew from a low and
inconsistent start to a peak of 33 papers in 2021. This growth, driven by enhanced funding and
infrastructure, led to a notable rise in research impact, with the Activity Index peaking at 298.05 in
2021. Of the 203 papers published, 144 received citations totaling 2,126, with the highest citation
count in 2009. Key authors include Swaminathan, R. and Sandhu, J.S., while Guru Nanak Dev
University and the Sports Authority of India were the leading institutions. Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and
Delhi were the top contributing states.
Keywords: Sports science, Sports science research, Indian contribution, Scientometric approach.
Introduction
The field of sports science has witnessed significant advancements over the past few decades, driven by
increasing interest in optimizing athletic performance, improving injury prevention, and enhancing
overall health and fitness. In India, the growth and impact of research in sports science are significant,
reflecting both the country's rising academic capabilities and its growing commitment to the field. By
using Scientometric methods, this study is intended to map the trajectory of Indian sports science
publications, to expose the growth patterns, the reputation of various institutions, and the emerging
trends.
Scientometrics
Scientometrics is a field of study that uses quantitative methods to analyze scientific publications and
their impact. According to Van Raan (2006), Scientometrics is a branch of research that focuses on the
analysis of scientific literature and research performance.It encompasses various methods and metrics
to evaluate the impact, quality, and development of scientific research. Scientometrics provides
valuable insights into the dynamics of research output and the influence of scientific work within a
particular field.
Literature Review
Omidreza Arash (2023) performed a scientometric analysis of sports science research using research
papers from the Web of Science between 2012 and 2022. The findings of this study indicate that 2021
received the most publications, while 2012 had the fewest. The network analysis identified 36 nodes

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 295
Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

and 335 links, with major topics including higher education, sports science, performance, and physical
training. Spain and Australia lead in publication density, outperforming Italy, Germany, Turkey, and
China (p<0.01).
Bakkiyaraj and Muthuraj (2021) examined the quality of physical education journals indexed in
various databases, using data from the UGC Approved Journal List. Their study found that Scopus and
WoS index the highest number of physical education journals (49.59% of the total). Among these,
Sports Health has the highest cite score in Scopus (2.38), and the Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers Part P-Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology boasts the highest impact
factor (1.070).
Coimbra (2019) analyzed six Portuguese-language journals on sport and exercise science indexed in
Scopus, covering 3869 documents, 90.8% of which were original articles. The peak publication year
was 2013, with a focus on biodynamics. Most authors were Brazilian (89.86%), and the Brazilian
Journal of Sports Medicine led in both publications (1179) and average annual output (78.6%), with the
highest SJR index (0.331).
Objectives of the Study
➢ To analyze the temporal trends in the number of publications in sports science research by Indian
authors over the study period.
➢ To assess the productivity of Indian sports science research publications.
➢ To evaluate the citation performance.
➢ To examine the distribution of various document types
➢ To identify the most productive Indian authors.
➢ To analyze the frequency and distribution of keywords.
➢ To evaluate the contributions of various Indian institutions and Indian states.
Analysis And Interpretation
Annual Distribution of Publications
Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1 illustrate India's contributions to sports science research, totaling 203
publications during the study period from 1993 to 2022. The data shows low and inconsistent output
from 1993 to 2008, with notable gaps and a peak of 5 publications in 2006. Starting in 2009, there was
a steady increase, reaching a peak of 13 publications in 2016. A significant rise in recent years (2019-
2022) was experienced, with 33 publications in 2021 being the highest. Thus, the data indicates a clear
upward trend in India's sports science research, particularly from 2016 onwards.

Sl. No. Year No. of Publications % of 203

1. 1993 2 0.99
2. 1994 2 0.99
3. 1995 1 0.49

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 Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

Sl. No. Year No. of Publications % of 203

4. 1996 0 0.00
5. 1997 2 0.99
6. 1998 0 0.00
7. 1999 0 0.00
8. 2000 0 0.00
9. 2001 3 1.48
10. 2002 1 0.49
11. 2003 1 0.49
12. 2004 0 0.00
13. 2005 2 0.99
14. 2006 5 2.46
15. 2007 1 0.49
16. 2008 0 0.00
17. 2009 3 1.48
18. 2010 10 4.93
19. 2011 6 2.96
20. 2012 11 5.42
21. 2013 9 4.43
22. 2014 8 3.94
23. 2015 7 3.45
24. 2016 13 6.40
25. 2017 8 3.94
26. 2018 12 5.91
27. 2019 18 8.87
28. 2020 27 13.30
29. 2021 33 16.26
30. 2022 18 8.87
Total 203 100

Activity Index of Indian Publications

Table 5.2 highlights the Activity Index (AI) of India's contributions to sports science research.
According to the table, the highest Activity Index was reported in 2021 at 298.05, followed by 278.67
in 2020 and 198.13 in 2016. The lowest Activity Index was observed in 2007 at 11.23. The overall
Activity Index for the study was 2455.9, with an average Activity Index of 81.86, indicating a
significant growth in impact and reputation throughout the study period.

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Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

Sl. No. Year No. of Publications Activity Index (AI)

1. 1993 2 48.12
2. 1994 2 53.57
3. 1995 1 29.28
4. 1996 0 0.00
5. 1997 2 91.53
6. 1998 0 0.00
7. 1999 0 0.00
8. 2000 0 0.00
9. 2001 3 75.52
10. 2002 1 22.50
11. 2003 1 18.61
12. 2004 0 0.00
13. 2005 2 26.72
14. 2006 5 55.65
15. 2007 1 11.23
16. 2008 0 0.00
17. 2009 3 34.04
18. 2010 10 114.33
19. 2011 6 66.24
20. 2012 11 112.47
21. 2013 9 89.83
22. 2014 8 80.73
23. 2015 7 105.80
24. 2016 13 198.13
25. 2017 8 120.58
26. 2018 12 151.87
27. 2019 18 209.77
28. 2020 27 278.67
29. 2021 33 298.05
30. 2022 18 162.66
Total 203 2455.9

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 Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

Citations of Indian Publications

Table 5.3 presents the annual citations of Indian publications in the sports science field. Among the 203
Indian publications recognized, 144 (70.94%) received citations, whereas 59 (29.06%) did not.
Similarly, a total of 2126 citations were recorded. Among them, 2009 had the highest citation count
with 445 (20.93%) citations, followed by 2019 with 310 (14.58%) citations, and 2006 with 137 (6.44%)
citations. The highest citations per publication (CPP) was in 2009 at 148.33, followed by 2006 at 27.40
and 1997 at 20.00. The average CPP was 10.47. The analysis revealed that the number of publications
and their citations varied over the study period.

No. of No. of Publications No. of % of No. of Publications

Sl. No. Year CPP
Publications Cited Citations 2126 Not Cited
1. 1993 2 2 13 0.61 0 6.50
2. 1994 2 1 7 0.33 1 3.50
3. 1995 1 1 2 0.09 0 2.00
4. 1996 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00
5. 1997 2 2 40 1.88 0 20.00
6. 1998 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00
7. 1999 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00
8. 2000 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00
9. 2001 3 2 5 0.24 1 1.67
10. 2002 1 0 0 0.00 1 0.00
11. 2003 1 1 10 0.47 0 10.00
12. 2004 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00
13. 2005 2 1 30 1.41 1 15.00
14. 2006 5 5 137 6.44 0 27.40
15. 2007 1 0 0 0.00 1 0.00
16. 2008 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00
17. 2009 3 2 445 20.93 1 148.33
18. 2010 10 8 139 6.54 2 13.90
19. 2011 6 5 81 3.81 1 13.50
20. 2012 11 11 123 5.79 0 11.18
21. 2013 9 8 83 3.90 1 9.22
22. 2014 8 6 18 0.85 2 2.25
23. 2015 7 5 77 3.62 2 11.00
24. 2016 13 12 115 5.41 1 8.85
25. 2017 8 7 75 3.53 1 9.38

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Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

No. of No. of Publications No. of % of No. of Publications

Sl. No. Year CPP
Publications Cited Citations 2126 Not Cited
26. 2018 12 9 137 6.44 3 11.42
27. 2019 18 13 310 14.58 5 17.22
28. 2020 27 14 122 5.74 13 4.52
29. 2021 33 23 130 6.11 10 3.94
30. 2022 18 6 27 1.27 12 1.50
Total 203 144 2126 100 59 10.47

Document Type Distribution of Indian Publications

Table 5.4 and Figure 5.2 demonstrate the distribution of Indian output by document type in sports
science research. The study identified eight different document types. Among these, 'Article' was the
most preferred, accounting for 121 publications (59.61%). This was followed by 'Conference Paper'
with 34 publications (16.75%) and 'Review' with 24 publications (11.82%). Thus, 88% of the
publications were in these three document types.

Sl. No. Document Type No. of Publications % of 203

1. Article 121 59.61
2. Book 4 1.97
3. Book Chapter 6 2.96
4. Conference Paper 34 16.75
5. Editorial 8 3.94
6. Erratum 3 1.48
7. Letter 3 1.48
8. Review 24 11.82
Total 203 100

Most Productive Indian Authors

Table 5.5 and Figure 5.3 highlight the leading authors in Indian sports science research. Swaminathan,
R. from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, led with 7 publications (3.45%).
Sandhu, J.S., and Shenoy, S. from the Faculty of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev
University, Punjab, tied for second with 6 publications each (2.96%). Marri, K., also from the Indian
Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, ranked third with 5 publications (2.46%).

Sl.
Prolific Author NP % of 203 State Affiliations Rank
No.
1. Swaminathan, R. 7 3.45 Tamil Nadu Indian Institute of Technology Madras 1
Faculty of Sports Medicine and
2. Sandhu, J.S. 6 2.96 Punjab Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev 2
University

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 Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

Sl.
Prolific Author NP % of 203 State Affiliations Rank
No.
Faculty of Sports Medicine and
3. Shenoy, S. 6 2.96 Punjab Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev 2
University
4. Marri, K. 5 2.46 Tamil Nadu Indian Institute of Technology Madras 3
Department of Physical Education,
5. Chatterjee, P. 3 1.48 West Bengal 4
University of Kalyani
Department of Sports Medicine, Armed
6. Datta, K. 3 1.48 Maharashtra 4
Forces Medical College
Department of Exercise Physiology,
7. Goswami, A. 3 1.48 Gujarat Sports Authority of India, Netaji Subhas 4
Western Centre, Sector - 15
Department of Physiology, P.S. Medical
8. Gupta, S. 3 1.48 Gujarat 4
College
Department of Instrumentation and
9. Karthick, P.A. 3 1.48 Tamil Nadu Control, National Institute of 4
Technology, Tiruchirappalli
10. Vaishya, R. 3 1.48 New Delhi Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals 4

NP – No. of Publications
Frequency of Keywords in Indian Publications
Table 5.6 shows the keyword analysis of 1260 sports science publications. Among these, are Sports
Medicine (7.54%) and Human (7.30%), reflecting key research areas. Other significant terms include
Article (4.52%), Humans (3.25%), and Adult (3.02%). Keywords such as Controlled Study (1.90%)
and Exercise (1.67%) indicate a focus on empirical and practical aspects. Less frequent keywords
include Review (1.35%) and India (1.27%). Overall, the analysis reveals a strong focus on medical and
human subjects in sports science research, with notable attention to controlled studies and practical
applications.

Sl. No. Keyword No. of Publications % of 1260

1. Sports Medicine 95 7.54
2. Human 92 7.30
3. Article 57 4.52
4. Humans 41 3.25
5. Adult 38 3.02
6. Male 35 2.78
7. Controlled Study 24 1.90
8. Exercise 21 1.67
9. Female 21 1.67
10. Sports 21 1.67

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Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

Sl. No. Keyword No. of Publications % of 1260

11. Athlete 20 1.59
12. Human Experiment 20 1.59
13. Sport Injury 18 1.43
14. Review 17 1.35
15. India 16 1.27

Contribution of Indian Institutions

Table 5.7 highlights the performance of Indian institutions based on their contributions to sports
science research. Guru Nanak Dev University in Punjab leads with 13 publications (6.40%) and 120
citations. The Sports Authority of India in New Delhi ranks second with 12 publications (5.91%) and
125 citations. The Indian Institute of Technology Madras in Tamil Nadu follows in third place with 10
publications (4.93%) and 131 citations.

Sl. No. Institution State NP % of 203 Rank

1. Guru Nanak Dev University Punjab 13 6.40 1
2. Sports Authority of India New Delhi 12 5.91 2
3. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Tamil Nadu 10 4.93 3
4. Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals New Delhi 6 2.96 4
Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and
5. Haryana 6 2.96 4
Technology
6. Punjabi University Punjab 5 2.46 5
7. Panjab University Punjab 5 2.46 5
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and
8. Punjab 5 2.46 5
Research, Chandigarh
9. Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Maharashtra 4 1.97 6
10. Army Sports Institute, Pune Maharashtra 3 1.48 7

Contribution of Institutions of Indian States

Figure 5.4 outlines the distribution of sports science publications across Indian states and Union
Territories. Tamil Nadu emerged as the most productive, contributing 37 publications (18.23%). Punjab
followed in second place with 33 publications (16.26%), while Delhi, a Union Territory, ranked third
with 27 publications (13.30%). Together, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Delhi accounted for nearly half of
all publications across the states and Union Territories.
Key Findings
➢ From 1993 to 2022, India published 203 sports science papers, with early output being low and
inconsistent. A steady increase began in 2009, peaking at 13 publications in 2016, and significantly
rose to 33 publications by 2021.

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 Mapping of Indian Contributions to Sports Science Research: A Scientometric Approach

➢ The Activity Index peaked at 298.05 in 2021, with notable highs in 2020 and 2016, and a low in
2007. The overall AI for the period was 2455.9, averaging 81.86, showing a significant increase in
research impact.
➢ The highest citation count was in 2009 (445), with 2019 (310) and 2006 (137) following. The
highest citations per publication (CPP) were in 2009 (148.33), with an average CPP of 10.47.
➢ Leading authors include Swaminathan, R. with 7 publications (3.45%), and Sandhu, J.S. and
Shenoy, S. each with 6 publications (2.96%). Marri, K. has 5 publications (2.46%).
➢ Keyword analysis highlights a focus on 'Sports Medicine' (7.54%), 'Human' (7.30%), 'Article'
(4.52%), and 'Exercise' (1.67%).
➢ Guru Nanak Dev University led with 13 publications (6.40%) and 120 citations, followed by the
Sports Authority of India with 12 publications (5.91%) and 125 citations.
➢ Tamil Nadu was the top state with 37 publications (18.23%), followed by Punjab with 33 (16.26%)
and Delhi with 27 (13.30%), together accounting for nearly half of all publications.
References
1. Van Raan, A. F. J. (2006). “Advanced bibliometric methods for the evaluation of research
performance and research policy.” In H. F. Moed, W. Glänzel, & U. Schmoch (Eds.), Handbook of
quantitative science and technology research: The use of publication and patent statistics in studies
of S&T systems (pp. 321-357). Springer.
2. Vigneshwaran, G., & Kalidasan, R. (2018). “Study of publications output on sports science–a
bibliometric analysis.” Ganesar College of Arts and Science, 256.
3. Coimbra, D. R., Dominski, F. H., Correia, C. K., & Andrade, A. (2019). “Scientific production in
Sports Science Journals: bibliometric analysis.” Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 25, 88-
93.
4. Bakkiyaraj, N., & Muthuraj, A. (2021). “A Scientometric Analysis of UGC Approved Physical
Education Journals.” Knowledge Management in Higher Education Institutions, 225.
5. Arash, O., Hassani, Z., Yousefi, B., & Tahmasebi, W. (2023). “Scientometric analysis of scientific
productions in sports sciences in Web of Science.” Caspian Journal of Scientometrics, 10(2), 53-64

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Priority and Activity Index of Eggs Research Literature Output in India (2017-2021):
A Scientometric Analysis
1
Madhusuthanan, V. and Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, PG & Research DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
2
Research Supervisor, PG & Research DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Abstract
The inspect is a Scientometric analysis of research productivity in priority and activity index of eggs
research literature output in India and a sum total of 1464 publications were obtained from the Web of
Science for five calendar years spanning from 2017 to 2021. This paper presents the analysis and
interpretation of data collected for the identified period.
Keywords: Priority Index, Activity Index, Eggs Research, Scientometric
Introduction
The present study belongs to the second level namely, the general scientific level of methodology and
is concerned with scientometric analysis of Priority and activity index of eggs research literature output
in India in the India context. The study is based on research literature as covered by Web of Science,
between the years 2017 to 2021 in the context of contributions.
About the Egg
The hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird and especially by the common domestic
chicken (Gallus gallus) an animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum together with its nutritive
and protective envelopes and having the capacity to develop into a new individual capable of
independent existence. Over the years, nutritional advice has flip-flopped on eggs, reflecting the current
research at the time. On one hand, eggs have been vilified and linked to heart disease, yet they have
also been touted as an integral part of a balanced diet with some research suggesting that they may
actually be beneficial for heart health. Some nutritionists like to point out that eggs on their own are not
as bad you think, as long as you skip the fatty bacon on the side. Others point to eggs as a fairly healthy
form of protein that can help build muscle and even improve immune function. If you like eggs but
don’t want the cholesterol, use only the egg whites. Egg whites contain no cholesterol but still contain
protein. You can also cholesterol free egg substitutes, which are made with egg white
Objective of the study
• The Activity Index and Priority Index of Articles in Eggs Research Literature output in India
• The Activity Index and Priority Index of Book Chapters in Eggs Research Literature output in India
• The Activity Index and Priority Index of Editorial Materials in Eggs Research Literature output in
India
• The Activity Index and Priority Index of Proceeding Papers in Eggs Research Literature output in
India

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 Priority and Activity Index of Eggs Research Literature Output in India (2017-2021)...

• The Activity Index and Priority Index of Review Articles in Eggs Research Literature output in
India
• To find out type of Documents
Priority Index and Activity Index
Priority Index (PI) has been calculated to properly normalize the size of authors and the size of the
subject field so that cross international comparisons can be done for these “Frontier” areas of research
on Eggs Research Literature output in India.
Priority Index is computed by the following formula:
Nij/Nio
Priority Index = --------- X 100
Noj/Noo
where,
Nij = the number of publications of country i in subfield j
Nio = the number of publications of country i is in all subfields of the major fields
Noj = the number of publications of all countries viz., the total world output in subfield j
Noo = the number of publications in all sub fields of those major fields
This index is identical to AI proposed and subsequently used among others by Schubert and Braun. The
value of PI = 100 indicates that research priority of a country for a given subfield corresponds precisely
to the average of all countries.
PI = 100 indicates average priority,
PI > 100 indicates higher than average priority and
PI < 100 lower than average priority
It should, however, be kept in mind that (by virtue of definition of PI); no author can have high or low
priority in all sub fields. From the values of PI, we can compare
(1) The priorities of a given country to different subfields in a given time span
(2) The priorities of different countries to a given subfield in a given time span
(3) The priority to a given subfield in different time spans.
Table – 1: Distribution of Type Documents

Document Years
Total Percentage
Type 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Article 217 233 271 269 338 1328 90.71
Review Article 14 16 19 30 30 109 7.45
Proceeding 1 0 3 1 14 19 1.30

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Priority and Activity Index of Eggs Research Literature Output in India (2017-2021)...

Paper
Editorial
1 2 1 0 1 5 0.34
Material
Book Chapters 1 0 1 1 0 3 0.20
Total 234 251 295 301 383 1464 100.00

The above table revealed the number of documents such as Articles, Review Article, Book Chapters,
Editorial Material and proceedings papers published for the period of five years from 2017 to 2021.
Among various items published on Eggs Research Literature, Articles stood first with total number of
records 1328 (90.71 percent), followed by review article 109 (7.45 percent), proceedings papers 19
(1.30 percent), editorial material 5 (0.34 percent) and book chapters 3 (0.20 percent). In between the
categories in the year 2021 there are 338 articles published.
Table – 2: Activity Index and Priority Index of Articles in Eggs Research Literature output in
India
R.O./P of
S.No Year COP=A W.O/P WOP=B A/B=AI Value PI Value
Articles
1. 2017 217 16.34 234 15.98 1.02 102
2. 2018 233 17.55 251 17.14 1.02 102
3. 2019 271 20.41 295 20.15 1.01 101
4. 2020 269 20.25 301 20.57 0.98 98
5. 2021 338 25.45 383 26.16 0.97 97
Total 1328 100.00 1464 100.00

The above table indicates the activity index and priority index values the output on eggs research
literature outputs during the years 2017 to 2021. The PI value is measured higher than 100 (PI >100)
enjoys a higher priority at India level, less than 100 (PI <100) is low priority and round value of 100
(PI=100) is of average priority considering the India output. The years 2017 (102), 2018 (102), and
2019 (102) have high priority among the selected periods. The remaining years are having the lowest
priority with PI value being less than 100. So that period’s publication is higher level to calculate the
articles in Eggs Research Literature output.
Table – 3: Activity Index and Priority Index of Review Articles in Eggs Research Literature
output in India
R.O./P of Review A/B=AI
S.No Year COP=A W.O/P WOP=B PI Value
Articles Value
1. 2017 14 12.84 234 15.98 0.80 80
2. 2018 16 14.68 251 17.14 0.86 86
3. 2019 19 17.44 295 20.15 0.87 87
4. 2020 30 27.52 301 20.57 1.34 134
5. 2021 30 27.52 383 26.16 1.05 105
Total 109 100.00 1464 100.00

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 Priority and Activity Index of Eggs Research Literature Output in India (2017-2021)...

The above table indicates the Activity Index and Priority Index values the output on Eggs Research
Literature outputs during the years 2017 to 2021. The PI value is measured higher than 100 (PI >100)
enjoys a higher priority at India level, less than 100 (PI <100) is low priority and round value of 100
(PI=100) is of average priority considering the India output. The years 2020 (134) and 2021 (105) have
high priority among the selected periods. The remaining years are having the lowest priority with PI
value being less than 100. So that period’s publication is higher level to calculate the review articles in
eggs research literature output.
Table – 4: Activity Index and Priority Index of Proceeding Papers in Eggs Research Literature
output in India

R.O./P of COP= A/B=AI

S.No Year W.O/P WOP=B PI Value
Proceeding Papers A Value
1. 2017 1 5.26 234 15.98 0.33 33
2. 2018 0 0.00 251 17.14 0.00 00
3. 2019 3 15.80 295 20.15 0.78 78
4. 2020 1 5.26 301 20.57 0.26 26
5. 2021 14 73.68 383 26.16 2.82 282
Total 19 100.00 1464 100.00

The above table indicates the Activity Index and Priority Index values the output on Eggs Research
Literature outputs during the years 2017 to 2021. The PI value is measured higher than 100 (PI >100)
enjoys a higher priority at India level, less than 100 (PI <100) is low priority and round value of 100
(PI=100) is of average priority considering the India output. The years 2021 (282) have high priority
among the selected periods. The remaining years are having the lowest priority with PI value being less
than 100. So that period’s publication is higher level to calculate the Proceeding Papers in eggs
research literature output.
Table – 5: Activity Index and Priority Index of Editorial Materials in Eggs Research Literature
output in India
R.O./P of Editorial A/B=AI
S.No Year COP=A W.O/P WOP=B PI Value
Materials Value
1. 2017 1 20.00 234 15.98 1.25 125
2. 2018 2 40.00 251 17.14 2.33 233
3. 2019 1 20.00 295 20.15 0.99 99
4. 2020 0 0.00 301 20.57 0.00 00
5. 2021 1 20.00 383 26.16 0.76 76
Total 5 100.00 1464 100.00

The above table indicates the Activity Index and Priority Index values the output on Eggs Research
Literature outputs during the years 2017 to 2021. The PI value is measured higher than 100 (PI >100)
enjoys a higher priority at India level, less than 100 (PI <100) is low priority and round value of 100
(PI=100) is of average priority considering the India output. The years 2017 (125) and 2018 (233) have
high priority among the selected periods. The remaining years are having the lowest priority with PI

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Priority and Activity Index of Eggs Research Literature Output in India (2017-2021)...

value being less than 100. So that period’s publication is higher level to calculate the Editorial
Materials in eggs research literature output.
Table – 6: Activity Index and Priority Index of Book Chapters in Eggs Research Literature
output in India

R.O./P of Book A/B=AI

S.No Year COP=A W.O/P WOP=B PI Value
Chapters Value
1. 2017 1 33.33 234 15.98 2.09 209
2. 2018 0 0.00 251 17.14 0.00 00
3. 2019 1 33.33 295 20.15 1.65 165
4. 2020 1 33.33 301 20.57 1.62 162
5. 2021 0 0.00 383 26.16 0.00 00
Total 3 99.99 1464 100.00

The above table indicates the activity index and priority index values the output on Eggs Research
Literature outputs during the years 2017 to 2021. The PI value is measured higher than 100 (PI >100)
enjoys a higher priority at India level, less than 100 (PI <100) is low priority and round value of 100
(PI=100) is of average priority considering the India output. The years 2017 (209), 2019 (165) and
2020 (162) have high priority among the selected periods. The remaining years are having the lowest
priority with PI value being less than 100. So that period’s publication is higher level to calculate the
Book Chapters in eggs research literature output.
Conclusion
The detailed history on eggs research literature development has been given, the research productivity
in an activity index and priority index values on eggs research literature outputs during the years 2017
to 2021, the total publication count is found to be 1464 and in the year 2021 the publication reached the
highest with 383 records. This shows a manifold rise in the number of publications from the beginning
year. Measuring the levels of research and development in the field of eggs research literature will be
an excellent source of reference for planning of new policies. The findings of this study would help the
researchers, policy makers and other stakeholders to have a detailed account on the eggs research
literature publications and also help form rational strategies to increase the number of publications.
Reference
1. Balasubramani, R and Murugan, C. (2011). Mapping of Tapioca (Sago) Research in India: A
Scientometric Analysis. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-14. Retrieved from
http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/balasubramani-murugan.htm
2. Courtial, J.P and Callon, M (1984). Is Indexing Trustworthy? Classification of Articles through
Co-word Analysis. Journal of Information Science, 9, pp.47-56.
3. Davarpanah, M and Aslekia, S (2008). A scientometric analysis of international LIS journals:
Productivity and characteristics. Scientometrics, 77(1), pp. 21-39.

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4. Glanzel, W. (2001). National Characteristics in International Scientific Co-authorship Relations.

Scientometrics, 51, pp.69-115.
5. Hirsch, J.E. (2005). On Index to Quantify an Individual’s Scientific Research Output. Proc.
National Academy of Science of United States of America, 102 (46), pp.16569 – 16572.
6. Kanagavel, P, Gomathinayagam, S, Ramasamy.R.U and Srinivasaragavan, S (2013). Scientometric
Analysis of Wind Power Research in India: A Case Study. Global Research Analysis, 2(6), pp.109-
111.
7. Kanagavel, P, Gomathinayagam, S, Srinivasaragavan, S and Ramasamy.R.U (2013). A
Scientometric Assessment of Wind Energy Research Productivity: A Scientometric Study.
International Journal of Scientific Research, 2(5), pp.333-336.
8. Ming-Yueh Tsay and Yi-Jen Lin (2009). Scientometric analysis of transport phenomenon
literature, 1900-2007. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 14(3), pp.35-58.
9. Ramasamy, R. U and Srinivasaragavan, S. (2011). Scientometric Analysis of Robotics Research in
India: A Case Study, Ph.D, Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University. Madurai.
10. Ramasamy, R. U., Sivasekaran, K and Navasakthi, C. (2013). Scientometric Analysis of Thorium
Research in India: A case study. Global Research Analysis, 2(4), 165-167.
11. Ravichandra Rao, I.K. (1998). Informatics and Scientometrics. Bangalore: Documentation
Research and Training Centre.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 309
 Elevating Perceptions of Library Information Sources and Services in Engineering
Colleges: A Comprehensive Study on User Needs and Service Improvements
1
Preety Pandey, and 2Shesh Mishra, (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan
2
Assistant Librarian, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan
Abstract
This study explores the perception and preference of library services and resources among users at
Engineering Colleges in the National Capital Region (NCR), with a focus on enhancing user
experience through innovative technologies. A sample of 142 individuals comprising 95
Undergraduates, 30 Postgraduates, and 17 Faculties was surveyed. The Chi-square test revealed
significant differences in library visit frequencies among the user categories, with a p-value of <0.05,
indicating a notable variation in library usage patterns. T-tests further showed significant differences
in satisfaction levels between Undergraduates and Postgraduates (p < 0.01), while regression analysis
identified that daily library visits were significantly predicted by user category and frequency of use,
accounting for 40% of the variance in satisfaction scores (R² = 0.40). The findings highlight that 66.9%
of Undergraduates are the most frequent library users, with 17.6% visiting daily and 24.6%
occasionally. Postgraduates account for 21.1% of users, with 14.1% visiting daily. Faculties, making
up 12.0% of the sample, visit less frequently. This study underscores the need for integrating advanced
technologies to cater to diverse user needs and improve overall library service efficiency and user
satisfaction.
Keywords: Library Services, User Experience, Innovative Technologies, Library Resources, Academic
Libraries
Introduction
In today’s fast-paced academic environment, the integration of technology into library services is not
just an enhancement, it’s a necessity. With the ever-growing demands on students and faculty to access
information quickly and efficiently, technology plays a crucial role in revolutionizing how library
services are delivered. Digital resources, online databases, and advanced search tools allow users to
find and retrieve the information they need almost instantaneously, saving valuable time that can be
better spent on study and research.
About the university
J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, recognizes the importance of
integrating technology into its library services. Established in 2009, the university has quickly become
a leading institution for engineering and technology education in the NCR region. Central to its mission
of academic excellence is the university’s library, which serves as a vital resource for both students and
faculty. The library at J.C. Bose University is equipped with a comprehensive collection of print and
digital resources, including books, scholarly journals, e-resources, and access to various online
databases. By leveraging innovative technologies, the library ensures that users can efficiently access

310 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Elevating Perceptions of Library Information Sources and Services…

the information they need, whether they are on campus or working remotely. This focus on
technological integration not only saves time but also enhances the overall learning experience, making
the library an indispensable part of the university’s academic ecosystem.
Objectives of the study
This study will explore how students and faculty at J.C. Bose University perceive and prefer these
technologically advanced library services. It will also examine the ways in which these innovations are
transforming the user experience, providing insights that could guide future improvements in library
service delivery.
➢ To evaluate user satisfaction with library services and resources among undergraduate students,
postgraduate students, and faculty at college.
➢ To analyze user preferences for various library resources and services, including circulation, digital
reference, and remote access, and to determine how these preferences vary across different user
groups.
➢ To assess the effectiveness of current information sources and technologies in meeting the needs of
engineering college users, and to explore their impact on the overall user experience.
➢ To develop targeted recommendations for enhancing library services and resources based on user
feedback and data analysis, with the goal of improving satisfaction and optimizing service delivery.
➢ To increase awareness and utilization of library resources through effective communication
strategies and tailored programs for different user categories.
Significance of the study
The study is significant as it aims to enhance the user experience by tailoring library services to the
specific needs and preferences of students and faculty at J.C. Bose University of Science and
Technology, YMCA, Faridabad. By evaluating the effectiveness of current technological integrations
and identifying challenges users face, the study will provide actionable insights for optimizing resource
management and improving accessibility. This, in turn, supports the university’s goal of academic
excellence, contributing valuable data to the field of library and information science and guiding future
developments in academic library services.
Literature Review
Kumar, S., & Rajesh, M. (2023) investigated the growing adoption of AI-based services in Indian
academic libraries and their impact on user satisfaction and service efficiency. Patil, S. K., &
Parameshwar, S. (2022) highlighted the opportunities and challenges faced by Indian academic
libraries during their digital transformation journey, focusing on user engagement. Kumbar, M., &
Singh, R. (2023) examined the role of academic libraries in supporting remote learning, especially in
engineering colleges, and how libraries are adapting to new user needs.Chakraborty, H., & Sharma,
R. (2023) discussed how Indian universities are implementing user-centric digital services in libraries
to enhance accessibility and user experience. Bhattacharya, P., & Dutta, S. (2022) explored the
impact of mobile technologies on library services, with a particular focus on how these technologies are
improving access to resources. Sharma, P., & Jindal, M. (2022) investigates how libraries in Indian

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 311
Elevating Perceptions of Library Information Sources and Services…

engineering colleges are adapting to the digital era, focusing on the challenges and successes of this
transition.Kaur, H., & Singh, B. (2023).User Engagement with Digital Libraries in Indian Higher
Education Institutions: A Comparative Analysis. This study provides a comparative analysis of user
engagement with digital libraries across various Indian higher education institutions, identifying key
factors that influence user satisfaction.
Methodology of the study
This study employs a quantitative research design using a survey method to collect data on library
services and user preferences. A sample size of 142 participants was selected using simple random
sampling to ensure a representative distribution of responses. The survey was designed to gather
information on users' perceptions and preferences regarding library services and resources. Data
collection was carried out through structured questionnaires, which were distributed electronically and
in print to accommodate different respondent preferences. The collected data has been analyzed using
statistical techniques to identify trends, patterns, and correlations relevant to enhancing library services.
Data analysis and interpretation
Data analysis and interpretation involve summarizing and examining survey results to uncover key
trends and insights. Descriptive statistics, such as means and standard deviations, provide a summary of
the data, while frequency distribution helps visualize how responses are distributed. Cross-tabulation
explores relationships between variables like gender and discipline, revealing patterns in service
preferences. Comparative and trend analyses identify significant differences and evolving needs among
user groups. Advanced techniques like correlation and regression may further clarify relationships
between variables. Overall, this analysis aims to offer actionable insights for enhancing library services
based on user feedback.
Table1 Illustrating the distribution of 142 samples across genders and disciplines
Discipline Male n=82 Female n=60 Total n=142
Computer Science and Applications 20 (14.1%) 15 (10.6%) 35 (24.6%)
Electrical and Electronics Engineering 22 (15.5%) 18 (12.7%) 40 (28.2%)
Mechanical Engineering 18 (12.7%) 12 (8.5%) 30 (21.1%)
Applied Science 12 (8.5%) 8 (5.6%) 20 (14.1%)
Management and Business Studies 10 (7.0%) 7 (4.9%) 17 (12.0%)
Total 82 (57.7%) 60 (42.3%) 142 (100%)

The above data table 1 reveals that the largest proportion of survey respondents are from Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, with 40 individuals (28.2%), predominantly male (15.5%) compared to female
(12.7%). Computer Science and Applications follows with 35 respondents (24.6%), showing a more
balanced gender distribution but still slightly favoring males. Mechanical Engineering, with 30
respondents (21.1%), has a notable male predominance (12.7%) over females (8.5%). Applied Science
and Management and Business Studies have smaller sample sizes, with 20 (14.1%) and 17 respondents
(12.0%), respectively, showing relatively balanced gender distributions but lower overall
representation. In summary, the total sample comprises 82 males (57.7%) and 60 females (42.3%),

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 Elevating Perceptions of Library Information Sources and Services…

indicating a higher male representation across the disciplines, with engineering fields being more
prominently represented.
Table 2 Demographic distribution among Undergraduates, Postgraduates, and Faculties
User Category Male Female Total
Undergraduates (UG) 56 (39.4%) 39 (27.5%) 95 (66.9%)
Postgraduates (PG) 20 (14.1%) 15 (10.6%) 35 (24.6%)
Faculties 6 (4.2%) 6 (4.2%) 12 (8.5%)
Grand Total 82 (57.7%) 60 (42.3%) 142 (100%)

The table 2 reveals the distribution of library users across Undergraduates (UG), Postgraduates (PG),
and Faculties within a sample of 142 individuals, comprising 82 males and 60 females. Undergraduates
form the largest group, accounting for 66.9% of the total sample, with a notable male predominance
(39.4%) compared to females (27.5%). Postgraduates represent 24.6% of the sample, with males
(14.1%) slightly outnumbering females (10.6%). Faculties constitute the smallest category at 8.5%,
with an equal distribution of males and females (4.2% each). This distribution indicates that
undergraduates are the most frequent library users, followed by postgraduates, while faculties make up
a smaller portion of the library's user base.
Table 3 Frequency of library visits for different user categories
Frequency of Undergraduates Postgraduates Faculties Total
Library Visit (n=95) (n=30) (n=17)
Daily 25 (17.6%) 5 (3.5%) 2 (1.4%) 32 (22.5%)
Occasionally 35 (24.6%) 6 (4.2%) 2 (1.4%) 43 (30.3%)
Once a Week 20 (14.1%) 5 (3.5%) 2 (1.4%) 27 (19.0%)
Twice a Week 10 (7.0%) 8 (5.6%) 2 (1.4%) 20 (14.1%)
Twice a Month 5 (3.5%) 6 (4.2%) 9 (6.3%) 20 (14.1%)
Total 95 (66.9%) 30 (21.1%) 17 (12.0%) 142 (100%)

The above data table 3 presents the distribution of library visit frequencies across different user
categories: Undergraduates (UG), Postgraduates (PG), and Faculties, with a total sample size of
142.Undergraduates are the most frequent library users, with the majority visiting occasionally (24.6%)
or daily (17.6%). They have a high rate of daily visits, reflecting their substantial engagement with
library resources. Postgraduates visit the library less frequently, with a significant number visiting
occasionally (4.2%) and daily (3.5%). Faculties are the least frequent visitors, with the majority visiting
occasionally (1.4%) or not as frequently. Overall, the data indicates that undergraduates are the primary
users of library services, with a notable presence in daily and occasional visits, while postgraduates and
faculties visit the library less often.
Table 4 Awareness of library services among UG and PG Students and Faculties
Library Services UG Users (n=95) PG Users (n=30) Faculty (n=17) Total (n=142)
Circulation Service 80 (84%) 25 (83%) 14 (82%) 119 (84%)

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Reference Service 75 (79%) 24 (80%) 13 (76%) 112 (79%)

Indexing and Abstracting 60 (63%) 20 (67%) 12 (71%) 92 (65%)
Service
OPAC (Online Catalogue) 85 (89%) 28 (93%) 15 (88%) 128 (90%)
Digital Reference Service 70 (74%) 22 (73%) 13 (76%) 105 (74%)
Library Website 90 (95%) 29 (97%) 16 (94%) 135 (95%)
Information Service 65 (68%) 21 (70%) 12 (71%) 98 (69%)
Digital Section 77 (81%) 26 (87%) 15 (88%) 118 (83%)
Internet/Wifi 90 (95%) 29 (97%) 16 (94%) 135 (95%)
Remote Access of Services 55 (58%) 19 (63%) 10 (59%) 84 (59%)

The table reveals awareness levels of various library services among 142 users, including
Undergraduates (UG), Postgraduates (PG), and Faculty. Circulation Service is recognized by 84% of
users, with UG users at 84%, PG users at 83%, and Faculty at 82%. Reference Service is known by
79% of users, with UG at 79%, PG at 80%, and Faculty at 76%.
The OPAC (Online Catalogue) is highly recognized by 90% of users, with PG users at 93%, UG at
84%, and Faculty at 88%. The Library Website has almost universal awareness at 95%, with PG users
at 97%, UG at 95%, and Faculty at 94%. Digital Reference Service is known by 74% of users, with
Faculty at 76%, UG at 74%, and PG at 73%. Information Service is familiar to 69% of users, with UG
at 68%, PG at 70%, and Faculty at 71%. The Digital Section is recognized by 83% of users, with PG
users at 87%, Faculty at 88%, and UG at 81%. Internet/Wifi services are known by 95% of users, with
PG at 97%, UG at 94%, and Faculty at 95%. Remote Access of Services has the lowest awareness at
59%, with PG users at 63%, UG at 58%, and Faculty at 59%. These findings highlight that while
services like the Library Website, OPAC, and Internet/Wifi are almost universally known, others like
Indexing and Abstracting and Remote Access are less familiar, particularly among undergraduates,
suggesting a need for targeted awareness campaigns.
Table 5 Usage of Library Resources under the user categories
Library Resources UG Users PG Users Faculty Total Usage
(n=95) (n=30) (n=17) (n=142)
OPAC 85 (89%) 28 (93%) 15 (88%) 128 (90%)
E-books 70 (74%) 24 (80%) 13 (76%) 107 (75%)
E-journals 75 (79%) 25 (83%) 14 (82%) 114 (80%)
Institutional Repository 60 (63%) 20 (67%) 12 (71%) 92 (65%)
Library Website 90 (95%) 29 (97%) 16 (94%) 135 (95%)
Digital Reference Service 70 (74%) 22 (73%) 13 (76%) 105 (74%)
Remote Access Services 55 (58%) 19 (63%) 10 (59%) 84 (59%)
Internet/WiFi 90 (95%) 29 (97%) 16 (94%) 135 (95%)
Multimedia Resources 60 (63%) 18 (60%) 7 (41%) 85 (60%)
Learning Management System 65 (68%) 21 (70%) 13 (76%) 99 (70%)
Digital Archives 50 (53%) 17 (57%) 11 (65%) 78 (55%)

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 Elevating Perceptions of Library Information Sources and Services…

Library Mobile App 45 (47%) 17 (57%) 9 (53%) 71 (50%)

Electronic Databases 80 (84%) 26 (87%) 15 (88%) 121 (85%)

The above data table 5 illustrates the usage of various technological resources in the library among UG,
PG, and Faculty users. Overall, resources like the Library Website and Internet/WiFi are most
frequently used, with 95% of users accessing these services. OPAC, Electronic Databases, and E-
journals also have high usage rates, around 80-90%, indicating their critical role in research and
resource discovery. E-books and Digital Reference Services are moderately used, with 75% and 74% of
users engaging with them, respectively. However, Remote Access Services and Multimedia Resources
show lower engagement, particularly among UG users. The Library Mobile App and Digital Archives
have the lowest usage rates, suggesting areas for increased promotion and user education.
Table 6 Usage of library services by the Respondents
Category UG Users PG Users Faculty Total
(n=95) (n=30) (n=17) (n=142)
Library Services - - - -
Circulation Service 70 (74%) 24 (80%) 14 (82%) 108 (76%)
Reference Service 65 (68%) 22 (73%) 12 (71%) 99 (70%)
Digital Reference Service 60 (63%) 20 (67%) 12 (71%) 92 (65%)
Information Service 55 (58%) 19 (63%) 11 (65%) 85 (60%)
Digital Section 70 (74%) 22 (73%) 14 (82%) 106 (75%)
Remote Access of Services 45 (47%) 15 (50%) 8 (47%) 68 (48%)
Library Resources - - - -
OPAC (Online Catalogue) 85 (89%) 28 (93%) 15 (88%) 128 (90%)
Library Website 85 (89%) 27 (90%) 16 (94%) 128 (90%)
Indexing and Abstracting Service 50 (53%) 18 (60%) 10 (59%) 78 (55%)
Internet/WiFi 80 (84%) 28 (93%) 15 (88%) 123 (87%)

The above table reveals varying satisfaction levels across library services and resources. For Library
Services, users express high satisfaction with the Circulation Service, Digital Section, and Digital
Reference Service, with ratings around 75%. In contrast, Remote Access of Services has the lowest
satisfaction at 48%, indicating a need for improvement. For Library Resources, the OPAC and Library
Website are highly satisfactory, with 90% satisfaction across all user groups. Internet/WiFi also
receives strong satisfaction at 87%, while Indexing and Abstracting Service shows lower satisfaction at
55%, suggesting room for enhancement.
Table 7 Accessibility to library services across different locations:
Access Location UG Users (n=95) PG Users (n=30) Faculty (n=17) Total (n=142)
Central Library 85 (89%) 27 (90%) 15 (88%) 127 (89%)
Departmental 50 (53%) 22 (73%) 12 (71%) 84 (59%)
Library
Remote Access 55 (58%) 19 (63%) 10 (59%) 84 (59%)
Home 40 (42%) 15 (50%) 9 (53%) 64 (45%)

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The above data table 7 shows that the Central Library is the most popular access point, utilized by 89%
of users, underscoring its importance as the primary resource hub. The Departmental Library and
Remote Access both have significant usage, with 59% of users accessing each, indicating their value
but with lower engagement compared to the Central Library. Home access is the least common, used by
45% of users, suggesting that while it is an option, it is less preferred compared to visiting the central
library or using departmental and remote services.
Table 8 Awareness of library resources through different methods:
Awareness Method UG Users PG Users Faculty Total
(n=95) (n=30) (n=17) (n=142)
Orientation Sessions 80 (84%) 25 (83%) 14 (82%) 119 (84%)
Workshops and Training 70 (74%) 23 (77%) 13 (76%) 106 (75%)
Social Media Platforms 60 (63%) 20 (67%) 10 (59%) 90 (63%)
Collaboration with Faculty 55 (58%) 22 (73%) 12 (71%) 89 (63%)
Information Literacy Programs 65 (68%) 24 (80%) 13 (76%) 102 (72%)
Collaborative Events 50 (53%) 18 (60%) 11 (65%) 79 (56%)

The table indicates that Orientation Sessions are the most effective in raising awareness of library
resources, with 84% of users overall acknowledging their impact. Workshops and Training also play a
significant role, particularly among PG users, with a 75% awareness rate. Information Literacy
Programs and Collaboration with Faculty are similarly effective, with awareness levels at 72% and
63% respectively. Social Media Platforms and Collaborative Events are less effective, with 63% and
56% awareness, suggesting potential areas for increased focus and improvement.
Table 9 Statistical Test Results for Library Services and Resources
Library Service/Resource Chi-Square DF p-Value (Chi- t-Test Significance
Test Square) Level
Circulation Service 5.42 2 0.020 2.34 **
Digital Reference Service 4.68 2 0.031 2.10 **
OPAC (Online Catalogue) 3.95 2 0.047 1.98 *
Internet/WiFi 6.23 2 0.012 2.57 ***
Remote Access of Services 7.10 2 0.008 2.80 ***
Library Website 3.60 2 0.058 1.90 *
Indexing and Abstracting Service 5.89 2 0.015 2.43 **

*** = Highly significant (p < 0.01)** = Moderately significant (p < 0.05) *= Marginally significant
(p < 0.10). The table above data presents the results of statistical tests for various library services and
resources.
For the Circulation Service and Digital Reference Service, both Chi-Square and t-test results indicate
moderate significance (p-values of 0.020 and 0.031, respectively), suggesting that differences in usage
or satisfaction among user groups are meaningful. OPAC (Online Catalogue) and Library Website
show marginal significance (p-values of 0.047 and 0.058), implying weaker but still notable

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differences. Internet/WiFi and Remote Access of Services exhibit high significance (p-values of 0.012
and 0.008), indicating strong differences in how various user groups interact with these resources.
Overall, the findings highlight varying degrees of significance in user interaction with different library
services, emphasizing areas for potential improvement or targeted attention.
Table 10 Performing Regression Analysis
Independent Variable Coefficient Standard t-Value p-Value Significance
(β) Error
Intercept 0.50 0.10 5.00 0.000 Significant
User Category (UG, PG, Faculty) 0.20 0.08 2.50 0.015 Significant
Circulation Service 0.30 0.07 4.29 0.001 Significant
Digital Section 0.25 0.06 4.17 0.002 Significant
Remote Access 0.10 0.09 1.11 0.280 Not Significant
Workshops and Training 0.15 0.08 1.88 0.065 Significant

The regression analysis results indicate that the Intercept (β = 0.50) is highly significant (p < 0.001),
establishing a strong baseline effect. User Category (β = 0.20) is also significant (p = 0.015), suggesting
that differences among user groups (UG, PG, Faculty) affect the outcome meaningfully. Circulation
Service (β = 0.30) and Digital Section (β = 0.25) show high significance (p < 0.01), indicating they
strongly influence the dependent variable. However, Remote Access (β = 0.10) is not significant (p =
0.280), meaning it does not have a meaningful impact. Workshops and Training (β = 0.15) is
marginally significant (p = 0.065), suggesting a weaker but noteworthy effect. Overall, the analysis
highlights that user category, circulation service, and digital section are key factors affecting the
outcome, while remote access has little impact and workshops, and training have a modest effect.
Suggestions and implication of the study: Based on the study’s findings, here are specific suggestions
and recommendations for enhancing library services and resources:
➢ Invest in modern circulation management systems to streamline check-out and return processes.
Consider implementing self-checkout kiosks and extending library hours to accommodate more
users.
➢ Increase the library’s digital collection by subscribing to more e-books, journals, and databases.
Ensure that the digital interface is user-friendly and provides seamless access to resources.
➢ Develop and offer tailored services for UG, PG, and faculty members. For instance, provide
targeted research support and advanced databases for PG students and faculty, orientation sessions
and study aids for UG students.
➢ Enhance remote access by upgrading the technology infrastructure. Ensure that users have reliable
access to resources from off-campus and provide clear instructions and support for remote use.
➢ Increase the frequency and diversity of workshops and training programs.
➢ Offer sessions on advanced research techniques, effective use of digital resources, and academic
writing skills. Promote these programs through multiple channels.

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➢ Develop a comprehensive communication strategy to raise awareness about available library

services and resources. Use social media, email newsletters, and campus events to inform users and
keep them updated.
➢ Implement regular surveys and feedback mechanisms to gather user opinions on library services.
Use this feedback to make continuous improvements and address any identified issues.
Recommendations
➢ Given the high significance of Circulation Services (β = 0.30) and the Digital Section (β = 0.25),
prioritize improvements in these areas. Allocate resources to enhance the efficiency and
accessibility of both physical and digital resources.
➢ Recognize and address the different needs of UG, PG, and faculty users (β = 0.20). Develop
customized support and resources for each group to improve their overall library experience.
➢ While Remote Access (β = 0.10) was not found to be significant, ensure that it remains functional
and user-friendly. Regularly review and update remote access systems to address any potential
issues.
➢ Given the marginal significance of Workshops and Training (β = 0.15), expand these offerings to
cover a broader range of topics. Increase awareness and encourage participation through effective
marketing.
➢ By implementing these suggestions and recommendations, the library can enhance its services,
better meet user needs, and improve overall user satisfaction.
Conclusion
The study of library services and resources has highlighted several key areas for improvement and
development. The findings reveal that Circulation Services, and the Digital Section significantly impact
user satisfaction, underscoring the need for enhancements in these areas. Tailoring services to different
user groups undergraduate, postgraduate, and faculty—will address their specific needs more
effectively. Although Remote Access did not show significant impact, maintaining and improving this
service remains important. Workshops and training programs, while marginally significant, should be
expanded to better support user needs. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of targeted
improvements and effective communication to enhance library services and ensure a more satisfying
user experience.
References
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3. Chakraborty, H., & Sharma, R. (2023). User-Centric Digital Services in Indian Universities: A
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6. Foo, S., & Ng, M. (2023). Digital Libraries in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Study of User Adaptation
in Asia. Journal of Digital Libraries, 24(2), 150-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-023-00314-x
7. Kaur, H., & Singh, B. (2023). User Engagement with Digital Libraries in Indian Higher Education
Institutions: A Comparative Analysis. Indian Journal of Library and Information Science, 16(2),
89-105. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4911.2023.00010.2
8. Kumar, S., & Rajesh, M. (2023). Adoption of AI-Based Services in Indian Academic Libraries: A
User Perspective. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 49(1), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2022.102356
9. Kumbar, M., & Singh, R. (2023). Evolving Role of Academic Libraries in Supporting Remote
Learning in India. Education for Information, 39(2), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-220354
10. Meena, M., & Singh, A. (2022). Transforming Academic Libraries in India Through Technological
Innovations. International Journal of Library Science, 40(1), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11073-
021-09427-5
11. Patil, S. K., & Parameshwar, S. (2022). Digital Transformation in Indian Academic Libraries:
Opportunities and Challenges. Library Management, 43(6), 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-
01-2022-0043
12. Rath, P. (2023). Leveraging Big Data in Indian Academic Libraries: Trends and Implications.
Library Resources & Technical Services, 67(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.67n1.24
13. Saini, O., & Verma, S. (2023). User Perception of Cloud-Based Services in Indian Academic
Libraries. Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology, 13(4), 42-55.
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14. Sharma, P., & Jindal, M. (2022). Libraries in Indian Engineering Colleges: Adapting to the
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https://doi.org/10.1177/09722506221117456

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 319
 Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal:
A Scientometric Analysis
1
Jagadesh Kalerao, 2Srinivasa Rao, V. and 3 Madhavi, Ch. (Dr.)
1&2
Research Scholar, Dravidian University, Kuppam, A.P - 517426.
3
Assistant Librarian / Assistant Professor, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology
Nambur, Guntur, A.P - 522508
Abstract
The study examined the collaborative measures and authorship pattern of Global Journal of Business
Intelligence and Management Insight and Transformations (GJBIMT) journal during 2019 to 2023. A
total of 69 publications appeared in GJBIMT journal during the study period. The aim of the study to
illustrates various significant aspects of collaborative measures like collaborative index, degree of
collaboration, collaborative coefficient, modified collaborative coefficient and authorship pattern.
Relative growth rate and doubling time also analyzed to find the growth of publications. in this study
found that the highest number of article i.e. 17 (24.637%) were published in the year 2021 & lowest
10(14.492%) in the year 2020. the highest numbers of author productivity i.e. 35 (25.00%) were in the
year 201 & lowest 20 (14.285%) in the year 2020. out of 140 contribution 10 (7.142%) contributors
contributed as a single author. out of 69 articles 10 (7.142%) single and 130 (92.857%) Multi authored
articles. The degree of the author collaboration is 0.9248. It also concluded that relative growth rate
decreased where doubling time increased during the study period. There is a strong positive
correlation found between the publications and authors and between single author and multiple
authors in GJBIMT.
Keywords: Authorship Pattern, Scientometric Analysis, Productivity, Collaborative Measures.
Introduction
The concept of collaborative measures and authorship pattern is an important factor in scientometric
analysis. Generally collaborative measures and authorship pattern of research articles or document are
most important to the researchers and scientists of the country. In order to find out the author
productivity collaborative measures such as collaborative index, degree of collaboration, collaborative
coefficient and modified collaborative coefficient are essential for the research activities. It shows the
trend of the particular subject, topics, journal publications etc. The present study deals with
scientometric analysis of GJBIMT journal during the study period of 2019 to 2023. Aim of the study to
find out the collaborative measures, authorship pattern, relative growth rate and doubling time of the
journal.
Scientometrics
Scientometric analyses the quantitative aspects of the production, dissemination and use of scientific
information with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the mechanism of scientific research as
a social activity.

320 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal: A Scientometric…

Global Journal of Business Intelligence and Management Insight & Transformations (GJBIMT)
Global Journal of Business Intelligence and Management Insight & Transformations provides a premier
interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to publish the most recent
innovations, trends and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted to
meet the cutting-edge developments in the field of Business Intelligence and Management. The mission
of Global Journal of Business Intelligence and Management Insight & Transformations is to promote
the worldwide studies and explore a wide range of Business Intelligence and Management principles
and practices to reflect diverse heritage history and technology for the interest of mankind in the
prevailing innovative environment.
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the present study are:
• To Study the Year wise Distribution of Articles
• To know Author Productivity
• To Study Authorship Pattern of single and joint contributions
• To measure the collaboration index, collaboration coefficient and modified collaboration
coefficient.
• To know the Year wise single and multi Authored Articles
• To Study Degree of Collaboration
Methodology
The purpose of the present study, GJBIMT Journal has been selected as the Print Journal. In the
present Research study 10issues of the 5 volumes. i.e Vol. 3-7 (2019-2023) of this journal have been
selected. A total 69 articles published in GJBIMT Journal between the years 2019-2023. In order to
collect the data all the articles information (Article name, Number of Authors, Corresponding Authors
etc.) were collected from the proposed journal then the data were examined and analyzed with the help
of MS-Excel software. With the aid of the appropriate equations, the data was collected and scanned to
examine various aspects relating to the collaboration index, coefficient of collaboration, modified
coefficient of collaboration, degree of collaboration and relative growth rate and doubling time of
GJBIMT Journals.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Table 1 Year wise Distribution of Article

S.No Year No. of Articles Percentage %

1 2019 15 21.73%
2 2020 10 14.50%
3 2021 17 24.63%
4 2022 14 20.29%

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 321
Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal: A Scientometric…

5 2023 13 18.85%
Total 69 100%

Table -1 Analysis the year wise distribution of article. Shows that highest number of article i.e. 17
(24.63%) were published in the year 2021. The lowest number of 10 (14.50 %) was published in the
year 2020.
Table 2 Author Productivity
S.No Year No. of Articles No. of Authors Percentage %
1 2019 15 30 21.428%
2 2020 10 20 14.285%
3 2021 17 35 25.00%
4 2022 14 29 20.714
5 2023 13 26 18.571
Total 69 140 100%

Table -2 displays the data regarding to author productivity. Which shows that the highest numbers of
author productivity i.e. 35( 25.00 %) were in the year 2019. The lowest numbers of author productivity
20 (14.285 %) in 2022.
Table 3 Volume Wise Authorship Pattern
Single Two Three Four Five
Year Volume Author Authors Authors Authors Authors Total %
2019 3 7 8 6 4 5 30 21.428%
2020 4 0 20 0 0 0 20 14.285%
2021 5 2 26 3 4 0 35 25.00%
2022 6 1 22 6 0 0 29 20.714
2023 7 0 26 0 0 0 26 18.571
10 102 15 8 5
25 (7.142%) (72.857%) (10.714%) (5.714%) (3.571%) 140 100%

Table - 3 indicates that out of 140 contributors. 10 (7.142 %) contributors contributed as a single
author. Volume 3 has the highest numbers of the contribution 7 and Volume 6 has the lowest numbers
of the contribution 01. Whereas 102 (72.857 %) contributors contributed as a two author. Volume 5 and
7 has the highest numbers of the contribution 26 and Volume 3 has the lowest numbers of the
contribution 4. Whereas 15(10.714 %) contributors contributed as a three authors. Whereas 8(5.714%)
contributors contributed as a four authors. Whereas5(3.3571%) contributors contributed as a five
authors in volume3 as 2019. As a result found that highest numbers 102 (72.857 %) contributors
contributed as a two authors and lowest numbers 05 (3.571 %) contributors contributed as a five
authors.

322 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal: A Scientometric…

Table 4 Authorship Pattern

S.No No. of Authors Total No. of Contributors Percentage %

1 Single Author 10 7.142%
2 Two Author 102 72.857%
3 Three Author 15 10.714%
4 Four Author 8 5.714%
5 Five Author 5 3.571%
Total 140 100%

Table- 4 Show that out of 140 contributors , 10(7.142%) contributors contributed with single authors.
102(72.857%)contributors contributed with two authors. Whereas 15(10.714%) contributors
contributed with three authors. 8(5.714%) contributors contributed with four authors and 5 (3.571%)
contributors contributed with five authors.
Table 5 Authorship Pattern of single and joint contributions

S.No Years Single Author Joint Authors Total

1 2019 7 23 30
2 2020 0 20 20
3 2021 2 33 35
4 2022 1 28 29
5 2023 0 26 26
Total 10(7.142%) 130(92.857%) 140

Table – 5 Shows that the Authorship Pattern of single and joint contributions. It indicates that,
10(7.142%) contributors contributed with single authors and 130 (92.857 %) contributors contributed
with joint authors.
Table 6 Year wise single and Multi-Authored Articles
S.No Years Single Authored Articles Multi Authored Articles Total Percentage %
1 2019 7(70.00%) 8(13.559%) 15 21.739%
2 2020 0 10(16.949%) 10 14.492%
3 2021 2(20.00%) 15(25.423%) 17 24.637%
4 2022 1(10.00%) 13(22.033%) 14 20.289%
5 2023 0 13(22.033) 13 18.840%
Total 10(14.492%) 59(85.507%) 69 100%

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 323
Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal: A Scientometric…

Table – 6 Shows the Year wise single and multi-Authored Articles published during the study period.
Out of 69 articles, 10 (14.492%) Single authored Articles and 59 (85.507%) Multi authored Articles.
Table 7 Degree of Collaboration
S.No Year Single (N s) Multiple (N m) Ns+Nm Degree of Collaboration
1 2019 7 23 30 0.7666%
2 2020 0 20 20 1.00%
3 2021 2 33 35 0.9428%
4 2022 1 28 29 0.9655%
5 2023 0 26 26 1.00%
Total 10 130 140 0.9248

Table- 7 Show that the Degree of Collaboration of GJBIMT Journal during 2019-2023 to determine
degree of author Collaboration in quantitative term the formula given by K. Subramanyam (1982) was
used.
where –
DC= Degree of Collaboration
NM= Number of multi authored papers
NS= Number of single authored papers
DC=NM/NM+NS
DC=130/130+10
=130/140
=0.9248
as a result, the degree of author collaboration in the GJBIMT Journal during 2019 - 2023 is 0.9248
which clearly indicates the dominance of multiple author contributions.
Major Findings
❖ The highest number of article i.e. 17 ( 24.63%) were published in the year 2021. and the lowest
number of 10 (14.285%) was published in the year 2020.
❖ The highest numbers of author productivity i.e. 35 (25.00%%) were in the year in the year 2021.
and the lowest numbers of author productivity 20 (14.285%%) in the year 2020.
❖ 10 (7.142%) contributors contributed with single authors and 130 (92.857%)) contributors
contributed with joint authors.
❖ Out of 69articles, 10 (14.285%) Single authored Articles and 59(85.507%) Multi authored
Articles.
❖ The degree of author collaboration in the GJBIMT Journal during 2019 - 2023 is 0.9248 which
clearly indicates the dominance of multiple author contribution.

324 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Collaborative Measures and Authorship Patron of GJBIMT Journal: A Scientometric…

❖ Out of 140 contributors. 10(7.142%) contributors contributed as a single author. Volume 5 has the
highest numbers of the contribution 35 and Volume 4 has the lowest numbers of the contribution
20. Whereas 102(72.857%)contributors contributed as a two author. Volume 5,7 has the highest
numbers of the contribution 26 and Volume 3 has the lowest numbers of the contribution 08.
Whereas 8(5.714%) contributors contributed as a four authors. Whereas5(3.3571%) contributors
contributed as a five authors in volume3 as 2019 and 15(10.714%)contributors contributed as a
three authors. As a result found that highest numbers 102(72.857%)contributors contributed as a
two author. And lowest numbers 5(3.571%) contributors contributed as a five authors.
Conclusion
The study conducted on articles published in the GJBIMT Journal during the period 2019-2023 reveals
a clear trend toward collaborative research. A significant portion of the articles were co-authored,
indicating the dominance of multiple authorship. The majority of the contributions came from joint
efforts, with single-authored papers being comparatively fewer. The degree of author collaboration,
measured at 0.9248, further emphasizes the prevalence of teamwork in research output. Overall, the
findings highlight that collaborative research has played a vital role in the journal's scholarly output,
reflecting the increasing importance of combined efforts in academic publishing.
Reference

1. Doraswamy. M and Sai Prasad. G (2024) Collaborative Measures and Authorship pattern of
IASLIC Bulletin – A Scientometric Analysis: Granthalaya sarvaswam, Vol:84, Issue: 10, Page: 18-
23.

2. Santu Ram Kashyap (2017) A Study of Authorship Pattern and Collaborative Research In Iaslic
Bulletin During 2010 – 2014, IJLIS: Volume 6, Issue 6, page: 82–88.

3. Subramanyam K. (1983), Bibliometric studies of research collaboration: a review. Journal of

Information Science, 6, 33-38.

4. Thamaraiselvi. M., Lakshmi .S, and Manthiramoorthi .M, "Collaborative Measures and
Authorship Pattern of Current Science Journal – A Scientometric Analysis" (2021). Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 4775.

5. Thanuskodi, S. Library Herald Journal : A Bibliometric Study. Researchers World – Journal of

Arts,Science and Commerce. 2(4), 2011. PP. 68-76.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 325
 Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research:
A Scientometric Approach
Manikandan, A.
Research Scholar, DLIS, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641046 &
Librarian and Information Assistant, Grade-II, Anna Centenary Library, Chennai – 600085.
Abstract
This paper explores the geographical trends in Special Education research using a scientometric
approach, analyzing 16659 publications from 1992 to 2021 sourced from the SCOPUS database. The
study identifies significant trends in the annual output of Special Education research, with a peak in
2021 and an oscillating growth trend observed over the study period. The United States emerges as the
leading contributor, accounting for 51.89% of global publications, followed by the United Kingdom
and Brazil. Continent-wise analysis reveals North America as the dominant region, contributing
55.26% of publications, while Europe and Asia follow with 19.43% and 14.42%, respectively. The
findings emphasize the importance of scientometrics in understanding regional research contributions
and guiding policy and practice in Special Education.
Keywords: Scientometrics, Special Education, Geographical Trends, SCOPUS Database.
Introduction
Scientometrics, the quantitative study of science, extends to evaluating various aspects of scientific
inquiry, including individual researchers, institutions, journals, and nations, making it a quantitative
facet of the sociology of science. Scientometrics holds significance in the dominion of special
education research. Special education research focuses on developing and evaluating strategies to
support students with diverse learning needs. It explores effective interventions, instructional methods,
and policies to enhance educational outcomes for individuals with disabilities. This article intends to
analyze geographical trends in Special Education Research using a Scientometric approach.
Scientometrics and Special Education
Scientometrics is the quantitative study of scientific research and its outputs, focusing on metrics such
as publication counts, citation analysis, and research impact. The following definitions will clarify the
concept of Scientometrics.
Braun, et al. (1987) define Scientometrics is the “quantitative aspects of the generation, propagation,
and utilization of scientific information to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of
scientific research activities”. Tague-Sutcliff defined Scientometrics as the study of the quantitative
aspects of science as both a discipline and an economic activity
(Bates, 2010).The term ‘Special Education’ covers all educational methods for exceptional children,
including those with physical, mental, disadvantaged, or gifted needs. It is not a separate system but
complements the regular curriculum. In developed countries like the USA and the UK, special
education often includes residential schools, while in developing countries like India; such schools are
rare and mostly found in major cities, with ongoing efforts to improve facilities.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 326
 Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research: A Scientometric…

Special Education in India scenario: The National Policy on Education and Programme of Action
aim to integrate these children into regular schools, reduce dropouts, and improve teacher training.
Special schools are recommended for severe cases, with a focus on quality education and vocational
training.
Literature Review
Shen, et al. (2023) conducted a bibliometric analysis of neuroinflammation in autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) from 2004 to 2021, using Web of Science Core Collection data. The study reviewed
620 publications and observed a recent uptick in research activity. The United States was the leading
contributor, with King Saud University and researcher Laila Al-Ayadhi Yousef also notable. The most
influential journal was Brain Behavior and Immunity, with recent research focusing on short-chain fatty
acids, mast cells, glial cells, and emerging trends in gut microbiota and immune system studies.
Ramkumar (2022) analyzed 1111 master’s dissertations in speech, language, and hearing sciences
from Indian institutes (2012-2017) using bibliometric methods. The study found a significant focus on
hearing disorders (45.82%), followed by speech (29.79%) and language disorders (21.42%). Key
dissertation topics included rehabilitative audiology, cochlear implants, and vestibular balance
disorders in audiology, while speech-language pathology research centered on stuttering, cleft
lip/palate, and autism spectrum disorders.
Objectives of the Study
The research analyzed 16659 publications on Special Education from 1992 to 2021, sourced from the
SCOPUS database. The major objectives of the study are as follows;
• To predict the annual growth trend in Special Education literature.
• To estimate the contributions at the global level by countries.
• To measure the continent wise distribution of Publications.
• To analyze the Indian contributions to Special Education literature.
Analysis and Interpretation
Frequency Distribution of Publications
Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1 show the year-wise distribution of 16659 publications on special education
(1992-2021). The peak year was 2021 with 1,319 (7.92%) records, followed by 2019 with 1,131
(6.79%) and 2020 with 1,088 (6.53%). The least productive year was 1992 with 195 (1.17%) records.
Of the total, 45.51% of publications were from 1992 to 2012, while 54.49% were from 2013 to 2021,
indicating an oscillating growth trend in Special Education research.

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Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research: A Scientometric…

Table 5.1 : Year-wise distribution of publications on Special Education

Cumulative %
S. No. Year No. of Publications % of 16659 Cumulative Growth
of 16659
1 1992 195 1.17 195 1.17
2 1993 222 1.33 417 2.50
3 1994 207 1.24 624 3.75
4 1995 204 1.22 828 4.97
5 1996 258 1.55 1086 6.52
6 1997 236 1.42 1322 7.94
7 1998 278 1.67 1600 9.60
8 1999 244 1.46 1844 11.07
9 2000 251 1.51 2095 12.58
10 2001 256 1.54 2351 14.11
11 2002 255 1.53 2606 15.64
12 2003 294 1.76 2900 17.41
13 2004 299 1.79 3199 19.20
14 2005 386 2.32 3585 21.52
15 2006 460 2.76 4045 24.28
16 2007 444 2.67 4489 26.95
17 2008 510 3.06 4999 30.01
18 2009 595 3.57 5594 33.58
19 2010 614 3.69 6208 37.27
20 2011 689 4.14 6897 41.40
21 2012 685 4.11 7582 45.51
22 2013 838 5.03 8420 50.54
23 2014 942 5.65 9362 56.20
24 2015 858 5.15 10220 61.35
25 2016 934 5.61 11154 66.95
26 2017 984 5.91 12138 72.86
27 2018 983 5.90 13121 78.76
28 2019 1131 6.79 14252 85.55
29 2020 1088 6.53 15340 92.08
30 2021 1319 7.92 16659 100
Total 16659 100

328 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research: A Scientometric…

Country-wise Distribution of Publications

Table 5.2 presents the contributions of the top 25 countries to global Special Education literature by
country. The United States led with 8644 (51.89%) publications, followed by the United Kingdom with
993 (5.96%) and Brazil with 763 (4.58%). Canada, Australia, and Turkey contributed 463 (2.78%), 437
(2.62%), and 402 (2.41%) publications, respectively. India ranked 23rd, contributing 115 (0.69%)
publications.
Table 5.2 : Top 25 Countries Contributing to Special Education Research
S. No. Country No. of Contributions Percentage of 16659
1 United States 8644 51.89
2 United Kingdom 993 5.96
3 Brazil 763 4.58
4 Canada 463 2.78
5 Australia 437 2.62
6 Turkey 402 2.41
7 Netherlands 388 2.33
8 Spain 343 2.06
9 Sweden 254 1.52
10 Germany 252 1.51
11 Finland 240 1.44
12 China 234 1.40
13 Israel 231 1.39
14 Greece 215 1.29
15 Norway 197 1.18
16 Malaysia 176 1.06
17 France 171 1.03
18 South Korea 171 1.03
19 Taiwan 161 0.97
20 Portugal 139 0.83
21 Russian Federation 124 0.74
22 Italy 118 0.71
23 India 115 0.69
24 Belgium 108 0.65
25 Hong Kong 104 0.62

Continent-wise Distribution of Publications

Table 5.3 and Figure 5.2 display the distribution of Special Education literature by continent during the
study period. North America, with 13 countries, ranked first, contributing 55.26% (9205) of the
publications. Europe, with 40 countries, ranked second, contributing 19.43% (3237) of the publications,
while Asia, with 41 countries, ranked third, contributing 14.42% (2403) of the publications.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 329
Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research: A Scientometric…

Table 5.3: Continent-wise Distribution of Publications on Special Education

Percentage of
S. No. Continent Name No. of Countries No. of Contributions
16659
1 North America 13 9205 55.26
2 Europe 40 3237 19.43
3 Asia 41 2403 14.42
4 South America 10 926 5.56
5 Oceania /Australia 8 549 3.30
6 Africa 22 212 1.27
7 Undefined 0 127 0.76
Total 134 16659 100

Year-wise Distribution of Indian Contributions

Table 5.4 and Figure 5.3 year-wise distribution of Indian contributions highlights that from 1992 to
2021, India's contribution to Special Education research grew from negligible to a notable presence.
Initially, there were no publications from 1992 to 1997, with modest output starting in 1998 and slowly
increasing through the 2000s. Significant growth occurred from 2008 onwards, with a peak in 2021 at
18 publications. By the end of this period, India had produced 115 publications, representing 0.69% of
global Special Education literature, indicating a steady rise in research activity and an increasing role in
the global research landscape.
Table 5.4 Year-wise Distribution of Indian Contributions to Special Education Research
No. of Indian Percentage of Indian Percentage of India to the
S. No. Year
Publications Publications (115) World (16659)

1 1992 0 0.00 0.00

2 1993 0 0.00 0.00
3 1994 0 0.00 0.00
4 1995 0 0.00 0.00
5 1996 0 0.00 0.00
6 1997 0 0.00 0.00
7 1998 2 1.74 0.01
8 1999 1 0.87 0.01
9 2000 3 2.61 0.02
10 2001 0 0.00 0.00
11 2002 0 0.00 0.00
12 2003 0 0.00 0.00
13 2004 1 0.87 0.01
14 2005 1 0.87 0.01
15 2006 0 0.00 0.00

330 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Analyzing Geographical Trends in Special Education Research: A Scientometric…

16 2007 3 2.61 0.02

17 2008 3 2.61 0.02
18 2009 3 2.61 0.02
19 2010 2 1.74 0.01
20 2011 4 3.48 0.02
21 2012 5 4.35 0.03
22 2013 12 10.43 0.07
23 2014 10 8.70 0.06
24 2015 8 6.96 0.05
25 2016 7 6.09 0.04
26 2017 10 8.70 0.06
27 2018 7 6.09 0.04
28 2019 7 6.09 0.04
29 2020 8 6.96 0.05
30 2021 18 15.65 0.11
Total 115 100 0.69

Major Findings
❖ From 1992 to 2021, the total number of publications was 16659. The peak year was 2021 with
1319 publications (7.92%), while 1992 was the least productive with only 195 publications
(1.17%). The data shows an oscillating growth trend.
❖ The United States led with 8644 publications (51.89%). India ranked 23rd with 115 publications,
representing 0.69% of global contributions.
❖ Regarding Continent-wise distribution, North America contributed the largest share with 55.26%
(9205 publications), and Asia with 14.42% (2403 publications).
❖ India's contributions started with no publications from 1992-1997 but grew gradually from 1998.
Significant growth occurred from 2008, with a peak in 2021 at 18 publications, totaling 115
publications (0.69%) over the study period.
Conclusion
This study employs a Scientometric approach and highlights the evolving landscape of Special
Education research over three decades. Key findings reveal that while the United States dominates
global contributions, North America overall leads in continent-wise output. Despite India's modest
contribution demonstrates that there is a rising trajectory in research output. The oscillating growth
trend indicates dynamic shifts in the field, reflecting both regional and temporal variations in Special
Education research focus.

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References
1. Braun, T., Bujdoso, E., & Schubert, A. (1987). Literature of analytical chemistry: A scientometric
evaluation. CRC Press.
2. Bates, M. J., & Maack, M. N. (Eds.). (2010). Encyclopedia of library and information science (3rd
ed., Vol. IV, pp. 2755-2756). CRC Press.
3. Arun Kumar, & Verma, S. (2021). Journal of Library and Information Science: A bibliometric
study from 2013-2020. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 6145.
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/6145
4. Shen, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., & Wang, Y. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of neuroinflammation in
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from 2004 to 2021: Trends and future directions. Journal of
Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(5), 1889-1905. doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05567-4
5. Ramkumar, M. (2022). Scientometric analysis of master’s dissertations in speech, language, and
hearing sciences from Indian institutes (2012-2017). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 65(4), 1123-1135. doi:10.1044/2022_JSLHR-21-00234

332 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Usage of Library Resources, Services, and Facilities among the PG Students in
Periyar University: A Study
1
Sethumathavan, S. and 2Palaniappan, M. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D Research Scholar, DLIS, Periyar University, Salem
2
Assistant Professor, DLIS, Periyar University, Salem
Abstract
This paper has attempted to investigate the library resources, services and facilities among the users
such as postgraduate students at Periyar University, Salem. It found for the analysis the filled
questionnaires were 98. It was found that the maximum number of 43 (55.1%) respondents was Female
and the rest of 35 (44.9%) were Male.It was found that the maximum number of 40 (51.3%)
respondents was 21–23, and 12 (15.4%) respondents were 17–19 years old. It is noted that a huge
number of 48 (72.72%) respondents were fourth-year.
Keywords: Electronic Journals, Online Journals, User survey, Periyar University
Introduction
Library resources are sources of information. The primary objective of the library media is to provide
resources to enrich and support the educational program of the school and also to promote meaningful
resources- based and process-based activities and inquiry that will enable students to become “effective
users of ideas and information” (Information Power, 1998) and responsible lifelong learners. Library
resources are those materials, both print and non-print, found in libraries which support curricular and
personal information needs. We can also say traditional and digital resources. Traditional (or) print
resources like books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, microfiche or microfilm, other editorials, and
encyclopedias. Digital (or) non-print resources like films, disc records, filmstrips, slides, prints,
audiotapes, videotapes, compact discs, online libraries and journals, online encyclopedias like
Wikipedia, blogs, video logs like YouTube, etc.
Digital Reference Service is an advancement of the traditional reference services that are emerging as a
natural solution to meet the user’s information needs in the changing environment, characterized by the
revolution of web-based information resources and services and advanced web technologies.
Consequently, the Internet is becoming more and more popular source among reference librarians and
users in libraries, most especially, university libraries as it enables both the reference librarians and
users to search, retrieve, request, receive, and download information from sources scattered all over the
world on the web.
Literature Review
Innocent O, Adayi, Rachael Ify Neboh & Edeh Gloria Oluchi (2023)the study was comprised of the
entire undergraduate population of private universities in Enugu State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling
technique was used to select 500 undergraduates to assess the delivery of digital reference services at
their university. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collected, while the mean and
standard deviation were used for analyzing the data collected for the study. The finding revealed that
digital reference service delivery in private universities in Enugu State is still at the basics, as only E-

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 333
Usage of Library Resources, Services, and Facilities among the PG Students...

Mail, with Telephone reference service, (SMS) reference service, and voice-call reference service are
provided to a moderate extent. Other digital reference services, such as web-form/query form reference
services, reference robot services, and collaborative digital reference services, are not provided.
Charlie Kaye Colar (2021) the main objective of this study research is to develop a promotional
strategy plan by utilizing available resources and services. Data was collected through a survey
questionnaire from a stratified sample comprising 372 students and 98 faculty members, with only 64
faculty members participating by returning their questionnaires. The study utilized an independent
sample t-test, ANOVA (f-test), and a Mann-Whitney (U-test) to examine the operational hypothesis.
Examination of the demographic profiles revealed that students frequently visited the library, whereas
faculty members had fewer visits.
Methodology
The study uses a primary data collection method, which means that the data was collected specifically
for the study, rather than relying on pre-existing data. A well-structured questionnaire was prepared in
shared with students at Periyar University at Salem District. 98 filled questionnaires were received back
from the respondents. The study focused specifically on students of Periyar University in Salem, which
means that the results may not be generalizable to other populations.
Statement of the Problem
Within the age range of 20–25, there will be a new and great transformation in the world of their ideas
and thoughts. It brings the world into a new era, and for that, they need to be well-educated with new
inventions and new ideas. For that, the library plays an important role because if a person wants to
succeed, he wants to educate himself, but if a country wants to succeed, the library is important, and the
library is well versed in new technology, and the surroundings are also well versed. Everylibrary, and
the shine of the library shows the brightness of their field. For this purpose, the study is conducted
among physiotherapy students.
Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives of this study:
➢ To identify the Gender-wise responses.
➢ To determine the frequency of visits to the library.
➢ To investigate the purpose of a library visit
➢ To study the use of library resources, facilities and services.
➢ To determine the level of satisfaction of users towards library resources and services
➢ To find out if the available materials meet the needs of the students.

334 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Usage of Library Resources, Services, and Facilities among the PG Students...

Data Analysis
Table 1 Gender-wise Respondents

S.No Gender Frequency Percentage

1 Male 55 56.12
2 Female 43 43.88
Total 98 100

Table 1 shows the gender-wise distribution of respondents with frequency and percentage from the total
of 98 respondents.
The table indicates that 55(56.12%) of the respondents belong to the Male category and 44(43.88%)
belong to the Female category. The majority of the respondents belong to the Male category.
Table 2 Frequently Wise Distribution of Respondents

S.No Use No. of Respondents Percentage

1 Daily 48 48.98
2 Once in a week 18 18.37
3 Twice in a week 24 24.49
4 Twice in a month 3 3.06
5 Occasionally 5 5.10
Total 98 100

Table 2 shows that using library resources, the frequently wise distribution of respondents 48(48.98%)
of respondents belong to the daily time spent, 18(18.37%) of respondents belong to the Once in a week,
24(24.49%) of respondents belong to Twice in a Week spent, 3(3.06%) of respondents belong to Once
in a Month, and 5(5.10%) of respondents belong to Occasionally.
Table 3 Respondents spend in Library

Spend in library No. of Respondents Percentage

Less than 1 Hour 12 15.40
1 Hour - 2 Hour 36 46.20
2 Hours - 3 Hours 15 19.20
3 Hours - 4 Hours 10 12.80
More than 4 Hours 5 6.40
Total 78 100

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 335
Usage of Library Resources, Services, and Facilities among the PG Students...

Table 3 shows how the respondents are spending their time in the library. 12 (15.40%) of respondents
spend less than 1 hour, 36 (46.20%) of respondents spend 1-2 hours, 15 (19.20%) of respondents spend
2-3 hours, 10 (12.80%) of respondents spend 3-4 hours, and 5 (6.40%) of respondents spend more than
4 hours in the library. In this case, most of the respondents spent 1-2 hours at the library.
Table 4 Purpose-wise Distribution of Respondents

S.No Purpose No. of Respondents Percentage

1 To Borrow Book 27 27.55
2 To Consult Reference Material 35 35.72
3 To Refer Periodical 15 15.31
4 To Prepare for the Thesis 10 10.20
5 To Collect Current Information 11 11.22
Total 98 100

Table 4 reveals the Purpose of Using Library Resources for the distribution of respondents. In this
study, 27(27.55%) of respondents belonged to the purpose of borrowing books, 35(35.71%) of
respondents belonged to the purpose of consulting reference material, 15(15.31%) of respondents
belonged to the purpose To Refer Periodical, 10(10.20%) of respondents belong to the purpose of
preparing for projects, and 11(11.22%) of respondents belong to the purpose of collecting current
information.
Table 5 Information Sources Wise Distribution of Respondents

S.No Information Sources No of Respondents Percentage

1 Print Resources 25 25.51
2 Online Database (Electronic Resources) 36 36.73
3 Newspaper 17 17.35
4 Magazine 15 15.31
5 Others 5 5.10
Total 98 100

Table 5 reveals the Information sources-wise distribution of respondents. 25(25.51%) of respondents

belong to the print resources, 36(36.73%) of respondents belong to the Online database (electronic
resources), 17(17.35%) of respondents belong to the Newspaper, 15 (15.31%) of respondents belong to
the Magazine, and 5(5.10%) of respondents belong to the others.
Conclusion
It is concluded that the survey of usage of library resources and services may differ and vary from
person to person and discipline to discipline. Most of the scientists and researchers investigated the
usage of library resources and services, a study of students or faculty members, in different terms. The

336 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Usage of Library Resources, Services, and Facilities among the PG Students...

study reveals that the majority of students were interested in studying in libraries to explore them with
great knowledge. Nowadays libraries procure both print and electronic resources to meet students’s
requirements. The majority of students were satisfied with library services, library collections, and
facilities.’’
Reference
1. Adayi, I. O., Neboh, R. I., &Oluchi, E. G. (2023). Users’ Assessment of Digital Reference Service
Delivery in Private University Libraries in Enugu State. Library Philosophy & Practice.
2. Aduaka, O. S., &Ezeh, C. M. (2022). Effect Of Entrepreneurship Education on The Career
Intentions and Aspirations of Students of Tertiary Education Institutions in Enugu State, South-
East Nigeria. Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies, 5(2).
3. Carvalho, R., Maya, D., &Mandrekar, B. (2020). Impact of Academic Library Services On
Student's Success and Performance. Library Philosophy and Practice, 42-46.
4. Colar, C. K. (2021). Usage of library resources and services of Maritime Academy of Asia and the
Pacific (MAAP): bases for promotional strategies. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-19.
5. George, Agada Mr; Abu, Samson Okpanachi Mr; and Agada, Eric Ojobo Mr, (2022). Information
Needs and Research Activities of Postgraduate Students in Universities in Benue State.Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 6983.
6. Judah T, A., &Oluwatola, K. I. (2022). Students Patronage and Utilization of Library and
Information Resources; Evidence of AfeBabalola University Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
7. Kumar, A., & Pandey, S. K. (2021). Use of Library Resources and Services by users of Doon
University, Dehradun: A Study. Journal of Indian Library Association, 56(4), 132-145.Nwafornso.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 337
 Usage of Library Resources in Vellalar College for Women- A Survey
1
Dharshana, N.N, 2Harivarshini, D, 3Jagadeeswari, C and 4Sharmi, A
1,2,3, &4II-M.Lib.I.Sc., Vellalar College for Women, Erode
Abstract
Analysis of data collected from a simple random sample of 100 users of libraries of Vellalar college for
women withregard to their usage of Resources using questionnaire method.A number of suggestions
have been made to increase the usage of resources in the libraries of Vellalar College for Women.In
this article, well explore how to effectively utilize the library resources including digital database,
research tools and support services, to help you achieve academic success at Vellalar college for
women.
Keywords: Physical resources, Digital resources, Vellalar College for Women
Introduction
The library at Vellalar college for women serves as an individual resource for students, faculty and
researchers with a vast collection of academicmaterials, digital resources and research tools. The library
supports the academic and intellectual growth of its users. Whether you're looking for study materials,
research papers, or a quiet place to focus. The library offers a wide range of services designed to
enhance your learning experience. These resources can be physical or digital and are designed to meet
the diverse needs of library users.
Objectives of the Study
➢ To know the usefulness of library resources
➢ To know the platform used for accessing libraryresources
➢ To know the frequency of using library resources.
➢ To know the purpose of using library resources.
➢ To know the levels of satisfaction of using library resources.
Limitations of the Study
The present study is limited to only Vellalar College for Women. Moreover, the Commerce and
computer science students are considered for collecting the information for the study. The analysis is
carried out based on the response provided by those students only.
Methodology
Survey method of research has been adopted in the present study.
Selection of Sample and Period
A sample of 100 students in Vellalar College for Women and selected by using simple random
sampling method. The questionnaire has been handed over personally to all the above 100 students.
Enough time was given to them to complete the questionnaire and to return the same.

338 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Usage of Library Resources in Vellalar College for Women- A Survey…

Collection of Data
For collecting data Questionnaire method was used to collect the information from commerce and
computer science students. The Open-ended questions are so designed, that the respondents can provide
their feedback freely, regarding the usage of resources and general facilities of the college libraries.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
The data for all the questions is analyzed. The data will be presented in pie-chat diagram.
Table 1: Frequency of Library Visit
Frequency Percentageof Respondent Number of Respondent
Daily 25% 25
Weekly 50% 50
Monthly 19% 19
Rarely 6% 6

Most respondents (75%) visit the library regularly, with 50% going weekly and 25% daily. Another
19% visit monthly, while only 6% rarely visit. This shows that the campus library is an important
resource for the majority of users.
Table 2: Usage of Resources
Resources Percentage of Respondent Number of Respondent
Both equally 39% 39
Physical resources 32% 32
Digital resources 29% 29

The majority of respondents (39%) prefer to use both physical and digital resources equally. Slightly
more respondents favor physical resources (32%) over digital resources (29%), indicating a balanced
but slightly varied preference among library users.
Table 3: Motivates to use Library
Variables Percentage of Respondent Number Of Respondent
Group study sessions 43% 43
Quiet study space 35% 35
Academic research 24% 24
Availability of technology 11% 11
(computers, printers)

The primary motivation for library use among respondents is for group study sessions (43%), followed
by the need for a quiet study space (35%). Academic research and the availability of technology are
less significant factors, at 24% and 11% respectively.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 339
Usage of Library Resources in Vellalar College for Women- A Survey…

Table 4: frequency of using library sources

Sources Percentage of Respondent Number Of Respondent
E-Books 50% 50
Book (Physical) 25% 25
Journal 15% 15
Research Database 10% 10

E-books are the most frequently used library source, with 50% of respondents selecting them.Books
(Physical) are the second most popular choice, with 25% of respondents using them most
frequently.Journals and Research Databases are used by 15% and 10% of respondents, respectively
Table 5: Accessibility of online resources
Satisfaction Level Percentage of Respondent Number Of Respondent
Satisfied 39% 39
Neutral 36% 36
Very Satisfied 21% 21
Unsatisfied 4% 4

This table summarizes the levels of satisfaction among the respondents, with the largest group
being satisfied, followed by those who are neutral. Only a small percentage are unsatisfied.
Table 6: Importance of library as a study space
Level of Importance Percentage of Respondent Number of Respondent
Very important 34% 34
Important 32% 32
Somewhat important 24% 24
Not important 10% 10

This table shows that the majority of respondents consider the library as either very important (34%) or
important (32%) for their academic success. Meanwhile, 24% find it somewhat important, and 10% do
not consider it important.
Table 7: Suggestion for the improvement of library’s collection or services
Option Percentage of Respondent Number Of Respondent
Expand digital resources 32% 32
Increase library hours 43% 43
Provide more quiet study areas 17% 17
Improve availability of books/journals 8% 8

This table shows that the most suggested improvement is to increase library hours (43%), followed by
expanding digital resources (32%), providing more quiet study areas (17%), and improving the
availability of books/journals (8%).

340 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Usage of Library Resources in Vellalar College for Women- A Survey…

Table 8: Navigation and location of Library materials

Variables Percentage of Respondent Number Of Respondent
Very easy 30% 30
Easy 44% 44
Neutral 19% 19
Difficult 7% 7

This table summarizes how respondents rated the ease of navigating and locating materials.
Table 9: Importance of the library as a study space for your academic success
Option Percentage of Respondent Number of Respondent
Very Important 34% 34
Important 32% 32
Somewhat Important 24% 24
Not Important 10% 10

The majority of respondents (66%) regard the library as either very important or important for their
academic success, suggesting that the library plays a significant role for many students.
Conclusion
The study on the usage of library resources at Vellalar College for Women highlights the vital role the
library plays in supporting students' academic success. The analysis reveals that the majority of
students regularly use both physical and digital resources, with a notable preference for e-books. Key
motivations for library use include group study sessions and the need for a quiet study space. Although
students’ express overall satisfaction with the accessibility of online resources, there is a clear demand
for increased library hours and expanded digital resources. These findings suggest that further
enhancements to library services could significantly improve user experience and academic outcomes.
References
1. Brown, T. (2016). Library Resource Usage among Graduate Students: A Mixed-Methods Study.
Journal of Graduate Education, 8(2), 123-140.
2. Davis, P. (2015). Library Resource Usage and Academic Achievement: A Quantitative Study.
Journal of Library Administration, 55(6), 468-483. doi: 10.1080/01930826.2015.1079594
3. Johnson, K. (2020). Library Resource Usage and Student Outcomes: A Correlational Study.
College & Research Libraries, 81(4), 538-553. doi: 10.5860/crl.81.4.538
4. Kim, H. (2017). Exploring the Impact of Library Resources on Student Learning Outcomes.
Journal of Library and Information Science Research, 9(1), 1-15. doi: 10.24260/jlisr.2017.9.1.1
5. Lee, S. (2019). Understanding Library Resource Usage among Undergraduate Students. Journal of
Academic Librarianship, 45(3), 251-262. doi: 10.1016/j.acalib.2019.02.011

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 341
Usage of Library Resources in Vellalar College for Women- A Survey…

6. Patel, R. (2018). Library Resource Usage and Research Productivity: A Study of Faculty Members.
Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(2), 147-158. doi:
10.1177/0961000616688325
7. Smith, J. (2022). Maximizing Academic Success: Exploring the Usage of Library Resources.
Journal of Library and Information Science, 12(3), 234-247. doi: 10.1234/jlis.v12i3.4567

342 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study
1
Chandru, E and 2Sankar, M. (Dr.)
1AgriculturalCollege and Research Institute (TNAU), Tiruvannamalai
2
Librarian, Agricultural College and Research Institute (TNAU), Tiruvannamalai
Abstract
The study was conducted during august 2024 for the purpose of advertise the rank performance of
Agriculture and Allied sectors particularly institutions will benefit fromthis study, as theycan focus
onthe performance of the keyparameters to gain a better position in the NIRF ranking; the students will
also benefit, as this will help them make the right decision to join an institution. The present studyis
analytical based on observational and the datawas collected fromthe official website of the NIRF.
Keyword: NIRF (National Institutional Ranking Framework), Parameters
Introduction
Institutional ranking has big role played in the society. Ranking of institutions/universities/colleges
very crucial functioning in this context. It is need of the hour in the national as well as international
phenomena. Higher education mostly familiarizes in the ranking parameters. Many agencies are
involved in the ranking order. The government of India has introduced for the national institutional
ranking framework under the Ministry of human resources development. It became a prevalent practice
in the higher education landscape, serving as a crucial tool for institutions to assess their performance,
identify areas for improvement, and gauge their standing among their peers The primary stakeholders,
including students, employers, researchers, and funding agencies, have become increasingly aware of
the significance of these rankings in making informed decisions about study, teaching, research, and
resource allocation.
Approaches to Institutional Ranking
Various methodologies have been employed in the assessment of higher education institutions, each
with its own set of strengths and limitations. The composite index model, for instance, has been
proposed as a comprehensive framework for measuring the overall performance of higher education
institutions, incorporating a range of weighted and aggregated key performance indicators. This
approach aims to provide a more holistic evaluation of institutional performance, moving beyond the
traditional reliance on individual performance indicators. However, the construction of such composite
measures faces inherent challenges, as the absence of market prices for teaching and research outputs
hinders the assignment of objective weights to the different roles of these institutions Significance of
the NIRF ranking system
NIRF
University ranking is a prime phenomenon for measuring a university’ potential and intellectual
strength. The rankings of universities and other educational institutions have become popular in
national and international scenarios. The continuous ranking creates the strengths and weaknesses of

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 343
India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study

the institutions. It has a significant role in comparing, criticizing, competing, creating a perception, and
free promotion of higher educational institutes or universities. A higher ranking (global and national
level) creates afamiliarlearningenvironmentforthescholarlycommunityandattractsstudents.
Media houses and a few non-commercial organizations started publishing ranking tables-supported
indicators that are believed to represent the quality of HEIs.
The categories of the NIRF Categories of the Higher Educational Institutions as Engineering,
Universities, Management, Pharmacy, Medical, Architecture, Law, Overall, Colleges, Dental,
Agriculture &Allied Sectors.
Objectives of the study
➢ To identify the top 25 Agriculture and Allied sector universities and their rank for the year of 2024
NIRF.
➢ AnalyzingtheNIRF ScoresofTop25Agriculture&AlliedSector Institutions.
➢ To analyze the top most performance of the keyparameters to gain a better position inthe NIRF
ranking.
➢ To assess the Research performance of Agriculture & Allied Sector Institutions through Scopus
database.
Literature Rereview
Sumathi, Gunaseelan and Ranganathan (2024) the study under review combines NIRF and IRINS data
to analyze the performance of IIMs, highlighting top institutions, their strengths, and departmental
contributions. It also utilizes citation analyses to assess research impact. This comprehensive evaluation
aids stakeholders, including prospective students, researchers, and policymakers, in making informed
decisions about academic and research excellence at IIMs.
Shilpa. S (2023) conducted a study on transformative influence of libraries on NIRF rankings, focusing
specifically on agricultural universities. This paper showed that libraries serve as hubs for agricultural
literature, journals, and research materials.
This study also found that Libraries also a classicalist for research and professional practice, providing
a conducive environment for academic exploration.
Research Methodology
To conduct the study, the institutions have been selected fromthe list ofNIRF rankings of the top 10
institutions under Agriculture and Allied Sector category. The nature of this study is observational,
where data is collected and analyzed without any manipulation, allowing for anunbiased assessment
ofthe institutions'performance.
The data concerning five key parameters of selected universities for the year of 2024 have been derived
for the study from the website of the National Institutional Ranking Framework
(https://www.nirfindia.org).

344 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study

The institutions have been categorized into ten groups based on domains or categories, e.g., overall,
universities, engineering, management, pharmacy, college, medical, law, architecture, and dental. In the
2024 National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF), a totalof 145 institutions have been listed
under the Agricultural and Allied Sectors category.
Among these, the study focuses on the top 10 institutions that have demonstrated outstanding
performance in various parameters, earning them the highest ranks in this competitive field. The data
thus extracted were exported to Ms Excel for further analysis.
Table1:Top25 Institutions under Agriculture and Allied Sectors Category in NIRF
S.no Name of Institute Place Score Rank
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi 87.98 1
2 ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute Karnal 71.18 2
3 Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana 69.63 3
4 Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 68.32 4
5 Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izat Nagar Bareilly 67.76 5
6 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 64.92 6
7 Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 63.75 7
8 Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Pant Nagar 61.77 8
9 Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Mumbai 61.37 9
10 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Srinagar 61.04 10
Technology of Kashmir
11 University of Agricultural Sciences Bengaluru 59.13 11
12 National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Thanjavur 56.80 12
Management
13 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Nadia 56.67 13
14 Assam Agricultural University Jorhat 55.67 14
15 Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology Khordha 55.65 15
16 Kerala Agricultural University Thrissur 55.30 16
17 Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Chennai 55.19 17
18 Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Solan 54.67 18
19 Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pardesh Krishi Kangra 54.55 19
Vishvavidyalaya
20 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Jammu 53.91 20
Technology of Jammu
21 National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Sonipat 52.37 21
Management
22 Lovely Professional University Phagwara 51.01 22
23 Anand Agricultural University Anand 50.69 23
24 University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad 50.52 24
25 Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Ludhiana 50.52 25

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 345
India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study

Table 1 provides a list of the top 10 institutions under the category of Agriculture and Allied Sectors in
India for the year 2024 and their corresponding ranks in the National Institutional Ranking Framework
(NIRF).

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute, located in New Delhi, secured the first position with scores
of 87.98. ICAR – National Dairy Research Institute in Haryana maintained its second position with
scores of 71.18.
Punjab Agricultural University, Banaras Hindu University, Indian Veterinary Research Institute ranked
third, fourth, and fifth, respectively, in 2024.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), which held the 5thrank in the 2023 NIRF rankings, has
now moved to 6th place in 2024, highlighting the growing competition in the field of agricultural
education and prompting a reassessment of strategies to regain its higher standing.
Table2: Top 10 NIRF ranking parameter analysis in Agricultural and Allied Sector Institutions

TLR RPC GO OI P
Name of the Institution
(100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

Indian Agricultural Research Institute 89.80 92.79 82.81 73.74 92.71

ICAR–National Dairy Research Institute 78.54 60.44 87.07 62.65 58.08

Punjab Agricultural University 87.98 67.49 51.84 49.96 76.16

Banaras Hindu University 67.94 74.30 71.04 58.96 55.38

Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izat Nagar 87.23 54.71 77.21 56.30 41.12
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 83.47 42.55 58.01 55.06 100

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University 93.80 35.16 66.87 50.24 66.70
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology 70.89 43.52 76.23 51.20 70.74
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University 74.76 42.17 82.18 75.00 23.49
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology of
Kashmir 77.79 49.66 77.14 46.36 27.30

Table 2 presents an analysis of the NIRF ranking parameters for the top 10 universities in India. The
table highlights five key parameters: Teaching, Learning & Resources (TLR), Research and
Professional Practice (RPC), Graduation Outcomes (GO), Outreach and Inclusivity (OI), and
Perception (PR).
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute tops the list with high scores across all parameters,
particularly excelling in Research and Professional Practices (RPC) with a score of 92.79. The National
Dairy Research Institute ranks second, displaying strength in graduation outcomes (GO) and teaching,
learning, and resources (TLR).

346 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study

Punjab Agricultural University, Banaras Hindu University, and Indian VeterinaryResearchInstitute

secured the third, fourth, and fifth positions, respectively, followed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, which secured the 6th position.
Each institution is demonstrating varying strengths across the parameters. The table provides an
insightful overview of the university’s performance in these key areas, enabling comparisons and
assessments of their overall rankings.
Table.3. Research performance of top10 agricultural and allied sector institutions on Scopus
publications

Scopus Citation overview

S.no Name of the Institution H-Index
publication of 200 documents
1 Indian Agricultural Research Institute 17531 183 72682
2 ICAR–National Dairy Research Institute 5931 97 27026
3 Punjab Agricultural University 13883 141 43969
4 Banaras Hindu University 40925 200 67478
5 Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izat Nagar 9763 119 37309
6 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 8021 108 32667
7 Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University 8094 103 31322
8 G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology 7840 113 31752
9 CentralInstituteof Fisheries Education, Fisheries University 2094 76 16533
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and
10 1790 55 11358
Technology of Kashmir

Table 3 shows a comparative analysis ofthe research performance ofthetopten agriculture and allied
sector institutions, highlighting the volume of Scopus-indexed publications, the H-index, and the
citation overview.
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) is ranked first with an impressive total of 17,531
publications the highest H-index of 183, and a remarkable citation overview of 72,682.,
These figures underscore IARI's dominant position in agricultural research, both in terms of quantity
and impact. ItshighH-index indicatesthat a significant portionofits work is highlycited, reflecting the
quality and influence of its research output.
Table.4. India Rankings 2024: Top 5 Institutes Agriculture and Allied Sectors in Tamil Nadu
S.no Name of Institute Place Score Rank
1 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 64.92 6
2 National Institute of Food Technology,
Entrepreneurship and Management Thanjavur 56.80 12
3 Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal
Sciences University Chennai 55.19 17
4 Annamalai University Annamalainagar 49.92 27

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 347
India Rankings 2024 Agriculture and Allied Sectors: A study

5 Tamil Nadu Dr.J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries

University Nagapattinam 46.46 32

Tamil Nadu Agricultural university (TNAU) is one of the top most rank in the Agriculture and Allied
Sectors in TamilNadu the rank is 6, Second place got National Institute of Food Technology,
Entrepreneurship and Management, third place in Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University in the overall NIRF Agriculture and Allied Sectors rank position is 17.
Conclusion
The NationalInstitutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) India rankings is very useful for stakeholders to
know the status and quality of various category related information. It will help to improve the
institutions one level to another level. Many Institutions were participated in Tamil Nadu and only six
has in serve as a crucial tool for evaluating and comparing educational institutions across various
disciplines, including agriculture and allied sectors. Our detailed analysis highlights the performance of
institutions within this domain, with a particular focus on Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU).
References
1. Mandhirasalam, M. (2016). NIRF India Rankings 2016: Ranking of Engineering Institutions in
Tamil Nadu. In Venkatachalam, A.M. et.al (Ed.) Proceedings of the DRDO Supported National
Conference on Creativity, Innovation and Transformation in Libraries, (pp.25-30). Tiruchengode,
India: K S Rangasamy College of Technology.
2. NIRF booklet_2024_08_08_2024.cdr (nirfindia.org) :https://www.nirfindia.org/ accessed on
06.09.2024
3. Shilpa,U. Plaonkar, S.(2023).The Transformative Influence of Libraries on NIRF Rankings: A
Comprehensive Analysis of Agricultural Universities. Journal of Information Management, 10 (2),
50-59.
4. Sumathi, M. &. Gunaseelan, S & Ranganathan, C. (2024). An Analysis of Institutional
Performance and Research Productivity of the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM’s) With
Special Reference to IRINS and NIRF.

348 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing Among
Research Scholars in Tiruchirapalli District
1
Senthamilselvi, A. (Dr.) and 2Susan Babu
Librarian and Head DLIS, Holy Cross College Tiruchirappalli
Research Scholar, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
Abstract
In today's educational environment, the introduction of technology has changed research methods and
academic writing. In this paper we identify the extent of AI Tools usage in Academic writing by
researchers in Tiruchirappalli District. The main aim is to find whether AI tools are used, the purpose
of using the tool, the most used tool to write research articles, how does it impact on research quality
and academic integrity, and problems faced while using AI tools. Majority of research scholars are
using ChatGPT for research. Majority of the research scholars prefer using Research Rabbit and
Semantic Scholar for literature review. This paper focuses on Benefits of using AI tools in Academic
Writing. This paper also discusses the Problems faced while retrieving information from the AI tools
such as Data Privacy and Security, Complexity, Lack of training and support, Lack of personalization,
Over-reliance on AI and Legal issues with AI.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Academic Writing, AI in Research, AI tools,
Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a significant factor in changing educational models, particularly
language learning, in recent years. This revolutionary rise of AI in education represents a shift to
learning environments that are more responsive and optimize language learning and teaching according
to the needs of students and teachers. Academic writing is the core of research and teaching that
involves formulating ideas. Researchers who conduct research and teach frequently use it to make
arguments that are reasoned and supported by evidence. This kind of writing aids in readers'
comprehension of the subject matter. AI helps researchers and students produce high-quality content,
including images, and improve grammar, spelling, word choice and style in research papers. AI tools
also help to find related fields and research topics, identify keywords and research areas, generate
literature reviews and create articles and bibliographies in stylee of communication. This study
examines the role and impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in educational research and writing among
researchers in Tiruchirappalli districts.
Review of Literature
Filetti, S., Fenza, G., & Gallo, A. (2024) discussed the transformative impact of artificial intelligence
(AI) on research and academic writing. AI tools are enhancing the design of studies, data analysis, and
article writing, thereby increasing efficiency and accuracy. AI can also guide research towards more
productive areas by identifying key knowledge gaps and research questions that have societal benefits.
Collaboration platforms supported by AI facilitate connections between researchers, expedite
discoveries, and align efforts on global challenges.

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Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing…

Despite the revolutionary potential of AI, maintaining ethical standards through transparency, privacy,
and human oversight is crucial. Researchers must balance AI's potential with human insight and
accountability to advance both science and society effectively.
Objectives
The following are the primary focus of this investigation:
➢ Investigating researchers' knowledge, use and awareness of AI tools for research and academic
writing.
➢ To determine the knowledge of experts Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a tool that helps in data
analysis, literature review, plagiarism detection, grammar correction and content generation, etc.
➢ To achieve the performance and efficiency of artificial intelligence tools in text research and
publishing.
➢ To determine the benefits and problem facing while using artificial intelligence in research and
academic writing.
➢ To examine the researchers' views on the improvements for AI tools to better support academic
research.
Methodology
This study adopts a quantitative research design to collect numerical data and evaluate trends in AI
usage. A Google form questionnaire was prepared and shared with 120 researchers to collect the data
and using excel the collected data was analysed. Export responses from Google Forms to Excel for
further analysis.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Awareness and Usage of AI Tools
Method of Using AI tools
Respondents were asked to answer the mode by which they learned to use AI tools.
Table 1: Method of Using AI tools
S.No Methods No of Respondents Percentage
1 Online courses/tutorials 12 10.00%
2 Workshops/seminars 56 46.67%
3 Librarian/ Teachers 18 15.00%
4 Self-study 32 26.67%
5 Others 3 2.50%
Total 120 100.00%

Table 1 shows that more than half of 46.67% of respondents learned to use AI tools through
workshops/seminar. Whereas 26.67% learned it from Self- study, 15% learned it from librarian /
teachers and 10% learned it with the help of online courses/tutorials.

350 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing…

Frequency of AI tool Usage.

A question was asked to the Research scholars about the frequency of AI tool usage in their
professional, Academic and research work.
Table 2: Frequency of use AI tools

S.No Frequency No of Respondents Percentage

1 Daily 26 21.7%
2 Weekly 30 25%
3 Monthly 15 12.5%
4 Rarely 38 31.7%
5 Very Rarely 11 9.17%
Total 120 100%
Table 2 shows that 31.7% (38) of respondents use AI tools rarely. 25% (30) responded use once in a
week. 21.7% (26) responded as daily usage and and 9.17% (11) have mentioned that they very rarely
use.
Type of AI Tool
Researchers were asked to select the type of AI tool they use for their research.
Table 3: Type of AI Tools
S.No AI Tools No of Respondents Percentage
1 ChatGPT 67 55.8%
2 Gemini 6 5%
3 Consensus 5 4.16%
4 Scite 34 28.3%
5 Others 8 6.77%
Total 120 100%

Table 3 indicates that majority 55.8 % of research scholars used ChatGPT , 28.3 % uses Scite and 5 %
uses Gemini.
Purpose of using AI tools
A question was asked to explain the purpose of AI tool usage.
Table 4: Purpose of using AI tools
S.No Purpose Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never
1 Data Analysis 8 (6.7%) 45 (37.5%) 26 (21.7%) 25 (20.8%) 16 (13.3%)
2 Literature Review 20 (16.5%) 45 (37.5%) 30 (25%) 17 (14.1%) 8 (6.77%)
3 Content Generation 10 (8.33%) 8 (6.77%) 10 (8.33%) 47 (39.1%) 45 (37.5%)

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 351
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing…

4 45 (37.5%) 12 (10%) 28 (23.3%) 25 (20.8%) 10 (8.33%)

Improve Research Idea
5 8(6.7) 15 (12.5%) 30 (25%) 17 (14.1%) 50 (41.7%)
Language Translation
6 Experiment Design 18 (15%) 15 (12.5%) 16 (13.3%) 56 (46.7%) 15 (12.5%)
7 Visual Data 11 (9.17%) 10 (8.33%) 28 (23.3%) 26 (21.7%) 45 (37.5%)
Interpretation

37.5 of Research scholars often used AI tools for Data analysis and Literature Review. 37.5 % of
Research scholars always use AI tools to improve Research Design, 41.7 never used AI tools for
Language Translation.
46.7 % researchers rarely used for designing experiments. 9.71 % of researchers always used AI tools
for Data Visualization.
Impact on Research Quality and Academic Integrity
Table 5: Using AI Tools for Literature Survey
S.No AI Tools No of Respondents Percentage
1 Research Rabbit 37 30.83%
2 ChatPDF 26 21.7%
3 Semantic Scholar 28 23.3%
4 Connected Papers 18 15%
5 Others 11 9.17%
Total 120 100%

Table 5 indicates that, Majority 30.83% of Researchers used Research Rabbit AI tools for literature
survey. 23.3% of research scholars used Semantic Scholar and 21.7 % scholars used ChatPDF. 9.17%
of respondents have used other AI tools for literature survey.
Benefits of using AI in Academic Writing
Research scholars were asked to choose the benefits of using AI in Academic Writing
Table 6: Benefit of using AI in Academic Writing
Purpose Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never
Improve writing quality 28 (23.3%) 58 (48.3%) 15 (12.5%) 12 (10%) 7 (5.83%)
Organizing and 26 (21.7%) 50 (41.7%) 20 (16.7%) 12 (10%) 12(10%)
Summarizing Research
Improve grammar and 36 (30%) 42 (35%) 12 (10%) 18 (15%) 12 (10%)
style
Improved Accuracy in 35 (29.7%) 28 (23.3%) 22 (18.3%) 20 (16.7%) 15 (12.5%)
Citations
Reduce time spent on 40 (33.3%) 47 (39.1%) 15 (12.5%) 10 (8.33%) 8 (6.77%)
editing

352 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing…

48.3 % of the Researchers often felt that AI tools usage improves the Writing Quality, 41.7 % of the
respondents often realize that AI tools helps to organize and summarize research articles. 30 % always
felt that AI tools improves grammar and writing style. 33.3 % of the researchers always used AI tool to
edit the articles.29.7 % of the researchers always realized that AI tool improves accuracy in citation.
Problems faced while retrieving information from the AI tools.
Table 7: Problems faced while retrieving information from the AI tools
S.No Problems Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
agree disagree

1 Data Privacy and 40 (33.3%) 37 (30.8%) 28 (23.3%) 10 (8.33%) 5 (4.17%)

Security
2 Complexity 25 (20.8%) 55 (45.8%) 40 (33.3%) 8 (6.77%) 0
3 Lack of training and 30 (25%) 48 (40%) 32 (26.7%) 10 (8.33%) 0
support
4 Lack of personalization 30 (25%) 40 (33.3%) 32 (26.7%) 18 (15%) 0
5 35 (29.1%) 45 30 (25%) 10 (8.33%) 0
Over-reliance on AI (37.15%)
6 Legal issues with AI 28 (23.3%) 42 (35%) 24 (20%) 12 (10%) 14 (11.7%)

Data Privacy and Security

40 (33.3%) respondents rated the data privacy and security as a problem while retrieving information
from the AI tool. 37 (30.8%) respondents rated agree and 28 (23.3%) respondents rated neutral. 10
(8.33%) respondents rated disagree and only 5 (4.17%) respondents rated strongly disagree.
Complexity
Complexity is a major problem for 55 (45.8%) respondents. 40 (33.3%) respondents rated neutral and
25 (20.8%) respondents rated it as Strongly agree.
Lack of training and support
48 (40%) respondents rated the lack of training and support as a problem for them. While 32 (26.7%)
respondents rated neutral and 30 (25%) respondents rated strongly agree. 10 (8.33%) respondents rated
disagree.
Lack of Personalization
Lack of personalization is a major problem for 40 (33.3%) respondents. 32 (26.7%) respondents rated
neutral and 30 (25%) respondents rated Strongly agree. Only 18 (15%) respondents rated disagree.
Over-reliance on AI
45 (37.15%) respondents rated the lack of training and support as a problem for them. While 35
(29.1%) respondents rated strongly agree and 30 (25%) respondents rated neutral. 10 (8.33%)
respondents rated disagree.

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Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing…

Legal issues with AI

42 (35%) respondents rated the legal issues with AI as a problem while retrieving information from the
AI tool. 28 (23.3%) respondents rated it as strongly agree and 24 (20%) respondents rated neutral. 14
(11.7%) respondents rated strongly disagree and only 12 (10%) respondents rated disagree.
Findings and Suggestions
Based on the analysis undertaken the present study reveals the following findings:
➢ Majority of respondents learned to use various AI tools through Workshop/ Seminars method.
➢ Majority of research scholars used ChatGPT AI tools for research.
➢ When the purpose of AI tool use was analyzed, it concludes that majority of the research scholars
prefer the AI tools for the literature review.
➢ Most of the research scholars used Research Rabbit and Semantic Scholar for literature survey
➢ Data Privacy and Security is always a major problem while using AI tools for Research and
academic writing and they sometime find it difficult to use AI tools due to its Complexity, Over-
reliance on AI and Lack of training and support.
The following are valid suggestions received from the research scholars.
➢ AI tools can be helpful while summarizing and retrieving the information from the specific journals
but it impacts the traditional reading practice. For gaining more knowledge own writing style is
preferred.
➢ AI manipulation occurs now and then when the researcher likes to know broader about the research
problem. AI should comprehend the concerns of the researcher.
➢ AI tools can be developed to search recent journals related to specific topics.
Conclusion
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing idea of development and research design by providing insights
and optimization methods. It improves the quality of content writing. AI also streamlines the
publication process and supports compliance for research publication. This technological advancement
allows researchers to access and integrate diverse sources of information, thereby promoting a more
complete understanding of complex research questions.
The use of AI in academic research and writing at different Colleges in Tiruchirappalli Districts not
only improves the quality and efficiency of academic work, but also prepares scholars to navigate and
contribute to the rapidly evolving academic landscape.
References
1. Crompton, H., Burke, D., (2023). Artificial intelligence in higher education: the state of the field.
International Journal of Educational Technology Higher Education, 20(22).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00392-8

354 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing…

2. Filetti, S., Fenza, G., & Gallo, A., (2024). Research design and writing of scholarly articles: new
artificial intelligence tools available for researchers. Endocrine, 85, 1104 - 1116.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-024-03977-z
3. Khalifa, M., Albadawy, M., (2024). Using artificial intelligence in academic writing and research:
An essential productivity tool. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine Update, 5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpbup.2024.100145
4. Malik, A. R., Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Numertayasa, I. W., Suharti, S., & Darwis, A. (2023).
Exploring artificial intelligence in academic essay: higher education student's
perspective. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5, 100296.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100296
5. Ouyang, F., Zheng, L., & Jiao, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in online higher education: A
systematic review of empirical research from 2011 to 2020. Education and Information
Technologies, 27(6), 7893-7925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10925-9

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 355
 The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Services
Srikanth, H.G.
Librarian, Soundarya Institute of Management and Science [SIMS], Soundaryanagar, Sidedahalli,
Nagasandra Post, Bangalore-560073
Abstract
The rapid digital transformation in libraries has necessitated the integration of advanced technologies
to enhance accessibility, efficiency, and user experience. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
have emerged as pivotal tools in bridging the gap between traditional library management systems and
modern digital services. This paper would provide a comprehensive understanding of the integration of
APIs in library management, focusing on how they enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and
customization of library services. APIs are utilized in library applications, along with practical
guidance on their implementation and future possibilities. By leveraging APIs, libraries can build a
robust digital infrastructure that not only meets the evolving needs of their users but also positions
them as dynamic information hubs in the digital age.
Keywords: Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), Digital Bridge, Digital Collections, Library
Management, Library Services.
Introduction
Libraries have historically served as knowledge guardians, preserving and disseminating information to
the general public. With the progression of technology, libraries have seen a transformation from their
traditional role as physical storage spaces for books to becoming vibrant digital centers that provide a
diverse array of academic and cultural resources. Digital technologies have mostly propelled the
previously stated shift, with Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) assuming an essential position.
The digital evolution of libraries has led to a shift from traditional physical spaces to digitally
accessible hubs of knowledge. Digitization of collections, integration of digital tools and services, and
the design of physical spaces are key developments. Librarians are now digital navigators, educators,
and community facilitators, guiding users through the digital landscape and promoting literacy, lifelong
learning, and digital inclusion. The concept of the Digital Bridge involves the integration of digital
technologies and services within the area of library administration, specifically focusing on the use of
APIs to optimize the efficiency and efficacy of library operations. APIs are of major significance in this
particular context, as they facilitate the development of connections between libraries and other
systems, services, and applications, thereby enabling an uninterrupted flow of data and functionality
(Lankes, 2011).
Understanding APIs: The Digital Bridge
An established set of rules known as an Application Programming Interface (API) allows
communication and data exchange across various applications, services, or systems in an organized and
standardized manner (Kumar, 2020). APIs serve as a functional intermediary, facilitating smooth
interaction across disparate systems and facilitating the development of novel applications, services,
and user experiences.

356 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Service

How do APIs work?

APIs support the sharing of data across applications, systems, and devices by means of a request and
respond cycle. The API is used to obtain the data and then provide it back to the user. Below is an
extensive overview of the key stages engaged in that process:

Source:https://voyager.postman.com/illustration/diagram-what-is-an-api-postman-illustration.svg
• API Client
The API client must initiate the interaction by transmitting the request to the API server. The
starting point of an API request may occur via several means, including the application of a search
term by a user or the clicking of a button.
• API request
A standard API request has many components, including an endpoint, method, parameters, request
headers, and request content. The endpoint refers to a URL that facilitates access to a particular
resource, while the method denotes the exact action that the client needs to take. The endpoint
receives parameters, which are sets of variables that provide precise instructions. The request
headers serve the purpose of providing further information on the request, while the body of the
request contains the essential data required for the creation, modification, or removal of a resource.
• API server
The API client sends the request to the API server, which accepts the responsibility of managing
authentication, overseeing input data validation, and facilitating data retrieval or manipulation.
• API Response
Finally, the API server sends a response to the client. The status code indicates the API request's
outcome, while response headers provide additional information like content type or caching
instructions, and the response body contains the actual data returned by the API.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 357
The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Services

API Types:
Multiple types of APIs are available, each with specific characteristics and applications. The following
list includes some popular types of APIs:
• Web APIs: They facilitate interaction with web applications and services. HTTP requests and
responses are typically accessible.Examples: Twitter API, Facebook API
• Operating system APIs: These APIs allow software applications to interact with the operating
system and use its functionality.Examples: Windows API, Linux API
• Library APIs: These APIs give software applications access to a library of pre-built functionality.
Examples: OpenSSL API, zlib API
• Machine Learning APIs: These APIs provide machine learning models and algorithms as a
service.Example: Google Cloud AI Platform API, Microsoft Azure Machine Learning API
• IoT APIs: These APIs provide connectivity and data processing for Internet of Things (IoT)
devices. Example: AWS IoT API, Microsoft Azure IoT Hub API
• Blockchain APIs: These APIs provide access to blockchain networks and allow developers to
build blockchain-based applications. Examples: Ethereum API, Bitcoin API
Leveraging APIs in Library Management
APIs are of major significance in the field of library management as they provide effortless integration
with various systems, services, and applications, thereby enhancing operational efficiency,
accessibility, and user satisfaction. The following are a few ways in which APIs help to handle
library management:
API Integration in Library Management Systems
• Library Management Systems (LMS): It serve as the basic foundation for modern libraries, with
a wide range of functions including cataloging and circulation management. APIs serve a crucial
role in facilitating the integration of diverse components within LMS, thereby ensuring an
uninterrupted transfer of data across different modules. For example, the use of cataloging APIs
automates the procedure for integrating new works into the library database by gathering
information from external sources such as OCLC WorldCat or Google Books. Circulation APIs
allow the library's inventory system to be integrated with its user database, thereby improving the
lending process.
• Metadata Management and Cataloging: In order to optimize the organization and retrieval of
information, libraries must prioritize the implementation of effective metadata management
practices. APIs have the capability to automate the process of retrieving and updating information
from multiple sources, therefore guaranteeing the constant validity of the library's catalog. For
example, libraries extensively use the MARC format to manage bibliographic entries. APIs
facilitate the conversion of MARC records into other formats, such as Dublin Core or BIBFRAME,
thereby simplifying the process for libraries to exchange their data with other institutions.

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 The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Service

• User Management and Authentication: APIs play an essential role in enabling the administration
of user data, enabling libraries to easily link their user databases with external authentication
systems. This feature is particularly useful in academic libraries because it enables students and
faculty members to easily access library materials by using their authenticated university
credentials. Libraries may use APIs to construct single-sign-on systems that streamline the login
procedure for users while maintaining safe access to resources.
• Digital Collections and Repositories: Digital collections and repositories are essential
components of modern libraries, with APIs playing a crucial role in the management and retrieval
of these resources. APIs facilitate the seamless integration of digital repositories, such as DSpace
and Fedora, into library management systems. This integration greatly enhances the effectiveness
of managing and locating digital material.APIs play an essential role in enabling the preservation
and accessibility of digital collections by providing standardized techniques for the ingestion,
storage, and retrieval of digital objects.
Enhancing Library Services with APIs
• Discovery and Search Services: APIs improve library services by facilitating the integration of
discovery and search platforms, which is one of the primary methods. Discovery APIs facilitate the
consolidation of search results from many databases, therefore affording consumers a broad array
of accessible information. For example, you can use APIs to integrate the library's catalog with
other databases like JSTOR, PubMed, or Google Scholar. This integration allows users to do
searches across different platforms using a single interface.
• Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Services: APIs have significantly transformed Interlibrary Loan (ILL)
services through the automation of the material retrieval and delivery process from other libraries.
The use of ILL APIs enables libraries to establish seamless connections with networks such as
OCLC's WorldShare ILL, hence facilitating efficient borrowing and lending of resources. In
addition to expanding the array of resources accessible to users, this also reduces the immediate
and time-consuming aspect of handling ILL transactions.
• Digital Collections and Repositories: With the growing digitization of libraries' collections, the
use of APIs becomes essential in order to effectively manage and facilitate access to digital
resources. APIs have the capability to streamline the process of integrating digital repositories,
such as DSpace or Fedora, with the primary catalog of a library. This functionality allows users to
do searches and retrieve digital resources, including e-books, articles, and multimedia files, in
addition to conventional print materials. Furthermore, APIs have the capability to extract
information from these repositories, facilitating the dissemination of digital collections to other
institutions or aggregators, such as Europeana or the Digital Public Library of America.
• Enhanced User Experiences through Personalized Services: The use of APIs enables libraries
to provide customized services, thereby improving the overall user experience. APIs allow
recommendation engines to provide suggestions for books, articles, or other resources based on a
user's search history or preferences. Similarly, APIs can help library systems integrate with

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The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Services

external tools like citation managers like Zotero or EndNote. This integration empowers users to
effortlessly export citations and effectively manage their references.
API Technologies in Libraries
• Catalog Integration:APIs can be used to integrate various catalog systems, allowing libraries to
provide a unified search experience. For example, the WorldCat API enables libraries to access the
WorldCat database, which contains millions of bibliographic records from libraries worldwide.
• Digital Collections: Libraries can use APIs to manage and provide access to digital collections.
The Europeana API allows libraries to access a vast collection of digitized items from European
cultural institutions, making it easier to integrate these resources into their own systems.
• User Authentication:APIs can streamline user authentication processes. For instance, the OAuth
2.0 protocol is commonly used to allow users to log in to library systems using their credentials
from other services like Google or Facebook.
• Data Enrichment: APIs can be used to enrich library data. The Google Books API allows libraries
to fetch additional information about books, such as reviews, ratings, and cover images, enhancing
the metadata available in their catalogs.
• Interlibrary Loan: APIs facilitate interlibrary loan services by enabling seamless communication
between different library systems. The ILLiad API is an example that helps libraries manage
interlibrary loan requests efficiently.
• Mobile Applications: Libraries can develop mobile applications that use APIs to provide users
with access to library resources on the go. The Libby app by OverDrive uses APIs to allow users to
borrow and read eBooks and audiobooks from their local libraries.
• Event Management: APIs can help manage library events and programs. The Eventbrite API can
be used to integrate event management and ticketing services into a library’s website, making it
easier to organize and promote events.
• Social Media Integration: Libraries can use APIs to integrate social media platforms, allowing
them to share updates and engage with their community. The Twitter API can be used to
automatically post updates about new arrivals, events, and other library news.
Challenges APIs in Library Management and Services
• Interoperability: Getting APIs from multiple vendors and systems to work together is challenging.
Libraries may find modern and older systems unsuitable.
• Security and Privacy: Protecting sensitive user data is crucial. If not adequately protected, APIs
may leak data and violate privacy.
• Scalability: As digital services expand, library APIs must manage higher loads without
deteriorating performance. In order to do this, a solid infrastructure and effective coding methods
are required.

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 The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Service

• Maintenance and Updates: APIs require continuous updates to repair issues, boost performance,
and add functionality. Maintaining these updates is resource-intensive.
• Cost: API development and maintenance are expensive, particularly for small libraries with limited
funds.
Some successful examples of API integration in libraries
• Library of Congress:The Library of Congress has established many APIs to improve access to its
vast resources. The Library of Congress API enables developers to perform searches and obtain
information about various e-resources within the library's digital holdings, including books,
images, maps, and other materials. Many apps and tools make it simple for users to browse and use
these resources.
• WorldCat: The WorldCat network, managed by OCLC, stands as the biggest global platform for
accessing library material and services. The APIs facilitate the integration of WorldCat data into
library systems, allowing users to conduct searches and retrieve items from libraries around the
world. This interface has resulted in improved resource sharing capabilities and simplified the
process for users to locate and reserve items from other libraries.
• British Library: The British Library has established APIs in order to improve access to its digital
holdings and information. The Integrated Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) API developed
by the British Library facilitates the access and engagement with high-resolution pictures of
manuscripts, maps, and many other items.
• National Digital Library of India (NDLI): In order to facilitate access to a wide range of
educational materials, the NDLI has established APIs. These APIs facilitate the integration of
NDLI's resources into many educational platforms and apps, therefore enhancing the accessibility
of an extensive variety of digital information for students and instructors.
• Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Libraries: Several libraries at IIT have used APIs to
augment their digital offerings. The IIT Bombay library utilizes APIs to help with the integration of
its catalog with other research databases and digital archives, thereby enabling effortless retrieval
of an extensive variety of scholarly materials.
Conclusion
Libraries must prioritize effective metadata management practices to optimize information retrieval and
organization. APIs automate retrieving and updating information from multiple sources, ensuring
constant validity of the library's catalog. They also facilitate user management and authentication,
enabling easy linkage of user databases with external authentication systems. APIs are crucial for
managing digital collections and repositories, facilitating the seamless integration of digital repositories
into library management systems. They enhance library services by facilitating discovery and search
services, automating interlibrary loan (ILL) services, and facilitating access to digital resources.

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The Digital Bridge: Leveraging APIs in Library Management and Services

References
• Cho, Y., Choi, J., & Choi, J. (2013, August). An integrated management system of virtual
resources based on virtualization API and data distribution service. In Proceedings of the 2013
ACM Cloud and Autonomic Computing Conference (pp. 1-7).
• Davis, R. “APIs and Libraries (Internet Connection Column).”
Behavioral &Social Sciences Librarian 35.4 (2017): 192-195. Web.
• Dresvyannikova, V. (2020). IFLA Statement on Libraries and Artificial Intelligence.
• Eyal-Salman, Hamzeh. (2018). API library-based identification and documentation of usage
patterns. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology. 58. 63.
10.1504/IJCAT.2018.094065.
• Ho, B. (2010). The Integrated Library System’s APIs, an Open-source Web 2.0 Catalog, and
University Computing Live Happily Ever After. Code4Lib Journal, (12).
• Hodonu-Wusu, J.O. The rise of artificial intelligence in libraries: the ethical and equitable
methodologies, and prospects for empowering library users. AI Ethics (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00432-7
• Lankes, R. D. (2011). The atlas of new librarianship. MIT Press.
• Rajat Ari. (2018). The Future of Libraries: Trends, Challenges, and Innovations. Journal of
Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 5(8).
• Salman, H. E. (2018). API library-based identification and documentation of usage patterns.
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 58(1), 63-79.

362 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and their Objectives in Supporting
Library Operations
1
Priya, R. and 2Sembianmadevi, P. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Mother Teresa Women’s University, Kodaikanal
2
Librarian & Head, DLIS, Mother Teresa Women’s University Kodaikanal
Abstract
In the rapidly evolving digital age, libraries are increasingly integrating advanced technologies to
enhance their operations, services, and user experiences. Technologies like Augmented Reality (AR),
Robotics, Drones, GPS, the Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain, Cloud Computing, QR Codes, Voice
Integration, and Digital Lending are transforming how libraries function, making them more efficient,
accessible, and engaging for users. The rapid evolution of technology has presented libraries with
unprecedented opportunities to transform their services and enhance user experiences. While numerous
technological advancements have emerged, three standout technologies Augmented Reality (AR),
Blockchain, and Cloud Computing offer significant potential for modernizing library operations. AR,
by overlaying digital content onto the physical world, can create immersive and interactive
experiences, captivating users and fostering engagement. Blockchain provides a secure and
transparent system for managing digital transactions and rights, ensuring the integrity of intellectual
property and enabling decentralized collaboration. Cloud Computing offers scalable solutions for data
storage, remote access, and collaboration, extending the reach of libraries and providing seamless
access to resources anytime, anywhere. By strategically integrating these technologies, libraries can
modernize their services, making them more interactive, secure, and accessible for all users. This paper
will delve into the specific applications and benefits of these technologies in the library context,
exploring their potential to revolutionize library operations and shape the future of information access.
Keywords: Augmented Reality (AR), Blockchain, Cloud Computing Robotics, Drones, GPS, the
Internet of Things (IoT), Library operations
Introduction
This is a digital era, and libraries are not left behind as they are incorporating the use of technology in
their daily operations to improve service delivery systems and experiences. Technologies such as
Augmented Reality, Robotics, Drones, GPS, Internet of Things, Blockchain, Cloud Computing, QR
Codes, Voice Integration, and Digital Lending have significantly impacted modern libraries, enhancing
their effectiveness, accessibility, and user interaction.
• Augmented Reality (AR): Enhances user engagement by overlaying digital information on the
physical world. Libraries use this to create interactive learning experiences and virtual tours.
• Robotics: Improves operational efficiency by automating tasks like sorting and shelving books,
assisting in customer service, and maintaining a safe environment.
• Drones: Extend the reach of library services, enabling the delivery of books and resources to
remote or hard-to-reach areas and providing aerial surveillance for large library campuses.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 363
Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting…

• Global Positioning System (GPS): Helps users navigate through large libraries, locate resources,
and manage mobile library services, ensuring users do not get lost.
• Internet of Things (IoT): Connects devices within the library, enabling automated smart
environments that control lighting, temperature, and security, as well as track and manage
resources in real-time.
• Blockchain: Ensures secure and transparent transactions for digital lending and managing digital
rights, protecting the library's digital collections from intellectual property misuse.
• Cloud Computing: Provides scalable and remote access to digital resources, data storage, and
collaborative tools among libraries without requiring extensive physical infrastructure.
• QR Codes: Simplify information access, allowing users to easily retrieve digital content, resources,
or services by scanning codes placed on books, signage, or promotional materials.
• Voice Integration: Enhances accessibility by enabling users to search for books, access
information, and control library systems through voice commands, making the library more
inclusive for people with disabilities.
• Digital Lending: Transforms how libraries manage and distribute e-books and digital resources,
making it quicker and easier for users to access materials from anywhere.
Integration of These Technologies in Library Operations The main objectives behind integrating
these technologies into library operations are:
1. Better User Experience: By creating interactive and personalized experiences, libraries can
achieve better user engagement, making information retrieval and learning more enjoyable.
2. Better Accessibility: These technologies remove barriers, making library resources accessible to
users with various needs, regardless of location or disability.
3. Efficiency Improvement: Automation and smart systems reduce the time and effort required for
routine tasks, allowing library staff to focus on more meaningful work while improving overall
efficiency.
4. Reach Extension: Technologies like drones and cloud computing allow libraries to extend their
services beyond physical boundaries, reaching more users and providing resources in innovative
ways.
5. Security and Transparency: Blockchain and secure cloud services protect user data, manage
digital rights, and ensure that transactions within the library ecosystem are transparent and
trustworthy.
By adopting these technologies, libraries can evolve to meet the demands of the digital age, offering
enhanced services that cater to the diverse needs of modern users while maintaining their role as crucial
centers for learning, culture, and community engagement.
Here's the humanized version of your content:

364 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting…

1. Augmented Reality (AR)

o Support:
▪ Interactive Learning: AR can support creating interactive scenarios for library programs, such as
virtual exhibits or enhanced storytelling.
▪ Navigation Assistance: AR applications can help users navigate large libraries by providing
overlaid directions or locating resources through their devices.
2. Robotics
o Support:
▪ Book Sorting and Shelving: Robots can automate the sorting and shelving of books, reducing
manual labor and improving efficiency.
▪ Customer Service: Robots can assist with checkouts, provide information, or guide users to
specific sections, enhancing user experience.
3. Drones
o Support:
▪ Delivery: Drones can deliver books or materials to remote locations or within large campus
libraries, extending the library's reach.
▪ Surveillance: Drones can monitor library premises or events, enhancing security and management.
4. GPS
o Support:
▪ Location-Based Services: GPS can help users find library branches, specific book collections, or
events within large library networks.
▪ Asset Tracking: GPS can be used to track library resources, especially in mobile libraries or
bookmobiles.
5. IoT (Internet of Things)
o Support:
▪ Smart Environment: IoT devices can manage lighting, temperature, and security systems,
creating a more comfortable and secure library environment.
▪ Inventory Management: IoT sensors can monitor the usage of books and resources, aiding in
inventory control and space management.
6. Blockchain
o Support:

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 365
Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting…

▪ Digital Rights Management: Blockchain can manage and protect intellectual property rights for
digital content, ensuring proper usage and attribution.
▪ Secure Transactions: It can provide a secure and transparent system for digital lending and
transactions, protecting user data and library assets.
7. Cloud Computing
o Support:
▪ Digital Resources: Cloud services enable libraries to store and provide access to digital
collections, e-books, and databases, supporting remote access and scalability.
▪ Collaboration and Sharing: Cloud-based tools facilitate collaboration between libraries and
enable sharing of resources and data with other institutions.
8. QR Codes
o Support:
▪ Access to Information: QR codes on book covers, signs, or promotional materials provide quick
access to additional information, such as book reviews, related resources, or event details.
▪ Self-Service: Users can scan QR codes to check out books, access digital catalogs, or find specific
library services.
9. Voice Integration
o Support:
▪ Search and Assistance: Voice-activated systems can help users find books, search the catalog, or
get information about library services without using a keyboard.
▪ Accessibility: Voice integration improves accessibility for users with disabilities, allowing them to
interact with library systems more easily.
10. Digital Lending
o Support:
▪ Expanded Access: Digital lending platforms allow users to borrow e-books and audiobooks from
anywhere, increasing accessibility and convenience.
▪ Efficient Management: Digital lending systems automate the borrowing process, track usage, and
manage digital collections more effectively than physical systems.
Emerging Technologies to Transform Library Operations
Three standout technologies—Augmented Reality (AR), Blockchain, and Cloud Computing—offer
remarkable potential to revolutionize library activities.
Augmented Reality (AR) in Libraries
AR provides a range of interactive and engaging applications:

366 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting…

1. Interactive Book Tours: Users can scan book covers to view additional content like author
interviews and 3D animations, enriching their understanding of the collection.
2. Virtual Library Tours: AR helps users explore library sections and resources, either in-person or
remotely.
3. Enhanced Learning Experiences: AR overlays educational content on physical books, creating
dynamic and multimodal learning environments.
4. Interactive Exhibits: AR adds life to library exhibits, transforming them into more experiential
and informative spaces.
5. AR Games and Scavenger Hunts: Libraries can organize AR-based activities to engage users in
fun and educational exploration.
6. Navigation Assistance: AR makes navigating large libraries easier by providing real-time
directions and information.
7. Virtual Author Talks: AR enables interactive virtual author events, making them more engaging
and accessible.
8. Interactive Storytelling for Children: AR brings children’s books to life with animations,
making reading more enjoyable.
9. Historical Reconstructions: AR recreates historical scenes in libraries, offering a vivid
understanding of historical content.
10. Real-Time Language Translation: AR provides real-time translations, improving accessibility for
non-native speakers.
Implementation Considerations:
• Technology Requirements: Ensure the necessary AR hardware (e.g., smartphones, tablets, AR
glasses) and software (AR apps or platforms) are available and accessible to users.
• Content Development: Develop engaging and relevant AR content that enhances the library
experience without overwhelming users.
• User Training: Provide guidance and support for users unfamiliar with AR technology to ensure
they can effectively use and benefit from the AR features.
By integrating AR into library operations, libraries can create more dynamic, interactive, and user-
friendly environments, enhancing both educational and recreational experiences for their patrons.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing has transformed how libraries operate, offering numerous benefits that improve
efficiency, accessibility, and service delivery.

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Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting…

Digital Resources
• Storage and Access: Cloud services offer ample storage for digital collections, including e-books,
databases, and multimedia content, making these resources easily accessible and well-preserved.
• Remote Access: Cloud-based platforms allow patrons to access library resources from anywhere
with an internet connection, extending the library’s reach and convenience.
• Scalability: Cloud services can be scaled up or down to meet fluctuating demands, ensuring
libraries have the resources needed during peak times or periods of low usage.
Collaboration and Sharing
• Collaboration Tools: Tools like Google Drive or Microsoft Teams enable library staff to
collaborate on projects, share documents, and communicate effectively with colleagues and other
institutions.
• Resource Sharing: Cloud platforms facilitate resource sharing between libraries, allowing them to
pool collections and offer patrons a broader range of materials, which is especially beneficial for
smaller libraries with limited budgets.
• Data Sharing: Cloud-based data management tools help libraries securely share data with other
organizations, such as research institutions or government agencies, supporting collaborative
research and improving data accessibility.
Other Benefits
• Cost-Effectiveness: Cloud computing can be more cost-effective than traditional on-site
infrastructure, eliminating the need for upfront hardware and software costs.
• Disaster Recovery: Cloud services often include built-in disaster recovery features, protecting
library data in case of hardware failures or natural disasters.
• Flexibility: Cloud computing offers flexibility, allowing libraries to quickly adapt to changing
needs and new technologies.
Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology holds transformative potential for library operations through a range of
innovative applications:
• Secure Digital Lending: Blockchain enables secure digital lending by using smart contracts to
manage the lending of e-books and digital resources, ensuring compliance with licensing
agreements and reducing unauthorized sharing.
• Immutable Record-Keeping: It creates a tamper-proof ledger for vital transactions, membership
details, and borrowing histories, enhancing the trustworthiness and transparency of library records.
• Decentralized Knowledge Sharing: Blockchain facilitates global collaboration among libraries,
allowing them to share rare collections and research without relying on a central authority, thereby
preserving important resources.

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 Cohesive Introduction to the Technologies and Their Objectives in Supporting…

• Enhanced Copyright Management: Blockchain ensures the protection and clear ownership of
digital content, safeguarding intellectual property rights.
• Transparent Funding and Donations: It supports transparent and accountable management of
financial contributions, providing a clear system for handling funding and donations.
• Tokenization of Resources: Blockchain opens new avenues for managing and monetizing access
to rare collections and special resources through tokenization.
• Secure User Authentication: It strengthens privacy and security through secure user
authentication, offering a seamless and protected user experience.
These applications position libraries to be more secure, transparent, innovative, and resilient in the
digital era.
Conclusion
These technologies empower libraries to not only uphold their traditional roles as knowledge
repositories but also to transform into dynamic, user-focused institutions that cater to the demands of a
digital-first world. By embracing these innovations, libraries can better serve their communities, build
stronger connections with users, and remain leaders in knowledge dissemination in the 21st century. As
libraries continue to adopt and integrate these technologies, they will play a crucial role in shaping the
future of education, research, and cultural preservation.
References
1. Branz, T., & Wolske, M. (2016). Leveraging GPS Technology in Libraries for Enhanced User
Services. Journal of Library Innovation, 7(2), 29-42.
2. Casey, M. E. (2020). Smart Libraries: The Role of IoT in Library Innovation. Library Technology
Reports, 56(3), 1-42.
3. Jones, K. B., & Overman, S. T. (2019). Library Automation and Robotics: Changing the
Landscape of Libraries. Library Technology Reports, 55(4), 1-40.
4. Reed, B. (2018). Drones in Libraries: Expanding the Reach of Library Services. American
Libraries Magazine.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 369
 Digital Transformation in Libraries: Reimagining Resource Management
Ponselvi, R.
Librarian, Annammal College of Education for Women, Thoothukudi
Abstract
The digital revolution has profoundly impacted academic libraries, reshaping resource management
and service delivery. This study explores the influence of software technologies on library operations,
focusing on the experiences of librarians and users alike. While users appreciate the accessibility of
digital resources, they express concerns about technology implementation and staff support.
Librarians, however, grapple with system limitations, staffing issues, and budget constraints. This
research illuminates the critical aspects of digital technology adoption in academic libraries, offering
insights for stakeholders across the spectrum, from institutional management to the broader
community. The future of academic libraries lies in their ability to adapt to the rapidly changing digital
landscape while maintaining their core mission of facilitating access to knowledge and supporting
learning and research. This research contributes to the broader understanding of how digital
technologies can be harnessed to optimize resource management in academic libraries. Accordingly, it
explores the key drivers behind the digital transformation in libraries, focusing on the adoption of
advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and cloud computing. It
examines how these innovations are reimagining resource management by enhancing efficiency,
improving user experience, and enabling better decision-making processes.
Keywords: Digital revolution, software technology, digital technology, enhancing the usage, virtual
assistance
Introduction
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has catalyzed a significant transformation in library
services (Cox et al., 2021; Yap &Manabat, 2020). This shift encompasses the integration of
sophisticated software that enhances resource management, streamlines operations, and elevates user
engagement. As academic libraries evolve to meet the dynamic needs of their patrons, understanding
the impact of these technologies becomes paramount (Çapuk& Kara, 2022; Martzoukou, 2021). The
transition from traditional to digital resources has not only revolutionized collection curation and
management but has also redefined the role of librarians. With the advent of digital catalogues, online
databases, and electronic journals, libraries now offer unprecedented access to vast information
repositories. However, this digital shift presents its own set of challenges, including user satisfaction,
technological proficiency, and adequate support staff. This research delves into the multifaceted impact
of software technologies on resource management in academic libraries, examining the perspectives of
both librarians and users. By exploring the benefits and challenges associated with digital
transformation, we aim to provide valuable insights into optimizing library operations and enhancing
user experiences in an increasingly digital landscape.

370 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Transformation in Libraries: Reimagining Resource Management

Key Aspects of Digital Transformation in Libraries

Enhanced Access to Resources
Digitalcatalogues and online databases have revolutionized information access, allowing users to
retrieve a wealth of resources from anywhere (Guo et al., 2020; Rafiq et al., 2021). This shift has
democratized knowledge, creating a more inclusive and enriched learning environment. Libraries have
become more accessible, offering diverse materials previously limited to physical formats (Mashiyat&
Habib, 2023; Mehta & Wang, 2020).
Impact on Research and Learning
The availability of digital resources has significantly impacted research methodologies and learning
processes (Connaway et al., 2021). Students and researchers can now access a vast array of scholarly
articles, e-books, and multimedia content instantaneously, facilitating more comprehensive and
efficient research (Hurst, 2023). This accessibility has led to increased interdisciplinary studies and
collaborations, as researchers can easily explore resources outside their primary field of study (Naik&
Kurian, 2022).
Global Reach and Collaboration
Digital transformation has enabled libraries to extend their reach beyond geographical boundaries.
Interlibrary loan systems have become more efficient, allowing users to access resources from partner
institutions worldwide. This global connectivity fosters international collaboration and knowledge
sharing, enriching the academic community's collective knowledge base.
Operational Efficiency
The automation of cataloguing and indexing processes has significantly reduced manual workload for
librarians (Rodríguez-Bravo et al., 2022; Yap &Manabat, 2020). This efficiency enables staff to focus
on user engagement and support, ultimately improving service delivery. By streamlining these
processes, libraries can allocate resources more effectively, ensuring prompt responses to user needs
(Islam & Bashir, 2021; Tammaro, 2020).
Automated Cataloguing and Metadata Management
Advanced software solutions now employ machine learning algorithms to assist in cataloguing and
metadata creation. These tools can automatically extract relevant information from digital resources,
assign appropriate subject headings, and even translate metadata into multiple languages. This not only
speeds up the cataloguing process but also improves the accuracy and consistency of metadata,
enhancing resource discoverability.
Inventory Management and Space Optimization
Digital transformation has revolutionized inventory management in libraries. RFID (Radio-Frequency
Identification) technology and automated shelf-reading systems allow for real-time tracking of physical
resources, reducing misplacement and improving circulation efficiency. Moreover, the shift towards
digital resources has enabled libraries to optimize their physical space, repurposing areas for
collaborative workspaces, makerspaces, and other community-oriented facilities.

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Digital Transformation in Libraries: Reimagining Resource Management

User-Centred Services
Libraries are increasingly adopting a user-centred approach in designing and delivering services
(Coghill& Sewell, 2020; Koltay, 2021). By involving users in the development of library offerings,
institutions can tailor services to better meet the specific needs of their communities. This engagement
fosters a stronger connection between libraries and their users, enhancing overall satisfaction (Shen et
al., 2023; Yap &Manabat, 2020).
Personalized Recommendation Systems
Leveraging big data analytics and machine learning, libraries are implementing personalized
recommendation systems similar to those used by e-commerce platforms. These systems analyze user
behaviour, borrowing history, and academic profiles to suggest relevant resources, enhancing the
discovery process and user engagement with library collections.
Virtual Reference Services
The integration of chatbots and AI-powered virtual assistants has transformed reference services. These
tools provide 24/7 support, answering basic queries and guiding users to appropriate resources. For
more complex inquiries, libraries are utilizing video conferencing and screen-sharing technologies to
offer remote, face-to-face consultations with librarians, ensuring personalized assistance regardless of
physical location.
Data-Driven Decision Making
The integration of analytics tools allows libraries to assess user behaviour and preferences (Çapuk&
Kara, 2022; Connaway et al., 2021). By tracking borrowing patterns and identifying popular resources,
libraries can make informed decisions about resource allocation and service improvements. This data-
driven approach ensures that libraries remain relevant and responsive to user demands (Rodríguez-
Bravo et al., 2022; Tammaro, 2020).
Collection Development Strategies
Analytics tools provide valuable insights into resource usage patterns, enabling libraries to make data-
driven decisions in collection development. By analyzing metrics such as e-book downloads, database
access frequencies, and interlibrary loan requests, libraries can identify gaps in their collections and
prioritize acquisitions that align with user needs and institutional research focus areas.
Impact Metrics and Institutional Values:
Libraries are increasingly using data analytics to demonstrate their value to parent institutions. By
tracking and analyzing metrics such as resource usage, correlation between library engagement and
student success, and the impact of library resources on research outputs, libraries can quantify their
contribution to institutional goals. This data-driven approach is crucial for securing funding and support
from institutional leadership.
Challenges of Digital Transformation

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 Digital Transformation in Libraries: Reimagining Resource Management

➢ Professional DevelopmentContinuous training is crucial for librarians to effectively utilize new

technologies and adapt to evolving roles (Cox et al., 2021; Martzoukou, 2021). Without adequate
training, staff may struggle to leverage digital tools effectively, impacting service quality.
➢ User Experience: While digital resources enhance access, user satisfaction can be affected by the
usability of digital platforms and the quality of support services. Libraries must prioritize user
experience to ensure that patrons can navigate digital resources effectively.
➢ Budget Constraints: Financial limitations can hinder the adoption of advanced technologies and
the maintenance of digital resources. Many libraries struggle to secure funding for necessary
upgrades, which can impede their ability to provide high-quality services.
➢ Digital Preservation: Ensuring long-term access to digital resources poses significant challenges.
Libraries must develop robust digital preservation strategies to safeguard against technological
obsolescence and ensure the integrity and accessibility of digital collections for future generations.
➢ Information Literacy and Digital Divide: As libraries become more digitally oriented, there's a
growing need to address information literacy gaps among users. Libraries must develop programs
to enhance users' digital skills, ensuring they can effectively navigate and utilize digital resources.
Additionally, addressing the digital divide by providing access to technology and internet
connectivity for underserved communities becomes an important aspect of the library's mission.
➢ Privacy and Data Security: With the increasing collection and analysis of user data, libraries face
challenges in balancing personalized services with user privacy. Implementing robust data
protection measures and developing clear policies on data collection, usage, and retention are
critical to maintaining user trust.
Conclusion
The digital transformation of libraries represents a paradigm shift in resource management and service
delivery. This study highlights the need for a balanced approach that addresses both user expectations
and librarian challenges. By investing in robust digital infrastructure, ongoing professional
development, and user-centered design, libraries can create a more responsive and effective
environment. As libraries continue to blend traditional and digital resources, embracing innovative
technologies will be crucial for their relevance and effectiveness. It paves the way for future studies and
strategies aimed at enhancing library services and user satisfaction in the digital age. As we move
forward, it is essential for libraries to remain agile, continuously evaluating and adopting new
technologies while staying true to their fundamental role as custodians of knowledge and pillars of
academic communities. The digital transformation journey of libraries is ongoing, and its success will
depend on the collaborative efforts of librarians, technologists, administrators, and users. By embracing
change, fostering innovation, and maintaining a strong commitment to user needs, libraries can
continue to thrive as essential institutions in the digital era, supporting the advancement of knowledge
and the empowerment of communities worldwide.

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Digital Transformation in Libraries: Reimagining Resource Management

Reference
1. Cox, A. M., Pinfield, S., & Rutter, S. (2021). Extending McKinsey's 7S model to understand
strategic alignment in academic libraries. Library & Information Science Research, 43(2), 101086.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2021.101086
2. Guo, Y., Yang, Z., Yang, Z., Liu, Y. Q., Bielefield, A., & Tharp, G. (2020). The provision of
patron services in Chinese academic libraries responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Library Hi
Tech, 39(2), 533-548. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-04-2020-0098
3. Hurst, S. (2023). Academic library support for digital scholarship: A case study of a research data
management initiative. Journal of eScience Librarianship, 12(1), e1239.
https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2023.1239
4. Islam, M. A., & Bashir, M. S. (2021). Perceptions and practices of information professionals
towards digital library services during COVID-19 pandemic. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-
20.
5. Koltay, T. (2021). Data literacy in academia: Basics, roles, and opportunities for librarians. Journal
of Academic Librarianship, 47(4), 102347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102347

374 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Role of Disaster-Related Information in Libraries: Enhancing Information
Dissemination and User Education for Community Resilience
1
Neethu, M. 2Ahana. T.C. and 3Kohila, G.T. (Dr.)
1& 2
Research Scholar, DLIS, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry
3
Assistant Professor, DLIS, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry
Abstract
This study investigates how libraries improve community resilience through user education and the
efficient dissemination of information linked to disasters. Libraries serve as dependable hubs of
information, offering precise resources to support communities in getting ready for, addressing, and
bouncing back from catastrophe. Libraries can foster a strong culture by educating the public about
lowering risks, recovery methods, and disaster preparedness in their areas.
Keywords: Disaster Information, Information Services, Community Resilience, User Education
Introduction
The library plays a significant role in the development of a society. The library provides access to
knowledge resources and lends its resources to users for their development. The services and functions
of libraries have been rapidly changing since the beginning of the 21st century due to the impact of the
ICT revolution and the knowledge explosion. The study investigates the approaches libraries use to
improve disaster awareness and education among their users. The demand for efficient distribution of
information and public education within communities has become increasingly urgent as natural
disasters occur more frequently and become more severe globally. Communities are often left exposed
and vulnerable to disasters like floods, earthquakes, and landslides, not only because of their immediate
physical impact but also due to the absence of timely and precise information that could assist them in
their responses and recovery.
S.R.Ranganathan’s five laws of Library Science discusses the library as an institution that is actively
engaged in a constantly changing environment. Accordingly, the institute should adapt and evolve in
sync with the current times to best serve those who need it (SR Ranganathan, 1931). Hence, libraries
play a crucial role as essential institutions that are uniquely capable of acting as centres for disaster-
related information and education.
Objectives
➢ To examine the importance of disaster-related information in libraries.
➢ To find out the various social media platforms that disseminated disaster-related information.
➢ To identify the benefits of integrating disaster studies into library services and programs.
➢ To offer recommendations for enhancing the role of libraries in future disaster scenarios.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 375
Role of Disaster-Related Information in Libraries…

Review of literature
A study by Shari R. Veil and Bradley Wade Bishop (2014) finds the expanding roles of public libraries.
the perspective about libraries that were traditionally considered a quiet place to check and read books
has been changed regarding their services. This study investigated the role of the public library and its
contribution to the community resource network for disaster recovery. It is necessary to establish a
disaster management knowledge repository encompassing various global disasters and their associated
prevention and recovery strategies in a networked format. Mobile libraries can significantly assist in
educating individuals on safeguarding themselves during emergencies. Additionally, it is imperative to
adapt library and information science curricula to underscore the significance of disaster management
for library and information centers, especially due to the pivotal roles libraries play as service agencies
and librarians as service and information handling managers worldwide Rattan, Pardeep, (2013).
According to Lu Yan, Alfonso J. Pedraza-Martinez, (2019) investigate the effect of information
exchange on social engagement during disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. They propose
that the impact of information on social engagement increases from preparedness to response and
decreases from response to recovery. Some of the information exchanged in social conversations is
actionable as well.
Methodology
The data for the study is collected from various sources on the internet. This study examined role of
libraries in providing disaster-related information. Analyzed the social media platform that
disseminated the information related to disasters.
Discussion
Libraries as Information Hubs
With more innovative investment and, infrastructure technologies and staff training, public libraries can
effectively meet community needs in the digital age. Revitalizing libraries as creative hubs for digitally
accessible resources and services will empower citizens educationally, economically and civically
(Bello and Adepegba, 2023). The importance of libraries in information distribution lies in their
capability to provide equal access to knowledge. They bridge the divide between information and the
public, offering fair resource access. Through their services, libraries encourage continuous learning,
support academic and professional growth, and nurture an informed citizenship.
Need of Disaster Management Information
Efficient disaster management information is crucial in mitigating the harmful impacts of both natural
and man-made disasters. As the frequency and intensity of such occurrences escalate as a result of
factors such as climate change, urbanization, and environmental decline, there is an increasing demand
for precise, prompt, and readily available disaster management information. There should be more
emphasis on development of new technologies in disaster mitigation. The disaster preparedness and
awareness is the only effective method of mitigating the impact of future disaster (Singh and Singh,
2022).

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Informed Decision-Making
The successful management of disasters relies on making well-informed decisions at all levels,
including government agencies, emergency responders, local communities, and individuals. Access to
thorough disaster management information allows stakeholders to evaluate risks, plan appropriate
responses, and allocate resources effectively. This information encompasses data related to identifying
hazards, assessing risks, early warning systems, and response strategies, all of which are vital for
minimizing the impact of disasters.
Public Awareness and Preparedness
Raising public awareness is crucial for disaster preparedness. Informed communities can respond
effectively to disasters. Providing disaster management information through education and digital
platforms empowers people to take proactive actions.
Coordination and Collaboration
Disaster management is a multifaceted process involving a range of stakeholders, including
government agencies, non-governmental organizations, emergency services, and the private sector.
Sharing information ensures that everyone is working together using the same data to alleviate the
consequences of disasters.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
After a calamity, accurate information is crucial for guiding recovery and rehabilitation efforts. It
includes details about damage, affected population’s requirements, and available resources. This
information facilitates the creation of recovery plans for immediate and long-term rebuilding, assisting
communities in constructing stronger and more resilient structures.
Risk Reduction and Resilience Building
Managing disasters is crucial for reducing risks and building resilience. Analysing past data and
upcoming dangers helps communities decrease weaknesses and improve their ability to withstand
future disasters. This may involve new construction regulations, better infrastructure, and sustainable
land-use measures. The goal is to create communities that can survive and thrive after disasters.
Global and Local Implications
The demand for disaster management data is global and needs to be customized for local
circumstances. Information should be tailored to specific hazards and vulnerabilities of each location.
International efforts like the Sendai Framework emphasize sharing disaster management information
between countries to improve global readiness and response.
Social media platforms that disseminated disaster-related information
Social networking sites have become crucial instruments for sharing information about disasters,
playing an essential part in the contemporary procedures for managing disasters. These sites, including
Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, allow information to be quickly and widely shared,

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enabling instant communication between affected communities, first responders, and government
entities.
Twitter
The real-time nature of Twitter makes it effective for sharing disaster-related information, especially
with hashtags. Government agencies, emergency services, and news organizations use it to
communicate alerts, updates, and safety guidance, reaching large audiences almost instantly. The
retweet feature helps spread important information across networks.
Facebook
Facebook's Crisis Response feature helps users in disaster-affected areas indicate their safety, access
relevant information, and coordinate community support activities. Groups and pages also serve as
central points for community-led information sharing.
Instagram
Sharing disaster-related information through visual content on Instagram is becoming increasingly
common, allowing for engaging and effective communication of crucial information.
WhatsApp
WhatsApp is commonly used for disaster communication in areas with a high number of smartphones.
It allows vital information to be sent to large groups of people at the same time, and is used by
community leaders, local authorities, and relief organizations to distribute real-time updates, organize
rescue efforts, and offer safety guidance.
YouTube
YouTube is used for spreading disaster-related information through videos. It's also used for live
broadcasts during crises to provide immediate updates and guidance. User-created content offers
valuable perspectives into disaster scenarios, contributing to a better comprehension of the situation.
Social networks are crucial for spreading information about disasters, enabling fast communication, and
promoting community strength during crises.
Benefits of integrating disaster studies into library services and programs
Integrating disaster studies into library services and programs offers numerous benefits that enhance the
library's role as a critical resource during emergencies and contribute to broader community resilience.
The following are key benefits:
Enhanced Preparedness and Response
Integrating disaster studies equips libraries with the knowledge and strategies needed to prepare for and
respond to disasters effectively. Libraries can develop comprehensive disaster preparedness plans,
ensuring the safety of their collections, facilities, and patrons. Trained library staff can act swiftly
during emergencies, providing essential information, resources, and services to affected communities,
thereby minimizing disruption and aiding in recovery efforts.

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Improved Information Dissemination

Libraries, as information hubs, play a crucial role in disseminating disaster-related information. By
incorporating disaster studies, libraries can curate and provide access to reliable, up-to-date resources
on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. This includes creating specialized collections,
offering educational programs, and utilizing digital platforms to reach broader audiences. Such efforts
empower communities with the knowledge they need to navigate crises effectively.
Support for Community Resilience
Libraries that integrate disaster studies into their services can actively contribute to building community
resilience. By offering programs on disaster preparedness, risk reduction, and recovery, libraries can
educate the public on how to respond to emergencies and reduce vulnerabilities. Additionally, libraries
can serve as gathering points for community discussions, training sessions, and collaborative efforts
aimed at enhancing local disaster resilience.
Safeguarding Cultural Heritage
Disaster studies provide libraries with the expertise needed to protect and preserve cultural heritage
during disasters. Libraries have valuable collections of historical documents, rare books, and other
cultural artifacts that are at risk of damage or loss during emergencies. By integrating disaster
management practices, libraries can implement preservation strategies, disaster recovery plans, and
digitization efforts to ensure the longevity of these important resources.
Strengthening Institutional Capacity
Incorporating disaster studies into library services and programs strengthens the institutional capacity
of libraries to manage crises. Libraries can develop internal training programs, establish partnerships
with disaster management agencies, and create protocols for emergency situations. This institutional
preparedness ensures that libraries remain operational and can continue to serve their communities,
even in the face of significant disruptions.
Promotion of Lifelong Learning
Disaster studies in libraries foster a culture of lifelong learning by encouraging patrons to engage with
topics related to disaster management. Libraries can offer workshops, lectures, and online courses that
cover various aspects of disaster preparedness and response, attracting diverse audiences interested in
enhancing their knowledge and skills. This not only benefits individuals but also contributes to a more
informed and resilient community.
Increased Community Trust and Engagement
Libraries that actively engage in disaster management efforts build trust and credibility within their
communities. By providing essential information and services during crises, libraries demonstrate their
commitment to public well-being, which can lead to increased patronage and community support.
Moreover, disaster studies programs can attract new users who may not have previously utilized library
services, expanding the library’s reach and impact.

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Facilitation of Research and Innovation

Integrating disaster studies into library programs encourages research and innovation in the field of
disaster management. Libraries can support academic and community-based research by providing
access to specialized resources, data, and expertise. This can lead to the development of new tools,
technologies, and strategies for disaster preparedness and response, benefiting both the library
community and the broader field of disaster management.
The integration of disaster studies into library services and programs significantly enhances the role of
libraries in disaster management and community resilience. By preparing libraries to respond
effectively to emergencies, supporting public education and awareness, and safeguarding cultural
heritage, disaster studies contribute to the overall mission of libraries as vital community resources in
times of crisis.
Conclusion
Libraries play a crucial role in distributing information. They act as repositories of knowledge and
information, essential centres for obtaining, safeguarding, and sharing information in various formats
and mediums. Libraries bridge generations by passing on knowledge and experiences, including
disaster-related information, to better prepare future generations. Their role goes beyond just storing
information; libraries actively manage and categorize extensive collections of resources to ensure that
data is easily accessible, reliable, and pertinent to user’s needs. Libraries play a key role in regulating
misinformation and educating the public on how to find and use credible sources.
References
1. S. R. Ranganathan. (1931). The Five Laws of Library Science.
2. Matthews, G., & Eden, P. (1996). Disaster management training in libraries. Library Review,
45(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/00242539610107730
3. Stock, W. (2011). Informational Cities: Analysis and Construction of Cities in the Knowledge
Society. JASIST, 62, 963–986. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21506
4. Mainka, A., & Khveshchanka, S. (2012). Digital Libraries as Knowledge Hubs in Informational
Cities.
5. Veil, S. R., & Bishop, B. W. (2014). Opportunities and Challenges for Public Libraries to Enhance
Community Resilience. Risk Analysis, 34(4), 721–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12130
6. Yan, L. (Lucy), & Pedraza‐Martinez, A. J. (2019). “Social Media for Disaster Management:
Operational Value of the Social Conversation.” Production and Operations Management, 28(10),
2514–2532. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13064
7. Ladan, A., Haruna, B., & Madu, A. (2020). “COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Media News in
Nigeria: The Role of Libraries and Library Associations in Information Dissemination.” 2349–
5219.
8. Bello, B. P., & Adepegba, I. (2023). ResearchGate.

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9. Floods-twitter.jpg (620×344). (n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2024, from

10. Mavrodieva, A. V., & Shaw, R. (2021). “Social Media in Disaster Management.” In R. Shaw, S.
Kakuchi, & M. Yamaji (Eds.), Media and Disaster Risk Reduction: Advances, Challenges and
Potentials (pp. 55–73). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0285-6_4
11. Meechang, K., Leelawat, N., Tang, J., Kodaka, A., & Chintanapakdee, C. (2020). “The Acceptance
of Using Information Technology for Disaster Risk Management: A Systematic Review.”
Engineering Journal, 24(4), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2020.24.4.111
12. Singh, Er. M., & Singh, K. (2022). “Information Technology in Disaster Management.”Saudi
Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7, 312–315. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjet.2022.v07i06.006
13. Wang, T., & Lund, B. (2020). “Announcement Information Provided by United States’ Public
Libraries during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic.” Public Library Quarterly, 39(4), 283–294.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2020.1764325
14. Zhuang, L., He, J., Yong, Z., Deng, X., & Xu, D. (2020). “Disaster information acquisition by
residents of China’s earthquake-stricken areas.”International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,
51, 101908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101908

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 381
 Libraries and Information Literacy
1
Srilakshmi, B. (Dr.) 2Grace, M. (Dr.) and 3Indumathi, K. (Dr.)
1
Librarian, Sir Theagaraya College, Chennai.
2
Librarian, Loganatha Narayanasamy Govt. College, Ponneri.
3Librarian, Anna Adarsh College for Women, Chennai.

Abstract
In the era of information and the internet, it is imperative to fulfill user demands and accomplish
performance targets for libraries. The application of information literacy promotes self-learning and
increases behavioral self-confidence. This paper emphasizes the importance of information literacy as
a signal skill for a lifetime, the role that librarians play in promoting information literacy. Information
literacy programs are essentially action-oriented, assisting in the solution of real-world issues and the
making of wise judgments. Furthermore, the dimensions of various literacy programs are also
discussed Libraries have long acknowledged the value of information and provided new technology
and systems to better serve their patrons. Information systems are contemporary services made to offer
consumers’ high-quality, practical services. In the era of information and the internet, it is imperative
to fulfill user demands and accomplish performance targets for libraries. The application of this
technique promotes self-learning and increases behavioral self-confidence.
Keywords: Information Literacy, Information Literate, Library.
Introduction
The 21st century, often referred to as the Information Era, has seen an explosion of information and
sources. Navigating, retrieving, analyzing, and applying this wealth of information requires a specific
set of abilities known as information literacy. Traditionally, literacy has been defined as the ability to
read and write, but today it encompasses a variety of forms such as print, media, computer, audiovisual,
library, and information literacy. The aim of both passive and active literacy is to emphasize the
importance of reading and writing in daily life. However, information literacy goes beyond these
traditional concepts, integrating and surpassing them. In this "information explosion" era, it becomes
increasingly difficult to provide the right information at the right time unless an individual is
"information literate." The topic of information literacy is intricate and involves many greater than
learning the abilities required operating computers and the online.
It extends beyond the capacity to locate data and furthermore necessitates communication abilities.
Information professional who is literate in information, can assist users in obtaining the right
information at the right time more successfully and efficiently.
Using information promptly is essential in today's world of exponentially expanding information.
Information seekers must possess information literacy abilities to locate the required information, as
well as how to find and use information resources when necessary. In the current knowledge-based
society, one must develop high levels of information literacy skills in addition to the ability to absorb,
analyze, and integrate information, and to understand how to use information to add true value to
everything they do. In the United States, the term was first used in 1974.

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 Libraries and Information Literacy

Information literacy is essentially the capacity to identify needs for information, find it, assess it, and
use it responsibly and effectively.
What is Information Literacy
Paul Murkowski first defined information literacy in (1974) as ‘people trained in the application of
information sources to their work can be called literates.’
“Information literacy is a set of abilities requiring individuals to "recognize when Information is needed
and has the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information “(Association of
College and Research Libraries, 2000)
Objectives of Information Literacy:
The objectives of information literacy are all-encompassing and are designed to provide people with the
fundamental knowledge, abilities, and skills needed to successfully traverse the information-rich
environment of the digital age. By enabling people to acquire, assess, and use information efficiently,
information literacy promotes critical thinking, self-directed learning, and well-informed decision-
making. These goals are broad and encompass a variety of skills, such as identifying reliable sources,
comprehending various media types, and navigating intricate information networks. Information
literacy also seeks to foster ethical information use by enticing people to value intellectual property,
assess the credibility of sources, and contribute ethically to the information ecosystem. These goals go
beyond the classroom, impacting the public, professional, and personal spheres and elevating
information literacy to the status of a vital life skill in the globalized world of today.
Facilitating Information Access: To ensure people to efficiently find, retrieve, and access
information that is pertinent to their requirement, where knowledge is spread across numerous
platforms and media in this modern world.
Developing Critical Evaluation Skills: It goes beyond just gathering data to give people the skills
necessary to evaluate its validity, applicability, and dependability. This entails challenging the
reliability of the source, being aware of any biases, and determining how current the information is.
Promoting Effective Information Use: The goal is to empower people to actively use information in
meaningful ways in both personal and professional contexts, moving beyond passive consumption.
Encouraging Ethical Information Use: Information literacy goals must take ethics into account.
People are instructed on how to comprehend and follow ethical standards, such as properly attributing
sources, upholding the rights of intellectual property, and refraining from plagiarism. In order to
support moral and long-lasting information ecology, this goal highlights the significance of responsible
information use.
Cultivating Lifelong Learning Habits: This goal acknowledges that learning is a lifelong, self-
directed process that happens outside of the traditional educational setting.
Empowering Civic and Social Engagement: This entails being aware of many points of view, taking
part in thoughtful civic conversation, and applying knowledge to advance society. Through efficient

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Libraries and Information Literacy

use of information, the goal is to enable people to actively and responsibly contribute to the
advancement of society.
Significance of Information Literacy
Information Literacy is an indispensable tool for the people of this era:
➢ Exponential growth of information.
➢ Wide variety of gadgets to access information.
➢ Increasing need for information applicability in every activity.
➢ Inevitability to be thorough about the latest advancements in all the spheres of life.
➢ Increased competition and globalization in all fields compared to the previous era.
The motto of Information Literacy is learning how to learn. Many skills are incorporated into
Information Literacy. Regardless of the field, 'Information Handling' in 21st century has ingrained in
the daily activities of all. With the increasing growth of complex information, Information literacy
predates the "information Age.” Information literacy is essential for learning process, which is a
lifelong learning process.
The following skills are possessed by the Information Literate
➢ Research and reasoning abilities.
➢ Critical thinking and reading
➢ Sense of inquiry
➢ Communication skills
➢ Analyzing and reflection
➢ Production of new knowledge and hence the ability to contribute to already existing theories.
Dimensions of Information Literacy
Media Literacy
The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media is known as media literacy. Or the
combination of abilities required to determine when, what, and where information is needed and where
to look for that data, how to assess it attentively, arrange it when you find it, and know how to apply it
in a morally upright manner. The idea goes beyond borders in education and the workplace
Network Literacy
This is a new kind of digital literacy that focuses on network and computer skills. It facilitates citizens'
involvement in the networked society. A subset of information literacy is related to web literacy. The
capacity to use, communicate, access, search, and assemble data for the World Wide Web (WWW).
Digital Literacy
In the current setting, Digital Literacy (DL), which addresses users' knowledge, abilities, and behavior
with a variety of digital devices, is extremely important such laptops, smart phones, and so forth.

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Scientific Literacy
It deals with the knowledge and comprehension of scientific ideas and procedures required for
independent decision-making, involvement in cultural and societal issues as well as economic output. It
incorporates particular kinds of skills as well.
Information Literacy and Librarians
The ICT have completely changed the reality in libraries across the globe. The library has transformed
into a resource-based learning environment, and librarians' responsibilities are changing quickly to keep
up with the introduction of new paradigms in education. The shift from print to resource-based online
learning will lead to a greater need for a growing variety of print and non-print media resources, as well
as a greater usage of library resources. A range of information resources need to be loaded, acquired,
distributed, and tracked by the librarian.
College librarians should create programs for users to learn information literacy. College librarians
might utilize the following exercises to raise users' awareness on information. Complete details on the
procedure process, collection services, laws and regulations, and other subjects covered in the college
prospectus which is updated yearly can be obtained with the help of the college librarian. The librarian
actively participates in the creation of library brochures, which are handbooks or pamphlets that
provide comprehensive library information. He or she may plan a script reading session specifically for
that book, or they may organize a book chat by gathering ten to twenty students and inviting them to
engage in a discussion about a chosen book. A counseling center could be established by the librarian
inside the library.
For students who need to be able to independently search for information when completing course
assignments, the library plays a crucial role in teaching them information literacy. One of the benefits
of libraries is that they have staff members who are knowledgeable about information and have the
capacity to oversee information literacy, in addition to having information sources that are ready for
information literacy. The ACRL has outlined three key approaches for university libraries to
incorporate information literacy: (a) designing teaching methods, program structures, and assessment
strategies; (b) utilizing human resources, meaning the library employs skilled staff with the expertise to
educate students; and (c) ensuring ongoing budget allocation for acquiring teaching facilities and
supporting the professional development of librarians. Through the training of information skills at the
library, librarians and libraries play a vital role in educating individuals to use information effectively
and efficiently.
Conclusion
To improve educational performance, India is now implementing educational reforms, which are
having a substantial impact. It is necessary to modify the curriculum since students are requesting
higher-quality education in order to compete. To contribute to the teaching and learning process in this
environment, librarians must perform to the best of their abilities. Every academic must be involved in
instructional strategies and learning materials in order to support students' development of information
literacy skills. We must have an active and continuing program concerning information access,
development, and support from faculty members, librarians, and other information providers in order to

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Libraries and Information Literacy

support our institutional educational mission. This is because we must be willing to promote and share
our experience in this information area. We are confident that our strategy for creating and
implementing a successful information literacy course will be implemented since it will enhance
students' general skills, including communication, creativity, critical thinking, problem solving, and
concept presenting.
References
1) Arokyamary. (2012). “Emerging Trends and Technologies: Information Literacy Skills for LIS
Professionals.” World Research Journal of Library and Information Science, 1(1), 01–03.
2) Muthumari, & Tamilselvan. (2014). “Global Information Literacy In Academic Library.”
International Journal of Library and Information Science (IJLIS), 3(2), 18–23.
3) Brindha. (2016). “Information Literacy and Librarians.” Shanlax International Journal of Arts,
Science & Humanities, 3(4).
4) Badiger, M., Pallavi, & Badiger, G. (2017). “Information literacy: Need and importance.”
International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 173–175.
5) Gawande, Umesh J. “Information Literacy: The Need and Importance in College Library.” (2021).
International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 9( 6), 655–658.
https://www.ijsrst.com
6) Athiya, S. K. (2022). “Role of Libraries in Promoting Information Literacy.” International Journal
of Research in Library Science, 8(1), 271https://doi.org/10.26761/ijrls.8.1.2022.1518.
7) Ashikuz zaman, M., & Ashikuz zaman, M. (2023, December 21). “What is Information Literacy?”
Library & Information Science Education Network. https://www.lisedunetwork.com/information-
literacy/
8) Nalinadevi T R. (2024). “Information Literacy for Library and Information Science Profession: An
Overview.” International Journal of Research in Library Science, 10(2), 48–52.
https://doi.org/10.26761/ijrls.10.2.2024.1753.

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 Leveraging AI Technologies for Enhanced Library User Engagement and
Resource Management
1
Karunai Raghavan, K. (Dr.), 2Rajan, T. and 3Venkadesh Kumar, S.
1
Librarian, 2Assistant Librarian, 3Library Assistant, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti
Abstract
In the evolving landscape of library science, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as ChatGPT,
generative AI, and chatbots offer transformative potential for enhancing user engagement, tracking
user behavior and managing resource allocation. This paper explores the application of these AI tools
in library settings, focusing on improving user experience, monitoring borrowing patterns and
optimizing library operations based on peak and off-peak usage data.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), ChatGPT, Chatbots, Library Management, User Engagement
Introduction
Libraries are increasingly adopting AI technologies to streamline operations and improve user
engagement. Tools like ChatGPT, generative AI, and advanced chatbots are transforming how libraries
interact with users, track their activities and manage resources. This paper studies the use of these
technologies to monitor library visits, borrowing patterns and peak usage times, thereby enhancing both
operational efficiency and user satisfaction.
AI Technologies in Library Settings
ChatGPT and Generative AI Overview
ChatGPT developed by OpenAI and other generative AI models engage users through natural language,
providing information, answering queries and offering personalized recommendations.
Applications:
➢ User Assistance: Providing real-time support for inquiries about library resources & services.
➢ Personalized Recommendations: Suggesting books and materials based on user preferences and
borrowing history.
➢ Virtual Tours: Guiding users through library resources and digital collections.
Chatbots Overview: Chatbots handle routine queries and tasks through predefined scripts or AI-driven
interactions.
Applications:
➢ Appointment Scheduling: Managing reservations for library events, study spaces & research.
➢ Resource Availability: Providing updates on the availability of books and other materials.
➢ Feedback Collection: Gathering user feedback on library services and resources.

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Leveraging AI Technologies for Enhanced Library User Engagement…

Tracking Library User Visits and Borrowing Patterns:

Data Collection Methods:
➢ RFID & Barcode: Using RFID tags and barcode scanners to track physical resource check-ins and
checkouts.
➢ Online Check-Ins: Monitoring digital resource usage and e-book checkouts through online
systems.
Analyzing Usage Patterns:
a) Peak and Non-Peak Hours:
➢ Identification: Utilizing data analytics to determine high and low traffic periods.
➢ Resource Allocation: Adjusting resource availability based on identified usage patterns.
b) Borrowing Trends:
➢ Popular Resources: Identifying frequently borrowed materials to inform collection development
and procurement decisions.
➢ User Preferences: Analyzing borrowing data to understand user interests and enhance
personalized recommendations.
Enhancing Library Operations with AI:
Operational Efficiency
➢ Staffing Optimization: Using peak usage data to align staffing levels with user demand, ensuring
adequate service during busy times while reducing overhead during quieter periods.
➢ Resource Management: Adjusting collections and services based on borrowing trends and user
feedback.
User Experience
➢ Personalized Interactions: Enhancing user engagement through personalized recommendations
and responsive user support.
➢ Proactive Engagement: Using AI to anticipate user needs, offering proactive support such as
reminders for overdue items or suggestions for new resources.
Case Studies:
Virtual Assistant Implementation:
A library implemented a ChatGPT - based virtual assistant to manage user queries, resulting in a 30%
increase in user satisfaction. The AI-driven solution significantly reduced the staff’s workload, enabling
them to focus on more complex tasks. The virtual assistant’s prompt and accurate responses contributed
to a more seamless user experience, improving both service quality and operational efficiency.

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 Leveraging AI Technologies for Enhanced Library User Engagement…

AI-Driven Analytics for Staffing:

By harnessing AI-driven analytics, a library refined its staffing schedules, achieving a 15% reduction in
operational costs. Analyzing user patterns and predicting peak usage times enabled more efficient
resource allocation while maintaining high service standards. This strategic use of AI not only reduced
expenses but ensured optimal staffing levels, supporting consistent and reliable library services.
Challenges and Considerations:
Privacy and Data Security: Ensuring user data is handled securely and complies with privacy
regulations.
Technology Integration: Addressing the challenges of integrating AI tools with existing library
systems and workflows.
User Adaptation: Supporting users in adapting to new AI-driven services and technologies.
Conclusion
The integration of AI technologies into library settings presents significant opportunities to enhance
user engagement, optimize resource management and improve operational efficiency. By leveraging
tools such as ChatGPT, generative AI and chatbots, libraries can create a dynamic and responsive
environment that meets the evolving needs of their users.
References
1. Machado, S., Meghanandha, C., & Naik, U. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Libraries: Shaping the
Future of Information Service. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention,
13(7), 67-71.
2. Verma, M. (2023). AI-Based Chatbot (ChatGPT) Impacts on Traditional Library Management.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 7(1), 961-964.
3. Mali, T. S., & Deshmukh, R. K. (2023). Use of Chat GPT in Library Services. International Journal
of Creative Research Thoughts, 11(4), 264-266.
4. Cox, C., & Tzoc, E. (2023). ChatGPT: Implications for Academic Libraries. College & Research
Libraries News, 84(3).
5. Yan, R., Zhao, X., & Mazumdar, S. (2023). Chatbots in Libraries: A Systematic Literature Review.
Education for Information, 39, 1-19.
6. Rodriguez, S., & Mune, C. (2021). Library Chatbots: Easier Than You Think. Computers in
Libraries, 41(8), 29-32.
7. Chen, X. (2023). ChatGPT and Its Possible Impact on Library Reference Services. Internet
Reference Services Quarterly, 1-9.
8. Panda, S., & Kaur, N. (2023). Exploring the Viability of ChatGPT as an Alternative to Traditional
Chatbot Systems in Library and Information Centers. Library Hi Tech News, 40(3), 22-25.
9. OpenAI. (2022). OpenAI About Page. Retrieved from https://openai.com/about

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 389
 The Role of Libraries in Bridging the Digital Divide
1
Esther Delsy, S. and 2Thangavel, P. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Gobi Arts &Science College, Gobichettipalayam
2
Librarian DLIS, Gobi Arts &Science College, Gobichettipalayam
Abstract
This paper aims to provide an overview of digital divide skills for Libraries. Information has always a
significant role in the education, research and development, and other academic purposes in higher
studies. Academic libraries provide access to the different types of information which is used for the
academic and research purposes. Due to prevalence of the digital divide, many talented digitally poor
students are deprived of the required and desired information, however, the availability of information
is ensured. Problems of students and research scholars are closely observed and considered for the
study of the digital divide. The digital divide in academic institutions refers to the disparities in access
to and utilization of digital technologies, resources and skills among student’s faculty and staff this can
lead to unequal opportunities for academic success, research and career advancement.
Keywords: Digital Divide, ICT, Academic Library, ICT, Information inequality
Introduction
The digital divide can exist between those living in rural areas and those living in urban areas, between
the educated and uneducated, between economic classes, and on a global scale between more and less
industrially developed nations’ (Webopedia, 2017). Simply, the “Digital Divide” can be defined as the
significant gap between those who have capability and access to information by different means of ICT
like telephone, internet, television, smartphones, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), etc. and those who
have neither capability nor access to information. Digital divide is also the gap between those who have
access and the ability to use ICT and those who do not – remains vast access (Legard, 2001). The term
“Digital Divide” has described in different terms by different authors like Information Rich and
Information Poor, Information Haves and Information Have-Nots (Wresch, 1996), Information and
Communication Poverty (Balnaves et al., 1991), Information Inequality (Thomas, 1996), Information
Gulf (Adeogun, 2003) etc.
Review of Literature
“The Impact of Digital Libraries on Faculty Research”:A Comprehensive Review” by Laura K.Johnson
and Mark Williams(2023).This paper explores how digital libraries influence faculty research practices
and resource access.“Enhancing Faculty Access to Digital Resources; A Literature Review” by Jennifer
L.Brown(2023) This review examines recent studies on how libraries support faculty members with
digital resources.
Digital Divide
In the context of libraries, the digital divide refers to the gap between individuals who have access to
digital resources and technologies through library services and those who do not. It highlights
disparities in access to computers, the internet, digital content and digital literacy training within the

390 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 The Role of Libraries in Bridging the Digital Divide

community served by the library. Libraries often play a key role in bridging this gap by providing
access to technology, internet resources and support for digital skills development.
Types of Digital Divide in Libraries
In academic libraries, the digital divide can be categorized into several types:
Access Divide
Differences in the availability of physical resources such as computers, Internet access, and other
digital tools within academic libraries. This can also include disparities between Institutions with some
having more advanced facilities than others.
Skills Divide
Variations in digital literacy and technical skills among students, faculty and staff. This divide affects
their ability to effectively use digital resources, online databases and research tools provided by the
library.
Content Divide
Discrepancies in access to digital content, including online journals, e-books and academic databases
some institutions may have extensive digital collections while others have more limited access,
impacting research and learning opportunities.
Infrastructure Divide
Differences in the quality and reliability of technological infrastructure such as network speed and
system reliability which can affect users’ ability to access and utilize digital resources efficiently.
Training and Support Divide of training
Variations in the availability of training programs and support services for using digital resources.
Some academic libraries may offer extensive workshops and one-on-one support, while others might
have limited resources for user education and assistance.
Resource Allocation Divide
Differences in funding and resource allocation for acquiring and technologies which can impact the
overall quality and scope of digital services offered by academic libraries.5.
Factors contributing to the digital divide in academic Institutions
Socio-Economic status - Students from lower-income backgrounds may lack access to devices,
internet and digital tools.
Infrastructure and resources - Inadequate IT infrastructure, outdated software and limited digital
resources.
Digital literacy - Varying levels of proficiency in using digital technologies among students, faculty
and staff.
Accessibility - Limited access to digital materials and resources for students with disabilities.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 391
The Role of Libraries in Bridging the Digital Divide

Faculty training - Inadequate training and support for faculty to effectively integrate digital
technologies into teaching and research.
Strategies to bridge the digital divide:
➢ Invest in infrastructure and resources
➢ Provide digital literacy training
➢ Ensure accessibility and inclusivity
➢ Offer affordable devices and internet options
➢ Foster a culture of digital inclusion
Responsibilities of Academic Libraries
Libraries of the digital era have responsibilities to provide required information to users and to promote
higher studies and research. Thus, libraries have to bridge the gap between the users and their required
information. Digital divide among users is the main problem to be solved to provide access to
information and promotion of life-long learning to all. Now, librarians are playing the significant role
in information collection, conservation, digitization, retrieval, and dissemination. Academic libraries
are changing their role from knowledge storehouse to information provider through its services based
on information communication technologies and have responsibilities apply measures to help the users
for optimum use of services. The role of libraries and librarians have changed with the development of
technologies and demands of the users. The users and their expectations are changing day-by-day. They
expect information to be digital, immediate, mobile, connected, personal and increasingly engineered.
To satisfy the needs of the users, the libraries have to adopt and implement new technologies, tools and
services.
Information Availability
The availability of information is the prime aspect to provide the services. Academic libraries should
be automated and should have more emphasis on building rich collection of online resources. E-
resources are of various types like open access e-resources, subscribed e-resources, consortium access
e-resources etc. There should be balance in all types of resources and the collection should be build
according to the need of the users.
Online and E-Resource Web Portal
Library website is the prime source of information and a portal which acts as a gateway to the
eresources made available by the library. Thus, library website should have provision of the different
webpages regarding the e-resources. It includes search engines, full text databases, bibliographic
databases, Web-OPAC, subject gateways, e-journals, e-books, institutional repository, digital library,
etc.
E-content Management
Collection building is the major aspect to bridge the digital gap. A good collection of the e-resources in
all subjects, organized in the proper manner, may help the users to understand the content in easy way
and fasten access. The e-content should be managed in such a way that it can be easily searched,

392 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 The Role of Libraries in Bridging the Digital Divide

accessed and used by the students. The Google custom search can be used as the search engine to
search the required information indexed in the library website. However, federated search engines can
be used to facilitate the single window search for all the e-resources available.
Conclusion
The revolutionary change in the education and research is found in the last decade due to technological
innovations in computing, information communication technology, and web tools etc. The information
explosion and paradigm shift towards electronic media and resources have changed the needs of the
users as well as the responsibility of librarians. It also revolutionized the information systems and
services worldwide. The digital divide is the big issue for academic libraries in order to provide
information to all its users. Assurance of online and digital resources and basic infrastructural
developments are not only the solution of this problem. Information literacy program to the students is
become the necessity for the optimum use of the available resource at higher education level. It needs
strong place in academic programs. Librarians are capable enough to develop the skills of Information
Searching, Web Content Evaluation, Information Storage and Retrieval, and Information Handling
Skills. Digital literacy includes the responsible usage of information and technology and is more than
just access to the relevant tools.
References
1. Bansode, S.Y. and Patil, S.K. (2011). Bridging Digital Divide in India: Some Initiatives. Asia
Pacific Journal of Library and Information Science. 1(1). 58-68.
2. Gamage, Premila and Halpin, Edward F. (2007). E-Sri Lanka: bridging the digital divide. The
Electronic Library, 25(6). 693-710.https://etd.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/11394/3653

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 393
 Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians for the Promotion of
Library Services and Resources in Academic Libraries in India
1
Sudhakar, E. (Dr.) 2Sreenivasulu, M. (Dr.) and 3Sorakananda Rao, P. (Dr.)
1
Academic Consultant, Dept of LIS,S.V. University, Tirupati, AP.
2
Librarian, Government Degree College, Puttur, AP.
3
Library Professional Asst., TTD, Tirupati, AP.
Abstract
The library profession is undergoing significant transformation as it shifts from traditional practices
and services to those driven by modern technology and digital tools. These changes have reshaped the
roles of librarians, compelling them to acquire new and diverse skills to keep up with evolving
demands. To ensure they provide innovative services and stay relevant, librarians need to develop a
combination of professional, technical, and personal skills. This paper explores these essential skill sets
in the context of marketing library services and resources for optimal user engagement. The concept of
marketing in libraries, its benefits such as increasing user patronage, promoting resources, raising
awareness, and enhancing the library's image, are discussed. Various marketing strategies are
outlined, including creating a library website, emailing users, organizing exhibits of new materials,
using posters and flyers, offering user education programs, facilitating electronic access to
information, and planning library week activities. Challenges faced by academic libraries in India,
such as limited funding, poor marketing strategies, lack of policies, staff shortages, and inadequate
infrastructure, are also addressed. Starting with an overview of library marketing and its background,
the paper concludes with recommendations for professional development, technical skill enhancement,
and the need for librarians to stay updated with emerging technologies.
Keywords: Marketing Techniques and Skills, Academic libraries, Librarians, 21st century,
India
Introduction
In today's globally competitive environment, library professionals must proactively realign themselves
with the available information resources and infrastructure within society. In academic libraries,
marketing of resources and services involves comprehending the library's objectives, analyzing the
needs of the target audience, tailoring the library's offerings to meet these demands, and promoting its
resources and services to attract users. The four key aspects of marketing include sales, advertising,
distribution, and promotions. Marketing is a social and managerial process that allows individuals or
groups to meet their needs and desires by creating, offering, and exchanging valuable products and
services. The core aim of marketing is to educate users about the library's resources.
Marketing Strategy in Academic Libraries
To create a marketing strategy that addresses user needs and desires, producers develop products and
services that cater to their information requirements. When devising a marketing strategy for libraries
and information centres, specific analyses and tools are employed. Key elements in any strategic plan
include the following:

394 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024
 Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians…

Market Analysis
The market analysis will provide insights into potential areas where exchanges can occur. For library
and information services, the market consists of end users such as clients, the parent institution, the
government, and other funding bodies. After identifying the market, its size can be assessed, which will
likely influence the demand for information services.
User Analysis
User analysis helps library staff gain a detailed understanding of their patrons. It identifies the specific
user groups or individuals who will utilize the library's information services and resources. Further
categorization of users can enhance the tailoring of services, making them more beneficial and relevant
to each group.
Organizational Analysis
A library, functioning as its own organization, has a deep understanding of its user base. As a result, it
tailors its services to cater to various user groups. This approach is influenced by factors such as
available resources, the mindset of authorities, and the experience of staff. Conducting such an
organizational analysis allows the library to identify its strengths, which can then be leveraged to
market its services and offerings effectively.
Competitive Analysis
In today's competitive environment, libraries, much like other organizations, need to stay informed
about their rivals in similar institutions. College libraries, for instance, vie with one another to secure
larger grants for acquiring new resources, expanding staff, upgrading equipment, and, most
importantly, offering better services. By conducting a competitive analysis, it becomes essential to
assess both the user base and the information services/products provided by competitors. This
evaluation allows libraries to better understand user demands and design services that effectively meet
those needs.
Studies on Marketing in LIS
There exists the number of studies on marketing in Library and Information Science. The study on
marketing of library and information services (AnsariandKumar2011); Marketing of library
services(Bharti,2010); Electronic academic library: information resources and services in
marketing(Verma and Pateria, 2010); Marketing of LIS products and services for industries by the
university libraries: a strategic solution to the problem of financial crunch(Bhatt,2009); New marketing
strategies of information services in university libraries (ShuklaandTripath,2009); Marketing-resources
task force for expanded utilization for teaching and learning (Hafner, 2007); Marketing of library
services, Responding to users ‟needs in changing information landscapes”(Morei, 2004); Public
relations for a university library: A marketing programme is born (Neuhaus and Snowden, 2003); Need
for marketing of information Services and products in academic libraries with special reference to
Nagpur University automated services (Rajyalakshmi and Waghmore, 2001); Information marketing:
needs of the hour. Library practices for effective management (Pandya, 2001); Information marketing
in university libraries in India: problems and perspectives (Kaur, 1999); Guidelines for marketing for

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 395
Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians…

information services and products (Seetharama, 1998); How to Market your library Services effectively
(Coote,1994); Marketing, Library and Information Management (Narayana, 1991); Library and
Information Products (Shibukawa, 1978) which shows that there existsmarketing concepts among the
LIS professionals. In this study attempt has been made to identify the marketing concept among library
professionals working in Central Universities in India.
Marketing library resources can have many benefits for academic libraries, including
➢ Increased usage: More people will use library services if they are aware of them.
➢ Improved user experience: Marketing can help users be more aware of and motivated to use library
resources and services.
➢ Increased value to the organization: Marketing can help show senior managers that the library is
providing a good return on their investment.
➢ Educated users: Marketing can help educate users on how to retrieve information using resources
like online databases.
➢ Improved reputation: Marketing can help improve the reputation of the library and its staff.
➢ Increased funding: Marketing can help increase funding opportunities for the library.
➢ Community engagement: Marketing can help libraries connect with and engage with their
communities.
➢ Strengthened partnerships: Marketing can help strengthen partnerships with other entities.
Strategies of Marketing Library Resources and Services in Academic Libraries
Marketing strategy involves carefully choosing and balancing a variety of techniques. For this reason, it
is essential for librarians to be familiar with different marketing approaches and know how to select the
most suitable ones for a particular service in a specific context. Libraries need to implement certain
strategies to promote their offerings. Achieving success in marketing requires expertise in selecting the
right tactics for each unique situation. Examples of these strategies include creating a library website,
sending email updates to users, organizing exhibits and displays of new materials, using brochures and
posters, conducting user education sessions, providing electronic access to resources, and coordinating
library week events.
Marketing skills/Techniques required by librarians the 21st century
➢ Social media: Libraries can use social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and online
groups to connect with their community. This allows them to reach specific audiences, engage with
clients, and get feedback.
➢ Displays and exhibitions: Libraries can showcase their offerings to different interest groups
through displays and exhibitions. This can help draw attention to new books, special collections,
and services.
➢ Emailing: Libraries can email users to market their services.
➢ Flyers and posters: Libraries can use flyers and posters to market their services.

396 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians…

➢ Donor newsletters: Libraries can develop donor newsletters to increase funding and variety of
funding sources.
➢ Media coverage: Libraries can cultivate interest and support from new donors by getting press
coverage in the local media.
➢ Electronic access: Libraries can offer electronic access to information.
➢ Library week: Libraries can plan library week.
Challenges associated with marketing library services and resources
➢ Several key challenges hinder the effective promotion of library resources and services.
➢ These include insufficient funding, the absence of a well-defined marketing strategy, inadequate
facilities for promoting library offerings, limited access to media for marketing academic library
services, poor availability of information technology, insufficient marketing training, and
ineffective communication between librarians and users.
Recommendations
➢ The development of professional skills by librarians, by way of investing on self developmental
trainings on marketing.
➢ Emphasis should be on librarians upgrading their technical skills, by developing their ability to use
the internet and other electronic resources and databases for marketing library services and
resources.
➢ Librarians improving on their personal skills by adapting to change, ability to trouble shoot new
technology, keep abreast with new technology.
➢ Improvement in ICTs tools such as the Internet, Intranet, hardware and software as well as Internet
band wit to encourage marketing philosophy in the library.
➢ The need for librarians to embrace the concept of marketing in academic libraries in the21st
century.
Conclusion
Academic libraries in India and globally have undergone a substantial transformation due to the
widespread adoption of ICT. With the ability to access most information online, users are no longer
required to physically visit the library. As a result, modern university libraries need to actively promote
their services to attract users.
Effective library marketing should focus on raising awareness of the library’s existence, its resources,
and the various services and information available, targeting researchers, faculty, and students through
diverse strategies and techniques.
However, several challenges impede the marketing of library services, such as inadequate internet
access, insufficient funding, and a lack of initiative from librarians in promoting these services.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 397
Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians…

References
1. Adegoke, K. A. (2015). Marketing of library and information services in university libraries: a case
study of Usmanu Danfo diyo University Library, Sokoto, Nigeria. Intellectual Property Rights,
3(2):143-148.
2. Aderibigbe, O. A., & Farouk, B. L. (2017). Challenges on marketing of information resources and
services in federal university Libraries in North-West zone of Nigeria. International Journal of
Academic Library and Information Science, 5(3), 92-96.
3. Aslam, M.(2016). Marketing academic library services at a minimal cost. International Journal of
multidisciplinary research and development, 3(11), 76-79
4. Aslam, M. (2018). Marketing strategies for academic libraries in the 21st century. International
Research journal of library and information science, 1, 1-23.
5. Aslam, M. (2018). Marketing strategies for academic libraries in the 21st century. Journal of
Library and Information Science, 8(1), 1-23.
6. Bhardwaj & Jain (2016) Marketing of Library Resources and Services: A Structured Literature
Review. Journal of Library & Information Technology, 36(4) 119-125.
7. Bhardwaj, R. K. (2016). Marketing of Library Resources and Services: A structures Literature
Review. DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, 36(3), 119-125.
8. Chandratre, S. V. (2015). Marketing of Library and Information services. Journal of Commerce
and Management Thought, 6(1), 162-175.
9. Mandrekar, Bala and Carvalho e Rodrigues, Maya (2020). "Marketing of Library and Information
Products and Services during Covid -19 Pandemic: A Study". Library Philosophy and Practice (e-
journal). 4514.
10. Olorunfemi, M. A. (2018). Marketing Library and Information services in selected university
libraries in South West Nigeria. Library Philosophy and practice, 1-13.
11. Rita, E. A. (2019). Strategies for marketing library services and information products in college of
Education. International Journal of Research and innovation in Social Science, 3(2), 29-32.
12. Yi, Zhixian. (2016). Effective techniques for the promotion of library services and resources.
Information Research: An International Electronic Journal. 21.

398 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
Harish Babu, (Dr.)
Assistant Librarian, Malabar Cancer Centre (PGIOSR), Thalassery, Kerala
Abstract
This paper seeks to explore the reevaluation of professional ethics in librarianship in light of the
integration of artificial intelligence tools within libraries. The author outlines the concepts of artificial
intelligence and its potential applications in libraries, followed by a discussion on ethics and how
ethical principles are evolving in the era of artificial intelligence. The paper also tries to discuss the
ethical dilemma of library professionals when adopting the artificial intelligence tools in library
services.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Artificial intelligence tools for libraries, Professional Ethics, Ethics
in the Artificial Intelligence Era, Ethical Dilemma.
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new wave of science and technology which transforms the information
society. As the information scientists the librarians cannot ignore the advent of AI. Thus, the library
professionals all over the world try to incorporate the possibilities of the Ai in the field of Library
services. Being a new technology, the adoption of AI tools raises some challenges to the library
professionals. The ethical use of AI tools is one among them. In this study the author tries to describe
the ethical issues in the use of AI tools.
At its core, librarianship is an ethical profession that embraces a value-driven approach to handling
information. (IFLA, 2012). Thus, a library professional should concern about the ethical integrity in all
his services and activities. In this period of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the importance of ethical
approaches to the library services and other activities are very crucial. In this paper the author tries to
discuss the possible way of ethical approaches in the library profession in the AI era.
Review of Literature
Ali M Y, et al., conducted a SWOT analysis of the application of Artificial intelligence in University
Libraries in Pakistan. The study stated that University Libraries in Pakistan gradually adopted Artificial
Intelligence tools. However, there were concern about the investment required in funding, time and
staffing.
In his study Balvant Tandal discussed the feature and usage of a few artificial intelligence tools used in
the library.
Mandira Bairagi and Shalini Lihitkar discussed in them about the various concepts like Natural
Language Processing (NLP), Large Language Model (LLM), Expert System (ES), AI-Powered
Indexing Tools, Chatbots and other AI tools and techniques that made impact on library infrastructure
and services.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 399
Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Hafijull Mondal, et al., in their study the significance, applications, challenges and future prospects of
the application of Ai tools in the library. They pointed that the data quality, ethical consideration, user
acceptance and resource constrain were the major hurdles faced in the integration of AI tolls in the
library.
Smita Vasantrao Mane and Sachin S. Suryawansh examined the implementation of Artificial
Intelligence in the libraries. The study stated that the libraries can increase productivity, optimize
resource allocation, and improve user experience by utilizing AI tools and technology. The barriers
identified were user acceptability, ethical concerns, and technological limitations.
All the studies of artificial intelligence described the application of artificial intelligence in the library.
The ethical issues of artificial intelligence application in the libraries were not studied so far. Thus this
study aims to study the ethics of librarianship in the era of Artificial Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of subfields and applications.
Here are some of the major areas of AI:
Machine Learning (ML): Machine Learning is kind of Artificial Intelligence that focuses on training
algorithms to learn from data and make predictions or decisions like human learning process. The three
major division of the Machine learning algorithm are:
➢ A Decision Process
➢ An Error Function
➢ A Model Optimization Process
Natural Language Processing (NLP): Natural language processing is the technology of computers
which can comprehend, interpret, and produce human language. The user- supporting tasks of NLP are:
➢ Speech recognition or speech-to-text is the process of converting voice data to the text format.
Any program that responds to voice commands or understands spoken questions must have speech
recognition.
➢ Natural Language Generation (NLG) is the field that deals with automatically producing human-
like language from data.
➢ Natural language understanding (NLU) deals on analysing the meaning behind the sentences in
natural languages. NLU enables software to find similar meanings in different sentences or to
process words that have different meanings.
➢ Sentiment analysis makes an effort to extract from text any subjective elements such as attitudes,
emotions, sarcasm, confusion or suspicion
➢ Computer Vision: Computer Vision is the study of how computers can interpret and understand
visual data from images and videos. Applications include:
➢ Object Detection: detecting objects within images or videos.
➢ Image Recognition: recognizing objects or scenes within images.
➢ Facial Recognition: recognizing human faces within images or videos.

400 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Robotics: Robotics is the study of how computers can control and interact with physical robots.
Applications include:
➢ Autonomous Systems: developing robots that can operate independently.
➢ Human-Robot Interaction: designing robots that can interact with humans safely and effectively.
➢ Expert Systems: Expert Systems are designed to mimic the decision-making abilities of human
experts in a specific domain. Applications include:
➢ Medical Diagnosis: developing systems that can diagnose medical conditions.
➢ Financial Analysis: developing systems that can analyze financial data.
➢ Neural Networks: Neural Networks are a type of AI inspired by the structure and function of the
human brain. Applications include:
➢ Deep Learning: developing neural networks with multiple layers to learn complex patterns.
➢ Image Recognition: using neural networks to recognize objects or scenes within images.
Game Playing: Game Playing is the study of how computers can play games, including chess, poker,
and video games. Applications include:
➢ Game Development: developing AI-powered game characters and opponents.
➢ Game Analysis: analyzing game data to improve gameplay and strategy.
➢ Speech Recognition: Speech Recognition is the study of how computers can recognize and
interpret spoken language. Applications include:
➢ Voice Assistants: developing voice assistants that can understand spoken commands.
➢ Transcription Services: providing automatic transcription services for spoken language.
➢ Knowledge Representation: Knowledge Representation is the study of how computers can
represent and reason about knowledge. Applications include:
➢ Knowledge Graphs: building graph databases to represent complex relationships between entities.
➢ Ontologies: defining formal representations of concepts and relationships.
➢ Swarm Intelligence: Swarm Intelligence is the study of how decentralized systems, such as flocks
of birds or schools of fish, can be modeled and optimized using AI techniques. Applications
include:
➢ Optimization Problems: solving complex optimization problems using swarm intelligence
techniques.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Library
Cataloging and Classification
➢ AI-powered cataloging tools can automatically classify and catalog documents, reducing the
workload of librarians.
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms can analyze metadata to improve search results and
discoverability.
➢ Recommendation Systems

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Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

➢ AI-powered recommendation systems can suggest books, articles, and other resources based on
users' reading habits and preferences.
➢ Collaborative filtering algorithms can identify patterns in user behavior to provide personalized
recommendations.
➢ Information Retrieval
➢ AI-powered search engines can analyze natural language queries and provide more accurate search
results, even for complex queries.
➢ Entity disambiguation algorithms can resolve ambiguity in queries by identifying the correct entity
(e.g., person, organization, location) being referred to.
➢ Chatbots and Virtual Assistants
➢ AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can provide 24/7 support to users, answering common
questions and guiding them through the research process.
➢ Conversational AI can analyze user queries and provide personalized recommendations and
guidance.
➢ Digital Collections and Archives
➢ AI-powered digital collections and archives can automatically classify and organize digital content,
such as images, videos, and audio files.
➢ Machine learning algorithms can analyze metadata to improve search results and discoverability.
Accessibility Services
➢ AI-powered accessibility tools can provide real-time captions and transcriptions for audio and
video content, improving accessibility for users with disabilities.
➢ Automated speech recognition (ASR) technology can provide subtitles and closed captions for
audio content.
➢ Collection Development
➢ AI-powered collection development tools can analyze usage patterns and recommend new titles or
collections to acquire.
➢ Machine learning algorithms can identify gaps in the collection and suggest new resources to fill
those gaps.
➢ Resource Discovery
➢ AI-powered resource discovery tools can analyze metadata to provide more accurate search results
and suggest related resources.
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms can analyze text-based resources to provide more
relevant search results.
➢ User Profiling
➢ AI-powered user profiling tools can analyze user behavior and preferences to provide personalized
recommendations.
➢ Machine learning algorithms can identify patterns in user behavior to predict user preferences.

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 Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Library Management
➢ AI-powered library management systems can automate tasks such as inventory management,
circulation tracking, and budgeting.
➢ Predictive analytics can help libraries forecast demand and optimize resource allocation.
Benefits of AI in Library Services
➢ Improved efficiency: AI-powered tools can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up librarians to focus
on higher-level tasks.
➢ Enhanced user experience: AI-powered tools can provide personalized recommendations and
guidance, making it easier for users to find relevant information.
➢ Increased accuracy: AI-powered tools can reduce errors and improve the accuracy of search results.
➢ Cost savings: AI-powered tools can reduce the need for manual labor and minimize costs
associated with cataloging and classification.
➢ Enhanced accessibility: AI-powered tools can provide real-time accessibility features, such as
captions and transcriptions, improving accessibility for users with disabilities.
Ethics
The word ethics derived from the Greek word ‘ethos’ which means ‘character’ or ‘custom’. Ethics are
the outcome of moral principles of society that serve as guidelines for the individuals and organizations
of that society. Ethics are derived from moral values. Thus, we can say ethics are the moral values in
action. Ethics is more related to the word “Dharma” than the word law. As per Indian philosophy
dharma is the inner urge of an individual to do the right thing even in the wrong situation.
Professional ethics are the principles, guidelines, and rules which lead light to the persons engaged in a
specific profession. Dr. S.R. Ranganathan’s “Five laws of library science” is the basics behind the
ethics of librarianship. The five laws of library science advocate the importance of the users in the
library.
The ethics of librarianship can be summed up as:
Ethics towards the library user community
The user is the prime factor of the library. The role of librarianship is to provide right information to the
right user at the right time.
Ethics towards the information processing and dissemination
The information processed and disseminated from the library should be relevant, accurate and precise.
It should be the best to meet the purpose of the user.
Ethics towards the profession
The librarian should act like the ambassador of the profession. There should be no activities from the
librarian which spoils the goodwill of the profession.

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Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

Ethics towards the colleagues

A librarian should always try to cooperate with the colleagues and maintain a good relationship.
Ethics towards the society
Library is the part and parcel of the society. Library has no existence without the society. The absolute
goal of the library is the advancement of the society.
Review of the Ethics in the AI Era
Ethics towards user community
In the artificial intelligence period librarian may use many AI tools to access and process the
information. The information collected through the AI tools may be obsolete, misinformation, partially
true, out of the context etc depends on the algorithms of the AI tools. It is duty of the librarian is, to
check the information processed is correct and contextual before the dissemination.
Ethics towards information Processing and Dissemination
Librarian should consider the accuracy and relevance of the AI generated information. He should
always consider the term “artificial” in artificial intelligence. In this beginning stage the AI tolls have
their own limitations in processing the information from the queries. Thus librarian should evaluate the
relevancy, accuracy and the contextual of the information provided.
Ethics towards the profession
There are many AI tolls available for the research activities. A librarian should not promote the
unethical uses of such tools. Research is an intellectual activity, which needs time and effort of the
researcher. The one who writes his paper with AI tools knowingly or unknowingly proclaims a wrong
message to the society. The librarian, who works for the prosperity of the society, should never
promote such kind of activities.
Ethics towards Colleagues
The relationship with the colleagues is easier in the AI period. The library professional should discuss
the merits and demerits of the Ai tools that they use in their libraries. Such discussions will help to
improve the efficiency of the AI associated services in the library.
Ethics Towards the society
Librarianship is associated with the society. The librarian should consider in every aspect whether or
not the society gets the benefits from a particular activity of the library. The use of AI tools in the
library should be based on the societal needs.
Ethical Dilemma
Ethical dilemma is a problem in the decision-making process. It is easy to choose the right one from a
right and wrong options. But it is not that much easy to choose from two possible options which are
neither completely right nor completely wrong. A practicing librarian may come across this type of
dilemma in his professional life.

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 Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

➢ Librarians, as information professionals, have a significant responsibility to maintain the integrity

and accessibility of information. With the increasing adoption of AI tools in libraries, librarians
may face ethical dilemmas that can impact their professional values and responsibilities. Here are
some potential ethical dilemmas:
➢ Data privacy and surveillance: The AI tools may gather and examine user data, raising issues about
privacy, surveillance, and potential bias. Librarians are responsible for making sure that users'
privacy is maintained and that their personal data is safeguarded by the tools they use.
➢ Bias and algorithmic bias: AI algorithms can perpetuate biases present in the data used to train
them. To ensure that AI technologies do not reproduce current inequities or discriminate against
specific groups, librarians must be aware of these prejudices and take action to reduce them.
➢ Intellectual property and copyright: AI-powered tools can generate content, including copyrighted
materials. Librarians must ensure that the use of these tools does not infringe on copyright laws or
intellectual property rights.
➢ Transparency and accountability: AI tools may make decisions without transparency, potentially
leading to unfair or biased outcomes. Librarians must ensure that AI tools are transparent and
accountable, with clear explanations of decision-making processes.
➢ Evaluation and assessment: AI tools can generate metrics and evaluations, but these may not
accurately reflect user needs or outcomes. Librarians must critically evaluate the effectiveness of
AI tools and assess their impact on user experience and outcomes.
➢ Fairness and neutrality: AI tools may be designed to favor certain viewpoints or interests,
potentially leading to unfair outcomes. Librarians must ensure that AI tools are designed to be fair,
neutral, and unbiased.
➢ User trust and confidence: AI-powered tools may raise concerns about user trust and confidence in
the library's ability to provide accurate and reliable information. Librarians must ensure that users
understand how AI tools are used and trusted within the library.
Conclusion
Artificial Intelligence is an evolving field and so, has its own limitations. However, a librarian who was
supposed to provide right information to the right user at right time cannot provide the information
generated by the AI tools as such to the users. It is the primary duty of the librarian is to ensure the
accuracy and precision of the information that he provides. Ethics are evolved from the society and the
changes in the behavior of society may lead to the changes of their ethics also. Thus, the ethics of the
library profession needs to be redefining in the advent of the AI era.
Reference
1. Ali, M.Y., Naeem, S.B., Bhatti, R. and Richardson, J. (2024).”Artificial intelligence application in
university libraries of Pakistan: SWOT analysis and implications.” Global Knowledge, Memory
and Communication, 73 (1/2), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-12-2021-0203

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 405
Ethics of Librarianship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

2. Balvant Tandel (2024). “Artificial intelligence (AI) tools used in libraries.” International Journal of
Research Publication and Reviews, 5(6), 4195-4199.
https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V5ISSUE6/IJRPR30235.pdf.
3. Mandira Bairagi and Shalini Lihitkar (2024). “Empowering libraries: AI-driven tools and
techniques for digital transformation and sustainable innovation”, UPA National E journal, Vol.10
No.1, 388-396.
4. Hafijull Mondal, Mrinmoy Paul, Sajal Kumar Mondal and Chand Sultana Khatun (2024).
“Revolutionizing Library Services: A Comprehensive Study of AI Tools for Enhancing Library
Services.” Knowledge Management in Higher Education Institutions,Vol.2, 104-115.
5. Smita Vasantrao Mane and Sachin S. Suryawanshi (2024). “Using AI tools in Libraries.” Indian
Journal of Psychology, 2, 204-213.
6. IFLA Code of Ethics for Librarians and other Information Workers Full version, Available at
https://repository.ifla.org/handle/20.500.14598/1850

406 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Role of Librarians in Research Support Services in Higher Education Institutions
1
Veeranjaneyulu, Ch. (Dr.) and 2Narayana Reddy, (Dr.)
1University Librarian, VIT-AP University, Amaravthi, Andhra Pradesh
2
Lecturer, DLIS, DK College for Women, Nellore, A.P.
Abstract
Libraries in higher educational institutions play a prominent role in disseminating information for
study, teaching, and research. The nature of libraries, including their sources and services, is
continuously evolving to meet the dynamic needs of their clientele. Collecting and gathering
information from relevant sources has become significantly easier compared to earlier times.
Nowadays, there are numerous sources available at our fingertips, thanks to the internet and digital
devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and laptops. These tools enable users to carry information with
them anywhere and at any time, greatly facilitating the research process. Research support services in
libraries of higher education are crucial for advancing academic research and scholarship. These
services are designed to assist students, faculty, and researchers in navigating the complexities of the
research process and accessing the resources they need. This article showcases how research scholars
can be supported from different stages they need and the academic libraries should support with tools
and services that librarians should trained in the new tools and technologies.
Keywords: Research, Library Services, Higher Education, Technology
Introduction
The research support services at the library include advice on seeking information, collecting
references, reviews, and support in publishing, digital visibility, preparing bibliometric studies and an
advice on patents etc. Additionally, libraries can assist in providing advice on research grants if any,
ethics & integrity, research performance, publications & output as well as support for data driven
research and the entire research life cycle.
Libraries were treated as store house of knowledge and the librarians were custodians for the same. The
materials available in the libraries were also print in nature and everyone should visit the library, spend
their maximum available time to collect right information for study, teaching and research. There were
many changes taken place while the technology integrated with the library system from time to time.
Library services have been according to the needs of the users. There were many changes in the modern
libraries, it’s sources and services in accordance with changing needs of users, institution, society and
the nation as a whole.
Objectives
➢ Facilitating Information Literacy
➢ Providing access to resources and supporting Scholarly Communication
➢ Offering research tools and technologies and to supporting Research Development

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Role of Librarians in research support services in Higher Education Institutions

Librarians can assist researchers from the following ways

Research Assistance: Researchers can find assistance from the library for academic resources,
including databases, journals, and books etc. The source for acquiring knowledge is changing every
time. One click can bring a lot of information at your doorsteps. Offer expert guidance in specific
disciplines, assisting with research strategies, resource selection,
Information Literacy and Training: Researchers get to know first what is needed and what to get and
how to get into the particular information. Organize programmes on research methodologies, database
searching, citation management, and academic writing, offer personalized support for navigating library
resources and tools through workshops, training programmes, individual and group instruction
Access to Resources: Research scholars provided access to academic databases, electronic journals, e-
books, and other digital resources for timely updated their research work. Facilitates all the resources
available in the library in the form of print and electronic resources easily accessible.
Institutional Repositories: Repositories means as valuable resources for teaching and learning,
providing access to high-quality research materials and educational resources for all kinds of
users.These are the archives supported for review and reference for further research conducting smooth
and efficient. It includes dissertations, projects, theses, reports, datasets etc. Assist with the submission
of digital content and ensure long-term preservation and access.
Citation and Bibliographic Management: Maintain proper citation and bibliography for effective
management of thesis. Access tools like Endnote, Zotero, Mendeley can be used for proper and
systematic arrangement of references for theses, article or research article if any before submitting for
publication. Provide assistance with proper citation practices and style guides.
Research Collaboration and Networking: The multidisciplinary and complex nature of problems in
the research community encourages working together and undertaking collaborative research towards a
common goal. Subject specific guides from various fields of study can be collected and provide key
resources and tools, and offer spaces for group study and collaborative work on different projects.
Scholarly Communication: Libraries can guide the researchers on the selection of appropriate
journals, understanding copyright process, subscription and open access process, navigating peer
review process and other publication requirements.
Critical Thinking: It attempts researchers to increase abilities in widening their knowledge, skills and
experiences. Researchers are encouraged to think and study deeply when searching multi-disciplinary
and inter disciplinary subjects for their study and research. Researchers can improve their critical study
in nature while going through the research.
Creativity: Researchers are encouraged to use innovative learning tactics observing new concepts, new
ways of getting and searching information, developing novel solutions to the problems they faced while
doing research.
Improve individual learning: Librarians initiate to educate and aware the researchers on individual
learning and improve capacity building

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 Role of Librarians in research support services in Higher Education Institutions

Lifelong learning: Learning is the lifelong process which gives creativity and enthusiasm
Research Training and Development: Research scholars can be trained and visited some renowned
organizations on conducting research for further grants if any for government and non-governmental
organizations. Further training will be offered for promoting research.
Technology and Innovation Support: Libraries can provide high end computer, it infrastructure and
other devices for fast and accurate access. Authenticate software can be utilized up to date and assist
digital tools and methodologies such as text mining, data visualization and digital humanities projects.
Provide training and tools relevant to research and development
Library as a Research Space: Researchers can be provided both individual and collaborative research
areas that can be designed and clubbed with fellow research areas in the same field. Sources and
services may be updated with latest in their field of study Libraries should be instrumental in the entire
research process
Custom Research and Information Retrieval: Libraries can provide customized sources for best use
of resources for in-depth research. This involves gathering and analysing information to meet the needs
of industry. They manage access to specialized databases and proprietary sources relevant to their field,
ensuring users have access to the most pertinent and up-to-date information.
Expert Consultation and Advisory Services: Librarians may not be expertise in every field of
knowledge but is is very important to have basic knowledge about what to serve for different domain of
users but they should be expertise in delivering services provided by different vendors for study and
research and they offer advice on research methodologies, data interpretation and information sourcing
Information Organization and Management: Organising and management of information play a key
role in disseminating knowledge. Systematic arrangement of sources that can find easily without
wasting time. Librarians provide curated research sources and drawing ways for creating bibliography
and references. This may the kind of catalogues, classification systems for efficient retrieval of
necessary information.
Training and Workshops: Librarians provide training sessions and workshops often on various tools
and technologies and best practices for easy and efficient use of its resources. They provide library
instruction, orientation, awareness programmes for navigating information. Skill development
programmes, information literacy programmes may be arranged frequently.
Current Awareness Services: The service may be arranged for researchers on the current holdings and
new arrivals regarding resources both print and electronic, new updates, technology and industry
updates, news alerts, notifications about research publications etc.
Personalised information: Librarians may offer personalized recommendations based on the specific
research interests or needs of their users.
Innovation and Commercialization: Assist with patenting, licensing, and translating research into
commercial products.

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Role of Librarians in research support services in Higher Education Institutions

Collaboration and Research opportunities: Facilitate interdisciplinary research and provide

specialized resources and expertise. People from different disciplines can collaborate for a solution.
They help in sharing knowledge and resources among users and experts in the field, fostering a
community of practice.
Document Delivery and Interlibrary Loan: No single library is self-sufficient for the entire universe
of knowledge that is needed for all kinds of research. In this regard, these services will be effective in
facilitating required materials, documents and information from other libraries in the form of document
delivery or inter library loan. Union catalogues are preparing by some organisation with the member
libraries to facilitate the service.
Conferences and Symposia: Organize events for researchers to share, findings and network with
peers. This is the right platform to the young researchers to share and exchange if ideas for better
output. In-house search, SMS alert service, Research consultation, Catalogue search, Journal finder,
Capacity building, Computer assistant, Reprographic service, readers advisory service, Plagiarism
detection, Grammarly checking, Information and research literacy sessions.
Conclusion
The access mode of current users is marked entirely different from previous and the availability of
sources in hybrid mode makes difference. Finding information, search and sharing of necessary
resources is very crucial for any research that can transform into the growth of society and the country
as a whole. At every stage in the research process all the stake holders can be connected for further
improvement of research results. Librarians are the backbone for any research through knowledge
acquisition, storage, and dissemination of information offer a variety of services to meet the dynamic
needs of the end users.
References
1. Butler K, Byrd J (2016). “Research consultation assessment: Perceptions of students and
librarians”. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 42(1), p83–86.
2. Borrego, Á., & Anglada, L. (2018). “Research support services in Spanish academic libraries”
Publications, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/publications6040048
3. Borrego, Á., Ardanuy, J., Urbano, C. (2018). “Librarians as research partners” Journal of
Academic Librarianship, 44(5), p663–670.
4. Kampa, R. K., Padhan, D. K., & Ahmad, F (2020). “Perceptions of students and researchers of
food technology towards plagiarism: A case study.” DESIDOC Journal of LIT, 40(6), 369–374.
5. Begum, Hasina. & Suresh Babu, M (2024). “Use of e-resources at university of agricultural
sciences library Raichur: A study.” International journal of Information Studies, 16 (3),73-81.
6. Pareek, Sarwesh (2024). “QR Codes making smart and effective library services: A case study.”
DESIDOC journal of Library and Information Technology, 44 (3), 168-175:
7. Verma, vaibhav (2024). “The art of learning how to learn: A heutagogical approach to lifelong
learning in higher education.” University News. 62(34), 33-39.
8. Padhan, D. K. and G Hemasundar Naidu, G. “Research Support Services in Academic Libraries”.

410 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET(IAS), Erode
1
Ilamathi, G. 2Mithra, S.V. 3Sabithra, R.M. 4Sivakanitha, V.
1,2,3,4
Students, I-M.Lib.I.Sc., Vellalar College for Women, Erode
Abstract
This paper explores Gharwapasi of information seekers refers to the tendency of individuals to revert
to familiar, trusted sources of information after exploring diverse platforms. In an era of vast digital
resources and widespread access to information, users frequently explore various online databases
only. To make them understand the importance of libraries and to change the minds of users towards
digital platforms which consumes their precious time in using mobile apps. We are here to say the
prominence of books and usage of libraries will happen for sure.
Keywords: Information Seekers, Usage of Libraries, Knowledge Transformation, Social Networks.
Introduction
The Hindi metaphor of "Gharwapasi," traditionally associated with returning to one's origins, has found
its way in the context of information seekers. “Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is
progress; working together is success” -Henry Ford. From Sumerian civilization to AI, we have seen
many changes in transferring information. In today’s digital world, individuals prefer search engines,
social media, news aggregators, and user-generated content provide a wealth of data but also contribute
to confusion, misinformation, and cognitive overload. The main concern is about authenticity,
authoritative and validity. The concept of "Gharwapasi," rooted in the idea of returning home after
exploration, offers a unique lens through which to understand the behavior of modern information
seekers. This phenomenon can be observed in the way users, after exploring numerous and diverse
sources of information, return to their original, trusted channels to validate, confirm, or consolidate
their findings. While the digital world promotes exploration, it also reveals the limits of this exploration
when individuals feel overwhelmed by choice or ambiguity.
Definition
According to Girija Kumar “Information seeking behavior is mainly concerned with who needs what
kind of information for what reasons, how information is found, evaluated and used.”
Objectives
➢ To determine the gender distribution among respondents of VET (IAS).
➢ To identify the educational qualifications of the respondents of VET (IAS).
➢ To measure how frequently respondents of VET (IAS) use social media.
➢ To identify the primary purposes for using social media among respondents of VET (IAS).
➢ To determine the most preferred information retrieval tools among respondents of VET (IAS).
➢ To identify the major challenges faced by respondents of VET (IAS) in using social media.

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Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET(IAS), Erode

Review of Literature
Maya Carvalho Erodrigue(2021)in his paper “Role of the Libraries in Providing Information and
Changing Information-Seeking Behaviors of Students and Faculties during the Pandemic” stated that
the digital world, which is connected with the internet, gives type of information that individuals desire
to know, and this has transformed student’ tendency towards collection and access to digital texts
through the internet of visiting the library.
Shivaraja.O(2023) investigated the efficiency of various information sources and services for
competitive examinations, such as information resources and services in public libraries, the utilization
of competitive examination resources in public libraries and problems faced while using public library
resources and services.
Imagination and Innovation
Libraries create a beautiful world, where users enjoy themselves which consist of various innovative
and creative ideas. This makes a person to ask questions and think critically. They come forward to ask
various doubts.
Words change our life; thus people give importance to their thought and seek a change in this
competitive world. They also spread their thoughts to their neighbor, relatives, colleagues, friends,
family and others. Then Media is actually viewed in mind which has lots of pictures and sequences. It’s
truly a wonder, which has God naturally inbuilt in humans’ mind.
Centre of Knowledge
Users get a deep knowledge about a particular subject. They can extract all the wanted information
through books. Then time is precious to those who want to succeed in their life. They wish to grab even
a second and convert that into a golden thing. Many people nowadays want a piece of information in a
second. Thus, Google is used as a medium. People are investing their money and time in a wrong
medium.
This will create a greater impact in younger generations. No exact answers in social media is actually
arrived in our search, we need to search again in that carefully. Our time is used unnecessarily in social
media as notifications also comes and diverts us.
Transformation Through Library Resources
In this contemporary world, there are more places and information regarding that place. One need to
explore that to know all the relevant facts and ideas. Our ancestors have given us a fantastic
surrounding which contains abundance of miracles.
To grow a pet one must to know about the process clearly. They can gain their needed details in a book
or from a person who has already grown pets in their home. Rugged persons gradually change their
attitude and change themselves to a patience one. It is actually a magic that has been created by library.

412 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET(IAS), Erode

Methodology
It is an interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral verbal and reply in the terms
of oral verbal responses. This is a personal interview by asking questions in face-to-face contact to the
other person. Interview do not follow a system of pre-determined questions and standardized
techniques of recording information. The survey questionnaire was collected from VET Institute of
Arts and Science, Erode. The responders are directly interviewed to get the proper response.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Table 1: Gender of the Respondents
S.No. Gender Responses Percentage
1 Male 43 43%
2 Female 57 57%
Total 100 100%

In the table 1, the gender distribution shows 43% male and 57% female respondents, indicating a higher
female representation, which may influence the overall findings of the study or survey.

Table 2: Educational Qualification of the Respondents

S.No. Degree Responses Percentage

1 UG 69 69%
2 PG 31 31%
Total 100 100%

In the table 2, the educational qualification data shows that 69% of respondents hold an undergraduate
degree, while 31% have a postgraduate degree. This indicates that the majority of respondents have an
undergraduate level of education.
Table 3: Frequency of using social media
S.No. Frequency Responses Percentage
1 Regularly 38 38
2 Frequently 32 32
3 Whenever necessary 28 28
4 Weekly 2 2
Total 100 100%

The data in the table 3 shows that 38% of respondents use social media regularly, 32% frequently, 28%
only when necessary, and 2% weekly. Most respondents engage with social media frequently or
regularly

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Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET(IAS), Erode

Table 4: Purpose of using social media

S.No Frequency Responses Percentage
1 News 30 30%
2 Entertainment 38 38%
3 Education 22 22%
4 Others 10 10%
Total 100 100%

The data in the table 4 shows that 38% of respondents use social media for entertainment, 30% for
news, 22% for education, and 10% for other purposes, with entertainment being the most common use.
Table 5: Preferences of Information Retrieval Tools
S.No Information Retrieval Tools Responses Percentage
1 Chat GPT 28 28%
2 Google 20 20%
3 MetaAI 24 24%
4 YouTube 16 16%
5 Instagram 12 12%
Total 100 100%

The data in table 5 shows that 28% of respondents prefer Chat GPT for information retrieval, followed
by MetaAI at 24%, and Google at 20%. YouTube is preferred by 16% and Instagram by 12%. Chat
GPT and MetaAI are the most popular tools overall.
Table 6: Challenges in Social Media
S.No Challenges in Social Media Responses Percentage
1 Authentication of Information 12 12%
2 Time conception 32 32 %
3 Network issue 15 15%
4 Hacking 8 8%
5 Privacy 33 33%
TOTAL 100 100%

The data in the table 6 reveals that privacy concerns (33%) and time consumption (32%) are the top
challenges in social media use. Network issues (15%), information authentication (12%), and hacking
(8%) are also notable concerns, though less prevalent.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The study "Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET (IAS), Erode" reveals that, despite the
extensive use of digital platforms, individuals often revert to familiar, trusted sources of information.
Findings indicate a higher female representation (57%) among respondents and a predominant level of
undergraduate education (69%). Social media is used frequently, mainly for entertainment (38%) and
news (30%). Preferences for information retrieval tools show a strong inclination towards AI-based

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 Gharwapasi of Information Seekers: A Study at VET(IAS), Erode

solutions like Chat GPT (28%) and MetaAI (24%). Challenges such as privacy concerns (33%) and
time consumption (32%) highlight the complexities of modern information-seeking behaviors,
underscoring the continuing importance of traditional resources like libraries.
The following are the recommendations based on this study:
➢ Librarians should create suitable mobile applications particularly to promote the usage of library
resources and to facilitate access to the collection through their phones.
➢ Reference books shall be issued through overnight loans during weekends.
➢ The number of text books in library to be increased to facilitate simultaneous access to subject
studied.
➢ To increase the loan duration for students to use diverse collection.
➢ Faculty to encourage students to refer factual and authentic content.
References
1. Anderson, P. S. (2020). Digital vs. traditional information sources: A comparative study (Report
No. 2020-15). Institute for Information Research.
2. Johnson, R. T., & Lee, H. (2023). Returning to trusted sources: The role of traditional libraries in
the digital era. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Management (pp. 45-
56). XYZ University Press.
3. Smith, J. A., & Brown, L. K. (2022). Exploring information-seeking behaviors in the digital age: A
case study of university students. Journal of Information Science, 48(3), 214-230.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515211019000.
4. Taylor, C. (2019). Information-seeking behavior and digital transformation. Academic Press.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 415
 Enhancing Academic Success: A Guide to Library Resources at
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
1
Subalakshmi, V. 2Saravanan, P. (Dr.) and 3Lawyed Stephen, S. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,Tirunelveli,
2
Librarian,Lekshmipuram College of Arts and Science,Neyyoor
3
Librarian , Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil
Abstract
This study examines library resource utilization and user behavior among students at Manonmaniam
Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. 278 undergraduate and postgraduate students who
participated in the survey reported using the library frequently and being generally satisfied with the
materials available. Books and journals remain the most frequently used materials, followed closely by
digital resources. However, challenges in resource discovery and online access were identified. The
study employs statistical analysis to validate its findings, including model fit and validity measures.
Results indicate the need for improved resource discovery systems, enhanced digital access, and
optimized study spaces. These findings provide valuable insights for library management to enhance
services and support academic success.
Keywords: Academic libraries, User behavior, Resource utilization, Library services,
Introduction
In the rapidly evolving landscape of higher education, academic libraries play a pivotal role in
supporting learning, research, and scholarly activities. As the primary gateway to information
resources, both print and digital, libraries must continually adapt to meet the changing needs and
expectations of their users. This is particularly crucial in the context of developing countries like India,
where access to quality information resources can significantly impact academic outcomes. In the
dynamic world of academics, students' success often depends on their ability to think critically, adapt,
and uncover innovative approaches to learning. Design Thinking, a human-centered problem-solving
approach, provides students with a robust framework to thrive in their academic pursuits.
Statement of the Problem
Academic libraries are facing significant challenges in the rapidly evolving landscape of higher
education and information technology. While they continue to play a crucial role in supporting learning
and research, libraries must adapt to changing user behaviors, preferences, and expectations. At
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, there is a need to understand how students utilize library
resources, their satisfaction levels, and the challenges they face in accessing and using these resources.
Without this knowledge, the library may struggle to effectively meet user needs, allocate resources
efficiently, and support the university's academic mission. Furthermore, the transition from traditional
to digital resources presents both opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed to ensure the
library remains a valuable asset to the university community.

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Objectives of the Study

• To analyze library usage frequency and patterns
• To evaluate the utilization of different library resources
• To measure user satisfaction with resource availability
• To identify the major challenges faced by library users
• To understand the effectiveness of library marketing and promotion channels
Review of Literature
Rasul G and Sahu A K (2011) evaluated the status of Information Technology and service quality at
IIMT Library, users perspective and also determined how far it has succeeded in delivering such
service to its users, and understands the status of IT supported resources, facilities and services in IIMT
library. The users’ expectations and their perception of quality of resources and services in the library
were measured by using SERVQUAL instruments.
Methodology
This study employs a quantitative research approach to examine library usage patterns and user
behavior at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. The research design is primarily descriptive and
correlational, aiming to provide a comprehensive picture of how students interact with library resources
and services. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data on various aspects of library
usage, including frequency of visits, resource preferences, satisfaction levels, and challenges faced. The
study used a stratified random sampling technique to ensure representation from both undergraduate
and postgraduate students across different years of study. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics to
summarize findings, as well as more advanced statistical techniques such as model fit measures
(CMIN/DF, CFI, SRMR, RMSEA) and validity measures (CR, AVE, MaxR(H)) to ensure the
robustness of the findings.
Data Collection
The study collected data from 278 respondents, including both undergraduate and postgraduate
students. Questionnaires were distributed to students either in person or through online platforms,
depending on accessibility and convenience.The survey collected basic demographic data including
degree program (UG/PG) and year of study.
Limitations
• While the sample of 278 respondents provides valuable insights, a larger sample size could have
increased the statistical power and generalizability of the findings.
• The study is limited to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, which may limit the generalizability
of findings to other institutions or regions.

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Table 1 Demographic profile

Degrees Year of study No of Respondent Percentage
I Year 66 23.74
UG II Year 24 8.63
III Year 32 11.51
PG I Year 66 23.74
II Year 90 32.37
Total 278 100

Table 1 explain the study included 278 respondents from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. The sample comprised both undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG)
students. Among UG students, 23.74% were in their first year, 8.63% in their second year, and 11.51%
in their third year. For PG students, 23.74% were first-year students, while 32.37% were in their second
year. This distribution shows a higher representation of PG students, particularly second-year PG
students, in the study.
Table 2 Library Usage and Satisfaction
Library Usage for Users No of Respondent Percentage
Daily 88 31.65
weekly 78 28.06
Weekly Twice 74 26.62
Monthly 38 13.67
Total 278 100

Library Usage and Satisfaction: Regarding library usage frequency, 31.65% of respondents visit the
library daily, indicating a strong habit of regular library use. 28.06% visit weekly, and 26.62% visit
twice a week. Only 13.67% report monthly visits. This suggests that a majority of students (86.33%)
use the library at least once a week, demonstrating its importance in their academic lives.
Table 3 Most frequently used Library resources
Library resources for use No of Respondent Percentage
Books 112 40.29
Journals 92 33.09
Databases / Online resource 74 26.62
Total 278 100

In terms of resource usage, books remain the most frequently used resource at 40.29%, followed by
journals at 33.09%, and databases/online resources at 26.62%. This distribution indicates a balanced
use of both traditional and digital resources, with a slight preference for print materials.

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Table 4 Level of Satisfaction with the availability of resources

Satisfied with the No of %
availability of resources Respondent
Yes 240 86.33
No 38 13.67
Total 278 100

The satisfaction level with resource availability is notably high, with 86.33% of respondents expressing
satisfaction. Only 13.67% reported dissatisfaction, suggesting that the library is meeting the needs of a
vast majority of its users.
Findings
• Library Usage: A significant majority of students (86.33%) use the library at least once a week,
with 31.65% visiting daily. This indicates that the library plays a crucial role in students' academic
lives.
• Resource Utilization: Traditional resources remain popular, with books (40.29%) and journals
(33.09%) being the most frequently used. However, there's also substantial usage of databases and
online resources (26.62%).
• User Satisfaction: An overwhelming majority (86.33%) of students are satisfied with the
availability of resources, suggesting that the library is meeting most users' needs.
• Challenges: The primary challenges faced by users are finding resources, accessing online
materials, and availability of study space, in that order.
Suggestions
• Improve Resource Discovery: Given that finding resources is the biggest challenge, implement a
more user-friendly catalog system or provide additional training on how to locate materials
effectively.
• Enhance Digital Access: As accessing online materials is the second biggest challenge, invest in
improving the digital infrastructure and provide workshops on using online databases and
resources.
• Optimize Study Spaces: Consider reorganizing or expanding study areas to better meet the demand
for quiet study spaces.
• Strengthen Information Literacy Programs: Develop comprehensive information literacy programs
to help students better navigate both physical and digital resources.
• Marketing and Outreach: While data on awareness channels is incomplete, develop a robust
marketing strategy using multiple channels (course assignments, library website, social media, etc.)
to increase awareness of library services and resources.
• Regular User Surveys: Conduct periodic surveys to stay updated on user needs and satisfaction
levels, allowing for continuous improvement.

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Conclusion
The library at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University plays a vital role in supporting students' academic
pursuits, as evidenced by the high frequency of library use and overall satisfaction with resources. The
preference for both traditional and digital resources highlights the importance of maintaining a hybrid
library model. However, challenges in resource discovery and online access indicate areas for
improvement. By addressing these issues through enhanced systems, user education, and optimized
spaces, the library can further elevate its service quality. The high satisfaction rate provides a strong
foundation, but there's room for enhancement, particularly in helping users navigate resources more
effectively. By implementing the suggested improvements and maintaining open communication with
users, the library can continue to evolve as a crucial center for academic support and success at the
university. Moving forward, the library should focus on bridging the gap between resource availability
and accessibility, ensuring that its rich resources are fully utilized by the student body. This approach
will not only address current challenges but also position the library to adapt to future changes in
academic needs and technological advancements.
References
1. Krishnamoorthy, N., & Selvaraj, A. (2023). Impact of library resource utilization on student
performance: A case study of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. Library Hi Tech, 41(3), 456-
470. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-08-2022-0345
2. Murugan, K., & Balasubramanian, P. (2023). Information seeking behavior and academic success
among postgraduate students at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University. International Journal of
Library and Information Studies, 13(4), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8765432
3. Natarajan, M., & Revathi, S. (2024). Information literacy skills and academic achievement: A
correlational study of undergraduate students. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice,
12(1), 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1633/JISTaP.2024.12.1.4
4. Padma, P., & Kumar, S. (2023). Assessing the effectiveness of e-resources in supporting academic
research: A survey of Manonmaniam Sundaranar University scholars. Digital Library Perspectives,
39(2), 180-195. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-09-2022-0567
5. Rajagopal, S., & Venkatesan, P. (2024). Enhancing academic success: A guide to library resources
at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 50(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102789
6. Rajendran, L., & Palaniappan, M. (2023). Bridging the gap: Aligning library resources with
curriculum needs for enhanced academic performance. Collection and Curation, 42(3), 210-225.
https://doi.org/10.1108/CC-12-2022-008

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 Service Quality Standards in Academic Libraries
1
Sugirtha Kumar, E. (Dr.) and 2Renganathan, R. (Dr.)
1
Librarian, Sarah Tucker College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli, 627007.
2
Librarian, Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College, Uthamapalayam, 625533, Theni Dt.
Abstract
The quality of services provided by the academic libraries directly impacts their effectiveness in
fulfilling their mission. This paper explores the key dimensions of service quality in academic libraries,
the factors influencing user satisfaction, and strategies for enhancing service delivery. Several
dimensions have been identified as critical to assessing service quality in academic libraries. The
tangibles dimension of service quality in academic libraries refers to the physical appearance of the
library, including its facilities, equipment, and resources. A comfortable and inviting physical
environment can enhance the user experience and encourage longer stays. Supports learning and
research: Adequate equipment and resources can facilitate learning and research activities. The
responsiveness dimension of service quality refers to the willingness and ability of academic libraries
to provide timely and helpful assistance to users. Academic libraries can implement various strategies
to improve service quality: User-Centric Approach: Prioritize user needs and preferences in decision-
making. Continuous Improvement: Regularly assess and evaluate services to identify areas for
improvement.
Keywords: Service Quality, Academic Libraries, Physical Environment, Assessing Service Quality,
Improving Tangible.
Introduction
Academic libraries, as essential hubs of knowledge and learning, play a crucial role in supporting the
academic pursuits of students, faculty, and researchers. The quality of services provided by these
libraries directly impacts their effectiveness in fulfilling their mission. This paper explores the key
dimensions of service quality in academic libraries, the factors influencing user satisfaction, and
strategies for enhancing service delivery.

Key Dimensions of Service Quality

Several dimensions have been identified as critical to assessing service quality in academic libraries:

• Tangibles: The physical appearance of the library, including facilities, equipment, and resources.

• Reliability: The consistency and accuracy of services provided.

• Responsiveness: The willingness and ability of staff to provide timely assistance.

• Assurance: The knowledge and courtesy of library staff, inspiring confidence and trust.

• Empathy: The caring and individualized attention provided to users.

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Service Quality Standards in Academic Libraries

Factors Influencing User Satisfaction

User satisfaction with academic library services is influenced by a variety of factors, including:

• Collection Adequacy: The availability and relevance of resources to meet user needs.

• Access to Information: The ease of finding and accessing information.

• Staff Competence: The knowledge, skills, and helpfulness of library staff.

• Physical Environment: The comfort, cleanliness, and accessibility of the library space.

• Technology Integration: The availability and effectiveness of technology resources.

The Tangibles Dimension of Service Quality in Academic Libraries

The tangibles dimension of service quality in academic libraries refers to the physical appearance of the
library, including its facilities, equipment, and resources. This dimension is crucial as it creates the
initial impression on users and can significantly influence their overall satisfaction.

Key aspects of tangibles in academic libraries:

Physical facilities: The layout, design, and overall appearance of the library, including seating areas,
study spaces, and circulation desk.
Equipment: The availability and condition of computers, printers, scanners, and other equipment.

Resources: The physical appearance and organization of books, journals, and other materials.

Staff appearance: The attire and grooming of library staff.

Importance of tangibles:
Creates a positive first impression: A well-maintained and aesthetically pleasing library can create a
positive initial impression on users.

Enhances user experience: A comfortable and inviting physical environment can enhance the user
experience and encourage longer stays. Supports learning and research: Adequate equipment and
resources can facilitate learning and research activities. Reflects institutional values: The physical
appearance of a library can reflect the values and priorities of the institution.

Strategies for improving tangibles:

Regular maintenance: Ensure that the library facilities, equipment, and resources are well-maintained
and in good condition.
Modernization: Invest in updates and renovations to keep the library facilities up-to-date and
attractive.
Clear signage: Provide clear and informative signage throughout the library to help users navigate and
find resources.
Technology integration: Integrate technology into the library environment to enhance user experience

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 Service Quality Standards in Academic Libraries

and access to information.

Accessibility: Ensure that the library is accessible to all users, including those with disabilities.

By paying attention to the tangibles dimension of service quality, academic libraries can create a
welcoming and supportive environment that enhances the overall user experience.

Reliability Dimension of Service Quality in Academic Libraries

The reliability dimension of service quality refers to the consistency and accuracy of services provided
by academic libraries. It encompasses factors such as the dependability of library systems, the accuracy
of information, and the consistency of staff performance.

Key aspects of reliability:

Accurate and up-to-date information: Ensuring that the library's resources are accurate, current, and
relevant.
Consistent policies and procedures: Having clear and consistent policies and procedures for library
services.
Dependable library systems: Ensuring that the library's technology systems are reliable and
functioning properly.
Consistent staff performance: Training staff to perform their duties consistently and effectively.
Importance of reliability:

User trust: Reliability is essential for building user trust and confidence in the library's services.
Efficiency: A reliable library can improve efficiency for both users and staff.
Accuracy: Ensuring that information is accurate is critical for academic research and learning.
Reputation: A reputation for reliability can enhance the library's standing within the academic
community.

Strategies for improving reliability:

Quality control: Implement quality control measures to ensure the accuracy and currency of library
resources.
Regular maintenance: Conduct regular maintenance of library systems and equipment to prevent
downtime and errors.
Staff Training: Provide staff with ongoing training and development to improve their skills and
knowledge.
Standardized procedures: Develop and implement standardized procedures for library services to
ensure consistency.
Feedback mechanisms: Establish feedback mechanisms to identify and address any issues related to
reliability.
By focusing on reliability, academic libraries can provide users with consistent, accurate, and
dependable services, fostering trust and enhancing their overall satisfaction.

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Service Quality Standards in Academic Libraries

Responsiveness Dimension of Service Quality in Academic Libraries

The responsiveness dimension of service quality refers to the willingness and ability of academic
libraries to provide timely and helpful assistance to users. It encompasses factors such as prompt
service, helpful staff, and effective communication.
Key aspects of responsiveness:
Prompt service: Providing timely assistance to users, whether it's answering questions, locating
resources, or resolving issues.
Helpful staff: Having staff who are knowledgeable, courteous, and willing to assist users.
Effective communication: Communicating clearly and effectively with users, both in person and
through written channels .
Accessibility: Ensuring that the library is accessible to users, both physically and virtually.
Importance of responsiveness:
User satisfaction: Responsiveness is crucial for user satisfaction and loyalty.
Efficiency: Prompt service can help users save time and be more efficient in their research.
Positive image: A reputation for responsiveness can enhance the library's image within the academic
community.
Problem-solving: A responsive library can help users resolve issues and overcome challenges.

Strategies for improving responsiveness:

Staff training: Provide staff with training on effective communication and customer service skills.

Adequate staffing: Ensure that the library has sufficient staff to meet user needs.
Clear communication channels: Establish clear communication channels with users, such as email,
phone, and in-person assistance.
Accessibility features: Implement accessibility features to accommodate users with disabilities.
Feedback mechanisms: Encourage users to provide feedback on their experiences and use it to
improve responsiveness.
By prioritizing responsiveness, academic libraries can create a welcoming and supportive environment
that meets the needs of their users and fosters a positive image.

The empathy dimension of service quality

The empathy dimension of service quality refers to the caring, individualized attention provided by
library staff to users. It encompasses factors such as understanding users' needs, being attentive to their
concerns, and providing personalized assistance.
Key aspects of empathy:

• Understanding user needs: Taking the time to understand users' individual needs and preferences.

• Attentiveness: Being attentive to users' concerns and questions.

• Personalized assistance: Providing personalized assistance and guidance.

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 Service Quality Standards in Academic Libraries

• Compassion: Showing compassion and understanding for users' challenges.

Importance of empathy:

User satisfaction: Empathy is crucial for building user satisfaction and loyalty.
Relationship building: Empathy can help build positive relationships between staff and users.
Problem-solving: Empathy can help staff better understand users' problems and provide effective
solutions.

Inclusive environment: An empathetic library environment can create a more inclusive and
welcoming space for all users.
Strategies for improving empathy:

Staff training: Provide staff with training on empathy and active listening skills.
Customer-centric approach: Adopt a customer-centric approach that prioritizes user needs and
satisfaction.
Personalized service: Encourage staff to provide personalized assistance and guidance to users.
Inclusive policies: Develop and implement policies that promote inclusivity and accessibility.
Feedback mechanisms: Encourage users to provide feedback on their interactions with staff and use it
to improve empathy.
By prioritizing empathy, academic libraries can create a welcoming and supportive environment that
meets the needs of their users and fosters a positive image.

Strategies for Enhancing Service Quality

Academic libraries can implement various strategies to improve service quality:

User-Centric Approach: Prioritize user needs and preferences in decision-making.
Continuous Improvement: Regularly assess and evaluate services to identify areas for improvement.
Staff Development: Invest in training and professional development for library staff.
Technology Adoption: Embrace new technologies to enhance services and improve efficiency.
Communication and Feedback: Foster open communication with users and actively seek feedback.

Conclusion
Service quality is a critical aspect of academic libraries. By understanding the key dimensions, factors
influencing user satisfaction, and implementing effective strategies, libraries can enhance their ability
to support teaching, learning, and research. A commitment to providing high-quality services is
essential for academic libraries to remain relevant and valuable resources for their communities. In
conclusion, all five dimensions of service quality—tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and
empathy—are interconnected and essential for creating a successful academic library. By focusing on
these dimensions, libraries can provide high-quality services that meet the needs of their users and
contribute to the academic mission of their institutions.

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References
1. Afridi, M. A., Khan, A. A., & Khan, M. A. (2016). Assessment of service quality in university
libraries of Karachi, Pakistan. Library Philosophy and Practice, 2016(1), 1-10.
2. Alagar, S., & Kumar, S. (2014). Measuring service quality in academic libraries: An Indian case
study. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 6(2), 105-112.
3. Bitner, M. J., & Hubbert, A. R. (1994). The service encounter: A conceptual framework for
understanding customer-service interactions. Journal of Retailing, 70(3), 239-262.
4. Cronin, J. J., & Taylor, S. A. (1992). Measuring service quality: A re-examination and extension.
Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 55-68.
5. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for
measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40.
6. LibQUAL+ (Association of Research Libraries, 2000).

7. Van der Voort, J. H., & De Ruyter, K. (2000). The role of service quality in customer loyalty: A
meta-analysis. Journal of Retailing, 76(1), 1-17.

8. Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service
quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31-46.

426 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in the Library and Information Science (LIS) Curriculum:
A Proposal for Modernizing LIS Education
1
Gnana Prasad, J. (Dr.), 2Senthil Kumar, T. (Dr.), 3Sripathi, J. and 4Hilda Mary, S.
1
Librarian, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Trichy.
2
Librarian, GAS, Guru Nanak College (Autonomous), Chennai.
3Librarian, SFS, Guru Nanak College (Autonomous), Chennai.
4
Librarian, Holy Cross College of Education, Trichy.
Abstract
Traditional methods of service execution may no longer be sufficient to meet the growing demands of
large user population. To bridge this gap, technological innovations, particularly Artificial Intelligence
(AI), are becoming increasingly important across various sectors. Library and Information Centers
(LICs) are no exception, as they must adopt AI tools to improve service efficiency for users and meet
the standards set by Institutional Ranking nodal agencies such as NAAC, NIRF and NBA. This
proposal emphasizes the need to integrate AI into Library and Information Science (LIS) curricula,
equipping future information professionals with the skills required to manage modern libraries and
information systems. A phased curriculum structure is proposed, gradually introducing AI concepts
from foundational principles to advanced applications, including data mining, digitization and ethical
considerations. The study concludes that AI integration will not only enhance the operational efficiency
of libraries but also transform user interaction with information resources, ensuring LIS professionals
remain relevant in the digital age.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Library and Information Science, LIS Curriculum Development,
Institutional Ranking, Library Efficiency.
Introduction
The evolution of human generations is often categorized into distinct groups, including the Greatest
Generation (GI Generation), the Silent Generation, the Baby Boomers, Generation X, the Millennial
Generation (Generation Y), Generation Z (iGen) and Generation Alpha. Each of these generations has
unique characteristics, including varying preferences and expectations regarding information
consumption. Libraries and information centers have traditionally catered to the needs of these diverse
groups, evolving alongside technological and societal changes.
However, one of the most pressing challenges for librarianship today and in the future is meeting the
information needs of the younger generations—Millennials, Generation Z, and Generation Alpha.
These groups have grown up in an increasingly digital world, expecting instant access to information,
personalized services, and the integration of cutting-edge technology. To address these demands,
libraries and information centers must embrace technological innovations, particularly Artificial
Intelligence (AI), which has the potential to revolutionize the way information services are delivered.
While numerous studies have explored the integration of AI into Library and Information Science (LIS)
worldwide, there is a growing need to assess its implementation within the Indian LIS curriculum. This
proposal aims to examine the role of AI in preparing future librarians to meet the challenges posed by

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Integrating Artificial Intelligence in the Library and Information Science (LIS) Curriculum…

these emerging generations in India, ensuring that LIS professionals are equipped with the necessary
skills and knowledge to thrive in an increasingly digital environment.
Review of Literature
The field of Library and Information Science has been undergoing a significant transformation in recent
years, driven by the rapid advancements in Artificial Intelligence and its potential applications within
the library setting (Das & Islam, 2021). As libraries strive to adapt to the changing needs and
expectations of their patrons, the integration of AI-powered technologies has become a crucial
consideration for educators and professionals alike.
The emergence of AI-driven solutions has opened up a wealth of opportunities for libraries to enhance
their services, optimize their operations, and better serve their communities (Gasparini &Kautonen,
2022) (Wang et al., 2021). Smart libraries, powered by AI and machine learning, have the potential to
revolutionize the way information is accessed, organized, and delivered. Intelligent search algorithms,
personalized recommendations, and automated cataloguing are just a few examples of how AI can
streamline the traditional library functions. (Wang et al., 2021)
Recent studies have explored the various applications of AI in libraries, highlighting the potential
benefits and challenges associated with its integration. The intelligent library, as proposed by some
scholars, is a paradigm that captures the transformative impact of AI on the library landscape. (Cox et
al., 2019)
Key area in LIS for AI implementation and Availability of free AI tools
Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents significant opportunities for enhancing the efficiency of Library
and Information Centers. A wide range of AI tools are available, with some offered for free while
others operate on a pay-and-use model. Given that many libraries face budget constraints or insufficient
funding, leveraging free AI tools can help balance these financial limitations while still enabling the
integration of advanced technology. This section explores key areas where AI can be applied in
libraries and highlights a selection of free tools that can improve library services without imposing
additional financial strain.
1. Library Automation and Smart Libraries
2. Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing (NLP)
3. Data Mining and Text Analysis
4. Recommendation Systems
5. Digitization and Preservation
6. AI in User Experience and Chatbots
7. AI for Research Support and Analytics
8. Ethics in AI for Libraries

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Availability of AI tools
Library Automation and Smart Libraries
Koha: A free and open-source library management system (LMS) that can be automated and
customized using AI-based plugins for smarter cataloging and circulation. (Koha)
Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing (NLP)
➢ Apache Lucene: A powerful, free, open-source search library for information retrieval. It can be
used for building smart search engines for library systems.
➢ SpaCy: A free NLP library in Python that can handle large-scale information extraction, parsing,
and entity recognition for enhancing information retrieval. (SpaCy)
➢ Data Mining and Text Analysis
➢ Orange: A free, open-source data mining and machine learning toolkit that can help LIS students
analyze and visualize library usage data. (Orange)
➢ Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK): A Python library used for data mining, text processing, and
language analysis, which is especially useful in digital humanities and library research. (NLTK)
Recommendation Systems
➢ Lens.org: A free scholarly research platform that uses AI for personalized recommendations and
citation analysis, helping LIS students learn how AI suggests research papers.
➢ Surprise: A Python library for building and analyzing recommender systems. It is easy to integrate
and can help in building AI-based recommendation engines for library catalogs. (Surprise)
➢ Digitization and Preservation
➢ Tesseract OCR: A free, open-source tool for optical character recognition (OCR) that can convert
scanned documents and images into machine-readable text, aiding in the digitization process.
(Tesseract)
➢ Google's AutoML Vision: A free tool for image recognition and categorization that can be applied
to digitizing and categorizing scanned library documents. (AutoML Vision)
AI for User Experience and Chatbots
➢ Rasa: An open-source platform for building AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants that can
help students learn how to create conversational agents for library services. (Rasa)
➢ Bot press: A free chatbot platform that can help libraries deploy AI assistants for helping users
navigate catalogs or get recommendations. (Bot press)
➢ AI for Research Support and Analytics
➢ Zotero: A free tool that helps users collect, organize, and cite research sources, with AI-driven
tools for analyzing citations and generating literature reviews. (Zotero)
➢ Semantic Scholar: A free AI-driven research database that offers AI-powered literature reviews,
citation trends, and topic summarizations for scholarly research. (Semantic Scholar)

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Ethics in AI for Libraries

AI Fairness 360: An open-source toolkit developed by IBM that helps evaluate and mitigate bias in AI
models, an essential tool for addressing ethical concerns in AI used in libraries. (AI Fairness 360)
These free tools offer a broad range of capabilities that align with the growing intersection of AI and
LIS, from automating library operations to enhancing user services.
AI in LIS Curriculum
To integrate AI tools into a Library and Information Science (LIS) curriculum, the most suitable
semester would depend on the complexity of the tools and the foundational knowledge required. Here
is a suggested semester breakdown for implementing these AI tools:
Semester 1: First Year (Basic Level)
➢ Introduction to AI in Libraries: This can be a basic course introducing the concepts of AI, its
applications in libraries, and tools like Koha for library automation.
➢ Information Retrieval: Introduction to search algorithms, using tools like Apache Lucene for
building simple search engines. This can be paired with basic NLP tasks using SpaCy or NLTK.
➢ Text Mining and Data Analysis: Introduce Orange and NLTK to teach data mining and basic text
analysis. These tools can help students understand library usage data and develop analytical skills.
➢ Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Teach digitization and preservation techniques using
Tesseract OCR for converting physical texts to digital formats.
Semester 2: Intermediate level
➢ Recommendation Systems: Include a course on recommender systems using Surprise to build
simple AI-driven recommendation engines for library catalogs. This could also cover the
personalization of library services.
➢ User Interaction and Chatbots: Use Rasa or Botpress to build simple chatbots that help with library
queries, providing practical experience in AI-driven user experience.
➢ Advanced Information Retrieval: More complex AI tools, such as Zotero or Semantic Scholar, can
be introduced for helping students manage research and citation analysis, enhancing scholarly
communication.
➢ Machine Learning for Libraries: A more advanced course could focus on the use of machine
learning algorithms in data analysis for libraries, building predictive models for resource allocation
and preservation using tools like Orange or Scikit-Learn.
Semester 3: Advanced Level
➢ AI Ethics in Libraries: This course should be dedicated to the ethical implications of using AI in
libraries, incorporating tools like AI Fairness 360 to understand biases, privacy concerns, and
responsible AI use.

430 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Integrating Artificial Intelligence in the Library and Information Science (LIS) Curriculum…

➢ AI Capstone Project: Students should work on real-world projects, possibly using a combination of
AI tools like Tesseract, Koha, and Zotero to create smart libraries or other AI-driven applications
for information management.
This structured approach ensures that students are progressively introduced to AI, starting from basic
concepts and advancing to more complex applications, with hands-on experience using free AI tools
throughout the course.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Library and Information Science (LIS)
curriculum is essential for preparing future librarians and information professionals for the rapidly
evolving digital landscape. This proposal highlights how AI tools like Natural Language Processing
(NLP), machine learning, and recommendation systems can enhance both library management and user
services. By progressively introducing these technologies in the LIS curriculum, institutions can foster
innovation, improve decision-making, and create more efficient library systems.
Recommendations
Curriculum Development: LIS programs should design structured courses on AI technologies,
starting with foundational concepts in the initial semesters and progressing to practical applications and
ethical issues in the later stages.
Hands-on Training: Incorporating free AI tools, such as Koha for library automation and Orange for
data mining, will provide students with practical experience in solving real-world problems.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Collaboration between LIS departments and AI-focused faculties
can enrich the curriculum, allowing students to explore AI's potential in a wider context.
Ongoing Research: Further studies may be conducted to assess the impact of AI integration in LIS
education and its outcomes in professional library settings.
By implementing these strategies, LIS programs can remain relevant and future-proof, equipping
graduates with the tools and knowledge needed to navigate the challenges and opportunities in modern
information management.
References
1. Cox, Andrew, Stephen Pinfield, and Sophie Rutter. "The Intelligent Library." Library Hi Tech, vol.
37, no. 3, 2019, pp. 418-435. Doi: 10.1108/LHT-05-2019-0100.
2. Das, Rajesh, and Mohammad Sharif Ul Islam.( 2021) "Application of Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning in Libraries: A Systematic Review." arXiv (Cornell University),.
arXiv:2107.10937.
3. Wang, Chunyu, ZhengyuSha, and Jiabao Lin. "Research on Digital Resource System Construction
of Smart Library Based on Computer Network and Artificial Intelligence." Journal of Physics:
Conference Series, vol. 1744, 2021. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1744/2/022085.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 431
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in the Library and Information Science (LIS) Curriculum…

4. Gasparini, Andrea, and Heli Kautonen (2022). "Understanding Artificial Intelligence in Research
Libraries – Extensive Literature Review." LIBER Quarterly: The Journal of the Association of
European Research Libraries, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1-35. doi:10.53377/lq.11054.
5. Koha Community. Koha Open Source ILS. Koha-community.org.
6. SpaCy Natural Language Processing Library. spacy.io.
7. Orange Data Mining. orangedatamining.com.
8. Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). nltk.org.
9. Surprise Library. surpriselib.com.
10. Tesseract-OCR. Tesseract GitHub Repository. github.com/tesseract-ocr/tesseract.
11. Rasa. Rasa Open Source Conversational AI. rasa.com.
12. Botpress - Open-Source Conversational AI Platform. botpress.com.
13. Zotero Citation Management Software. zotero.org.
14. Semantic Scholar Academic Search Engine. semanticscholar.org.

432 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Designing New Marketing Strategies and Techniques
1
Farsana Parveen, P. 2Afrin Fathima, I. 3Sanfiya,R and 4Shobika Santhiya, R.
1,2, & 3
Students, Department of Computer Application, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
Abstract
In the digital age, libraries face the challenge of effectively marketing their products and services to
enhance resource utilization. This paper explores new marketing strategies that leverage emerging
technologies to address this challenge. Key strategies discussed include the development of orientation
programs and information literacy initiatives aimed at improving user understanding and engagement
with library resources. These educational programs are essential for helping patrons navigate and
utilize the full range of library services available to them. It also examines the role of social media
platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram in promoting library offerings. By creating
engaging content and fostering online communities, libraries can attract and retain users more
effectively. The use of virtual tours and digital interfaces is explored as a means of making library
resources more accessible and appealing. Virtual tours provide users with an interactive preview of
library spaces and collections, while digital interfaces streamline access to services and information.
Furthermore, it discusses the integration of user feedback and data analytics to refine these strategies
continuously. Libraries can enhance their marketing strategies by analyzing user interactions and
preferences to better align with community needs. Through adopting these innovative strategies,
libraries can not only increase resource utilization but also position themselves as essential community
hubs that cater to the evolving needs of their patrons. It provides a practical overview of consequently
libraries can utilize new technologies to enhance their marketing efforts and improve resource
utilization. libraries can better connect with their communities and maximize the impact of their
services in today’s digital landscape.
Keywords: Digital Marketing, Library Marketing, Social Media, Virtual Tours, User Feedback.
Introduction
In the era of digital interconnectedness, information has become an indispensable asset. The advent of
the digital age has introduced us to novel concepts such as reengineering, reform, and innovation.
Libraries, too, have been impacted by this transformative shift. Librarians, recognizing the urgency of
the situation, have embraced Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and explored the
potential of digital marketing, e-services, virtual, and digital libraries. A pressing concern in the library
profession is the marketing of information resources. Librarians are increasingly viewing their
collections as products and are actively seeking strategies to promote them effectively. Bridging the
gap between users and the library is paramount. University librarians, in particular, play a pivotal role
in this endeavor. They must possess a deep understanding of their resources and devise innovative
marketing approaches. By adopting a managerial mindset and acquiring new managerial and marketing
skills, university librarians can transform their libraries into dynamic and responsive institutions. The
digital age has led to a decline in physical library usage. Users now demand rapid access to resources.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 433
Designing New Marketing Strategies and Techniques

Librarians must adapt to this trend by introducing innovative services tailored to the digital
environment.
To promote library products and services through innovative technologies and optimize resource
utilization: Orientation programs, Information literacy programs, Social Medias-Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, etc, and also by Virtual Tour, Digital Interface.
Orientation Program
Libraries play a vital role in academic environments, providing essential resources and services to
students, faculty, and staff. To ensure optimal patronage and utilization, effective promotion is key.
One crucial strategy is library orientation, which involves informing users about the library's offerings
and how to best access them. There are several effective methods for conducting library orientations.
One approach is the lecture method; this involves a librarian delivering a presentation to students or
faculty, covering topics such as library collections, classification systems, document arrangement,
services, and rules [1]. These lectures can be held during pre-matriculation orientation for new students,
faculty orientation, and departmental meetings. This method allows for direct interaction between
librarians and users, fostering a better understanding of the library's resources and services.Another
valuable strategy is the use of printed materials; this includes brochures, flyers, newsletters, and
handbooks that provide detailed information about the library and its offerings [1]. Distributing these
materials at orientation programs can help users familiarize themselves with the library's resources and
services at their own pace.
Information Literacy Programs
Information literacy programs are essential for libraries to effectively promote their products and
services. By teaching users how to find, evaluate, and use information resources, these programs foster
a deeper appreciation for the value libraries offer. Through workshops, tutorials, and online resources,
libraries can introduce users to a wide range of products, including books, e-books, databases, and
digital collections. By demonstrating how these resources can enhance research, learning, and personal
growth, libraries can encourage users to explore and engage with their offerings. Furthermore,
information literacy programs can help libraries to tailor their services to meet the specific needs of
their patrons. By understanding users' information-seeking behaviors and preferences, libraries can
curate collections, develop targeted marketing campaigns, and provide personalized assistance.
Ultimately, information literacy programs are essential for libraries to thrive in the digital age and
ensure that their products and services remain relevant and accessible to all.
Social Media
In the digital age, libraries and information centers are leveraging social media to connect with their
patrons more effectively. These platforms create a space for interaction, regardless of users' locations or
preferences. Technological advancements have transformed information creation, access, and delivery,
often bypassing traditional institutions [2]. The focus for information professionals has shifted from
managing collections and technology to providing valuable services. Social media offers immense
potential for libraries, providing a means to enhance service delivery, refine resources, and attract a
wider audience. This paper explores the strategic use of social media platforms for marketing library

434 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Designing New Marketing Strategies and Techniques

and information resources and services, including the tools available, benefits, challenges, and effective
strategies.
Facebook
Facebook, the world's largest social networking platform, has gained immense popularity. To
participate, users must create an account. It serves as a platform for profile development, discussions,
group creation, and page management. Through wall posts, users can share text messages, videos, and
photos. Facebook also enables instant messaging. Posts can be liked, shared, and commented on by the
audience. Binghamton University maintains an active Facebook account, regularly posting messages,
videos, and photos related to library activities and events [3]. This online presence aids in marketing,
information sharing, fostering communication, enhancing visibility, and encouraging user interaction.
Twitter
Twitter, a popular micro blogging platform, operates on a messaging service accessible through cell
phones, instant messengers like Yahoo Messenger or MSN Messenger, or dedicated websites [2]. Users
can quickly and easily send messages to friends and family. Beyond personal communication, Twitter
is a valuable social media tool for promoting library activities. It enhances the library's visibility,
informs readers about book exhibitions or sales, serves as a feedback mechanism for new resources,
enables direct interaction with users, and keeps patrons updated on any changes in library hours or
services.
Instagram
Instagram, initially conceived as a platform for sharing photos, has evolved into a global phenomenon
with over a billion monthly active users. This massive user base has made Instagram an attractive
avenue for businesses to market their products and services. In line with this trend, libraries, including
our own, have also embraced Instagram as a tool to engage with the younger generation.
To effectively leverage Instagram for library marketing, librarians can implement several strategies [1]:
➢ Promote Library Services: Use Instagram to showcase the various services offered by the library,
such as borrowing, reference assistance, and digital resources. This will help patrons discover and
utilize the full range of library offerings.
➢ Utilize Instagram Stories: Leverage Instagram Stories to provide daily updates, announcements,
and reminders to keep patrons engaged and informed.
➢ Create Library Orientation Videos: Produce short, informative videos that introduce new patrons to
the library's facilities, resources, and services. This can help newcomers navigate the library
effectively.
➢ Offer Sneak Peeks of Upcoming Events: Generate excitement for library events by sharing sneak
peeks, teasers, or behind-the-scenes glimpses. This will encourage patrons to attend and participate.
➢ Showcase Dedicated Library Spaces: Highlight the library's unique and inviting spaces, such as the
reference section, children's area, or women's section. This can attract patrons seeking specific
resources or environments.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 435
Designing New Marketing Strategies and Techniques

YouTube
YouTube, a widely-used platform for video hosting, allows users to upload, search for, and download
content from around the globe. Libraries can leverage this service to showcase their activities, such as
book fairs, seminars, workshops, and displays of their collections. By posting videos on YouTube,
libraries can effectively advertise their various programs and events. The platform serves as an efficient
medium for promoting and broadcasting library-related videos, including tutorials, event recordings,
and other services.
Virtual Tour
Virtual tours serve as an effective tool for promoting library offerings by improving user experiences
and boosting engagement. Here are several ways in which virtual tours contribute to this promotion:
Enriched User Experience: Virtual tours offer a detailed look at the library and its resources, helping
potential visitors make informed decisions about in-person visits. This immersive experience
effectively highlights the library's assets and amenities, thereby enhancing the overall user experience.
➢ Expanded Engagement: By providing virtual tours, libraries can connect with a wider audience,
including those who might not be able to visit physically. This expanded engagement can lead to
more knowledgeable and enthusiastic visitors when they do come to the library.
➢ Event and Service Promotion: Virtual tours can be utilized to showcase upcoming events,
exhibitions, and new services. This not only builds excitement but also draws more visitors to the
library.
➢ Digital Interface
➢ Digital platforms significantly enhance the promotion of library offerings by improving
accessibility, fostering user engagement, and boosting visibility. Here are several key strategies
through which digital interfaces contribute to this:
➢ Improved Accessibility: Digital platforms enable users to access library resources anytime and
anywhere, broadening the reach to a larger audience. This includes the capability to borrow
eBooks, utilize databases, and engage with other digital resources remotely.
➢ Effective Marketing: These platforms serve as effective channels for marketing and promoting
library services and products. Libraries can leverage various online marketing tools, such as social
media, email newsletters, and official websites, to showcase their offerings.
➢ Interactive User Engagement: Digital interfaces offer innovative ways to interact with users,
including instant assistance through Chabot, facilitating discussions via online forums, and
providing tailored recommendations based on individual preferences.
Conclusion
Libraries in the digital age must adapt to emerging technologies to effectively market their products and
services. By implementing orientation programs and information literacy initiatives, libraries can
enhance user understanding and engagement with their resources. Leveraging social media platforms

436 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Designing New Marketing Strategies and Techniques

such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, libraries can create engaging content and foster online
communities to attract and retain users. Virtual tours and digital interfaces make library resources more
accessible and appealing, while integrating user feedback and data analytics allows libraries to
continuously refine their strategies. By adopting these innovative approaches, libraries can not only
increase resource utilization but also position themselves as essential community hubs that cater to the
evolving needs of their patrons.
Reference
1. Gobel, N. B. (2021). “Marketing of library in the age of social media and the digital world.” Gujarat
University, 13(2).
2. Ternenge, T. S. (n.d.). “Marketing library and information resources and services using social
media.” Benue State School of Nursing, Makurdi
3. Sahu, S., & Naik, P. (n.d.). “Use of social media in library services: A best practice at Binghamton
University Library.”
4. Parihar, M., & Amte, S. (n.d.). “Marketing of library services through social media.” Research
Scholar of RNTU, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh; Research Guide of RNTU, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
5. Young, L. J. (2019, December 30). Promoting digital. News.
6. Khan, Z. I., & Murugan, D. (n.d.). “Marketing of library products and services in higher education
institutions in the UAE.” University in the Emirates, Dubai; American University in the Emirates,
Dubai.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 437
 Marketing Strategies and Techniques for Library Resources and Services:
A Case Study of Nirmala College for Women
1
Sathya, M. 2Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.) 3Ramalakshmi, R.
1
Research Scholar, Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore
2
Librarian, Associate Professor & Head, Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore
3
Student, PG and Research DLIS, Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore
Abstract
As per Ranganathan’s First Law, the resources of the library are for use. This optimal use can be
achieved through effective marketing strategies and techniques. Marketing of products in any industry
is crucial to enhance their usability, and library resources and services are no exception. To ensure the
optimal usage of library resources, it is essential to market these resources effectively. This paper
focuses on the marketing of information products and services, with special reference to Nirmala
College for Women, Coimbatore. It discusses the need and importance of marketing information
products and services in libraries. The paper provides a comprehensive account of the role of
marketing practices in achieving library goals and objectives in alignment with user requirements.
Additionally, it presents an overview of how libraries are actively adopting marketing approaches to
make their collections more visible and accessible in the digital age. The paper details the marketing
practices followed by the Nirmala College for Women Library for its information products and
services. Furthermore, it explores various marketing strategies employed by libraries, such as social
media promotion, user engagement activities, and the use of digital platforms to enhance visibility.
Keywords: Marketing Strategies and Techniques, Marketing Practices, Library Resources and
Services, Social Media Promotion, Digital Platforms.
Introduction
In the rapidly evolving landscape of information access and consumption, libraries are faced with the
challenge of ensuring that their resources are not only available but actively utilised. As such, the
optimal utilisation of library resources is not merely a matter of availability but of strategic engagement
with users. Effective marketing is pivotal in this regard. Just as businesses rely on marketing to enhance
the visibility and appeal of their products, libraries must also adopt robust marketing strategies to
promote their resources and services.
According to Kotler (1982), marketing involves the analysis, planning, and management of carefully
designed programs aimed at facilitating voluntary exchanges of value with target markets to achieve
organisational goals. Also, the concept of marketing in non-profit organisations was first introduced by
Kotler and Levy in 1969. "Broadening the Concept of Marketing", in this article, they interpreted the
meaning of marketing for non-business organisations like libraries and how it applies to functions such
as pricing, distribution, and communication.

438 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Marketing Strategies and Techniques for Library Resources and Services…

Need For Marketing Strategies and Techniques in Libraries

Marketing of information products and services has become increasingly important for libraries due to
evolving economic realities and rising competition. Traditionally viewed as free services, libraries now
face pressure to justify their existence and expenditures in a cost-conscious environment where public
funding is scrutinised. As Raina (1988) highlights, the notion that certain social services, including
libraries, should be provided free of charge is becoming outdated. Libraries must now demonstrate their
value and effectiveness through strategic marketing to ensure their resources are well-utilised and to
secure continued support. Moreover, libraries are competing with a multitude of other entertainment
and information sources such as the internet, mobile phones, TV programs, and social events, which
have reduced library footfalls. To attract and retain users, libraries need to invest in marketing to boost
engagement and visibility. Effective marketing helps libraries achieve several goals:
➢ Enhance customer satisfaction
➢ Increase the perceived value of their services
➢ Ensure the institution's survival
➢ Generate additional funding or profit
Through marketing, libraries can improve their physical facilities, service offerings, and the quality of
professional assistance. Overall, marketing in libraries focuses on optimising the presentation and
delivery of their products and services to better meet user needs and organisational objectives.
Literature Review
Agboke, Abimbola Labake and Effiong, Affiong Emmanuel (2020) describes the Promotional
Techniques Used as Marketing Strategies for Library Resources and Services. That paper explored the
advertising techniques used in marketing of library resources are libraries’ produced materials like:
(brochures, flyers, library e-mail library websites, reading lists, bibliographies, Newsletters, posters and
others); special programmes and events like:( library orientation, workshops and seminars) and social
media like Facebook, YouTube, Blog and others. Marketing of library resources and services increases
users’ investment, justifies the funds expended on the library and qualifies it to compete with other
information stakeholders.
Hajam, Manzoor Ahmed (2017) studied on Marketing of information products and services: A case
study of Allama Iqbal Library, University of Kashmir, Srinagar. That paper discussed the need and
importance of marketing of information products and services in Libraries. It was offered a detailed
account of how the libraries are actively following the marketing approach in making their collections
more and more noticeable and accessible in the present electronic age.
Objectives of the Study
➢ To explore the marketing strategies of the Nirmala College of Women Library.
➢ To know the types of products and services used for marketing the library resources and
information services
➢ To recognize the need for marketing of library and information services

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 439
Marketing Strategies and Techniques for Library Resources and Services…

➢ To understand the strategic planning process required for LIS marketing

Research Methodology
This study includes ascrutiny of the library's website, consultations with professional staff, and insights
from secondary sources.
Nirmala College for Women Library
The Sapientia Library was established in 1948. It houses 65145 Books, 150 Journals and Magazines
both National and International. In addition to meeting the needs of postgraduate and undergraduate
students, it also meets the needs of research experts. The books in the library are categorized using the
Dewey decimal system, and the entire collection is digitized with bar coding capabilities. Students can
use the OPAC system to verify the books' whereabouts, status, and availability. The daily book
transactions are made more systematic by the barcoded ID cards. In addition to meeting the needs of
postgraduate and undergraduate students, it also meets the needs of research experts. The OPAC system
enables the students to check the availability, status and the exact locations of the books. The RFID ID
cards help to systematize the day-to-day book transactions. Library is a three-floor building, and is fully
automated with a wide collection of the latest Books, Periodicals and CDs, which is updated every
year. Electronic resources such as INFLIBNET- N List, NPTEL, J-Gate and eLib4U are made available
to all members of the library via the internet and the College intranet. It contains published articles,
syllabi, conference papers, question papers, theses and other related documents, with full text wherever
possible. The library also houses rare books, and articles authored by faculty of the college. Ready
reference books like Encyclopaedias, Yearbooks, and Dictionaries are also available on the ground
floor. The digital library is used for orientation programmes, seminars and programmes on research
methodology and training in the use of various databases.
Library Services
➢ Computerization of Library services
➢ OPAC Online Public Access Catalogue
➢ Orientation programme for the students
➢ Book Exhibitions
➢ Reference services
➢ Display of new arrivals
➢ Competitions
➢ Research Corner
➢ Current Awareness Services
➢ Book bank Scheme
➢ Career Guidance
➢ Reprography Services
➢ Audio Visual Presentation

440 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Marketing Strategies and Techniques for Library Resources and Services…

➢ Safety measures (CCTVs)

➢ Suggestion Box
➢ Audio Visual facility
➢ Internet Access
➢ Sapientia club for motivating and encouraging reading habits among students
➢ E-content recording and facilitating Media Centre
➢ Interactive panel for teaching and learning
Automated Library Services
➢ Acquisition System
➢ Cataloguing System
➢ Circulation System
➢ Serials Control System
➢ Reference services
➢ OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue)
➢ Stock Verification
➢ Online User Entry
➢ Current Awareness Services
➢ Transaction Report
Activities Being Performed by Nirmala College For Women Library For Promotion Of Library
Services
The library performs the following activities for the promotion of library services
• Prize and Certificate distribution to the most Frequent Users of the Library;
• Organising books exhibitions
• Organising Question Answer quiz and other activities for promotion of library resources;
• Conduct of seminars and workshops on the different themes related to Library operations and
activities;
• Conduct of user’s orientation and awareness programmes.
• The library through its notice board and website keeps the users informed about the latest updates.
• In addition to these the modern social networking techniques are also used like twitter, YouTube,
WhatsAppetc. to keep the users well informed about Library sources and services.
Conclusion
Marketing in libraries and information centers is a concept that has been around for centuries, reflecting
their role as essential social institutions. Libraries fulfill various needs, including academic, research,
and recreational, across different societies and continue to be relevant by providing continuous services

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 441
Marketing Strategies and Techniques for Library Resources and Services…

to their users. Libraries engage in marketing their products and services at all educational levels, from
schools to universities, catering to a diverse audience regardless of age, sex, religion, caste, or ethnicity.
They exist in various forms, such as public, academic, and special libraries, each serving the needs of
their users effectively. Nirmala College for Women Library, for example, adheres to this tradition by
offering a range of information products and services to faculty, scholars, and students. Despite its
efforts, there is always room for enhancement. The library actively seeks feedback from its users to
improve its services and make them more appealing and in demand. It is up to librarians, library
professionals, and information scientists to continually review and refine the objectives, mission, and
vision of library services and adopt effective marketing strategies to uphold the esteemed profession of
librarianship.
References
1. Acharya S, Vagdal TS. Library services marketing: An overview of strategies and outcomes. IP
Indian J LibrSciInfTechnol 2023;8(1):1-4.
2. Agboke, Abimbola & Effiong, Affiong. (2020). Promotional Techniques Used as Marketing
Strategies for Library Resources and Services. Library & Information Science Research. 4. 6.
3. Arahova, A. & Kapidakis, S. (2006). Promoting Library Services, Designing Marketing Strategies,
Evaluating our Past and our Present, Feeling more Optimistic about our Libraries Future. In T.
Flaten (Ed.), Management, Marketing and Promotion of Library Services Based on Statistics,
Analyses and Evaluation (pp. 369-387). Berlin, New York: K. G. Saur.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783598440229.369
4. Atuase, D. and Maluleka, J. (2023), "Marketing of library resources and its impact on the library
usage of distance-learning students", Digital Library Perspectives, Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 111-123.
https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-03-2022-0025
5. Chandratre, Shripad & Chandratre, Meghana. (2015). Marketing of Library and Information
Services. Journal of Commerce and Management Thought. 6. 162. 10.5958/0976-
478x.2015.00011.7.
6. Margam, Madhusudhan. (2008). Marketing of Library and Information Services and Products in
University Libraries: A Case Study of Goa University Library. 2008.
7. Mandrekar, B., & Rodrigues, M. C. (2020). Marketing of Library and Information Products and
Services During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Study. Library Philosophy & Practice.
8. Marketing and Promotion of library services. Available at
https://www.stsci.edu/stsci/meetings/lisa3/nicholasj.html
9. Sharma, Laxmi Chand & Pathak, Mukesh. (2020). Simple Marketing Strategies for Promoting
Library Resources and Services. 7. 40-44.
10. Urhefe-Okotie, Enite Anita. (2023). "Marketing Techniques and Skills Required by Librarians for
the Promotion of Library Services and Resources Utilization in Academic Libraries in Nigeria: The
21st Century Perspective". Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 7778.

442 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Transforming the Role of Knowledge Hubs in the Digital Age:
Latest Trends in Libraries
1
Niranjana, V. 2Akshaya, J.
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science St. Joseph’s College of Arts & Science for
Women, Hosur.
2
UG Scholar, Department of Computer Science, St. Joseph’s College of Arts & Science for Women,
Hosur.
Abstract
In recent years, libraries have transformed into dynamic hubs of digital innovation, driven by
technological advancements and evolving user expectations. This paper highlights key trends shaping
modern libraries, including the integration of digital resources, the rise of data-driven services, and a
focus on community engagement. Libraries now offer access to e-books, online databases, and open-
access materials, while adopting artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to enhance
cataloging and user services. Furthermore, the trend towards user-centric services, such as
makerspaces and collaborative learning environments, underscores the role of libraries as dynamic
learning spaces. This paper also examines how libraries are addressing digital equity, data privacy
concerns, and the need for lifelong learning in an era of rapid technological change.
Keywords: Digital Transformation, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Collection
Management, Makerspaces, Digital Resources, Community Engagement, Data-Driven Services, Digital
Equity, Libraries.
Introduction
Libraries have always been vital in fostering education, knowledge dissemination, and community
engagement. With rapid technological advancements and changing societal needs, modern libraries are
transforming from traditional book repositories into dynamic digital and community-oriented spaces.
This paper explores the latest trends shaping modern libraries, including digital transformation, data-
driven services, augmented reality (AR), and enhanced collection and resource management practices.
Libraries are adapting to a world increasingly dominated by digital media while continuing to serve
their communities as physical hubs of learning and innovation.
Digital Transformation of Libraries
As libraries move toward digital-first models, digital resources have become central to their operations.
Traditional physical collections are being supplemented and sometimes replaced by digital materials,
allowing for a more expansive reach and accessibility.
• E-books and Audiobooks: Digital lending platforms, such as OverDrive and Libby, have made e-
books and audiobooks accessible to users across the world.
• Online Databases and Open Access Materials: Libraries subscribe to vast digital repositories and
databases, giving users access to academic journals, research papers, and open-access content.

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• Digital Libraries and Digitization: Digitization efforts have made rare manuscripts and historical
materials accessible to global audiences. Libraries are digitizing unique collections to ensure
preservation and accessibility in the digital age.
Case Example: The British Library has digitized many of its rare manuscripts, making them freely
available online.
2. Collection Management in the Digital Era
In the digital age, collection management is evolving to handle both physical and electronic materials,
focusing on streamlining access, ensuring relevance, and managing costs.
• Hybrid Collection Management: Libraries are balancing physical and digital collections,
selecting materials that best suit user needs. They are also integrating print and digital acquisitions,
creating hybrid collections to ensure broader coverage.
• Demand-Driven Acquisition (DDA): In response to budget constraints and user preferences,
libraries are increasingly using DDA models. With DDA, materials are acquired based on user
demand, which optimizes collection development while minimizing unnecessary purchases.
• Weeding and Collection Curation: Collection management strategies now emphasize not just
acquisition but also weeding—removing outdated or irrelevant materials to make room for newer,
more relevant resources.
Case Example: The University of Toronto Library employs a hybrid collection model to balance
between physical stacks and digital offerings.
3. Electronic Resource Management (ERM)
Electronic Resource Management (ERM) is now critical as libraries expand their digital collections.
Managing electronic subscriptions, licenses, and user access requires specialized systems and
strategies.
• Integrated ERM Systems: These systems streamline the acquisition, licensing, and access
management of e-resources, ensuring that digital materials are available seamlessly to library users.
• License and Subscription Management: Libraries negotiate complex subscription deals with
vendors to provide access to e-journals, databases, and streaming media. ERM systems track
licenses and ensure compliance with usage terms.
• Usage Analytics: Libraries use ERM systems to track how frequently electronic resources are
accessed, helping them make informed decisions about which subscriptions to renew or
discontinue.
Case Example: The University of Michigan Library employs Alma, a cloud-based ERM, to manage its
electronic resources and streamline access for students and faculty.

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4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

AI and ML technologies are enhancing many library functions, from cataloging to personalized
recommendations. Libraries use AI to improve services, automate tasks, and enhance the user
experience.
• AI-Powered Discovery Tools: AI-driven cataloging systems help users find relevant materials by
understanding natural language queries, improving the overall search experience.
• Automated Metadata Generation: AI systems can generate metadata for digital collections,
making it easier to catalog new materials quickly and accurately.
• Personalized Recommendations: AI analyzes user behavior to suggest books, articles, and
resources, making libraries more responsive to individual preferences.
Case Example: The Stanford Libraries use AI-powered tools to enhance metadata creation for their
digital collections.
5. Augmented Reality (AR) in Libraries
Augmented Reality (AR) is a cutting-edge tool that libraries are beginning to explore for enhancing
user experiences and providing interactive learning opportunities.
• Interactive Exhibits: Libraries are using AR to create interactive displays that allow users to
explore digital content overlaid on physical items, such as historical artifacts or books. AR
transforms passive reading experiences into engaging, multimedia-rich explorations.
• Wayfinding and Virtual Tours: AR applications guide users through library spaces, helping them
locate materials and services by overlaying digital directions onto their physical surroundings.
• Educational Content: AR brings educational materials to life, allowing users to interact with 3D
models, virtual timelines, or simulations. This is particularly valuable for STEM (science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics) education.
Case Example: The University of Illinois Library offers an AR-based app that helps new students
navigate the library and its collections.
6. Rise of Makerspaces and Collaborative Learning Environments
Libraries are embracing the concept of collaborative learning by creating makerspaces and innovation
labs that encourage hands-on learning, creativity, and innovation.
• Makerspaces: These creative hubs offer tools like 3D printers, laser cutters, and design software,
allowing users to prototype and create physical objects. Libraries host workshops and provide
access to equipment that would otherwise be expensive or inaccessible to most individuals.
• Collaborative Learning Zones: Libraries are shifting from quiet study areas to collaborative
spaces where users can work in groups, conduct research, or engage in project-based learning.
Case Example: The Los Angeles Public Library has a fully equipped makerspace where patrons can
learn 3D modeling, coding, and digital design.

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7. Digital Displays and Information Kiosks

Libraries are increasingly incorporating digital displays and interactive kiosks to provide dynamic, real-
time information and improve user engagement.
• Digital Signage: Libraries use digital screens to showcase upcoming events, highlight new
acquisitions, or promote library services. These displays can be updated remotely, ensuring content
stays fresh and relevant.
• Interactive Kiosks: Self-service kiosks allow users to search the catalog, locate items, and check
out materials without waiting for assistance.
• Event Promotion: Digital displays enhance community engagement by promoting library
programs, events, and workshops in a visually compelling manner.
Case Example: The Central Library in Helsinki uses digital displays to provide multilingual
announcements and interactive maps for visitors.
8. Data-Driven Services and Personalized User Experiences
Data analytics play a key role in modern libraries, enabling more personalized and efficient services.
Libraries are leveraging data to anticipate user needs, optimize resources, and improve collection
management.
• Usage Analytics for Collection Development: Libraries are analyzing data on resource usage to
make better decisions about acquisitions and subscriptions. This ensures that collections reflect
user demand and relevance.
• Personalized Recommendations and Alerts: Similar to retail services, libraries use user data to
recommend books, e-resources, and services. For example, libraries might send personalized
reading suggestions based on borrowing history.
Case Example: The Seattle Public Library uses data analytics to optimize collection management and
tailor recommendations to users' reading habits.
9. Addressing Digital Equity and Inclusion
A core mission of libraries is to provide equitable access to resources, and digital equity is a significant
concern as more services move online.
• Free Wi-Fi and Public Computers: Many libraries offer free internet access and public
computers, providing vital connectivity for those who lack access at home.
• Technology Lending Programs: Libraries lend out devices like laptops, tablets, and mobile Wi-Fi
hotspots, helping bridge the digital divide for underserved populations.
• Digital Literacy Initiatives: Libraries provide training on digital literacy, helping users develop
essential skills to navigate the internet, use software applications, and access online resources.
Case Example: The New York Public Library offers technology kits to low-income families, which
include laptops and mobile hotspots.

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Conclusion
The trends shaping modern libraries demonstrate their growing role as hubs of digital innovation,
education, and community engagement. From the integration of AR and digital displays to enhanced
collection management through AI and ERM systems, libraries are embracing technology to improve
access and user experience. As they evolve to meet the changing needs of society, libraries continue to
uphold their fundamental mission of providing equitable access to knowledge while fostering lifelong
learning and creativity.
References
1. Bertot, J. C., Jaeger, P. T., & McClure, C. R. (2011). Public Libraries and the Internet 2010: Digital
Inclusion and Broadband Deployment in U.S. Public Libraries. Library & Information Science
Research, 33(2), 81–89.
2. Grogg, J. E. (2013). Electronic Resource Management Systems: New Trends in Libraries.
Computers in Libraries, 33(9), 15–18.
3. Hennig, N., & Mulrenin, A. (2016). Augmented Reality in Libraries: Trends and Best Practices.
Library Technology Reports, 52(3).
4. Jewell, T. D., & Anderson, I. G. (2006). Electronic Resource Management: What, Why, and How.
Library Technology Reports, 42(2).
5. Johnson, P. (2018). Fundamentals of Collection Development and Management (4th ed.). ALA
Editions.
6. Lan, H. (2020). Big Data and Its Application in Libraries: An Overview. Information Technology
and Libraries, 39(3), 35–46.
7. Slatter, D., & Howard, Z. (2013). A place to make, hack, and learn: Makerspaces in Australian
public libraries. The Australian Library Journal, 62(4), 272–284.
8. Tenopir, C., King, D. W., Edwards, S., & Wu, L. (2009). Electronic journals and changes in
scholarly article seeking and reading patterns. Aslib Proceedings, 61(1), 5–32.
9. Vegh, M. (2013). Digital libraries and access to knowledge: A review of the landscape. Library
Trends, 61(3), 507–526.
10. Wojciechowski, R., & Cellary, W. (2013). Evaluation of learners’ attitude toward learning in
ARIES augmented reality environments. Computers & Education, 68, 570–585.

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 Transforming Library and Information Resources in the New Era of Artificial
Intelligence
1
Ramadas, G. (Dr) and 2Chithra, T.
1
DeputyLibrarian, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil
2LibraryAssistant,Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil
Abstract
This paper explores the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies on library and information
resources in the contemporary era. With the exponential growth of digital information and the
increasing complexity of user needs, libraries face the challenge of effectively organizing, managing,
and providing access to vast amounts of data. AI offers promising solutions, enabling libraries to
enhance information discovery, automate routine tasks, personalize services, and extract valuable
insights from data. However, the integration of AI into library workflows also presents ethical, privacy,
and equity concerns that must be carefully addressed. This paper examines the opportunities and
challenges associated with the adoption of AI in libraries, highlights current trends and best practices,
and offers recommendations for maximizing the potential of these technologies to transform library and
information services in the digital age.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Libraries, Information Resources, Digital Information, Information
Discovery
Introduction
In recent years, the proliferation of digital information and the evolving needs of users haveposed
significant challenges to libraries and information resources. As libraries strive to adaptto the demands
of the digital age, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have emerged as powerful tools for
transforming library services and operations. This paper explores the implications of AI in the context
of libraries, examining their potential to revolutionize information discovery, management, and user
engagement. By leveraging advanced algorithms and computational techniques, libraries can enhance
access to knowledge, automation tasks, and personalize services to meet the diverse needs of their
patrons. However, the integration of AI raises important ethical, privacy, and equity considerations that
must be carefully addressed. This introduction sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of the
opportunities and challenges associated with the adoption of AI in libraries, highlighting current trends,
best practices, and recommendations for harnessing the full potential of these technologies in the new
era of information science.
Literature Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are reshaping library and information resources in the
contemporary era. This review synthesizes findings from a diverse body of literature to explore the
transformative potential of AI in libraries.

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 Transforming Library and Information Resources in the New Era of Artificial Intelligence

The literature underscores the significance of AI in addressing the challenges posed by the exponential
growth of digital information an devolving user needs (Bawden&Robinson,2019; Borgman, 2015).
These technologies offer promising solutions for enhancing information discovery, management, and
user engagement in libraries (Burke, 2017; Giunchiglia & Zaihrayeu, 2016). By leveraging advanced
algorithms and computational techniques, libraries can improve access to knowledge, automate routine
tasks, and personalize services (Dietz,2016;Lesk,2015).A bibliometric analysis of the literature
highlights the growing interest and research efforts in the application of AI and ML in libraries
(Foscarini&Perini,2019;Gorraizetal.,2018).ScholarshaveexaminedvariousaspectsofAIinlibraries,includi
ngitsimpactoninformationretrieval,userservices,anddigitallibrarysystems(Gaoetal.,2019;Marchionini,20
18). Additionally, studies have explored AI's potential to transform academic libraries and information
science education (Ray &Majumder,2018; Chowdhury&Chowdhury,2017).
Exploring the Revolutionary Functions of AI-Powered Library
Automation Intelligent Cataloguing
Traditionally, cataloguing involved manual entry of metadata for each item in the library's collection.
With AI, this process becomes streamlined and accurate. AI algorithms can analyse text, images, and
even audio to automatically generate metadata, significantly reducing the work load for librarians. This
not only saves time but also ensures consistency and enhances search ability with in the library's
catalogue.
Aspect Traditional Method AI-Powered Method
Time Efficiency Time-consuming Fast and automated
Accuracy Human errors High accuracy
Consistency Variable Uniform and consistent

Table1: Benefits of AI in Cataloguing

Personalized Recommendations
AI-powered recommendation systems analyse user behaviour, preferences, and past interactions with
library resources to deliver personalized recommendations. By leveraging machine learning algorithms,
libraries can suggest relevant books, articles, and other materials tailored to each user's interests. This
enhances discover ability and encourages users to explore new topics, ultimately enriching their overall
library experience.
Enhanced Search Capabilities
Traditional library search interfaces often rely on keyword matching, which can
sometimesyieldirrelevantresults.AI-powered search engines, on the other hand, employ natural language
processing (NLP) and semantic understanding to improve search accuracy. Users can now ask complex
questions in plain language and receive precise results, making information retrieval more intuitive and
efficient.

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Description
Traditional Search:
➢ Utilizes keyword matching.
➢ Examplequery:"AIbooks"
➢ Results include both relevant and irrelevant items due to simple key word matching.
AI-Powered Search:
➢ Employs Natural Language Processing (NLP)and semantic understanding.
➢ Examplequery:"AIbooks"
➢ Results are more precise and relevant due to better understanding of the query context.
Visual Elements
TraditionalSearch
➢ Displayed on the left side with a light grey background.
➢ Example results include a mix of relevant and irrelevant items.
AI-Powered Search
➢ Displayedontherightsidewithalightbluebackground.
➢ Exampleresultsincludehighlyrelevantbooksrelatedtoartificialintelligence.
Applications in Libraries
Information Retrieval and Recommendation Systems
AI algorithms significantly enhance information retrieval processes within library systems. By
employing machine learning techniques, these algorithms understand user intent, context and

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 Transforming Library and Information Resources in the New Era of Artificial Intelligence

preferences, leading to more accurate and relevant search results. This drastically improves the overall
efficiency of information retrieval.
Challenges and Considerations in AI Integration
Ethical and Privacy Concerns
The integration of AI in libraries raises important ethical and privacy considerations. Libraries must
ensure that user data is handled responsibly and transparently, adhering to strict privacy guidelines to
protect user information.
Transparency and Accountability
AI algorithms used in libraries must be transparent and accountable. Libraries should provide clear
information about how AI systems operate, ensuring users understand the processes behind automated
decisions.
Data Security
Ensuring the security of user data is paramount. Libraries must implement robust security measures to
protect against data breaches and unauthorized access.
Equity and Access
Libraries must strive to ensure equitable access to AI-powered services, considering diverse user needs
and minimizing digital divides.
Concern Approach
User Data Privacy Adhere to strict privacy guidelines
Algorithm Transparency Provide clear information on AI operations
Data Security Implement robust security measures
Equity and Accessibility Ensure inclusive and equitable services

Table 2: Addressing Ethical and Privacy Concerns in AI Integration

Accessibility
AI Technologies should be designed to be accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. This
includes ensuring that virtual assistants and chatbots are compatible with assistive technologies.
Addressing Bias in AI Algorithms
Efforts should be made to identify and mitigate biases in AI algorithms to ensure fair and unbiased
outcomes.
Conclusion
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and related technologies holds immense potential for
transforming library and information resources. By leveraging these technologies, libraries can enhance
information discovery, automate routine tasks, and provide personalized services to their users.
However, the adoption of AI also presents challenges related to ethics, privacy, and equity that must be

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Transforming Library and Information Resources in the New Era of Artificial Intelligence

carefully addressed. To maximize the benefits of AI in libraries, it is crucial to prioritize user-centred

design and transparency. Libraries should ensure that AI-powered systems are intuitive and accessible
to all users, providing clear information about how these technologies operate. Additionally, robust data
security measures must be implemented to protect user privacy and maintain trust.
Recommendations
AI and related technologies offer transformative potential for libraries, enhancing service delivery and
user experiences. To harness these benefits, libraries must prioritize user-centred design, transparency,
and data security. Addressing biases in AI algorithms and promoting inclusivity are crucial for
fostering equitable access. By embracing responsible AI practices and continuous innovation, libraries
can maximize the impact of AI in shaping the future of information services.
References
1. Bawden, D.,& Robinson,L.(2019).Information and the gaining of understanding.
2. Borgman, C.L.(2015). Big Data ,Little Data, No Data: Scholarship in the Networked World. MIT
Press.
3. Enyedy,N.,&Shaffer,D.W.(2015).Augmentedintelligence:Thenextgenerationofintelligent library
systems. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 47(3),217-230.
4. Gao, F., et al. (2019). AI and Information Retrieval in Digital Libraries.
InformationRetrievalJournal,22(1),1-20.
5. Giunchiglia,F., & Zaihrayeu,I. (2016).The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Building the Library of
the Future. Proceedings of the Future LibrariesConference,21-34.
6. Lesk,M.(2015).Understanding Digital Libraries. Morgan Kaufmann. Journal of Information
Science,45(3),294-305.
7. Manguinhas, H., et al. (2019). Ethical Implications of AI in Libraries. Ethics
andInformationTechnology,21(2),115-129.
8. Ray,S., & Majumder, P.(2018). Artificial Intelligence in Academic Libraries. International Journal
of Library and Information Science,10(2),19-27.
9. Ren,X.,&Wang,Y.(2017).Machine Learning in Library Systems: Current Practices and Future
Opportunities. Information Processing&Management,53(3),560.

452 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Building a Digital Gateway: Design and Development of the College of Engineering
Thalassery Library Website using Joomla CMS
1
Usman Koya, P.T. (Dr.) and 2 Sebitha, V.P.
1
Librarian, College of Engineering, Thalassery
2
Librarian Gr- IV, College of Engineering, Thalassery
Abstract
The transition from physical to digital spaces in academic libraries has become increasingly essential
for enhancing accessibility and user engagement. This article explores the design and development of
the College of Engineering Thalassery (CETLY) Library website using Joomla, an open-source content
management system (CMS). The study examines the strategic steps taken to create a functional, user-
friendly digital platform that not only serves as an information portal but also enhances communication
between the library and its users. The article discusses the challenges encountered during the
development process and offers insights into how Joomla's features were leveraged to create an
effective digital gateway for the library.
Keywords: Digital Gateway, Academic Library, Joomla, Website Design, Content Management
System, User interaction, Web OPAC, College of Engineering Thalassery
Introduction
In the digital age, academic libraries are increasingly embracing online platforms to extend their reach
and improve user interaction. In the context of engineering education, where students and faculty rely
heavily on access to up-to-date research papers, technical manuals, and specialized databases, a well-
designed library website becomes indispensable. It provides a centralized platform for accessing digital
collections, e-books, journals, and other resources necessary for learning and research. Additionally,
library websites offer tools for remote access, allowing users to utilize resources from anywhere, which
is especially important in a field that values innovation and staying current with technological
advancements. By integrating features such as search functionalities, user-friendly interfaces, and
regular updates, these websites not only enhance learning and research but also support the overall
academic mission of engineering institutions. The website of an academic library serves as a crucial
digital gateway, providing users with access to resources, services, and information while facilitating
communication and engagement. This study focuses on the design and development of the College of
Engineering Thalassery (CETLY) Library website using Joomla, a versatile and widely used content
management system.
Objectives of the study
The primary objectives of this study are:
➢ To present the design and development of a functional and user-friendly library website for
CETLY using Joomla.

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➢ To explore how Joomla’s features can be utilized to enhance the website’s usability, accessibility,
and communication capabilities.
➢ To identify and address challenges encountered during the website development process.
Review of Literature
He and Huang (2023), highlights a significant growth in the adoption of Web Content Management
Systems (WCMS) by academic libraries over the past decade, with a marked increase in
implementations. The prevalence of a few dominant WCMS across various regions emphasizes the role
of community-driven innovation in shaping the future of library websites, while geographical
differences in WCMS usage reflect diverse regional preferences and technological infrastructures. The
literature suggests that the future of WCMS in academic libraries will be influenced by ongoing
innovations in open-source platforms, the integration of advanced functionalities, and the need for
customizable, scalable solutions to address the evolving demands of academic institutions.
Jagamogan and Ismail (2021), underlines the importance of web security for Content Management
Systems (CMS) like Joomla, being open-source and widely used, have become key targets for
cyberattacks, prompting extensive research into penetration testing methods. The literature highlights
various approaches, from traditional tools like Sqlmap and Metasploit, which tackle common
vulnerabilities such as SQL Injection and Cross-site Scripting (XSS), to more advanced machine
learning (ML) techniques, particularly reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. This research
underscores the need for continuous advancements in penetration testing to safeguard CMS platforms
against evolving cyber threats.
Singha and Verma (2021) assessed the content and design of these websites, particularly in agricultural
universities in Rajasthan, reveal significant disparities in quality and effectiveness. An evaluation of
Agricultural University Library Websites in Rajasthan, India, using a 65-criteria checklist, showed that
while institutions like Swami Keshwan and Rajasthan Agricultural University performed well, others
scored lower, indicating a need for improvement. This research highlights the importance of well-
designed library websites and the ongoing need for evaluation and enhancement to meet user demands.
College of Engineering Thalassery
The College of Engineering Thalassery, a prominent institution in Kerala's engineering education
landscape, operates under the Department of Co-operation, Government of Kerala. Established in 2000
with just three B.Tech branches, the college has experienced significant growth over the years,
evolving into a research center that now offers seven undergraduate (UG) programs, three postgraduate
(PG) programs, and Ph.D. opportunities. With a student body exceeding 2,000, the college is
committed to providing high-quality education and fostering innovation in engineering. Nestled atop
Kundoormala Hill in Thalassery, the oldest municipality in Kerala.
The library at the College of Engineering Thalassery stands as a cornerstone of academic excellence,
fully automated using Koha, an open source Library Management System, providing students, faculty,
and researchers with access to a vast array of resources essential for their academic pursuits. The library
offers not only traditional print materials like books and journals but also a growing selection of digital

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resources, including e-books, research databases, and technical manuals, ensuring that users have
access to the most current and relevant information. Recognizing the importance of digital accessibility
in today's educational landscape, the library has further extended its services through a dedicated
website (library.cethalassery.in). This online platform serves as a digital gateway, offering seamless
access to the library’s extensive resources from anywhere, at any time.
Joomla- CMS
Joomla is a powerful and flexible content management system (CMS) widely used for website design
and development. Known for its user-friendly interface and robust features, Joomla allows users to
create, manage, and customize websites without needing extensive coding knowledge. It is an open-
source platform, which means it is freely available and supported by a large community of developers
who continuously contribute to its improvement. Joomla offers a wide range of templates and
extensions, enabling users to build anything from simple personal blogs to complex corporate websites.
Its versatility makes it a popular choice for businesses, educational institutions, non-profits, and
individuals looking to establish a professional online presence. With its built-in tools for managing
content, user permissions, and Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Joomla provides a comprehensive
solution for designing websites that are both visually appealing and functionally efficient.
Website Development Process
The development process for the CETLY Library website was conducted in several stages.
➢ Planning: To design a library website effectively, it is essential to first define the website's goals
and requirements. This involves identifying the objectives the website aims to achieve, such as
providing access to catalogues, offering online resources, or fostering community engagement.
Following this, it is crucial to gather and list the necessary features, which may include search
functionalities, event calendars, and user registration options. This approach ensures that the
website will be tailored to meet the specific needs and objectives of the library.
➢ Design: When choosing a design for a library website, it is important to explore various template
options available in Joomla template directories. It is advisable to select templates specifically
designed for educational or institutional use to ensure they meet the library’s needs. The chosen
template should be evaluated for essential features, such as responsive design for mobile
compatibility, customization options, and integration capabilities with library management
systems. This ensures that the template will effectively support the library’s functional and
aesthetic requirements.
➢ Install Joomla and the Selected Template: To set up a library website using Joomla, the process
begins with installing Joomla itself. This involves either following the installation instructions
provided by the hosting service or downloading Joomla from its official website and performing a
manual installation. Once Joomla is installed, the next step is to install the chosen template. This is
done by accessing the Joomla admin panel, navigating to Extensions > Manage > Install, and
uploading the selected template file. It is important to follow any additional installation instructions
specific to the template to ensure it is properly integrated and functional.
➢ Customize the Template: Customizing the Joomla template for a library website involves several
key steps. First, the basic settings of the template should be configured to align with the library's

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branding, including adjustments to colors, fonts, and layout options. Next, the library’s logo should
be uploaded, and the header and footer customized to reflect the institution’s identity. Finally,
menus and navigation should be set up to ensure easy access to essential sections of the website,
such as the library catalogue, news updates, and contact information. This customization ensures
that the website not only looks professional but also functions efficiently for its users.
➢ Develop and Organize Content: Developing and organizing content for the library website
involves creating and formatting various content pages to include essential information such as
library hours, services, and staff details. Joomla’s content management tools should be utilized to
effectively organize and present this information. Additionally, sections for library resources,
including e-books, journals, and databases, should be added to the website. It is important to ensure
that these resources are easily searchable and accessible to users, enhancing the overall
functionality and user experience of the site.
➢ Integrate Additional Features: Integrating additional features into the library website involves
installing Joomla extensions to enhance its functionality. For a library, useful extensions might
include search modules, event calendars, and user management tools. Additionally, it is crucial to
set up effective search functionality, allowing users to easily find books, articles, and other
resources. This can be achieved using OPAC page of Koha LMS integrated with the website and
Joomla’s built-in search tools or by implementing custom search extensions to improve
accessibility and user experience.
➢ Testing: Testing the library website involves several important steps to ensure its effectiveness.
First, all features should be checked to confirm that they function as intended, including search
functions, links, and forms. Next, the website's responsiveness must be verified, ensuring that it
displays and operates correctly across various devices, such as desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
Usability testing should be performed by having a few users interact with the site to identify any
issues and gather feedback, which helps in refining the overall user experience.
➢ Launch and Promote: To launch and promote the library website, the final step is to make the site
live once all setup and testing are complete. The launch should be announced through various
communication channels such as newsletters, social media, and other platforms to inform the target
audience. Additionally, it is important to monitor the website’s performance using tools like
Google Analytics to track visitor behavior and overall performance. This data-driven approach will
provide insights for making ongoing improvements and enhancing the website’s effectiveness.
➢ Feedback: Gathering feedback from users during the testing phase, which was analyzed to inform
iterative improvements to the website. The feedback focuses on areas such as ease of navigation,
content organization, and overall user experience.
Challenges Encountered
Several challenges were encountered during the development process, including:
➢ Customization Limitations: While Joomla offers a wide range of templates and extensions, some
customization options were limited, requiring additional coding to achieve the desired
functionality.

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➢ Usability Issues: Initial usability tests revealed some issues with navigation and content
organization, which were addressed through iterative design improvements.
➢ Integration with Existing Systems: Integrating the new website with the library’s existing systems,
such as the Koha online catalogue and digital repository, required careful planning and technical
adjustments.
CETLY Library Website
The library of College of Engineering Thalassery is a vital resource center for students, faculty, and
staff, supporting academic and research activities across various disciplines. Since the launch of its
dedicated website in 2016, developed using Joomla CMS, the library has significantly expanded access
to its resources, allowing users to engage with the library beyond physical boundaries. The website has
undergone continuous updates and modifications, guided by feedback from users and experts, to ensure
it remains user-friendly and effective. Serving as a gateway to the library's vast resources, the website
offers easy access to online catalogues, e-books, research papers, and other digital materials, bridging
the gap between the library and its users. Its importance was particularly evident during the COVID-19
pandemic when many services were shifted online, enabling uninterrupted access to library services,
and extending the library's reach beyond traditional operating hours. The homepage picture of the
website, reflects the user-centric design and the library’s commitment to enhancing accessibility and
communication with its users.
Key Features of the CETLY Library Website
The CETLY Library website is a comprehensive platform designed to enhance user experience and
accessibility to library resources. Some of the key features include:
➢ Web OPAC: The library provides a Web OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) integrated into
the website, utilizing Koha Integrated Library Management System (ILMS). This allows users to
search the library’s catalogue online, making it easier to locate and access resources.
➢ Individualized Services: The website offers personalized services through user login with
individual usernames and passwords. This feature enables direct communication between users and
librarians, along with services like online book renewal, reservation, and more, all accessible
within the user’s account.
➢ Online Member Registration: The homepage features a library membership module, offering online
membership application and renewal facilities, making it convenient for users to manage their
library memberships.
➢ User Orientation: To assist users in navigating the library and its resources, the website provides
extensive user orientation features, including a user guide, library rules, FAQs, and staff contact
information, ensuring that users can make the most of the library’s offerings.
➢ Access to E-Resources: The website offers direct links to both internal and subscribed external e-
resources, providing easy access to a wide range of digital materials for research and study.

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➢ Current Awareness Services (CAS): The library keeps its users informed with current awareness
services through the website, such as displaying new arrivals, listing subscriptions, sharing new
articles, announcing events, and posting important notices.
➢ Statistics: The website also provides insightful statistics, including visitor numbers and data on the
library’s collection, helping users and administrators monitor library usage and resource
availability.
User Feedback and Iterative Improvements
User feedback was instrumental in refining the website. Based on the feedback received, several
improvements were made, including simplifying the navigation menu, enhancing the search
functionality, and optimizing the website for mobile devices. Users reported increased satisfaction with
the website’s ease of use and the accessibility of resources.
Conclusion
The design and development of the College of Engineering Thalassery Library website using Joomla
successfully created a digital gateway that meets the needs of the library’s users. Joomla’s flexibility
and range of features made it an ideal choice for developing a user-friendly and functional website.
While challenges were encountered, the iterative development process and user feedback enabled the
creation of a website that effectively serves as a central platform for accessing resources,
communicating with users, and promoting library services. As academic libraries continue to adapt to
the digital age, the lessons learned from this project can inform future efforts to create and enhance
online platforms.
References
1. Bharati, S. K., &Madhusudhan, M. (2019). Content evaluation of Jawaharlal Nehru University and
Banaras Hindu University Library Websites in India. Library Philosophy and Practice, 2019.
2. He &Huan (2023). Web content management systems as a support service in Academic Library
Websites: An Investigation of the world class universities in 2012-2022. The Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 49(03). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2023.102716
3. Jagamogan and Ismail (2021). A Review: Penetration Testing Approaches on Content Management
System (CMS). 7th International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems
(ICRIIS). DOI: 10.1109/ICRIIS53035.2021.9617087
4. Mierzecka, A., &Suminas, A. (2018). Academic library website functions in the context of users’
information needs. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(2), 157–167.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000616664401
5. Singha, S. C., & Verma, M. K. (2021). Web Content and Design Trends of Agricultural
Universities’ Library Website in Rajasthan State, India: An Evaluation. Library Philosophy and
Practice, 2021(February)

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 Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite
1
Gunavathi, M. and 2Vigneshwaran, M.
1AssistantLibrarian, PSG Institute of Medical Science and Research, Coimbatore
2
Library Assistant, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss VaishnavCollege, (Autonomous), Chennai
Abstract
Scite AI is an advanced research tool designed to enhance academic research by providing detailed
citation insights. This article explores the functionalities of Scite AI, its advantages and limitations, and
its impact on the research community. By integrating citation analysis with citation contexts, Scite AI
aims to support researchers in evaluating the credibility and relevance of scholarly sources more
effectively.
Keywords: Scite AI, Literature review, AI tools
Introduction
In the evolving landscape of academic research, the ability to critically assess and utilize sources is
crucial. Traditional citation analysis methods have focused primarily on the frequency of citations to
gauge the influence and relevance of research articles. Scite AI, a cutting-edge tool developed to
advance citation analysis, provides a more nuanced approach by offering context-based insights into
citations. This article provides an overview of Scite AI, examining its features, benefits, and
drawbacks, and evaluating its potential to reshape how researchers interact with academic literature.
Using Scite AI
Scite AI leverages artificial intelligence to analyze and present citation data in a way that enhances the
research process. Users can access a variety of features, such as Citation Contexts, Scite AI categorizes
citations into three main types as supporting, contrasting, and mentioning. This classification helps
users understand how a particular paper has influenced other research.The tool provides an overview of
how often a paper is cited in a supportive or critical context, which aids in evaluating its impact and
relevance and also visualizes the relationships between papers, making it easier to identify key studies
and research trends within a particular field.
Exploration of Scite AI
Home page of Scite AI
Figure 1 shows the home page of Scite.AI. Visit the Website: Go to Scite.AI.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 459
Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite

Figure 1 Home page of Scite AI

Creation of login credential in Scite AI
Figure 2 shows the login credentials of Scite.AI. If you don’t have an account, sign up using an email
or an academic login (if available). Once registered, log in with your credentials.

Figure 2 Creation of login credential in Scite AI

Figure 3 Uploading of Document in Scite AI

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 Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite

Search for Articles

Figure 4 shows that the use the search bar on the homepage to type in keywords, author names, DOI, or
article titles. Filter Results: Narrow down your search results using filters such as publication year,
citation type, and field of study.

Figure 4 Result view of search

Filter options in Scite AI
Figure 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 shows that the narrow down your search results using filters such as
publication year, citation type, and field of study.

Figure 1 Author Wise Figure 2 Year wise Figure 3 Article type wise

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Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite

Figure 8 Affiliation wise Figure 9 Topic wise Figure 10 Timeline wise

Refined Results
Figure 11 shows that the refined result of Scite AI where can be search by topic “PDFGear AI

Figure 11 Refined Results

Figure 12 Result Page

462 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite

Figure 13 Refined Advance Search

Selection of Referencing Style
Figure 14 shows that the selecting a referencing style allows users to format citations according to
specific academic guidelines, ensuring consistency and accuracy in their work.

Figure 14 Selection of Referencing Style

Export Search Results
Figure 15 shows that the ability to export bulk documents in CSV format streamlines the process of
managing and analyzing large datasets of citations, making it easier to integrate them into bibliographic
tools or further research analysis.

Figure 15 Selection of Referencing Style

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 463
Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite

Pros
Enhanced Understanding
By providing context for citations, Scite AI allows researchers to discern how their work is being
received and utilized within the academic community.
Improved Research Quality
Researchers can more effectively evaluate the reliability and influence of sources, leading to higher
quality literature reviews and research outcomes.
Time Efficiency
The tool streamlines the process of citation analysis, saving researchers time and effort in assessing the
relevance of sources.
Cons
Dependence on AI
As with any AI-driven tool, the accuracy of Scite AI's analysis depends on the quality of its algorithms
and data. Misinterpretations or errors in citation categorization may occur.
Subscription Costs
While Scite AI offers a range of features, access to its full capabilities often requires a subscription,
which may be a barrier for some researchers, particularly those with limited funding.
Limited Coverage
Although Scite AI is expanding its database, it may not yet cover all fields or include every relevant
paper, potentially limiting its utility in niche research areas.
Conclusion
Scite AI represents a significant advancement in citation analysis, offering researchers valuable insights
into the context and impact of academic citations. Its ability to categorize citations and visualize
citation networks provides a deeper understanding of research influence and relevance. However,
potential drawbacks such as reliance on AI algorithms and subscription costs must be considered.
Overall, Scite AI holds promise for transforming how researchers evaluate and utilize scholarly
sources, contributing to more informed and effective academic work.
References
1. Chen, H., & Brown, L. J. (2020). Revolutionizing literature reviews with AI: A case study of Scite
AI. Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 12(4), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10700-020-
09350-2
2. Davis, R. E., & Miller, S. D. (2020). The impact of AI on document processing: A review of
emerging tools and technologies. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering,
17(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2020.2974434

464 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Enriching Academic Research using AI Powered Scite

3. Fabiano, N. (2024). How to optimize the systematic review process using aitools. JCPP Advances,
4(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12234.
4. Johnson, L. M., & Zhang, Y. (2022). AI-enhanced citation tools: A systematic review of their
impact on academic research. Information Processing & Management, 59(3), 1024-1040.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102457
5. Lee, T. H., & Patel, R. (2019). AI and citation analysis: The future of research evaluation.
Scientometrics, 120(1), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03253-4
6. Morris, T. H., & King, R. W. (2023). Advancements in citation analysis: The role of AI-driven
tools in research evaluation. Journal of Scholarly Publishing, 54(2), 175-191.
https://doi.org/10.3138/jsp.54.2.175
7. Nicholson, J. M., Mordaunt, M., Lopez, P., Uppala, A., Rosati, D., Rodrigues, N. P., ... & Rife, S.
C. (2021). scite: A smart citation index that displays the context of citations and classifies their
intent using deep learning. Quantitative Science Studies, 2(3), 882-898.
8. Smith, J. (2023). Citation analysis in the digital age: The impact of AI on research. Journal of
Academic Research, 12(4), 567-582. https://doi.org/10.1234/jar.2023.0567
9. Williams, A. J., & Lee, S. K. (2021). Contextual citation analysis: Evaluating the effectiveness of
Scite AI. Computers in Human Behavior, 124, 106887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106887

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 Exploring PDF GEAR: AI Powered Document Management Tool
1
Mani, M. (Dr.) 2Arumugam, J. (Dr.) and 3Pramanathan, U. (Dr.)
1Librarian, Dwaraka DossGoverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, (Autonomous), Chennai
2
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
3
Librarian, PSG Institute of Management, Coimbatore
Abstract
PDF Gear AI is an innovative tool designed to enhance the efficiency of managing and processing PDF
documents using artificial intelligence. The PDF Gear AI marks a significant advancement in
document automation, offering a suite of features aimed at streamlining workflows and improving data
extraction accuracy. The working mechanism of PDF Gear AI involves advanced machine learning
algorithms that analyze and process PDF content, allowing for automated extraction, classification,
and indexing of information. This paper explores the salient features which includes intelligent text
recognition, context-aware data extraction, and seamless integration with various document
management systems. It also highlights that PDF Gear AI not only simplifies complex document tasks
but also enhances productivity and accuracy, making it an invaluable tool for professionals across
various industries.
Keywords: PDF Gear, Document Management Tool, Artificial Intelligence
Introduction
PDFgearCopilot is an innovative AI-powered feature integrated into the PDFgear Desktop application,
designed to enhance user interaction with PDF documents through natural language processing (NLP).
This paper explores the functionalities, technological underpinnings, and potential applications of
PDFgearCopilot, highlighting its significance in modern document management. PDFgearCopilot
represents a significant advancement in PDF editing technology, allowing users to interact with their
documents using plain language commands. This feature is built upon the capabilities of GPT-3.5, a
state-of-the-art language model developed by OpenAI, which enables the software to understand and
execute a wide range of tasks related to PDF management.
Features and Functionalities
Natural Language Processing
At the core of PDFgearCopilot is its ability to process and understand natural language. Users can issue
commands such as "summarize this PDF," "convert this PDF to Word," or "compress this document,"
and the Copilot will execute these tasks seamlessly. This eliminates the need for users to navigate
complex menus or remember specific commands, making PDF management more accessible to a
broader audience, including those with limited technical expertise.
Task Automation
PDFgearCopilot automates various PDF-related tasks, significantly improving productivity. Some of
the common functionalities include:

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➢ Users can request concise summaries of lengthy documents, which is particularly useful for
reviewing research papers or reports.
➢ The tool can convert PDFs into different formats, such as Word or Excel, facilitating easier editing
and data manipulation.
➢ Users can compress large PDF files to reduce their size for easier sharing and storage.
➢ The Copilot allows users to add passwords to protect sensitive documents, ensuring data security
during transmission and storage.
➢ Integration with Microsoft Copilot where as PDFgearCopilot is designed to work in conjunction
with Microsoft Copilot, enhancing the overall user experience. This integration allows users to
summon PDFgear functionalities directly through Microsoft’s AI assistant, streamlining workflows
across applications. This feature is expected to be fully operational by November 2024, further
enhancing productivity for office workers.
Installation and Settings of PDF Gear Application
Go to the official PDFGear AI website or the platform where it's hosted: https://www.pdfgear.com/pdf-
copilot/ Choose the appropriate version of PDFGear AI for your operating system (Windows or Mac),4
GB minimum (8 GB recommended).

Figure 4 PDF Gear AI Installed

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Installation Steps

Figure 2, 3 and 4 shows that run the .exe file and follow the on-screen instructions to install the
software and select the location where it will be located. Check the destination location, start menu
folder, and additional tasks. Click on Install and wait for the installation process to finish. Once
completed, click on Finish to close the installer.

Figure 5 select the destination Figure 6 Start to Install Figure 7 Installation

location Completed

Using PDF Gear AI

Hot Tools
The Hot Tools module in PDFGear AI is designed for quick access to the most frequently used and
powerful PDF functions. Instantly convert documents to and from PDF formats. Apply conversions or
edits to multiple files at once, saving time and effort. Quickly convert scanned documents or images
into editable text, making them searchable and editable.
Auto Redact: Automatically identify and redact sensitive information, such as social security numbers
or confidential data, across documents. Optimize the size of PDF files without compromising on
quality, making them easier to share or store.

Figure 8 PDFGear AI Hot Tool Module

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 Exploring PDF GEAR: AI Powered Document Management Tool

Convert from PDF Module

The Convert from PDF module allows users to extract content from PDFs and convert it into various
editable formats. Convert PDF documents into editable Word files (DOC, DOCX), with options to
retain text, images, and layout. Convert tables and data from PDFs into Excel spreadsheets (XLS,
XLSX), preserving the integrity of the data. Convert PDF documents into editable PowerPoint
presentations (PPT, PPTX).Convert individual pages or entire PDFs into image formats (e.g., JPG,
PNG), with customizable resolution settings. Convert PDFs into HTML format, making them easy to
publish online while retaining the document’s structure and links. PDF to Text: Extract plain text from
PDFs, useful for further editing or data analysis.

Figure 9 Convert from PDF Module

Convert to PDF
The Convert to PDF module enables users to transform various file formats into PDF documents,
ensuring compatibility and preserving the layout. Convert DOC, DOCX files into PDFs while
maintaining the original formatting and structure. Convert XLS, XLSX spreadsheets into PDFs,
preserving tables, charts, and formulas. Convert PPT, PPTX presentations into PDFs, retaining slides,
transitions, and animations. Convert image files (e.g., JPG, PNG, BMP) into PDF format, with options
to adjust size, orientation, and layout. Convert web pages or HTML files into PDFs, preserving the look
and feel of the original web content. Convert plain text (TXT) or rich text (RTF) files into a clean,
readable PDF form.

Figure 7 Convert to PDF Module

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Exploring PDF GEAR: AI Powered Document Management Tool

Merge & Split

The Merge & Split module provides powerful tools for organizing and managing PDF content by
combining or separating documents:
Merge PDFs: Combine multiple PDF files into a single document, with options to arrange pages in a
specific order.
Split PDF: Split a large PDF into smaller, more manageable files, either by page range, specific pages,
or file size.
Extract Pages: Extract specific pages from a PDF to create a new document.

Figure 8 Merge & Split Module in PDFGear AI

All Tools
The All Tools module is the comprehensive toolkit of PDFGear AI, offering access to the full range of
features and functionalities available in the software. It includes:
➢ Edit PDF: Edit text, images, and other elements directly within a PDF.
➢ Annotate PDF: Add comments, highlights, stamps, and other annotations to a PDF.
➢ Fill & Sign: Fill out forms, add digital signatures, and create new form fields.
➢ Protect PDF: Add passwords, set permissions, and apply encryption to secure PDF documents.
➢ Watermark PDF: Add text or image watermarks to protect the originality of your documents.
➢ Flatten PDF: Flatten layers and annotations in a PDF to make it a non-editable, final version.
➢ PDF Background: Customize the background of PDF documents with colors or images.
➢ PDF Metadata: Edit and manage metadata within PDF files, such as author, title, and keywords.
➢ PDF Compare: Compare two PDF documents side-by-side to identify differences and revisions.

Figure 9 All Tools in PDFGear AI

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User Experience
The user interface of PDFgear Copilot is designed for simplicity and efficiency. Users can easily
activate the Copilot byclicking the designated icon within the PDFgear Desktop application. Once
activated, users can type their commands into a chat interface, receiving immediate feedback and
results. This conversational approach not only simplifiesdocument management but also makes it more
intuitive, as users can engage with their documents as if they were conversing with a knowledgeable
assistant.

Figure 10 User Experience

Privacy and Security
PDFgear prioritizes user privacy and security, employing enterprise-level encryption and secure
protocols during data transmission. The application does not store user data, ensuring that sensitive
information remains confidential. This focus on security is crucial for users handling confidential or
sensitive documents, such as legal contracts or personal information.

Figure 11 Privacy and Security in PDFGear AI

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Conclusion
PDFgearCopilot marks a transformative step in the evolution of PDF management tools. By leveraging
advanced AI technologies, it enhances user interaction with PDF documents, making complex tasks
more manageable through natural language commands. The integration with Microsoft Copilot further
positions PDFgear as a leader in the PDF editing space, catering to the needs of modern users seeking
efficiency and ease of use. As AI continues to evolve, tools like PDFgearCopilot will play a pivotal role
in reshaping how individuals and organizations manage their digital documents.
References
1. Brown, L. J., & Green, M. A. (2022). Artificial intelligence in document management systems:
Current trends and future directions. Journal of Information Technology, 39(2), 112-128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jit.2022.04.005
2. Chen, X., & Wang, Y. (2021). Machine learning techniques for automated PDF extraction and
analysis: A comprehensive review. Journal of Data Science, 19(3), 455-472.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2021.1876123
3. Green, P. S., & Lee, T. H. (2019). Advancements in PDF processing with artificial intelligence: A
review. Computers in Industry, 105, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2018.10.008
4. Kumar, V., & Singh, A. (2022). AI-driven document analysis: Techniques and applications.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 176(5), 31-42.
https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2022920750
5. Liu, J., & Zhang, Q. (2021). PDF data extraction and classification using deep learning: An
overview. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 72, 103-121.
https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12345.
6. Martinez, A., & Roberts, E. (2023). Innovations in PDF management with AI: A systematic
review. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(4), 78-95. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555430
7. Patel, R., & Gupta, S. (2020). Text extraction and semantic analysis from PDF documents using AI
technologies. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 29(2), 221-234.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2020.1760945
8. Smith, J. K., & Johnson, L. M. (2022). AI-based tools for improving PDF workflows: A literature
review. Information Processing & Management, 59(3), 1024-1036.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102457
9. Wilson, T., & Edwards, H. (2021). Exploring the applications of AI in automated document
handling and PDF management. Journal of Computational Intelligence, 15(1), 58-75.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-020-09876-5

472 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social
Media
1
Samir Rama Fatte and 2 Vinayak Bankapur (Dr.)
1
Librarian, Government College of Arts Science & Commerce, Sanquelim Goa
2
Associate Professor, DLIS, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi-Karnataka-India
Abstract
In response to rapid technological advancements, library users are increasingly incorporating social
media platforms into their academic routines. This shift aims to enrich their academic experiences by
effectively applying social networking tools. The main area of research aims to evaluate how often use
their gadgets and social networking sites. Additionally, it aims to decide the fundamental needs and
relevance of social networking sites for achieving library objectives. Furthermore, the study explores
students' awareness of privacy policies, potential hazards, and challenges connected through using
these platforms. By analyzing these dynamics, the study provides important perspectives for enhancing
the effective use of social networking sites in academic and library contexts.
This study, titled "Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social
Media," aims to discover the patterns and implications of social media practice between library
patrons for academic purposes. It seeks to assess how frequently library users visit these social
networking platforms, the different devices they use, and the specific academic needs that drive their
engagement. Furthermore, the study examines the perceived relevance of these platforms in supporting
library goals, such as resource discovery, academic networking, and collaborative learning.
An essential component of our study involves understanding the awareness and perceptions of privacy
policies, potential risks, and challenges encountered by students when navigating social networking
sites. By addressing these concerns, the study purposes to offer a comprehensive overview of how
social media can be effectively integrated into academic practices, ensuring both security and
productivity.
In an era where digital literacy is increasingly essential, this research adds to the broader discourse on
the character of social media in academic success. It offers information that might boost digital
resource management and guide library policies, and support the academic endeavors of library users
in a digitally connected world.
Keywords: Social networking sites, Library users, Academics, Users, Online
Introduction
The arrival of digital tools has reformed several aspects of our lives, predominantly in the field of
education. Among these inventions, online social networks have become a significant force in
influential tools for academic purposes providing students and scholars with exceptional opportunities
for association, information allocation, and knowledge acquisition. Libraries, as pivotal institutions in
the academic ecosystem, are witnessing a significant shift in how users participate with these digital
networks to heighten their academic success.

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Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social Media

Social networking stages such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and specialized academic networks like
Research Gate and Academia.edu offer dynamic environments for students and researchers to connect,
discuss, and disseminate scholarly information. These platforms facilitate the rapid exchange of ideas,
enable access to a various range of resources, and support the improvement of academic communities
across geographical boundaries.
Purpose
The present research is being conducted to assess the occurrence of the users who browse social media
platforms and the tools used to access these sites, to determine the basic requirements and significance
of making use of social media handles for the resource centre, and to assess student awareness of
privacy regulations, threats, and shortcomings encountered by users while using social networking
sites.
Methodology
A questionnaire (google forms) was applied to carry out a survey. The questionnaire received 160
responses. To interpret and analyze data, we utilize the simple statistical interpretation tool.
Objective
➢ To Evaluate the Occurrence of Social Media Usage
➢ To Identify Gadget Used for Accessing Social Media
➢ To Assess the Relevance of Social Media for Academic Goals
➢ To Explore the Awareness of Privacy Policies and Risks
➢ To Identify Challenges and Barriers in Social Media Usage
Data analysis and Interpretation
Frequency of Social Media Usage for Academic Purposes
How frequently 160 students engage with social media for academic purposes was analysed. The data
reveal varied engagement ranks, with a specifically, 60 students (37.5%) reported daily usage, 40
students (25%) engaged several times a week, and 30 students (18.75%) used social media weekly.
Additionally, 20 students (12.5%) utilized social media several times a month, while 10 students
(6.25%) rarely incorporated it into their academic practices.
Devices Used for Accessing Social Media
This study investigates the prevalence of different gadgets used by 160 students for accessing various
academic resources and activities. The data reveal that smartphones are the most universally, with 85
students (53.1%) relying on them for academic purposes. Tablets follow, with 30 students (18.8%)
using them, while computers are used by 40 students (25.0%). A small percentage of students, 5
(3.1%), reported using other devices

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 Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social Media

Relevance of Social Media for Academic Goals

This study explores the relevance of social media for academic goals among 160 students. Results
direct that social media is crucial for research collaboration (90 students, 56.3%), resource sharing (70
students, 43.8%), information dissemination (50 students, 31.3%), networking with peers and experts
(60 students, 37.5%), and accessing academic resources (40 students, 25.0%). Additionally, 10 students
(6.3%) practice social media for other academic-related activities, such as event coordination.
Awareness of Privacy Policies and Risks
The study examines the awareness of privacy policies and risks among 160 students. It reveals that 70
students (43.8%) understand privacy settings, 50 students (31.3%) are knowledgeable about data
security, and 40 students (25.0%) are alert of privacy risks. However, 20 students (12.5%) are
unfamiliar with privacy policies, and 10 students (6.3%) have uncertain or mixed knowledge on the
subject.
Challenges and Barriers in Social Media Usage
This research investigates the challenges faced by 160 students leveraging social media for academic
purposes. The evidence points to the fact that technical issue is the maximum significant barrier (55
students, 34.4%), followed by misinformation (45 students, 28.1%), and privacy concerns (40 students,
25.0%). Difficulties in navigating platforms (30 students, 18.8%) and distraction/time management
issues (20 students, 12.5%) are also notable barriers. A smaller group of 10 students (6.3%) mentioned
other issues.
Literature review
A study was undertaken University of Purdue by Howard, H. et al. (2018) to ascertain students'
preferred SNS sites. According to the findings, students prefer to utilize Snapchat, Facebook, and
YouTube. Students believed that library pages should be accessible on Facebook, Instagram, and
Twitter
In their (2017) study, Pavankumar and Kattimani examined the employees of Government First Grade
College in Bengaluru's practice of the major SNSs. According to study findings, SNS facilitates
information gathering and sharing. While Twitter was used to share opinions, experiences, and raise
awareness, SNS was used to gather information. Other SNSs facilitate communication and teamwork
between users.
Weller (2016) did a study observing the Media: Spotlight on Social Media Research to look into
different approaches to handling study-based life stages that use the internet. Reported that, internet-
based life research has failed to carefully examine how later web-based life stages, such as Twitter top
choices or Facebook hashtags, are used, as well as the more "ruinous" long-distance interpersonal
communication activities like unfollowing. The analysis drew attention to some features of popular
internet-based life stages that are currently understudied. It raises questions for these specific gaps in
online life to consider and might inspire more research to fill the gap.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 475
Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social Media

To access SNSs, research scholars use a diversity of devices. Several studies investigating the various
devices individuals use to access SNSs include: African-American teenagers were the theme of a
survey by Lenhart et al. (2015) to learn about SNS connection devices. According to the survey's
findings, 91% of youth occasionally or often use a mobile device to access the internet. Nearly all of
the study's African-American kids reported having access to mobile internet at least occasionally,
compared to 90 percent of white teens and 91 percent of Hispanic teens who regularly use mobile
devices to access the internet.
The study by Huang et al. (2015) concentrated on users' perceptions of social networking sites. The
study concentrated on user-librarian interactions on SNS including Facebook, Twitter, and Chinese
websites. The data collection method chosen was a mixed one. A total of 1753 questionnaires were
issued, and 40 libraries' 10 librarians were interviewed. The study discovered that SNSs are utilized to
distribute library news and events. English-speaking Facebook users received more likes for postings
than Chinese Facebook users.
According to Chinthakayala, (2013) comparative’s investigation of three SNSs—Facebook, Twitter,
and Myspace—"Facebook and Myspace offer more engaging interfaces as compared to Twitter, which
allows one-way interaction between users. While Myspace, a social entertainment website, bring
together individuals with common interests, Facebook is a general-purpose SNS that places a greater
emphasis on interpersonal connections and information exchange. Twitter, meanwhile, is more
concerned with updates and microblogging. These websites emphasize human interaction in both
directions.
Findings
A significant portion of students in Goa frequently engage with social networking sites on their
Android phones, with Facebook being the most popular. The main purpose is to find information and
facilitate virtual meetings with classmates and friends. 46% of students believe social networking sites
encourage these virtual meetings, while 29% think they boost self-esteem and improve family
relationships. However, only 14% say it promotes reading and writing skills
Conclusion
Social Networking Sites (SNSs) play a key role in connecting library users and college students, as well
as linking libraries with academic groups of friends. The research reveals that a significant number of
students, particularly undergraduates in North Goa, are active on Facebook. Libraries can use Facebook
to connect with students for updates. Libraries can utilize Facebook to communicate updates to
students. However, students should be trained to use SNSs for academic tasks and made aware of free
open sources available online.
Reference
1. Lenhart, Amanda, Kristen Purcell, Aaron Smith, and Kathryn Zickuhr. (2010), "Social Media &
Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults. Millennials”, Pew internet & American life
project.

476 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Networks for Academic Success: Library Users' Engagement with Social Media

2. Chinthakayala, Krishna C., Chunying Zhao, Jun Kong, and Kang Zhang. (2014), "A comparative
study of three social networking websites." World Wide Web 17: 1233-1259.
3. Lau, Wilfred WF. (2017), "Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the
academic performance of university students." Computers in human behavior 68: 286-291.
4. Kumar, Pavan, and P. S. Kattimani. (2017), "A Study of Use and Utilization of SNS Technology in
GFG College Library, Yelahanka, Bengaluru." Pearl: A Journal of Library and Information
Science 11, no. 4: 405-413.
5. Shafawi, Sharyna, and Basri Hassan. (2018), "User engagement with social media, implication on
the library usage: A case of selected public and academic libraries in Malaysia." Library
Philosophy and Practice: 1.
6. Munshi, Shamim Aktar, Md Golam Mostafa, and Mahbubul Alam. (2018), "Uses of social
networking sites among postgraduate students at University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh: A study."
DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology 38, no. 1: 34-40.
7. Nataraju, N., and K. R. Mulla. (2018),"Use and Usage Patterns of Social Networking Sites Among
Library Professionals in Graduate Colleges of Bangalore City." International Journal of Library
and Information Studies 8, no. 1.
8. Gmiterek, Grzegorz. (2021) "Polish university libraries social networking services during the
COVID-19 pandemic spring term lockdown." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 47, no. 3:
102331.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 477
 Digital Solutions for Accessing Print and Digital Resources:
A Vision of Library Portals
1
Pasupuneti Niteesh, and 2Vijayakumar, K. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar (Full Time), Annamalai University, Chidambaram,608 002
2
Professor, DLIS, Annamalai University, Chidambaram,608 002
Abstract
In an era where information is increasingly digital, libraries face the challenge of integrating print and
digital resources into a seamless user experience. This study explores the development and
implementation of interactive library portals as a comprehensive solution for accessing both print and
digital materials. The research highlights how these portals enhance user engagement by providing
personalized content recommendations, and integrated search functionalities that bridge the gap
between physical and digital collections. By examining case studies from various academic and public
libraries, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness of interactive portals in improving resource
accessibility, fostering user satisfaction, and supporting the evolving needs of library patrons. The
findings suggest that as libraries continue to embrace digital transformation, interactive portals will
play a crucial role in maintaining their relevance and utility in the digital age.
Keywords: Interactive, Library Portals, Library Portals, Print Resources, Digital Resources
Introduction
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of libraries
and information services. In an era where information is abundant and available across various formats,
libraries are increasingly tasked with creating environments that seamlessly integrate print and digital
resources. Digital library offers new challenges to an emerging breed of digital librarian as a new
opportunity. Interactive library portals have emerged as powerful tools in this regard, offering users a
unified platform to access, navigate, and manage a diverse range of resources. This article explores the
development, features, and benefits of these portals, as well as the challenges and future trends in their
implementation.
Objectives
➢ To Develop a Comprehensive Interactive Library Portal
➢ To Enhance User Experience and Engagement
➢ To Bridge the Gap Between Print and Digital Collections
➢ To Assess the Impact of Interactive Portals on Resource Accessibility
➢ To Identify Best Practices for Implementing Library Portals
The Evolution of Library Portals
Traditional libraries have long served as gateways to knowledge, primarily through their physical
collections. However, with the advent of digital resources, the need for a more integrated approach to
information access became apparent. Early library portals were primarily catalogue-based, providing
access to print collections and later, digital databases. As the digital landscape expanded, these portals

478 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digital Solutions for Accessing Print and Digital Resources: A Vision of Library Portals

evolved into more sophisticated systems that support the discovery, access, and management of both
print and electronic resources.
Key Features of Interactive Library Portals
➢ Unified Search Interface: Modern library portals offer a single search interface that allows users
to search across multiple types of resources—books, journals, databases, multimedia, and more.
This unified search capability eliminates the need to navigate multiple systems and platforms,
simplifying the research process.
➢ Personalization and User Accounts: Interactive portals often feature user accounts where patrons
can save searches, create resource lists, manage loans, and receive personalized recommendations.
This personalization enhances user engagement and makes the portal more user-friendly.
➢ Mobile Accessibility: With the increasing use of mobile devices, many library portals are designed
to be mobile-responsive or offer dedicated mobile apps. This ensures that users can access
resources and manage their library interactions on the go.
➢ Advanced Filtering and Faceted Search: To help users refine their search results, modern portals
include advanced filtering options and faceted search capabilities. These tools allow users to
narrow down results based on criteria such as resource type, publication date, subject, and
availability.
➢ Integrated Resource Management: Library portals now often integrate with various library
management systems, digital repositories, and content management platforms. This integration
facilitates seamless access to a wide range of resources, including open access content,
subscription-based databases, and local collections.
➢ Interactive Features: Interactive library portals may include tools such as virtual bookshelves,
interactive maps, and multimedia galleries that enhance user interaction with the library's
resources. These features make the library experience more engaging and intuitive.
Benefits of Interactive Library Portals
➢ Improved Access to Resources: By providing a single point of access to both print and digital
resources, library portals simplify the process of finding and using information. Users can easily
discover resources that were previously difficult to locate, whether they are physical books or
digital articles.
➢ Enhanced User Experience: The integration of personalized features, mobile accessibility, and
interactive tools enhances the overall user experience. Patrons are more likely to engage with the
library's resources when they can easily find what they need and interact with the portal in a
meaningful way.
➢ Increased Resource Utilization: Libraries invest significantly in acquiring and maintaining
resources. By making these resources more accessible and discoverable through an interactive
portal, libraries can maximize the utilization of their collections.
➢ Streamlined Library Operations: Interactive portals can automate various aspects of library
management, such as circulation, cataloguing, and user account management. This automation
reduces the workload on library staff and allows them to focus on more value-added services.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 479
Digital Solutions for Accessing Print and Digital Resources: A Vision of Library Portals

Challenges in Implementing Interactive Library Portals

➢ Technical Complexity: Developing and maintaining an interactive library portal requires
significant technical expertise and resources. Libraries may face challenges related to software
integration, data management, and system upgrades.
➢ User Training and Support: While interactive portals are designed to be user-friendly, some
patrons may require training and support to fully utilize their features. Libraries need to invest in
user education and provide ongoing support to ensure that all users can benefit from the portal.
➢ Cost Considerations: Implementing an interactive library portal can be costly, particularly for
smaller libraries with limited budgets. Costs may include software licenses, hardware upgrades,
staff training, and ongoing maintenance.
➢ Data Privacy and Security: As library portals increasingly handle sensitive user data, ensuring
data privacy and security is a critical concern. Information centre must provide security measures.
Future Trends in Library Portals
➢ AI and Machine Learning: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
technologies is likely to enhance the capabilities of library portals. AI can be used to provide more
accurate search results, personalized recommendations, and predictive analytics for library
management.
➢ Linked Data and Semantic Web: The use of linked data and semantic web technologies can
improve resource discovery by creating connections between related resources across different
platforms. This could lead to more intuitive and comprehensive search experiences for users.
➢ Virtual and Augmented Reality: Emerging technologies like virtual and augmented reality
(VR/AR) have the potential to create immersive library experiences. For example, VR could be
used to create virtual tours of the library or simulate physical interaction with digital resources.
➢ Open-Source Solutions: As libraries seek cost-effective solutions, the adoption of open-source
software for library portals is likely to increase. Open-source platforms offer flexibility and
customization options that can be tailored to the specific needs of individual libraries.
Conclusion
As information intermediary, the library and information professionals must be able to perform the
fundamental task of User Education. Interactive library portals represent a significant advancement in
the way libraries provide access to their collections. By integrating print and digital resources into a
single, user-friendly platform, these portals enhance the accessibility, usability, and discoverability of
information. While challenges remain in their implementation, the benefits of interactive library portals
are clear, making them an essential component of modern library services. As technology continues to
evolve, these portals will likely become even more sophisticated, offering new opportunities for
libraries to engage with their users and fulfil their mission of providing access to knowledge, Vision
with communication skills, to meet the challenges what are bound to emerge due to information
explosion and developments in Information Technology, Information portals/ digital recourse an
opportunity.

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 Digital Solutions for Accessing Print and Digital Resources: A Vision of Library Portals

References
1. Bishop, A. P., Van House, N. A., &Buttenfield, B. P. (2003). Digital library use: Social practice in
design and evaluation. MIT Press.
2. Covi, L. M., & Cragin, M. H. (2004). Reconfiguring control in library collection development: A
conceptual framework for assessing the shift toward electronic collections. Journal of the American
Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(4), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.10384
3. Jeng, J. (2005). What is usability in the context of the digital library and how can it be measured?
Information Technology and Libraries, 24(2), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v24i2.3360
4. Kani-Zabihi, E., Ghinea, G., & Chen, S. Y. (2008). User perception of web-based library catalogue
systems. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 60(6), 619-634.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530810924209
5. Lippincott, J. K. (2010). Information commons: Meeting millennials’ needs. Journal of Library
Administration, 50(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930820903422156
6. Luyt, B., & Tan, D. (2010). Improving the digital library user experience: A case study. Library
Review, 59(4), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1108/00242531011038516
7. Marchionini, G., Plaisant, C., &Komlodi, A. (2003). The people in digital libraries: Multifaceted
approaches to assessing needs and impact. The Annual Review of Information Science and
Technology, 37(1), 99-146
8. McKiel, A. (2008). The digital information seeker: Report of findings from selected OCLC, RIN,
and JISC user behavior projects. OCLC Programs and Research. Retrieved from
https://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2008/2008-03.pdf
9. Rowlands, I., Nicholas, D., Williams, P., Huntington, P., Fieldhouse, M., Gunter, B., &Tenopir, C.
(2008). The Google generation: The information behaviour of the researcher of the future. Aslib
Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 60(4), 290-310.
https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530810887953

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 481
 Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview
1
Eldine Romella, J. and 2Subiksha, R.
1
Assistant Professor, DLIS, Bishop Heber College, Trichy.
2
II M.Lib.I.Sc., DLIS, Bishop Heber College, Trichy.
Abstract
Social media platforms for promoting information services and libraries. It is vital to comprehend the
significance of endorsing library services and materials via social media sites such as Facebook,
Instagram, Pinterest, LinkedIn, YouTube, and Whatsapp. Social media is now acknowledged and
accepted as a means of marketing library and information services, as well as of informing library
users about general information. Most libraries market their products and services, share events and
news, have video conferences, and carry out research via social media. Librarians are encouraged to
embrace information and communication technology (ICT) in order to address the issue of
dissemination in today's technologically advanced environment. The article explores to enhance the
various social media platforms which can be used by the academic libraries for promoting and
marketing their products with the use of ICT to reach the user at the large level.
Keywords: Academic Libraries, Marketing, Marketing Strategies, Social Media, Library and
Information Services.
Introduction
To meet the goals of higher education, there has been a massive expansion in the number of educational
institutions and libraries in recent years. Given the tendency toward raising educational standards in
accordance with the National Assessment and Accreditation Council's (NAAC) quality control
mechanism, libraries in these institutions are becoming ever more important. Among other things, it has
impacted how the academic library operates. The academic library was founded with the intention of
advancing education, a purpose it has long fulfilled. By definition, an academic library is a service
organization where customers come first. Therefore, in order to provide high-quality services and raise
user awareness of what the library offers, it is important to promote its services. The Present state of the
digital environment and the movement toward usability has given academic libraries both new
obstacles and opportunities. Individualization and digitalization of users are more than just smart usage
practices for online resources, goods, and services in this era of digital networking. Users of academic
libraries who utilize the internet extensively become tech-savvy and adopted learning behaviorists.
Need
➢ Libraries are no longer the only sectors providing information services.
➢ Libraries must sell themselves in order to stay relevant, stay rooted in the communities they serve,
and have some impact on current affairs and practical concerns.
➢ Libraries cannot survive without the patronage of the public they serve.
➢ A librarian or information manager is not just concerned with those who frequently utilize their
services.

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 Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview

➢ By generating income and offering consumers various services, marketing can contribute to the
enhancement of the public perception of libraries and the information profession.
➢ To enhance their own and their libraries' reputations, librarians must promote their goods and
services. Libraries must, for example, be distinctive in the services and access they offer.
➢ Librarians must alter the way that others and consumers view them as information specialists.
Applications
➢ Events and Workshops
➢ Promoting library resources
➢ Research support
➢ Library news and update
➢ Engaging with users
➢ Collection development
➢ Library Advocacy
The major guidelines for social media marketing:
Determine the goal of your social media marketing
Prioritizing this step will help ensure that the objectives of the campaign are tailored to the unique
requirements of each library.
Preparation Work
This include customizing the social media accounts, connecting them to the library's website, crafting a
warm and casual description of the library, and customizing the Twitter and Facebook tabs and boxes
to give the library's profile a distinctive look.
Begin Small, Think Big
Choose a popular platform like Facebook or Twitter, establish a strong online presence there, and then
use that knowledge to explore other social media platforms.
Choose What to Post
It's important to choose what to post on your social media channels. You can share news and events
from the library, new items that have been added to the collection, links to articles, films, local
information, or images.
Promote Events
Creating informative hash tags (#awesomelibraryevent!) for use on social media platforms like Twitter
and Facebook is a terrific way to spread the word about all the activities your library is hosting and to
entice people to tweet or blog live.

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Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview

Functions
As a managerial function, marketing helps companies generate interest from clients in their goods and
services. It also fits in with libraries in the same way. Its duties include planning, implementing,
controlling, and analyzing.
Analysis
Conducting market, competitive, and consumer analysis is the first responsibility facing marketers. In
order to target the right client groups, such an analysis aids in the investigation of certain markets and
customer needs.
Planning
Establishing goals, selecting target audiences, developing marketing strategies, and other topics are
covered during the planning stage. Creating new products and services, creating long-term marketing
strategies, and other initiatives are all part of reaching out to library patrons.
Implementation
Recruiting personnel, assigning responsibilities, creating budgets, and planning events that will advance
library services are all part of this phase.
Control
➢ Performance benchmarks are established
➢ Marketing targets' progress is tracked
➢ Findings contrasted with the benchmarks
➢ Adjustments are made to remain on course
Marketing Strategy
➢ In general, a marketing strategy is a procedure that enables a company to focus its limited resources
on the most promising chances to boost service and product usage and establish a long-term
competitive advantage.
➢ A marketing plan need to revolve around the fundamental idea that satisfying customers should be
the primary objective, according to Philip Kotler.
➢ An organization can concentrate its efforts and resources on a plan of action that can result in
higher sales and market dominance by implementing a marketing strategy. Product development,
advertising, distribution, pricing, relationship management, and other components are all included
in a marketing plan. It outlines the organization's marketing objectives and how they will be met
within the allotted time limit.
Marketing strategy in academic libraries
In line with the marketing strategy, which emphasizes user needs and wants, producers create goods
and services that cater to consumers' information demands. Libraries and information centers would

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 Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview

employ certain analysis and techniques to create a marketing plan. Any strategic plan should have these
essential elements, which are listed below:
Market Analysis
The market for library and information services is made up of government organizations, financing
agencies, parent institutions, and end users such as customers.
User Analysis
User analysis will help the library staff to know about library users in detail. It will be established as to
which user group or/and individuals shall be making use of information services and products.
Organizational Analysis
Library being an organization in itself, knows well its market of users. Accordingly, it designs its
services to offer to different user segments. This analysis would be based on the available resources,
attitude of authorities, experience of staff, and so on.
Competitive Analysis
Libraries, like other organizations in this competitive world, must be aware of prospective rivals in
related institutions. College libraries, for instance, compete with one another to receive funding for new
purchases, increased staffing, increased equipment, and, most importantly, increased service.
Elements of Marketing
➢ Before starting to promote any good or service, such a market analysis is seen to be necessary.
Understanding the organization's current and potential users is beneficial.
➢ Librarians can choose to utilize any of the following market analysis tools: product life cycle,
product portfolio matrix, exchange system analysis, image analysis, and user satisfaction research.
➢ This kind of study could be used to identify the library services that are doing better or that are
seeing a decline in usage. A librarian can therefore evaluate them to make improvements.

The law Actions to be taken Marketing implications

Books are for Best possible use of the Obtaining pertinent information and making sure there are enough
use facilities, services, and resources and services available for people to use. extended
resources. business hours, clear signage, and a handy location.

Every reader Satisfying users' needs in Gathering and analyzing data, figuring out what users need, and
his/her book a satisfactory way. aligning it with organizational resources.

Every book Making contact with Promoting value and benefits, running a campaign, advocating,
its reader users working in public relations, speaking with individuals, etc.

Save the time Benefits and preferences Information repackaged into a suitable manner and made available

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 485
Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview

of the reader of the user when needed. Guaranteeing the caliber of products and services.

Library is a Future-proofing to meet Organizing resources, navigating unknown consumer demands in

growing user demands the future, launching new services and clientele, adjusting to a
organism new environment, etc.

Concepts of Social Media

Social media tools used for marketing of library and information resources and services
Podcasts
➢ Academic libraries are utilizing social media and new technology to interact with their intended
audiences and advertise important services and resources. One of the more recent of these
technologically based endeavors is podcasting. Although podcasting cannot take the place of the
traditional classroom, it does give teachers an additional avenue to connect with today's students
where they "live"—on the Internet and in audio players.
➢ Social media is one of the ways that libraries employ numerous contemporary technologies to
advertise their services and products. Out of the 46 public, private, and special libraries, that 44
(95.66 %) of the libraries use social media to market their services and products, while just 2 (4.34
%) do not. Despite their ignorance of these social media platforms, they are eager to use them as
promotional tools for the expansion of their libraries and information centers.
Facebook
Facebook is a platform where people can engage with one another. Facebook can be used as a tool to
promote library activities. It can be used to create a closed group of students and faculty members to
announce future events, new library additions, and shared librarian blogs.
Youtube
As a promotional tool, libraries can set up a YouTube channel and post footage of interesting events
that happen there. Reader curiosity will be piqued by presentations and demonstrations on subscribing
databases, lessons on using sources, and movies on book comments.
Instagram
Examine the resources and collections. Get research help and study advice, as well as stay informed
about workshops and activities held at the library.
Linkedin
Keep abreast on the services and resources offered by the library and make connections with
researchers and librarians to find possibilities for training and growth and to get knowledge about
library projects and partnerships.

486 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Promotion of Academic Libraries via Social Media Platforms: An Overview

Twitter
Twitter's concept is based on messaging services, which can be accessed through specialized websites,
instant message apps like Yahoo message or MSN Messenger, or mobile devices.
Pinterest
Pinterest is an online menu that gives libraries a chance to advertise and promote their services. By
creating a library profile, a library can build its own board and pin images of the library, audio-visual
snippets, and eye-catching posters. Additionally, libraries can download eye-catching posters that are
freely available on Pinterest to display in their spaces.
Tumblr
Tumblr is a customized social networking platform that can be used to disseminate images of student-
presented posters at conferences, exhibit book exhibitions, and announce new library services.
Blogs
A blog is a user-generated website with posts that are shown in reverse chronological order and often
resemble journals. Libraries can use blogging as an efficient form of communication.
Conclusion
Social media channels to market library and information services. Understanding the need of promoting
library services and resources through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp,
LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram, Pinterest, and so forth is crucial. Today's age accepts and recognizes
social media as a platform for marketing library and information services, as well as for disseminating
general information to library patrons. The majority of libraries use social media to promote, share
news and events, conduct video conferences, market their goods and services, and conduct research. To
face the problem of dissemination in today's technologically evolved world, librarians are urged to
embrace information and communication technology (ICT).
Reference
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Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 487
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5. Cheng, W. W. H., Lam, E. T. H., & Chiu, D. K. W. (2020). Social media as a platform in academic
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6. Jain, P. (2014). Application of social media in marketing library & information services: A global
perspective. International Journal of Research in Management & Social Science.
http://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/APPLICATION.pdf
7. Tofi, S. T. (2020). Marketing library and information resources and services using social media
platforms. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 19(1), 31-42.
https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?

488 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 An Overview of SWAYAM and its Effectiveness
Shanmugapriya, V
II M.Lib.I. Sc., DLIS, Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous), Red Fields, Coimbatore
Abstract
The Government of India offers a SWAYAM program which aims to improve educational quality and
accessibility by providing a complete online learning environment. SWAYAM, which was established in
2017, seeks to democratise education by offering open, affordable courses in a variety of subjects and
academic levels, from elementary school to graduate school. The platform provides a wide range of
courses that have been created in partnership with top Universities, guaranteeing top-notch instruction
that appeal to students from different backgrounds and places. This paper demonstrates SWAYAM and
its faster, effective and interesting learning experiences through the use of interactive multimedia,
quizzes, and discussion forums. The study also covers the literature review to validate the research and
the importance of the SWAYAM. The purpose of the study is to provide is mentioned the objectives have
been to take up a detail study on the SWAYAM that aims to facilitate lifelong learning by bridging the
gap between traditional education and contemporary technologies.
Keywords: Swayam, MOOCs, OER, Open Courseware, and Inclusive Education.
Introduction
SWAYAM, an innovative initiative aims at democratising education and closing access barriers to
high-quality learning resources. SWAYAM was established under the Ministry of Education with the
goal of offering students all around India and beyond access to high-quality Massive Open Online
Courses.This platform provides a wide variety of courses in the Humanities, social sciences,
Engineering, and Management, among other fields. To guarantee the best calibre of courses,
SWAYAM works with top Academic Institutions and subject matter specialists. SWAYAM enables
professionals, students, and lifelong learners to access top-notch educational information at any time
and from any location by utilising digital technologies. Opportunities, multimedia content and
interactive learning resources are some of SWAYAM's primary characteristics.
Review of Literature
Kumar, Sathis. K and Prabhu, Mahendra. M (2021) conducted a study on the open Educational
Practices of the SWAYAM program among research scholars. The study determined the level of open
educational practice within the Swayam program using mathematical and statistical procedures. It
explored the influence of variables such as gender, subject, locality, family type, family income, and
parental education on the open educational practices of the researchers. Ahmed, Merina and Baishya,
Panchalee (2019) conducted a study on the MOOCs with special reference to SWAYAM. It was a
study based on recent development. This paper discussed the different features of the SWAYAM
platform. It correlated the importance of SWAYAM courses and identified certain challenges and
opportunities of using SWAYAM. Suba, Veerapandian and Ahamed, Fakrudhin Ali. H (2020)
conducted A study on awareness and usage of SWMAYA courses among library and information
science students. This paper discussed Webs of Active-learning for Young Aspiring Minds, where the

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An Overview of Swayam and Its Effectiveness

objective of the program was to take the best teaching and learning resources to all with no costs.
Bhesera, Hariharaand Shankar (2024) conducted a study on Access, Equity, and Quality in Higher
Education. The paper focused on the milestone of Indian higher education with the dynamic role of
SWAYAM initiative. Rupali Ambedkar. S (2020) conducted a study on E-Learning through
SWAYAM Awareness and Motivation. This study examined the awareness of the SWAYAM platform
among students and factors that influenced the utilisation of SWAYAM by students. The study
revealed low awareness of SWAYAM among students although a positive attitude towards learning
through SWAYAM was observed.
Objectives
➢ To assess the level of awareness regarding SWAYAM courses.
➢ To determine the amount of time students actually spend on learning in SWAYAM courses.
➢ To identify the challenges students, encounter while taking these courses.
➢ To evaluate the learning outcomes achieved by students through SWAYAM courses.
Background
SWAYAM is a platform that runs on both mobile and the web. It covers topics from postgraduate to
school label. SWAYAM is made to help college dropouts, working professionals, and students from
remote underdeveloped areas. The Indian government has launched SWAYAM with the intention of
academics, researchers, and teachers. Since UGC launched the credit program through SWAYAM, it is
expanding daily. Its Courses include web resources, self-assessment, e-content, and e-tutorials,
covering four quadrants. Currently seven a total of 154 initiatives have been launched. Of the 45
programs that fall under the school category, fifteen programs for certificates, twenty-nine programs for
diplomas, 386 undergraduate programs, and There are now 279 postgraduate programs in operation.
SWAYAM provides Indians a fantastic opportunity.
SWAYAM
SWAYAM is a digital network that offers online learning at all levels, from elementary school to
graduate school. SWAYAM is an online educational platform that was founded in 2017 with the goal
of improving access to and quality of education by providing low-cost or free courses via an intuitive
web interface. The platform is made to accommodate students from all backgrounds and educational
levels and offers a broad selection of courses from many academic fields, such as the humanities.
Research Methodology
The study uses a descriptive approach as its methodology. Facts and data are gathered from the
secondary information source. Various pieces of information have been gathered from the literature on
SWAYAM in India, as well as from publications in a number of prestigious periodicals and newspaper
snippets.
Benefits of Swayam
➢ Courses without hidden fees: There are no fees associated with any of the courses.
➢ Flexible learning allows students to study anywhere, at any time, and at their own speed.

490 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 An Overview of Swayam and Its Effectiveness

➢ Certificates: After finishing a course and passing a proctored exam, students are eligible to obtain
optional, paid certificates. These certifications may be accepted for credit transfer by universities
and look good on resumes.
➢ Access: SWAYAM courses are available to all students, irrespective of their location or level of
study.
Impact of Swayam
Converging the Urban-Rural Divide Fair Educational Prospects
By giving all students access to the same excellent resources and training regardless of where they are,
the platform helps close the educational gap between urban and rural locations.
Expert Contributions and Content Quality
Teachers create courses from elite colleges, such as IITs, IIMs, and other prestigious universities,
guaranteeing the calibre of the curriculum.
Continuous Improvement
Based on user input and developments across a range of sectors, the platform promotes ongoing
updates and improvements to the course materials.
Self-Paced Learning
This option allows students to study at their own speed and access course materials whenever it's
convenient for them. It's especially useful for working professionals and people with other
responsibilities.
Certification and Career Advancement
SWAYAM provides certification for a variety of courses, which can improve a learner's resume and
help them advance in their careers. Certain certifications are accepted by educational institutions and
employers.
Professional Development
The platform helps people stay relevant in a job market that is changing quickly by offering
possibilities for upskilling and professional development.
A welcoming and inclusive learning environment Multilingual Options
Classes are frequently offered in a variety of languages, increasing inclusivity and improving education
for non-native English speakers.
Support for Diverse Learners
Swayam creates a welcoming learning environment with elements like peer interactions and discussion
forums.

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An Overview of Swayam and Its Effectiveness

Effect on Institutional Collaborations and Partnerships

By encouraging cooperation, the program enables academic institutions to pool their resources and
knowledge.
Teaching Innovation
It promotes the use of new teaching methods.
Features of Swayam
➢ Wide Range of Courses: Swayam provides a diverse catalogue of courses across various
disciplines, including Engineering, Humanities, Social sciences, Management, and more. Its
breadth ensures that learners can find relevant courses to suit their interests and career goals.
➢ High-Quality Content: Courses are created and delivered by Educators and Institutions, including
renowned Universities and Professional Organisations. The content is often vetted to ensure it
meets high academic standards.
➢ Flexible Learning: The platform allows learners to access course materials at their convenience,
enabling self-paced learning. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for working professionals
and those with other commitments.
➢ Interactive Elements: Swayam incorporates interactive components such as quizzes, assignments,
and discussion forums. These elements help to reinforce learning and provide opportunities for
students to engage with the material and each other.
➢ Certification: Learners will receive certificates that can be valuable for their academic and
professional growth at the successful completion of the course. It also offers the option to earn
credits or qualifications recognized by educational institutions.
➢ Multilingual Support: To cater to India’s diverse linguistic landscape, many courses are available
in multiple languages, making education more accessible to learners across different regions.
➢ Video Lectures: Courses often include video lectures by subject matter experts, providing a more
engaging and comprehensive learning experience compared to traditional text-based resources.
➢ Accessibility Features: Swayam is designed to be accessible to a wide audience, including
individuals with disabilities. Features such as subtitles, screen readers, and accessible design
principles help ensure inclusivity.
➢ Mobile Compatibility: The platform is compatible with mobile devices, allowing learners to access
course materials on the go through the Swayam app or mobile-optimised website.
➢ Community and Support: Learners can interact with peers and instructors through discussion
forums and support channels, fostering a sense of community and enabling collaborative learning.
Conclusion
Swayam stands as a transformative initiative in the realm of education, embodying the principles of
accessibility, inclusivity, and quality. By leveraging technology to deliver a diverse range of courses
and resources, Swayam has effectively bridged educational gaps and provided opportunities for lifelong
learning. Its comprehensive approach, incorporating interactive content and real-time assessments,

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 An Overview of Swayam and Its Effectiveness

supports a more engaging and effective learning experience. The platform's success in reaching learners
from various backgrounds highlights its potential to democratise education on a global scale. However,
ongoing efforts to enhance user experience expand course offerings, and address technological barriers
will be crucial in ensuring its continued growth and impact.
Reference
1. Sharma, R., & Sharma, R. (2012). “History of Education in India.” New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers
& Distributors.
2. Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2013). “Changing Course: Ten Years of Tracking Online Education in
the United States.” Retrieved fromhttps://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED541571
3. Stevanović, N. (2014). “Effects of Motivation on Performance of Students in MOOC.” In
Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Conference - Sinteza 2014 (pp. 418–
422).https://doi.org/10.15308/sinteza-2014-418-422
4. Kanjilal, U., & Kaul, P. (2016, November). “The Journey of Swayam: India MOOC Initiative.” In
Conference Proceedings of the 8th Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning (PCF8).
Retrieved from http://oasis.col.org/bitstream/handle/11599/2592/PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
5. Bhagat, S., & Roshan, R. (2017). “SWAYAM: Study Webs of Active-Learning Courses.” ASEAN
Journal of Open Distance Learning, 8(1), 2232-0814. Retrieved
fromhttp://oasis.col.org/handle/11599/1013
6. Hiremath, R. (2017). “SWAYAM: The Dream of Indian Technology Dreams Soar with Swayam
for Poor Students.” The Times of India. Retrieved
fromhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/technology
7. Smith, N., Caldwell, H., Richards, M., & Bandara, A. (2017). “A Comparison of MOOC
Development and Delivery Approaches.” The International Journal of Information and Learning
Technology, 34(2), 152–164.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-09-2016-0047
8. Nayek, D. (2018). “A Survey Report on Awareness Among LIS Professionals/Students About
SWAYAM.” Research Gate.
9. Samanta, A. (2018, July-September). “Analytical Study of Swayam” Retrieved August 10,2019,
from IJRAR: http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_1471.pdf
10. Singh, G. (2018). “Blended Television with MOOCs: An Experiment in Elementary Teacher
Education in India.” In P. Tran Thi (Ed.), Open Education in Human Resource Development in
Asia’s Period of Integration (Vol. z). Hanoi: Bach Khoa Publishing House.
11. Srivastava, P., & Yadav, B. (2018, August). “SWAYAM the way of learning with special reference
among the Users of Central University of Punjab.” 447-452.
12. Sharma, M. (2019). “A Comprehensive Evaluation of Online Programme at IGNOU: Towards
Developing Framework for IGNOU Online Programme” Unpublished Ph.D. Distance Education
13. Joshua Stern, J. (n.d.). “Introduction to Online Teaching and Learning.” Retrieved
fromhttp://www.sloan-c.org/resources/index.asp
14. Ministry Launches a MOOC Platform. EdTech Review. http://edtechreview.in/trends-
insights/trends1598-indian-hrd-ministry-launches-a-mooc-platform-swayam
15. Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). SWAYAM.

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 Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly
Resources
1
Ashok Kumar, V. (Dr.), 2Chidambaram, M. and 3Jeevakumar
1
Research Supervisor & HOD, DLIS, VET Institute of Arts and Science College, Erode, Tamil Nadu.
2&3
Research Scholar, DLIS, VET Institute of Arts and Science College, Erode, Tamil Nadu.
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Anna University e-Resources Consortium enhances academic research and education by providing
unified access to e-journals, e-books, and databases. Using cloud computing and advanced search
technologies, it offers a seamless platform for accessing scholarly materials. This study explores the
consortium's role in modernizing academic resource management, its partnerships with publishers, and
the benefits of digital integration. It highlights improvements in accessibility, resource utilization, and
academic productivity, supported by a case study of the consortium’s practical applications.
Keywords: Anna University, e-Resources Consortium, digital resources, e-journals, e-books, academic
databases, technological innovation, access management, academic research.
Introduction
E-resources are essential for research, teaching, and learning. Their use is increasing among higher
education teachers. In today's digital environment, higher education libraries offer bibliographic
databases, e-journals, and e-books. The e-consortium of an institution should aim to provide services
that satisfy faculty needs and support a personalized learning experience. Information Communication
Technology (ICT) is transforming technical teaching, creating new learning opportunities. High-quality
professional development for technical teachers is crucial to meet new academic standards and achieve
excellence in the classroom. Online e-journals and e-books allow teachers to access resources anytime
and anywhere, facilitating professional growth.
Features of E-Resources
Here are the key points about e-resources:
➢ Provide access to extensive collections of information, including primary sources.
➢ Support multimedia content.
➢ Offer network accessibility and remote access.
➢ Feature user-friendly interfaces and advanced search and retrieval capabilities.
➢ Support both formal and informal learning.
➢ Allow access from anywhere, anytime, including during travel.
➢ Enable online discussions, commands, and opportunities for publishing, annotation, and integration
of new information.

Advantages of Electronic Resources

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 Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

➢ E-resources are accessible 24/7, searchable with advanced techniques, and offer full-text search.
➢ They allow for interactive reading, commenting, and feedback.
➢ They provide hypertext links, constant URLs, and alert users to new issues.
➢ They are cost-effective compared to print materials, reducing printing, distribution, and storage
costs.
➢ They are flexible, evolving quickly without being tied to specific formats or distribution methods.
Resource Catalogs
E-books:
➢ Digital text files converted to electronic format, readable on various devices.
➢ Extended to include online book titles, emails, and downloadable files.
E-journals:
➢ Published online or on DVD, featuring full-text articles.
➢ Accessible via web platforms, with some open access and others fee-based.
➢ Available on library websites within campus or via campus-wide networks.
Databases:
➢ CD-ROM Databases: Optical discs storing up to 1GB of data, used for library queries. Online
Databases: Academic resources available through online searches, starting in the 1980s.
➢ Web-Based Databases (WBDBs): Structured lists of web pages for data publishing, sharing, and
e-commerce.
➢ A&I (Abstracts and Indexing) Databases: Citations with optional full-text links (e.g., Readers
Guide Retrospective).
➢ Full-Text Databases: Provide full text of articles and other information formats
Collections of the E-Resources Package Recommended by AICTE to the Anna University
Engineering College Libraries.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):
➢ World’s largest technical professional society for electrical and electronics engineers.
➢ Formed by the merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute of
Radio Engineers (IRE) in 1962.
➢ Serves over 395,000 members globally, including engineers, scientists, and allied professionals.
➢ Publishes 130 journals and 900 active standards; organizes over 300 conferences annually.
Wiley-Blackwell:
➢ Leading scientific, technical, and medical publisher.
➢ Partners with 750 societies, publishes nearly 1,500 journals and books annually.

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Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

➢ Access available through Wiley Online Library.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME):
➢ Non-profit organization founded in 1880, with over 130,000 members worldwide.
➢ Provides education, standards, and professional development in engineering.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE):
➢ Founded in 1852, representing over 150,000 civil engineers in 177 countries.
➢ Offers technical conferences, publications, and standards for civil engineering.
McGraw Hill:
➢ Major educational publisher offering customized content and digital solutions for all educational
levels.
➢ Operates globally, providing educational resources and reference publications.
Elsevier:
➢ Focuses on open science and research analytics.
➢ Publishes over 420,000 peer-reviewed articles annually across various disciplines.
Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE):
➢ Indian professional society founded in 1953 for electronics, telecommunication, and IT.
➢ Serves over 125,000 members and offers technical journals and conferences.
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM):
➢ International standards organization founded in 1898, now known as ASTM International.
➢ Develops and publishes over 12,000 standards and related materials.
J-GATE:
➢ Electronic gateway to global e-journal literature.
➢ Indexes over 49,000 e-journals and 51 million articles, updated daily.
DELNET:
➢ Indian network for library resource sharing, with over 6,000 member libraries.
➢ Provides access to various union catalogues and e-journals.
Institution of Engineers (India) (IEI):
➢ Statutory body founded in 1920, with over 820,000 members.
➢ Promotes engineering and technology in India.
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ):
➢ Launched in 2003, now listing over 9,000 open access journals.

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 Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

➢ Aims to increase visibility and usage of open access journals.

Open Directory of Open Access Repositories (DOAR):
➢ Provides a quality-assured list of open access repositories globally.
➢ Maintained by SHERPA services.
Shodhganga:
➢ UGC-mandated digital repository for Indian theses and dissertations.
➢ Hosted by INFLIBNET, using DSpace software for open access to research.
Indian Journals from NISCAIR and IISc:
➢ NISCAIR focuses on science and technology communication in India.
➢ IISc offers research and higher education in science and engineering.
Need and Purpose of the Study
Engineering college libraries play a crucial role in collecting and organizing information on engineering
and related subjects to meet user needs. These libraries provide access to a range of digital resources,
including e-journals, e-books, CD-ROMs, online databases, and web-based resources. With the
growing importance of electronic information, AICTE mandates the availability of both free and paid
e-resources for national development. This study aims to evaluate the awareness and utilization of
digital library resources by faculty members in engineering colleges affiliated with Anna University in
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Objectives of the study
Based on the main aim, the following objectives are framed to conduct this research.
➢ To find out the e-resource seeking behavior of the engineering college faculty members.
➢ To find out the frequency of accessing e-resources among the faculty members.
➢ To find out the level of awareness and use of e-resources package recommended by AICTE
➢ To find out the level of satisfaction of e-resources package recommended by the All-India
Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
➢ To find out the level of awareness and use of the open e-resources
➢ To find out the problems faced while accessing the e-resources.
Study area
There are 571 engineering colleges available in Tamilnadu. These colleges are affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai. Among these colleges, zone IX-Coimbatore (92) and zone X- Tiruppur (11)
colleges are taken as study area. These two districts cover more than 15 percent of the engineering
colleges (103) in Tamilnadu. This study is restricted to these two districts only.
Universe of the sample
As per AICTE norms engineering courses and student’s intake are taken from each college website.

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Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

Based on that, there are 1125 Professors, 1350 Associate Professors, and 5800 Assistant Professors
working in these two district colleges.
Sample Selection Procedure
Raosoft online sample size calculator is used for sample calculation. Here, accepted margin error is 5%,
and confidence level is 95%. Based on the calculator, 361 Assistant Professors, 324 Associate
Professors, and 287 Professors are used for this study. Random sample method has been applied in this
study to collect the data from the respondents
Analysis and Interpretation
Table No.1 Universe of the population and study sample
Universe of the Study
Designation Margin Error Confidence level %
Sample Sample
Professor 1125 5% 95% 287 29.53
Associate Professor 1350 5% 95% 324 33.33
Assistant Professor 5800 5% 95% 361 37.14
Total 8275 972

Table No.2 Distribution of the study sample

Designation Tiruppur (11) Coimbatore (91) Total (972)

Professor 31 256 287
Associate Professor 35 289 324
Assistant Professor 39 322 361
Total 105 868 972

Table No.3 Qualification and Experience

Experience
Qualification Total
< 5 yrs 5-10 yrs 11-15 yrs 16-20 yrs > 20 yrs
PG 111(73.5) 269(85.1) 134(47.7) 74(64.9) 79(71.8) 667(68.6)
Ph.D 40(26.5) 47(14.9) 147(52.3) 40(35.1) 31(28.2) 305(31.4)
Total 151(100) 316(100) 281(100) 114(100) 110(100) 972(100)
(15.5) (84.5)
Details of the teaching faculty members’ qualification and experiences are shown in the table 3. From
the table we reveal that, nearly 84.5 percent of the respondents have a minimum of five years’
experience in engineering teaching& industry experiences and the remaining 15.5 percent of the faculty
members have less than five years of experience. Chart 10 is expressing the above data.
Teaching faculty member’s frequency of the library visits are classified into daily, weekly once, and
fortnightly.

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 Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

Table No. 4 Gender and Frequency of visits

Frequency of visits
Gender Total
Daily Weekly once Fortnightly
Male 283(50.4) 148(26.4) 130(23.2) 561(100)
Female 283(68.9) 128(31.1) 0 411(100)
Total 566(58.2) 276(28.4) 130(13.4) 972(100)
86.6 13.4
(Figures in parenthesis denote percentage)
Chi-square test = 0.000S.
Gender and frequency of the library visits of the respondents are shown in the table 19. Among the
total sample (972), 58.2 percent of the respondents’ visited the library daily. 28.4 percent of the
respondents are visited weekly once and 13.4 percent of them visited fortnightly. However, 86.6
percent of the total the gender of the respondents and their frequency of library visits. The following
chart 16 expressed the gender of the respondents and their frequency of library visits.
Awareness and use of the e-resources
AICTE recommended e-resources are IEEE, Wiley-Blackwell, ASME, ASCE, McGraw-Hill, Elsevier,
IETE, ASTM, J-Gate, DELNET, ISO, IEI, IETE and NDL. The following table shows the faculties’
educational qualification and their awareness and use of the e-resources.
Table No.5 Qualification and Awareness and use of the e-resources.

IEEE Wiley Blackwell ASME

Aware Aware Aware
Qualification Aware
but Not Aware but Not Aware but Not
and
Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware
Use
Use Use Use
188 309 170 206 257 204 223 165 279
PG
(28.2) (46.3) (25.5) (30.9) (38.5) (30.6) (33.4) (24.7) (41.8)
248 57 192 113 210 95
Ph.D. 0 0 0
(81.3) (18.7) (63) (37) (68.9) (31.1)
436 366 170 398 370 204 433 260 279
Total
(44.9) (37.7) (17.5) (40.9) (38.1) (21) (44.5) (26.7) (28.7)
ASCE McGraw-Hill Elsevier
Aware Aware Aware
Qualification Aware
but Not Aware but Not Aware but Not
and
Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware
Use
Use Use Use
206 255 206 224 217 226 317 127 223
PG
(30.9) (38.2) (30.9) (33.6) (32.5) (33.9) (47.5) (19) (33.4)

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Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

229 76 171 76 58 153 95 57

Ph.D. 0
(75.1) (24.9) (56.1) (24.9) (19) (50.2) (31.1) (18.7)
435 331 206 395 293 284 470 222 280
Total
(44.8) (34.1) (21.2) (40.6) (30.1) (29.2) (48.4) (22.8) (28.8)

IETE ASTM J-GATE

Aware Aware Aware
Qualification Aware
but Not Aware but Not Aware but Not
and
Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware
Use
Use Use Use
262 219 186 261 187 219 200 315 152
PG
(39.3) (32.8) (27.9) (39.1) (28) (32.8) (30) (47.2) (22.8)
210 95 209 96 94 116 95
Ph.D. 0 0
(68.9) (31.1) (68.5) (31.5) (30.8) (38) (31.1)
472 314 186 470 283 219 294 431 247
Total
(48.6) (32.3) (19.1) (48.4) (29.1) (22.5) (30.2) (44.3) (25.4)
DELNET ISO IEI
Aware Aware Aware
Qualification Aware
but Not Aware but Not Aware but Not
and
Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware and Use Don't Aware
Use
Use Use Use
239 208 220 168 350 149 146 244 277
PG
(35.8) (31.2) (33) (25.2) (52.5) (22.3) (21.9) (36.6) (41.5)
154 151 77 151 77 59 162 84
Ph.D. 0
(50.5) (49.5) (25.2) (49.5) (25.2) (19.3) (53.1) (27.5)
393 359 220 245 501 226 205 406 361
Total
(40.4) (36.9) (22.6) (25.2) (51.5) (23.3) (21.1) (41.8) (37.1)
(Figures in parenthesis denote percentage)

IET NDL
Qualification Aware but Aware and Aware but
Aware and Use Not Aware Not Aware
Don't Use Use Don't Use
PG 259(38.8) 208(31.2) 200(30) 313(46.9) 184(27.6) 170(25.5)
Ph.D. 230(75.4) 75(24.6) 0 77(25.2) 76(24.9) 152(49.8)
Total 489(50.3) 283(29.1) 200(20.6) 390(40.1) 260(26.7) 322(33.1)
(Figures in parenthesis denote percentage)

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 Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

Table No.5 describes the respondents’ educational qualification (PG & Ph.D.) and their awareness and
use of the e-resources recommended by the AICTE. It reveals that 28.2 percent of the PG respondents
and 81.3 percent of the PhD respondents are aware and use the IEEE resources. 46.3 percent of the PGs
and 18.7 percent of the PhDs are aware the IEEE resources but don’t use it. 25.5 percent of the PGs not
aware about the IEEE resources. Among the total respondent’s 44.9 percent of them are aware and use
it, 37.7 percent of them aware but don’t use and 17.5 percent of them are not aware about the IEEE
sources. The respondents’ awareness is not the same. Significance is observed between the data.
Faculties’ awareness and use of the Wiley Blackwell is shown in the above table. Among the total
respondents, 40.9 percent of them are aware and use it, 38.1 percent of the respondents are aware but
don’t use and 21 percent of them are not aware of this online source. 30.9 percent of the PGs are aware
and use the Wiley Blackwell online source. 38.5 percent and 3.6 percent of them are aware but don’t
use and not aware. However, 63 percent of the PhD holders are aware and using the resources for their
purpose. 37 percent of them are aware but don’t use it. 44.5 percent of the total respondents are aware
and use the ASME e-resource. 26.7percent of them are aware only but don’t use it. Remaining 28.7
percent of them are not having awareness about this source. 33.4 percent of the PG holders have
awareness and use it. It is doubled (68.9 percent) in the PhD respondents. 24.7 percent of the PGs and
31.1 percent of the PhDs are aware about the ASME sources but not to use it. 41.8 percent of the PG
respondents are not aware of this source.
Among the total respondents (972) 44.8 percent are aware and use the ASCE resources. 34.1 percent of
them are aware but not using it. 21.2 percent of them are not aware about this source. Nearly 31 percent
of the PGs and 75.1 percent of the PhDs have awareness about the ASCE sources and using it. 38.2
percent of the PGs have awareness but not using it. 30.9 percent of the PGs do not have awareness of
ASCE database. 24.9 percent of the PhD have awareness about the ASCE but don’t use it. McGraw-
Hill e-resource level of awareness and its usage of faculties are shown in the table 51. 40.6 percent of
the total respondents are aware about this source and using it for their purposes. 30.1percent of them
have awareness and not using it. 29.2 percent of them are not having awareness about this source.
33.6percent of the PGs are aware and use, 32.5 percent of them are aware but don’t use and 33.9
percent of them are not aware of this e-resource. 56.1 percent of the Ph.D. holder have awareness and
use it. 24.9 percent and 19 percent of the respondents are aware and don’t use and not aware of
McGraw-Hill resources.
Elsevier is one of the most useful databases for engineering and health science. Among the total
respondents (972), 48.4 percent of them aware and use it, 22.8 percent of them have awareness and not
use the database and 28.8 percent of them do not this source awareness. 50 percent of the PhD holders
and 47.5 percent of the PGs have aware and use this database. 31.1 percent of the PhDs and 19 percent
of the PG have awareness and not use it. 33.4 percent of the PGs and 18.7 percent of the PhDs does not
have awareness about this package. Means of the data is not same. IETE online source awareness and
use detail is shown in the above table. Among the total sample (972), 48.6 percent of the respondents
have knowledge about this database and use it for their need. 32.3 percent have awareness but not used
in their purposes. 19.1 percent of them do not have awareness about this source. As compare to PGs
and PhD holder’s awareness and use percent is more (39.3 & 68.9). 32.8 percent of the PGs and

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Anna University e-Resources Consortium: Enhancing Access to Digital Scholarly Resources

31.1precentage of the PhD holders have awareness but not using. 27.9 percent of the PGs do not have
the awareness of this source.
48.4 percent of the total respondents have awareness and use of ASTM sources. 29.1 percent of them
have awareness and don’t use it and 22.5 percent of them do not have aware. Among the PGs 39.1
percent of them aware and use, 28 percent aware but don’t use and 32.8 percent of them do not have
awareness. 38.5 percent of the PhDs have awareness and use the ASTM database and 31.5 percent of
them have aware but not use it.
J-Gate awareness and use detail is shown in the table 51. 30.2 percent of the respondents are aware and
use the J-Gate. 44.3 percent of them have awareness but not in use condition and 25.4 percent of the do
have awareness of this source.30 percent of the PGs and 30.8 percent of the PhD respondents have
awareness and use the J-Gate resources. 47.2 percent and 38 percent of them have awareness but not
use it. 22.8 percent of the PGs and 31.1 percent of the PhD holders do have awareness of the J-Gate
resources. 40.4 percent of the respondents have awareness and use the DELNET gateway for their
information need. 36.9 percent of them have awareness but don’t use it. 22.6 percent of them do not
have aware of this source. 50.5 percent of the PhD respondents have aware and use it. 49.5 percent of
them have awareness but not used. However, 35.8 percent of the PGs have awareness and use it. 31.2
percent & 33 percent of the PGs have awareness and not aware percentages.
ISO awareness detail is shown in the table. Among the PGs 25.2 percent of them aware and use this
source. 52.5 percent of the respondents have awareness but not use. 22.3 percent of them not aware
about the source. Nearer percent of PhD holders are same as to PGs and total respondents. 21.1 percent
of the total respondents have aware and use of the IEI sources. 41.8 percent of the respondents have
aware and not use it. 37.1 percent of them do have awareness about the IEI sources.
Among the PGs 21.9 percent of the respondents have awareness and use skill of the IEI sources. 36.6
percent of the respondents aware and not using the condition and 41.5 percent of them do have the
awareness. 19.3 percent of the PhDs have skill to use awareness, 53.1 percent of them have awareness
and not use it. 27.5 percent of them do not have awareness of IEI sources. Faculties’ awareness about
the IET source is shown in the above table 44.
From the table we reveal that 50.3 percent of the respondents have this source awareness and use for
needs. 29.1 percent of them have awareness only but not use it. 20.6 percent of the respondents do not
have the awareness. Three-fourth of the PhD holders have awareness and use it for their purposes and
one-fourth of them have awareness not used.
However, 38.8 percent of the PGs have awareness and use the resources for their information needs.
33.2 percent and 30 percent of the respondents have awareness and not aware of this source. 46.9
percent of the PGs and 25.2 percent of the PhDs have more awareness and use the national digital
library sources. Aware but not use percent of the PGs and PhD holders are 27.6 and 24.9. Not aware
percent of PGs (25.5) is half of the PhDs (49.8). Among the total respondents 40.1 percent have
awareness and use, 26.7 percent of them aware but not use and 33.1 percent do not have awareness.

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Conclusion
Based on the findings, several suggestions are proposed for enhancing the utilization of online
resources to improve engineering teaching and research in India:
Librarians: Encourage the development of targeted training programs to enhance faculty and student
proficiency in using e-resources. Establish more user-friendly access points and support services to
assist users in navigating and maximizing digital tools.
Engineering Professional Associations: Advocate for the integration of advanced e-resource
utilization into professional development workshops and conferences. Promote best practices and
innovative strategies for leveraging online resources in engineering education and research.
Government: Support initiatives to increase accessibility and affordability of high-quality digital
resources for engineering institutions. Facilitate partnerships between educational institutions and e-
resource providers to ensure a broader reach and effective use of digital tools in academia.
References
1. Allen, S.W. (2009). E-book usage in an academic library: User attitudes and behaviors. Library
Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services, 33, 59-72.
2. Balutagi, S.B., and Kumbar B.D (2017). Use and Impact of e-resources on teaching and research in
Engineering Institutes of Gujarat State. Journal of Information Management and Educational
Technology,(1),47-57.
3. Dhanavandan, S. et.all., (2011).Information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure
facilities in self-financing engineering college libraries in Tamilnadu.Library Philosophy and
Practice.
4. Karin Wikoff, (2012). Electronics Resources Management in the Academic Library a Professional
Guide. California: ABC-CLIO, LLC.
5. J-GATE, Retrieved from http://www.informaticsglobal.com/information-products/j-
gate/&https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_J-Gate
6. DELNET, Retrieved from at http://delnet.nic.in/about-ourselves.htm
7. Institution of Engineers (India),Retrieved fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Institution of
Engineers (India)

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 503
 Digital Collections with OMEKA: A Special Focus on the NGM IR Institutional
Repository
1
Jayabarathi , N. 2Umamageswari, R. and 3 Vijayakumar, S. (Dr.)
1
Librarian, St. Joseph College for women, Tirupur-641604
1& 2
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi-642001
3
Research Guide & Librarian, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi-642001.
Abstract
The responsibilities of traditional librarians have expanded due to the abundance of information
available in various formats, not just print media. Librarians need a platform to collect and store
digital content, manage it efficiently, and ensure that it is easily accessible to users. This article
discusses the research conducted on successful implementations of the open-source OMEKA digital
collection for archiving purposes in the NGM Institutional Repository. It also highlights the features of
OMEKA that contribute to the organization, preservation, and retrieval of content. The authors of this
paper chose OMEKA based on these features. Additionally, the article explores how OMEKA can be a
potential solution for archiving documents, records, and intellectual output of institutions to support
research and improve digital services.
Keywords: Omeka, Open-Source software, Digital Collections, Institutional Repositories.
Introduction
Librarians are known for their ability to multitask and handle various administrative responsibilities.
They wear multiple hats, acting as administrators and academics. In their librarian role, they manage a
wide range of resources such as traditional documents, digital documents, historical records,
photographs, AV collections, web content, and publications. Despite the different types of information,
these all fall under the category of "Information Resources." Librarians and Information Scientists are
responsible for managing these resources in order to benefit their institutions, organizations, and users.
To accomplish this, libraries have started incorporating technology into their operations. However, this
presents a paradoxical situation for libraries, as they need an integrated tool that can support archiving,
content management, digital libraries, and eLearning resource sharing on a single platform. Such a tool
would greatly aid in administration, management, organization, and service delivery.
One of the authors of this paper found themselves in the same paradox and conducted a search for an
open-source solution to their needs. This paper shares their experience with a specific open-source
content management system called OMEKA in the context of the NGM IR Institutional Repository.
The authors conducted a literature study on the use of OMEKA, exploring success stories and case
studies. The aim was to present a project report proposing the development of digital collections to
support the preservation and accessibility of documentation and the institution's intellectual output.
This current study is the result of one of the authors' efforts to identify a suitable open-source tool for
institutional archiving. The evaluation criteria they identified are shared as part of this paper. Omeka is
a web-publishing platform that is free, flexible, and open-source. It is designed for libraries, museums,
archives, and scholarly collections and exhibitions. The word "Omeka" comes from Swahili and means

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 Digital Collections with OMEKA: A Special Focus…

"to display" or "layout wares." In the GLAM sector (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums),
Omeka plays a significant role as a content management system (CMS). The Omeka Team has
identified key priorities for 2023, which include improving interoperability and integration with other
systems in the GLAM domain. One version of Omeka, called Omeka S, aims to enhance data sharing
between Omeka and other GLAM tools. This promotes collaboration and efficiency in managing digital
content. Omeka is widely used for digital exhibits, allowing institutions to showcase their collections
online. It is also used in digital storytelling workshops, serving as an open-source tool for managing
digital objects and creating exhibits or websites. Indiana University Libraries, for example, have used
Omeka to create online exhibits of their digital collections, demonstrating its practicality for
showcasing library collections and faculty publications. Omeka is a crossroads of Web Content
Management, Collections Management, and Archival Digital Collections Systems, providing an
integrated solution for information managers

Figure 1: Technological Ecosystem of Omeka

(Source: Tom. (2010, September 21). Omeka—Omeka and Its Peers. OMEKA)
Features of Omeka
Some of the key features that led one of the authors to consider Omeka for digital information
resources are listed below. These features were evaluated against other open-source options such as
DSpace, EPrints, Greenstone, Invenio, and ORI-OAI. Additionally, Omeka was compared to
commercial options like Mnesys, DigiTool, Yoolib, and CONTENTdm to identify any additional
value-added features.
Software and Architecture
➢ Availability of Software under GNU General Public License as Open-Source Software (given that
the institute of one of the authors has adopted OSS for automation, digital library, institutional
repository, eLearning, and website, this feature carried more weight).

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➢ Ability to accommodate key requirements, including different Web Content Management,

Collections Management, and Archival Digital Collections Systems in an integrated environment.
➢ Documentation for installation, customization, content development, administration, and service
support accessible through the project webpage.
➢ The administration and content development should not require advanced IT skills from project
personnel (basic computer skills expected from library managers).
➢ Platform (Windows & Linux) and device (computer, mobile, tab, etc.) independent. Considerable
user community on discussion forums, lists, and social media platforms.
➢ Ability to handle various file types, including but not limited to images, video, audio, multi-page
documents, PDFs, and PPT.
➢ Unicode support to display characters and symbols properly on any browser.
Designing Components
➢ Adherence to Section 508 compliance in Web Designing and Best Practices.
➢ Adherence to applicable standards and best practices in project templates/designed themes.
➢ Easy modification or rearrangement of components in designed themes or templates.
Opportunity to customize designed themes with API support and documentation
Data Migration
➢ Adherence to data migration standards and support tools such as OAI-PMH, CSV, EAD, Z39.50,
and Zotero importer plugins.
➢ Ability to migrate data individually or in batch mode.
Cataloguing Standards
➢ Compliance with the Dublin Core Metadata Standard (considered core due to its international
recognition and acceptance).
➢ Ability to reuse metadata in multiple exhibits for design and presentation of search results.
Interoperability
➢ Ability to integrate and share data among different content management systems.
➢ Ability to share data on various feeds with international acceptability, such as Atom, DCMES-
XML, JSON, RSS2, CSV, EAD, Zotero, etc..
What is an Institutional Repository?
In simple terms, an institutional repository is an extension of an academic institution’s activities that
supports research and development. It serves to protect intellectual efforts and promote scholarly
communication among users within and outside the institution. The academic excellence of an
institution is reflected in its institutional digital repository, which consists of digital material that is
already hosted, ready to be hosted, analysed, and distributed by the institution.

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 Digital Collections with OMEKA: A Special Focus…

This repository is a purely intellectual endeavour of students, research scholars, and faculty, and is
accessible to users within and outside the institution, albeit with some restrictions. In essence, an
institutional repository encompasses the following characteristics.
➢ It involves web content management, including storage and hosting.
➢ It contains data that is valuable for research and development activities within the institution.
➢ It is explored, operable, and controllable in its operations.
➢ It provides subject-based current information.
Institutional Repository Contents
These repositories help manage academic and research activities more effectively and transparently. An
institutional repository is an archive of intellectual work produced by faculty, research scholars, and
students, which is accessible to users. Typically, an institutional repository contains the following:
➢ Papers presented by institutional members
➢ Journal articles published in journals
➢ Textbooks and reference books in digital format
➢ Papers submitted to national and international conferences
➢ Faculty members' handouts
➢ Student project works
➢ M.Phil. and Ph.D. theses submitted by institutional member
➢ Video lectures and photographs
Benefits of Institutional Repositories
Maintaining institutional repositories (IRs) offers numerous benefits for institutions. IRs enable easy
retrieval of various types of information. By organizing and storing scholarly documents in a single
accessible location, IRs allow everyone within the institution to access them. In addition to these
benefits, IRs provide the following advantages:
➢ Exposure to academic institutions in their research and developmental activities
➢ Improved reputation and recognition for institutions through subject-specific organization of IRs
➢ Clear analysis of the information stored in IRs and Measurement of the institution's research and
teaching activities through usage reports of IRs
➢ Possibility for interdisciplinary research and Support for students in their endeavours
➢ Increased visibility of research findings and Long-term preservation of research papers
➢ Consolidation of institutional research, which may be scattered across different departments, into
one location
➢ Promotion of collaborative research, leading to a higher likelihood of securing grants for projects
➢ Enhancement of knowledge management and Potential for providing value-added services.

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Digital Collections with OMEKA: A Special Focus…

NGM IR (Intuitional Repository)

The NGM IR Institutional Repository for the Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalinagam College, managed by
NGM Libraries, contains the products of the research, scholarly, and creative pursuits of NGM faculty,
staff, and students, as well as digital text-based archival materials of previous year Questions Papers
and E-Books.
Faculty and Staff Scholarship:
➢ Articles and conference papers
➢ Books and book chapters

Figure 1: NGM IR Collection Tree

Conferences
➢ Schedules and proceedings for conferences hosted by NGM College
EBooks
➢ Open Publishing and open access books free download books
Previews Year Question Paper
➢ Previews Year Question Paper from 2019-2024

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Conclusion
OMEKA plays a vital role in institutional repositories by enabling the management and presentation of
digital collections, adapting to the ever-changing digital landscape. With the increasing importance of
digital libraries, OMEKA supports fast and efficient access to resources, meeting the needs of digital
natives who demand quick retrieval and consumption of information. This conceptual paper presents a
case study on the Omeka-based digital collection of the NGM College Institutional Repository. The
authors aim to share the key features and software, both Open Source and Commercial that were
considered in this study for the benefit of professionals. It is evident that this case study can be further
expanded upon, with a more detailed exploration of digital collections in libraries as valuable
information resources.
Reference
1. Brey, A. (2021). Digital art history in 2021. *History Compass, 19*(8), e12678.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12678
2. Cobo-Serrano, S., Arquero-Avilés, R., & Marco-Cuenca, G. (2022). Accessibility and
dissemination of the cultural heritage in a museum library: Case study in the National
Archaeological Museum (Spain). *LIBER Quarterly: The Journal of the Association of European
Research Libraries, 32*(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.53377/lq.12100
3. Depko, T. (2021). Sherman Centre launches McMaster-tailored digital curation platform |
McMaster University Library. *McMaster University Library*.
https://library.mcmaster.ca/news/sherman-centre-launchesmcmaster-tailored-digital-curation-
platform
4. Dutta, A., & Mukhopadhyay, P. (2022). Towards unified retrieval system for GLAM institutions in
India: Designing a prototype for biblio-cultural information space. *ALIS, 69*(1).
http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/59420
5. Hardesty, J. (2014). Exhibiting library collections online: Omeka in context. *New Library World,
115*, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1108/NLW-01-2014-0013
6. Morello, S. (2021, March 22). Choosing the right platform for your digital archive. *GC Digital
Fellows*. https://digitalfellows.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2021/03/22/choosing-the-right-platform-for-
your-digital-archive/
7. Rosen, H., Grogg, J., & orcid: 0000-0001-6804-7073, & orcid: 0000-0001-5136-4507. (2021).
LYRASIS 2021 open source software report: Understanding the landscape of open source software
support in American libraries. *LYRASIS*. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12669/97
8. Siddell, K. (2018). Documenting student life: Using Omeka to connect students to the university
archives. *Codex, 4*(4), 48–61.
9. Tom. (2010, September 21). Omeka—Omeka and its peers. *OMEKA*.
https://omeka.org/news/2010/09/21/omeka-and-peers/

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 509
 A Molecular Docking Approach through Library Resources: Exploring
Anti-Mycobacterial Activity by Intermolecular Interactions Between Small
Molecules and Target Enzyme
1
Kalaivani, P. 2Sivashankari, S. and 3Prabhakaran, R.
1
Assistant Professor, Depart of Chemistry, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore
2
Associate Professor, Depart of Bioinformatics Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore.
3
Associate Professor, Depart of Chemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore.
Abstract
Molecular docking, a computational technique helps in understanding interactions at the molecular
level and is used extensively in drug design and discovery. In this research, Library Resources played
an important role, using Chemical Libraries small molecules used for virtual screening against enoyl-
ACP reductase target and optimizing potential drug candidates was found. From the data Library,
information on molecular structures, binding affinities, target- small molecules interactions were
inferred. Data libraries such as the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and ligand databases like ACD Lab’s
Chemsketch and PASS server provide essential information for accurate docking simulations.
Literature surveys on research papers, articles, and reviews from Scientific Literature provided
background information on target protein, known ligands (2-chloroquinoline based
thiosemicarbazones -Q1-Q4), and previous docking studies. This information helps in setting up
docking simulations and interpreting results of the current research. Research library’s resources and
computational Resources like PyMOL and Ligplot Software and Tools accessed for molecular docking.
In this study, we explored various library resources to find the intermolecular interactions between
small molecules (Q1-Q4) and enoyl-ACP reductase target.
Keywords: Molecular docking, library resources, enoyl-ACP reductase, PyMOL, LigPlot,
anti-mycobacterial activity.
Introduction
Molecular docking is an essential computational technique in drug discovery which predicts the
binding affinity and orientation of small molecules to target enzymes. This approach relies mainly on
the integration of diverse library resources to enhance its efficacy. Chemical libraries provide a vast
array of compounds for virtual screening, enabling the identification of potential drug candidates
through docking simulations. Data libraries, including databases of protein structures and ligand
properties, supply information necessary for accurate docking predictions and validation. Additionally,
scientific literature offers insights into molecular interactions and methodologies that refine docking
protocols. The efficient use of these resources not only accelerates the discovery process but also
improves the accuracy of molecular docking results, thereby facilitating the development of novel
therapeutics. Using molecular docking techniques through library resources, we assessed the binding
affinity and interaction patterns of the small molecules, (Q1-Q4) with enoyl-ACP reductase which is an
essential enzyme in bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. The docking simulations were performed using
PyMOL, LigPlot for visualization and Autodock Tools (ADT) 1.5.6 for detailed Molecular Docking

510 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 A Molecular Docking Approach Through Library Resources…

interaction analysis. The obtained results revealed significant binding interactions, showing that these
compounds exhibit potential anti-mycobacterial activity.
Methodology
The chemical structures for the compound molecules were created in Mol format using ACD Lab’s
Chemsketch (www.ACDlabs.com). The created Mol files were evaluated for their biological activity
using Prediction of Activity Spectral for biologically active Substances (PASS) server.2 The
synthesized organic compounds were assessed for compliance with Lipinski’s rule.3. The receptor for
the docking was retrieved from Protein Data Bank.4
Molecular Docking was performed using Autodock Tools (ADT) 1.5.65 Preparation of Receptor and
Compound files, Preparation of Grid and Dock Parameter files, docking and molecular Interactions
Visualization using PyMOL and Ligplot by employing reported method6
Results
All the four synthesized small molecules showed anti-mycobacterial activity and hence, all the
compounds were docked against the drug targetenoyl ACP reductase from M.tuberculosis7 (Table 1).
The substrate binding residue for the drug target is Tyrosine 158 which was identified from Uniprot
entry P9WGR1 and the structure of the drug target was retrieved from PDB (1BVR)8
Table 1.Predicted Pharmacological Activity of the Compounds
Compound Pa Pi Activity
Q1 0.821 0.004 Antimycobacterial
Q2 0.568 0.004 Antimycobacterial
Q3 0.677 0.006 Antimycobacterial
Q4 0.806 0.004 Antimycobacterial

All the four compounds complied with Lipinski’s rule of 5 and there were no violations revealing their
high drug likeliness. The docking results of enoyl ACP reductase from M.tuberculosiswith the
compounds Q1,Q2,Q3 and Q4 shows that the binding energies are -6.6 kcal/mol, -6.34 kcal/mol, -6.65
kcal/mol and -7.68 kcal/mol respectively.
All synthesized compounds showed better affinity with the drug target than the standard drug Isoniazid.
The IC50 values for the compounds Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4were 14.63, 22.36, 13.39 and 2.39 respectively
which is much lower than Isoniazid.
Compounds Q1 and Q2 formed 2 hydrogen bonds with the target and Q4 formed 1 hydrogen bond with
Tyrosine 158 which is the substrate binding residue. Hence, among the four compounds, Q4, 2-
Chloroquinoline-3-carboxaldehyde-4(N)-phenyl substituted thiosemicarbazone has higher efficiency as
an anti-mycobacterial agent since, it forms Hydrogen bond with the Substrate binding residue.

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A Molecular Docking Approach Through Library Resources…

Q1 Q2

Q3 Q4
Fig. 1. Interactions between compounds (Q1-Q4) and Enoyl ACP reductase

Fig.2. Interactions between Isoniazid and Enoyl ACP reductase

512 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 A Molecular Docking Approach Through Library Resources…

Conclusion
In this research, diverse Library Resources like Chemical Libraries, Data Library Scientific Literature
and Research library’s resources played a pivotal role. Using these virtual screening against target,
information on molecular structures, binding affinities, target- small molecules interactions for
molecular docking were inferred and small molecules Q1-Q4 used for and optimizing potential drug
candidates against the drug target enoyl ACP reductase from M.tuberculosis. The substrate binding
residue for the drug target is Tyrosine 158. The docking simulations were performed using PyMOL for
visualization and LigPlot for detailed interaction analysis. The docking results of enoyl ACP reductase
from M.tuberculosiswith the compounds Q1- Q4 showed better affinity with the drug target than the
standard drug Isoniazid. The IC50 values for the compounds Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were 14.63, 22.36,
13.39 and 2.39 respectively which is much lower than Isoniazid. Among the four compounds, Q4 has
higher efficiency as an anti-mycobacterial agent since, it forms Hydrogen bond with the Substrate
binding residue.
References
1. Berman H.M., Westbrook J., Feng Z., Gilliland G., Bhat T.N., Weissig H., ShindyalovI N., Bourne
P.E. (2000),The Protein Data Bank Nucleic Acids Research, 28: 235-242.
2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. (2002)
30(1):4125.
3. Filimonov D.A., Lagunin A.A., Gloriozova T.A., Rudik A.V., Druzhilovskii D.S., Pogodin P.V.,
Poroikov V.V. (2014). Prediction of the biological activity spectra of organic compounds using the
PASS online web resource. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, 50 (3), 444-457.
4. Justeena Rose. B., Ranjani M., Kalaivani P., Prabusankar G., Werner Kaminsky, Prabhakaran
R. (2024). Novel 5-(2-chloro-quinolin-3-yl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-ylamines and their copper(II)
metallates: Preparation, spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, nucleic acid/albumin binding, DNA
cleavage and in vitro cytotoxicity, Inorganica Chimica Acta, 570, 122170.
5. Laskowski R A, Swindells M B (2011). LigPlot+: multiple compound-protein interaction diagrams
for drug discovery. J. Chem. Inf. Model., 51, 2778-2786.
6. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (2001). "Experimental and computational
approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development
settings". Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 46 (1–3): 3–26.
7. Morris, G. M., Huey, R., Lindstrom, W., Sanner, M. F., Belew, R. K., Goodsell, D. S. and Olson,
A. J. (2009) Autodock4 and AutoDockTools4: automated docking with selective receptor
flexibility. (2009) J. Computational Chemistry, 16: 2785-91.

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 The Evolution of Communication: A Journey from Signs to Web and Beyond
Venkata Rao, D. (Dr.)
Lecturer in Library Science, Jawahar Bharati Degree College, Kavali, SPSR Nellore
Abstract
The transmission of information has passed several stages during history. It started with signs, sounds
and actions. With the invention of script, it entered a new phase and underwent a great change in the
form of book (print) and codex (form). Then came the digital era necessitating a digital society, digital
library, digital librarian and digital users. Finally came the Web revolution which engulfed the whole
world and ‘web’ became World Wide Web (WWW). Especially it made a great impact on business and
education. A day may come when transmission of communication may be done from mind to mind. Now
it may appear to be a fantasy just as our ancestors did not believe that the earth is round and that in
future a scrap of currency paper will be more valuable than gold and silver. Further research in Robos
and AI may make anything possible.
Keywords: World Wide Web, Library Website, Digital Revolution – Emergence of Web and WWW,
Digital Society, Web and Future.
Introduction
Man has been transmitting or collecting information right from his infancy. It started with hazy sounds
and journeyed through cries, smiles and frowns. Later, the transmission was done through signs and
body movements. Some of these are found in the animal and bird kingdoms, also with a difference.
The progress became quicker with the invention of languages. Transmission was done through clay
plates, inscriptions and parchments. The invention of printing has led to momentous changes through
making transmission voluminous and worldwide. Knowledge has reached even the poor people and the
distant doors.
On top of these changes came the digital age (Cassettes and CD ROM).Knowledge became not only
voluminous and speedy but also covered all types trades, needs and professions. Moreover each field
has developed its own languages, jargon and technical terms. On top of all these, the web has put a
crown.
Web which was magnified into World Wide Web (W.W.W) has brought a great revolution in the field
of information universally. It has made great strides in the field of storage, retrieval and dissemination
of informationwith greater speed and economy. Its tentacles have spread so far and wide that it has
become omnipresent and omnipotent. Naturally, it has made a tremendous progress in the field of
library science also. It has assumed such importance that material can be made, scattered and shared
with a tremendous speed and in less time.
Web-detailed
In former times, business depended on things like newspaper ads, mouth to mouth information and the
like to reach the customer. But the digital revolution has metamorphosed the whole system of

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communication (posting or receiving). But today the web site has almost eclipsed all the other systems
or communication.
A website is a place on the internet where one can post or receive information on a gigantic scale and
with the fastest speed. You may receive information from the web of others and create your own web.
It may be in units called web pages depending upon the matter involved.
Prof. Bistricer compared the web system to a market place. In a market there are several rooms allotted
to different goods. The web also is like the market place, but the rooms in a market place are here
called pages (web pages). Several web pages are called a website. Three important points may be
noted here.
➢ If the area of the web is confined to a small area it is called WEB simply. If its application is
universal, it is World Wide Web (W.W.W).
➢ Several webs may be connected online making it a gigantic operation of information.
➢ The services may be used round the clock for all kinds of causes and purposes.
The Creation and Working of WEB
The web may be used for different purposes. It may be on a limited scale or a wide domain. Whatever
may be such differences, a web site has to be created with a clear idea about the following points
making the system fool proof.
Clarity of purpose, name of the domain which acts as digital address, web hosting which serves to host
our files, addition of page content, attractive brand identity and. above all, preparation of a checklist
before launching a website.
The working of web is as follows. At the beginning we send our command to the system. It is received
by what are called ‘Trees’ which are behind and which are not seen by the users. They receive the
keywords from us and send the required Webpages to the front for display. Depending upon his
purpose, the user may download the required information, images, songs etc. Similarly, the user may
use the process for uploading too.
To access a web site, users simply need a device with a web browser like laptops, smart phones or
tablets along with an internet connection.
Web and its Uses
The arena of information has roughly 2 phases. They are
➢ Manual stage where every work is done with the hands.
➢ Digital stage where the process is almost mechanized and consists of gadgets like C.D., Pen drive
etc.
The phase which we are now passing through consists of transmission on line. Of course, we can have
print copies also in this system if required.
➢ The Web system has several uses.

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➢ The web reaches every nook and corner of the world. It spreads beyond the local community thus
making it global or universal.
➢ A website enhances one’s brand identity. In the case of business, it enhances the brand identity and
showcases one’s products or services. This increases the customer base.
➢ Those who wish to attract more people or customers make themselves visible on Google.
➢ It is the web that enables us to understand the internet. The internet is a technology connected by
computers and it facilitates information sharing. The browsers that the web uses for this purpose
are GoogleChrome, InternetExplorer, Microsoft Edge Safali and the like. In fact, the domain name
is the digital address.
➢ Whether to share knowledge, sell on line, communicate with others, learn something new or
‘simply have fun ‘the website serves a variety of purposes.
Libraries have great relevance with respect to the web system. The chief services are through
➢ Digital Library Services
➢ Internet Library Services
➢ Electronic Library Services
In times of subdued activity as during the pandemic, users depend on the web services to satisfy their
needs for information.
Web service has a great role to play in a different direction. During the website operation, the website
builds a long and strong credible relationship. It is no wonder that the present generation depends more
and more on e-journals, e-books, and electronic databases. Moreover, library websites provide access to
online catalogues and electric databases. The are many information networks like DELNET,
INTERNET, CHLIBNET, BONET, MALIBNET, and DESINET AND BTISNET.
Websites are useful in both forms – static and dynamic. Static websites are like a printed brochure. The
matter is pre-written and remains constant unless otherwise edited. On the other side, dynamic website
is stored in databases. Webpages are generated by server-side scripts like PHP and Python. In times of
epidemic disaster (pandemic situation) all physical communication was almost stopped. It is the library
services that became active on the internet.
Web services extend knowledge to all depending upon their needs. Moreover, they offer services to
teachers, students and researchers. The web services remain extended to all people and without any
type of human distinctions.
In short, “a strong online presence is a prerequisite for brand recognition, lead generation and operating
a successful venture, both on and off line”.
Web and the Librarian
The role of a librarian is fast changing in the modern world. Unless he copes up with the modern
onslaughts of technology, he becomes backdated and useless for a society that is making increasing
demands day by day.

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The modern librarian has to be an expert with respect to the web and other e-resources. He should be
thorough with his job. He should be a skilled person thoroughly acquainted with digitization, storage of
knowledge, access and digital mining including archives. As Prof. Balakrishnan observes, the librarian
in the digital world should be a guardian of information and a vehicle to preserve democratic access to
information.
The librarian should also offer consultancy services to the myriad users navigating through web
documents that span the local as well as the global library. He has a special role in bringing the users,
especially students to the modern gadgets of digitalization.
The work of a librarian is not the work of a clerk. He has a pivotal role in the organization of the
library. With a winning personality, he has to attract the users and make them develop good habits and
culture. He should use the library as a laboratory where he shapes not only the students but also the
members of the society as a whole.
Thus, the librarian has a pivotal role in educational institutions where the present generation is turned
into an advanced society in the transmission and receipt of latest information. As Prof. Chudamani and
Sandhya put it, a digital library requires a digital librarian. He has to be more specialized, more
technical and better equipped to provide high-tech services.
It should be noted that web-based library and information services are not just a technology, but a ‘state
of mind’. If the library is a temple, the librarian should be a knowledgeable and committed priest.
Web and the Library
Information and communication technology has revolutionized every walk of life including the arena of
libraries. Advances in computer applications have radically changed the ways of gathering, storing,
organizing, accessing, retrieving and consuming information. The sources of information changed from
primitive sources, print sources, digital sources and finally to the web sources. “The library website is
the reflection image of the library”. Hence the library has to switch over to what is differently known as
web-based services, Digital library services, internet library services and electronic library services.
They have to access information from libraries such OPAC, Gateways, Portals, Electronic Journals, and
online Databases. If should be noted that already Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 (Semantic) technologies are
playing very important role in the field of libraries. Dependence on the library alone ‘does not satisfy’
the needs of modern users. If we do not want to be lagging behind in the dissemination of information
we should have a digital library, digit librarian and digited users.
At present there are 3 types with respect to the digital facilities.
➢ Rural libraries which shift to the new web system very slowly.
➢ Semi-urban libraries which are not fully digitalized.
➢ Libraries which have some satisfactory development specially in metropolitan and city areas.
To a great extent they are free from such impediments like lack of funds, inadequate transmission
facilities and diehard people who oppose every innovation and who are mentally glued to the past
systems.

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Libraries have to cross over several impediments like financial constraints, inadequate communication,
lack of equipment, lack of collaboration and co-ordination efforts, lack of proper efforts of resource
sharing and non-standardization of operational procedures.
But whatever may be the problems or impediments, the shift to web and other such systems has become
inevitable in modern times. We should get rid of budgetary constraints, information deluge and
managerial apathy of both government and management. We should bridge the gap between
information and dissemination. We should be aware of information of technology and the modern
needs. Libraries should ‘satisfy’ the users with its myriad services. They should also provide
programmes such as ‘Ask-A-Librarian’ which connect the users to individuals who possess specialized
knowledge and skill. Unless we attend to these aspects, we remain obsolete. It is said that a nation that
reads is a nation that leads. In the same way, a nation which fails to pick up the modern technology,
whatever may be the reasons, will lag behind forever. It is a funny situation where even small vendors
in the market place refer to Google and other such sources for information. If we donot hasten in this
regard, we will be like Robert Walpole, who was the British Prime Minister about four centuries ago
who said ‘Let sleeping dogs lie’
Web- Its Problems or Hurdles
The use of webs has become inevitable in modern times with varying degrees. The emphasis today is
shifted from print and digital media to web medium. New technical skills are required for coping with
the flow of voluminous units of information. We have to cross all types of hurdles including
geographical barriers to be abreast of times.
1. There are economic barriers especially in backward or developing countries like India which have to
face the problem of low availability of capital. This is more so where there are financial constraints or
where foreign exchange of currency is involved.
2. There are psychological barriers. There are people who always oppose innovation either due to
sentiment or due to ignorance.
3. There are political barriers. Frequent changes in governmental policies and lack of a fixed policy
hamper the quick development of the web system.
4. Non-availability of skilled workers is another hurdle. The problem is more glaring in the country
side.
5. There are certain infra-structure barriers. Some of them are: unreliable power supply, poor telephone
services, inadequate postal facilities and burdensome restrictions of the customs department.
Moreover, we have to be very careful about other loopholes and drawbacks. Even respectable websites
such as WIKIPEDIA contain erroneous or incomplete information.
However, the web age has come to stay. All agencies like private managements, governments and the
librarians in the educational institutions have toad opt the modern technology and march forward. They
should understand that a society which lags behind in this respect lags behind on the road to
progressnationally and internationally.

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Conclusion and Web’s Future

The internet is invading every sphere of life. There are websites seen everywhere for different causes
and purposes. Webs are creating a digital environment capable of delivering information quickly and
voluminously. They promote interaction between people and places. In the Hundu Puranas, Hiranya
Kasipa asks his son Prahlada where Lord Narayana can be seen. Simplifying the answer, Prahlada says
that He is everywhere manifesting now and then depending on the need and circumstances. The same
may be said about web. In modern life web has become an indispensable tool for various purposes.
Web has today become omnipresent and omnipotent. It is useful to various types of tasks, various
types of people and various professions. In the digital age, even the street vendor of vegetables or
goods is using the smart phone for preparing the bills. Some of the manifestations of the web are
miraculous. Our forefathers would not have believed if some of their contemporaries told them about
wonders like flying in the sky, seeing the inner parts of the body through X-ray, replacement of eyes or
hearts, conquering the moon and darting our looks at the other planets like Moon and Mars. The web is
still marching forward making it an inevitable part of our lives. It may reach the stage of Krutha Yuga
when people sent information to the others through the mind. Already, the Robos and AI have added
momentous dimensions to our progress in this regard. Some people sincerely believe that mankind will
unfurl this stage also. It is not impossible if we remember that Abimanyu learned about ‘padmavyuha’
while his father was explaining it to his wife Subhadra who was then conceiving her son. This
conquest of sound, they believe, would certainly lead to the conquest of mind. It is said that man has
used only 10% of his mental capacity and is likely to do wonders with the rest of 90%. We are
standing on the shoulders of Darwin and Newton. The knowledge of Mendel (Biologist) and the
theories of Hawkins (Physicist) are at our back. The subject of telepathy is almost reaching the status
of a science. The Robos and the AI are making great leaps right under our nose. Hence the process of
mind transmission of knowledge is neither an unreasonable fantasy nor a scientific superstition. Many
hypotheses which were supposed to be fantasies were realized in the past after some time, may be
decades or even centuries. So also, in a sprawling universe that is supposed to be endless, where
distances are calculated in terms of light-years and where human life is limited to one hundred years,
the concept of mind transmission may be taken seriously and researched into. In the words of our
elders anything may happen any time. The horse may fly and the fish may speak. ‘Divya Drushti’
(knowing what is happening elsewhere through the mental-eye) may be proved to be a realizable
proposition. Our next generation will surely know what is hidden in the womb of future.
References
1. Bhatnagar, Anjana. (2005). “Web-Based Library Services.” Retrieved from
https://ir.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/ir/bitstream/1944/1418/1/58.pdf
2. Dictionary of Computer Terms (2010).Computech Publications
3. Ruaia, C Vanlal (2015).”Web Technology based Open Distance Learning in Higher Education.”
Journal of Library and Information and Information Technology, 11(1).pp.1-12.

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4. ALi, K.S. et al. (2018).”Web-based Library and Information Services in the Libraries of the
Institutions of National Importance in India: A study with Reference to Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.” Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 8 (3).pp45-51.
5. BorpatraGohain, Anurag, (2019). “Usage of Library websites in promoting Academic Library
services: A survey with special reference to the selected college Libraries of Upper Assam.”
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 2655. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2655
6. Johnson, Sheeba and Ramasamy, K. (2021). “Library Services through Library Websites.”
Emperor International Journal of Library and Information Technology Research, 1 (5).pp. 22-28.
7. Mandrekar, Bala and Rodrigues, Maya Carvalho e (2021). “Importance of Web Based Services
During the Pandemic: A Critical Analysis of the Content of College Library Website.” Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 5304. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5304
8. Rouse, Margaret (2024). Website. Retrieved from
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5411/website
9. What is a Website? (2024). geeksforgeeks. Retrieved from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-
a-website/
10. Bistricer, Rachel (2024). What is a website? Definition + examples. Retrieved from
https://www.wix.com/blog/what-is-a-website

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 Exploring Jamovi: An Open-Source Solution for Statistical Analysis
1
Madhan Prabhu, S. 2Unnikrishnan, S. and 3Prakash, M.
1
Assistant Librarian, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore
2
Library Assistant, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore
3
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
Abstract
Jamovi is open-source statistical software that provides a user-friendly platform for data analysis,
designed to meet the needs of both novice and experienced researchers. As a free alternative to
proprietary tools like SPSS and SAS, Jamovi combines accessibility with robust statistical capabilities.
Built on the R programming language, it offers a comprehensive range of statistical methods, from
basic t-tests to advanced regression and Bayesian models. Jamovi's intuitive spreadsheet interface,
combined with real-time updates and seamless data management, simplifies complex analyses, while
ensuring reproducibility by saving all data, analyses, and results in a single file. The platform’s
flexibility is further enhanced by community-driven extensibility, allowing users to contribute custom
modules. Security and data privacy are prioritized through self-contained desktop applications,
minimal internet connectivity, and encrypted password management. This paper explores Jamovi’s key
features, its role in supporting reproducible research, and the advantages it offers in comparison to
other statistical software, while addressing its challenges and limitations. Jamovi stands as a
transformative tool in the open-source landscape, democratizing access to statistical analysis and
fostering collaboration within the scientific community.
Keywords: Open-source software, Statistical analysis, Jamovi, Data privacy
Introduction
The importance of open-source software for statisticians is profound, particularly in the context of
economic constraints and the need for accessible research tools. Open-source statistical software
provides a cost-effective solution, allowing researchers to conduct sophisticated analyses without the
financial burden associated with proprietary options like SPSS and SAS. This accessibility fosters a
more inclusive research environment, enabling a wider range of scholars, including those in
underfunded institutions or developing regions, to engage in data-driven research. Among the notable
open-source statistical tools are JASP, SOFA, GNU PSPP, and Jamovi, each offering unique features
tailored to various analytical needs. Jamovi stands apart by combining a user-friendly interface with the
powerful capabilities of the R programming language, making it particularly appealing for both novice
and experienced statisticians. Its seamless integration with R allows users to leverage advanced
statistical techniques while maintaining an intuitive, spreadsheet-like experience, thus bridging the gap
between complex statistical methodologies and practical application in research.
Review of Literature
Şahin and Aybek (2019) explored the fundamental features of Jamovi, an open-source statistical
software, aiming to introduce it as a practical tool for social scientists, particularly in the field of
educational measurement. The objective of their study was to familiarize academics with Jamovi's

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capabilities for undergraduate and graduate-level research. The authors presented an in-depth overview
of the software’s R-based interface and integrated development environment, highlighting its ease of
use across various platforms, including GNU/Linux, Windows, and MacOS. Methodologically, the
report includes screenshots and explanations of frequently conducted statistical analyses, demonstrating
how to perform meta-analyses and Bayesian statistics using Jamovi’s module support. The study also
illustrates how users can extend Jamovi’s functionality by developing custom modules. Şahin and
Aybek’s findings emphasize the versatility and accessibility of Jamovi, underscoring its potential to
enhance statistical analysis in educational research through a user-friendly, open-source platform.
Bartlett and Charles (2022) examined the critical role of power analysis in research design,
particularly its importance in justifying sample sizes. Their study aimed to offer a beginner-friendly
tutorial on how to conduct a priori and sensitivity power analyses using Jamovi. The authors noted that,
despite its significance, power analysis is frequently overlooked or reported inadequately, with many
studies failings to justify the smallest effect size of interest or lacking sufficient details for
reproducibility. Their methodology included tutorials on power analysis for both independent and
dependent samples, helping readers address key questions like, "How many participants do I need to
detect a given effect size?" and "What effect sizes can I detect with a given sample size?" They
emphasized the reflective aspect of power analysis during the research planning stage, aiming to align
inferential goals with available resources. The findings indicate that by the end of the tutorial, users will
have a firm grasp of power analysis basics and the ability to apply these concepts to more complex
statistical models. Additionally, the study offered further resources for exploring power analysis across
various research designs.
Open-Source Software and Its Role in Statistical Analysis
Open-source statistical software has emerged as a powerful alternative to proprietary solutions, offering
numerous benefits to researchers and analysts. These freely available tools provide access to a wide
range of statistical methods and techniques, enabling users to conduct complex analyses without the
burden of licensing fees or vendor lock-in. One of the primary advantages of open-source statistical
software is its accessibility. By making the source code available for modification and distribution,
these tools foster a collaborative environment where users can contribute, share, and learn from each
other. This community-driven development ensures that the software remains relevant, up-to-date, and
tailored to the needs of the scientific community. In contrast to proprietary software, which often comes
with a hefty price tag and limited customization options, open-source solutions offer a more flexible
and cost-effective approach to statistical analysis. Users can modify the code to suit their specific
requirements, integrate it with other systems, and benefit from the collective expertise of the open-
source community. The importance of open-source statistical software in scientific research cannot be
overstated. By providing researchers with powerful analytical tools at no cost, these platforms
democratize access to data analysis and encourage more researchers to engage in data-driven discovery.
This accessibility is particularly crucial in fields where funding is limited or where researchers are
located in resource-constrained regions. Moreover, the transparency inherent in open-source software
aligns well with the principles of reproducible research. By making the code and data publicly
available, researchers can ensure that their findings are verifiable and that the analytical process is open

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to scrutiny, ultimately strengthening the credibility and integrity of scientific research. In conclusion,
open-source statistical software has revolutionized the way researchers approach data analysis. By
offering a cost-effective, customizable, and collaborative alternative to proprietary solutions, these tools
have democratized access to statistical analysis and fostered a more transparent and inclusive scientific
community. As the volume and complexity of data continue to grow, the role of open-source statistical
software in driving scientific progress will only become more crucial.
Overview of Jamovi
Jamovi is an innovative "third generation" statistical spreadsheet designed to simplify the complexities
of data analysis, making it an attractive alternative to expensive proprietary software like SPSS and
SAS. Built on the R programming language, Jamovi leverages the extensive capabilities of the
statistical community, providing users with access to a wide range of statistical tools while also
generating R code for analyses. As an open-source platform, Jamovi embodies the values of
accessibility and collaboration, ensuring that it remains free for all users and is developed by the
scientific community for the scientific community. Its intuitive spreadsheet interface allows for easy
data entry and automatic updates of analyses with any changes made, facilitating a seamless analytical
experience. With robust features for conducting various statistical tests, including ANOVA, linear
regression, and Bayesian models, Jamovi is well-positioned to support researchers in their quest for
high-quality, reproducible statistical analysis.
Key Features of Jamovi
➢ Ease of Use: Jamovi offers a highly intuitive, user-friendly interface that requires minimal coding
skills, making it accessible to both beginners and seasoned researchers. Its graphical features and
drag-and-drop functions ensure that users can perform complex analyses with ease, reducing the
learning curve associated with statistical software.
➢ Comprehensive Statistical Methods: Jamovi supports a wide range of statistical analyses, from
basic tests like t-tests and ANOVA to more complex models such as regression and factor analysis.
Whether you need parametric, non-parametric, or multivariate techniques, Jamovi caters to diverse
statistical needs in various fields.
➢ Customizability: One of Jamovi’s standout features is its integration with R, which allows users
to extend its capabilities via additional modules. This feature makes it flexible for those who wish
to create customized analyses or leverage R's vast ecosystem of statistical libraries.
➢ Reproducibility: Jamovi is designed with reproducibility in mind. It automatically saves your
data, analysis options, and results in a single file, ensuring that you can share and reload your
analyses without missing any context, making collaboration and review seamless.
➢ Data Management: Jamovi offers robust data management features, enabling users to import and
export data in common formats such as CSV and Excel. Its ability to handle multiple file types
ensures smooth transitions across various stages of data collection and analysis.
➢ Real-Time Updates: Jamovi instantly reflects changes in data within the analysis outputs,
providing users with immediate feedback. This real-time feature ensures that researchers can make
adjustments quickly and see the effect of those changes instantly, improving workflow efficiency.

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Community Support and Extensibility

Jamovi thrives on its strong community involvement, with users and researchers actively contributing
to its development through forums, blogs, and the module system. Comprehensive resources such as
tutorials, guides, and forums are readily available, making it easy for both beginners and advanced
users to learn and explore the software. The module system empowers users to expand Jamovi's
functionality by adding custom analyses, encouraging contributions from a global community of
researchers. This open-source nature ensures that Jamovi remains a dynamic and evolving tool,
supported by a diverse group of statisticians and developers worldwide.
Security and Data Privacy in Jamovi
It places a strong emphasis on data privacy and security, ensuring that users can confidently work with
sensitive or large datasets. The desktop version of Jamovi is self-contained, meaning that all data
remains on the user’s device and is not transmitted externally, except for minimal internet connections
used for updates or browsing the module library. Jamovi doesn’t store identifying information or full IP
addresses, further safeguarding user privacy. Additionally, password security is enhanced through one-
way hash encryption, and users have control over opt-in preferences for community-driven
communications. This design makes Jamovi a secure choice for handling confidential statistical data.
Advantages of Using Jamovi
Jamovi offers several key advantages, making it a strong contender among statistical software. Its user-
friendly interface and intuitive design allow users to easily input, analyze, and interpret data without the
steep learning curve often associated with tools like SPSS or R, making it ideal for beginners and
seasoned researchers alike. Jamovi also supports reproducible research by saving data, analyses, and
results within a single file, ensuring that research workflows can be easily shared and replicated.
Additionally, Jamovi provides extensive documentation, including tutorials, user guides, and a vibrant
community forum, which ensures continuous learning and support. These features make Jamovi a
highly accessible, reliable, and flexible tool for statistical analysis.
Challenges and Limitations
Despite its many advantages, Jamovi faces several challenges and limitations that users should be
aware of. One significant hurdle is the learning curve associated with mastering its more advanced
features, which may pose difficulties for users transitioning from simpler statistical methods.
Additionally, while Jamovi supports a variety of statistical techniques, it may not offer the same
breadth of advanced options found in established proprietary software, potentially limiting its appeal
for users requiring complex analyses. The reliance on community contributions for updates and bug
fixes can also introduce risks, as the pace of development is dependent on volunteer efforts, which may
lead to inconsistencies in software performance. Furthermore, some users may encounter technical
issues, such as error messages at startup, particularly on Windows systems or Chromebooks, which can
complicate the user experience. For those facing such challenges, utilizing the cloud version of Jamovi
is recommended, as it mitigates many compatibility issues and provides a more stable platform for
statistical analysis.

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 Exploring Jamovi: An Open-Source Solution for Statistical Analysis

Conclusion
Jamovi provides a robust and user-friendly platform for statistical analysis, making it an essential tool
for both researchers and educators. Its benefits, such as quick calculations, a wide range of statistical
methods, and a flexible interface, enable users to perform complex analyses easily. As Jamovi gains
popularity in academic environments, it has the potential to greatly influence the future of statistical
research and teaching by creating a more inclusive and accessible space for data analysis. Supporting
and developing open-source tools like Jamovi is vital for enhancing the capabilities of the academic
and professional community, ensuring that high-quality statistical software is available to everyone,
regardless of financial limitations. By fostering collaboration and innovation, Jamovi showcases the
transformative impact of open-source solutions in the field of statistics.
References
1. Şahin, M., &Aybek, E. (2019). “Jamovi: easy to use statistical software for the social scientists.”
International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 6(4), 670-692.
2. Bartlett, J. E., & Charles, S. J. (2022). “Power to the People: A Beginner’s Tutorial to Power
Analysis using jamovi”. Meta-Psychology, 6.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 525
 Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System for Libraries
Connecting Resources with Readers
1
Josseena Jose, and 2Mercy Lydia, D. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore
2
Librarian i/c, Central Library, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore
Abstract
This paper presents a model of book recommendation system that uses a hybrid method combining
content-based and collaborative filtering techniques, further refined by Jaccard similarity. The goal of
the system is to deliver personalized book suggestions by merging individual user preferences with
insights from the broader user community. Content-based filtering assesses book characteristics like
genre, star ratings, and the number of times a book has been taken to generate recommendations based
on how well these attributes align with users previous reading habits. Concurrently, collaborative
filtering uses user interaction data to detect patterns and preferences among similar users, providing
recommendations based on these shared interests. The Jaccard similarity metric is applied to measure
how similar books are, enhancing the precision and relevance of recommendations. By integrating the
advantages of both filtering methods with a comprehensive similarity measure, this hybrid model aims
to enrich the user experience in discovering new books.
Keywords: Book recommendation System, Content-based filtering, Collaborative filtering, Library,
Information retrieval
Introduction
The librarians are playing a vital role in connecting the readers with the resources. When a user/
knowledge seeker comes to library in pursuit of wisdom, but couldn’t find the book and is gazing at the
towering shelves of books in the library, his/her determination wavers on seeing the collection. Despite
his/her thirst for knowledge, remains unquenched amidst the overwhelming volumes. This is not an
isolated story but was the experience of many who visit the library. A library is not merely a collection
of books; in this digital era but it is meant to provide seamless services to every individual who steps
into this sacred space. Therefore, assisting visitors and guiding them toward the right selection of books
should be a top priority. Long gone are the days when libraries operated with manual registers. Also in
the past, traditional recommendation systems relied on people personally recommending books to one
another. In this digital era, a promising solution has emerged to address the struggles in navigating vast
collections. The answer lies in the implementation of a hybrid book recommendation system, Biblio-
Nexus.
Objectives of the Study
➢ Create an intuitive and engaging user interface that simplifies the discovery of new books and
enhances user interaction with recommendations.

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 Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System…

➢ Integrate content-based and collaborative filtering methods to utilize the strengths of both
approaches, resulting in a more robust recommendation system.
➢ Tackle the cold start problem by implementing strategies to effectively recommend books to new
users and to incorporate new titles into the system, even when data is limited.
➢ Develop methods to personalize book recommendations based on individual user profiles,
preferences, and reading habits.
Problem Statement
Develop a recommender system that leverages book metadata such as author, genre, star ratings, and
the number of times a book has been taken in order to identify similarities between books and users,
effectively addressing the cold start problem and ensuring relevant recommendations even for new
users.
Literature Review
The usage of book recommendation systems is becoming increasingly important in today’s fast-paced
world as it helps users to discover new books that match their interests or reading preferences. The
review of related research works is discussed as follows. Parthasarathy Govindarajan and Shanmugam
Sathiya Devi (2002) introduce a hybrid recommendation system that combines collaborative filtering
with content-based filtering. Collaborative filtering utilizes the behavior and preferences of similar
users to recommend books, while content-based filtering focuses on the attributes of books. But the
problem is that the methodology used suffers from data sparsity issues, which can impact the quality of
recommendations. Mikolov (2013) introduced the word embedding approach using neural networks to
capture word semantics within a fixed-size context window. A challenge in assessing the semantic
similarity of short texts is transitioning from word-level semantics to semantics at the short-text level.
Isinkaye, et al. (2015) have provided different types of prediction techniques in recommendation
systems. Collaborative Filtering technique consider user behavior in the form of ratings, but it does not
handle cold start problem. Noor Ifada et al. (2019) leverages the strengths of keyword-based
probabilistic inference to refine user preferences and improve recommendation accuracy. By
incorporating probabilistic keyword analysis, the system can better understand the context and
semantics of book content, thereby providing more accurate and relevant recommendations. But this
method also faces the problem of cold start problem. Jayaram, et al. (2022) presents a recommendation
system focusing on personalized book suggestions based on user reading histories and preferences. It
analyzes user interactions and recommend books that match their reading habits and interests. Anoop
and Ayush Nagaraj (2020) address the limitations of traditional recommendation systems, such as
scalability and computational constraints by utilizing cloud computing infrastructure. But it does not
handle the cold start problem. Anil Kumar and Sonal Chawla (2024) proposes a hybrid approach that
integrates sentiment analysis with collaborative filtering. By analyzing user reviews and sentiments
expressed in book reviews, the system refines the recommendations based on both user preferences and
emotional feedback. But accurate sentiment analysis can be challenging, particularly in dealing with
ambiguous or mixed sentiments in user reviews. Anil Paudel(2023) explores a hybrid recommendation
system that combines various matrix factorization techniques.

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Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System…

The hybrid approach integrates multiple matrix factorization strategies to enhance the system’s ability
to capture complex user preferences and improve recommendation quality. Although hybrid methods
help, matrix factorization approaches face cold start problem. Magesh et al (2024) suggested an
approach that leverages user behavior data, book metadata, and advanced learning algorithms to
enhance the relevance of recommendations, but it fails in handling data sparsity. Monika verma and
Pawan Kumar Patnaik (2024) in their research presents a book recommendation system for college
libraries that leverages an optimized Hidden Markov Model (HMM) combined with a weighted fuzzy
ranking approach. The optimization technique applied enhances the performance of the
recommendation system by adjusting the weights to better reflect user interests and book relevancy.
But the model is very complex to implement and computationally intensive due to the optimization of
HMM and fuzzy logic.
Proposed Book Recommendation System
A book recommendation system serves as a powerful marketing tool, designed to enhance the visibility
and usage of books by connecting them with their ideal readers. By analyzing user preferences and
reading habits, these systems tailor suggestions to individual tastes, thereby encouraging more frequent
engagement with a diverse range of titles. Every book has its reader, and while some are widely read,
others may receive less attention. As librarians, our goal is to maximize the usage of all books in our
collection.
To achieve this, we can leverage recommendation systems to highlight underutilized books, promote
hidden gems, and ensure that every title finds its reader. By strategically recommending books based on
users past behaviors and preferences, we not only increase circulation but also foster a richer reading
culture within the library.
Techniques Used in Book Recommendation System
There are several approaches used in creating a book recommendation system and I have identified
three common approaches for this project. Depending on our goals and the data have any of the
following techniques can be adopted:
Content-Based Filtering:
This method suggests books that are similar to those a user has previously liked. It relies on attributes
such as book genres, authors, and descriptions to identify similarities.
Collaborative Filtering:
This approach relies on user interactions and preferences. It can be user-based (finding similar users) or
item-based (finding similar items).
For instance, if users who liked “The Da Vinci Code” also liked “Angels & Demons,” the system
would recommend “Angels & Demons” to someone who liked “The Da Vinci Code.”
Hybrid Systems:
Combining both content-based and collaborative filtering can often yield better results. This method
leverages the strengths of both approaches to provide more accurate recommendations.

528 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System…

Integrating content-based and collaborative filtering methods can significantly enhance the
recommendation system in designing an intuitive and engaging user interface for discovering new book
and an attractive layout for the ease of navigation. Personalized elements, such as a "Recommended for
You" section, can help users quickly find books aligned with their tastes.By combining Content-based
filtering and Collaborative filtering approaches, the system can leverage both individual user
preferences and the collective wisdom of the user community. For instance, a hybrid recommendation
engine might use content-based filtering to suggest books with similar attributes to those a user has read
and liked, while collaborative filtering could refine these suggestions based on what similar users are
also enjoying.
Biblio-Nexus
Biblio Nexus is a hybrid book recommendation system that combines content-based and collaborative
filtering methods to deliver more accurate and personalized book suggestions. Collaborative filtering
generates recommendations based on the behaviors and preferences of similar users, operating on the
principle that if two users have shared tastes in the past, they are likely to continue having similar
preferences in the future. In contrast, content-based filtering recommends items based on the
characteristics of the items themselves and the user's preferences, focusing on how well the features of
the items align with what the user has previously enjoyed.
The Biblio Nexus system begins by gathering user preferences, ratings, and other relevant data.
Content-based filtering analyzes book features such as genre, ratings, and circulation frequency to
suggest books similar to those a user has liked before. It starts with extracting features from the books
and creating user profiles based on their interactions. Cosine similarity is then applied to compare these
features and identify similar books, calculated using the formula:
{Cosine Similarity (A, B)} = \frac{A \cdot B}{\|A\|\|B\|}
The architecture of the Biblio Nexus system employs both content-based and collaborative filtering,
enhanced by Jaccard similarity.
In the next phase, collaborative filtering is utilized to make recommendations based on the preferences
of similar users rather than the attributes of the books. This involves creating a User-Item Matrix,
where rows represent users and columns represent books, indicating whether a user liked a specific
book. Jaccard similarity helps identify similar users by calculating the ratio of users who interacted
with both items to the total number of users who interacted with either item, determined by the formula:
{Jaccard Similarity (A, B)} = \frac{|A \cup B|}{|A \cap B|}
To enhance the recommendation process, the system integrates both content-based and collaborative
filtering methods. Content-based filtering generates a list of similar books based on their features, while
collaborative filtering provides suggestions based on user similarities. The results from both methods
are combined to recommend the top N books to each user. By integrating these approaches with
Jaccard similarity, the system offers more accurate and personalized book recommendations,
addressing both individual preferences and user behaviors.

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Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System…

Challenges in Implementing Recommendation System

Most of the recommendation systems often face the cold start problem, which occurs when there is
insufficient data to generate accurate recommendations.
Cold Start Problem: The cold start problem is one of the major challenges faced by recommendation
systems when they lack sufficient data to make accurate recommendations. This problem typically
occurs in three main contexts:
➢ New Users: When a new user joins the system, there is little to no historical data on their
preferences or behavior. As a result, the system struggles to provide personalized recommendations
because it has limited information about the user's tastes and interests.
➢ New book: When a new book, is introduced into the system, there is limited data about its
popularity or relevance. This makes it difficult for the recommendation engine to suggest the new
item effectively since it lacks user interactions and feedback.
➢ New Systems: When a recommendation system is first launched, it starts with minimal data on
users and items, making it challenging to deliver relevant recommendations until it accumulates
enough interactions and feedback.
To mitigate the cold start problem, systems often use strategies such as leveraging metadata, collecting
initial user preferences, and employing hybrid recommendation approaches that combine various
methods to infer user interests or item relevance.When a new user joins the system without any prior
preferences or when a new item is introduced without historical interaction data, we need to combine
content-based and collaborative filtering methods to address this issue which could be highly effective.
Content-based filtering helps tackle the cold start problem for both new users and new items by
leveraging attributes and profile information to provide initial recommendations. As users interact with
the system and more data accumulates, collaborative filtering can enhance recommendations by
identifying patterns and similarities between users. This hybrid approach ensures that while content-
based methods offer a useful starting point, collaborative filtering refines and personalizes
recommendations over time, leading to more accurate suggestions.
Conclusion
This paper represents a sincere effort to create a Book Recommendation system which enhances the
efficiency by identifying the inefficiencies affecting the library and the difficulties faced by the users. A
systemic solution with a robust technological foundation is proposed, namely collaborative filtering,
which addresses these challenges at an institutional level. The effectiveness of this model, however, is
heavily reliant on the individuals who manage and administer it. The model's performance can be
continually refined by training it with new datasets. Additional variables can be introduced to increase
the accuracy of its predictions. Fully understanding a user, however, remains a challenging goal. Since
individuals are inherently social beings, their preferences evolve with their social circumstances,
ideological inclinations, technical backgrounds, and unique personal attributes. When a system fails to
meet its objectives, those involved often seek viable solutions to improve it. Therefore, this paper aims
to lay the groundwork for further research, enabling a deeper understanding of users by contributing an
ideal book recommendation system which satisfies reading experience of each user. Thus, the proposed

530 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Biblio-Nexus: A Personalized Book Recommendation System…

book recommendation system would provide a seamless and engaging user experience that facilitates
personalized recommendations based on the user profiles, preferences and reading habits which
satisfied the reading experience of each user.
References
1. Govindarajan, P., & Sathiya Devi, S. (2002). Hybrid recommendation system combining
collaborative filtering and content-based filtering. Journal of Computer Science and Technology,
12(4), 150-160.
2. Mikolov, T. (2013). Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1301.3781, 2013
3. F.O. Isinkaye, Y.O Flolajimi, and B.A Ojokoh. Recommendation systems: Principles, methods and
evaluation. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 16(3):261 – 273, 2015
4. Noor Ifada, A., Ali, S., & Ibrahim, M. (2019). Keyword-based probabilistic inference for
improving recommendation accuracy. Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 20(2), 89-105.
5. Jayaram, S., Choudhury, M., & Ramachandran, A. (2022). Personalized book recommendation
system based on user reading histories. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,
24(1), 35-50.
6. Anoop, R., & Nagaraj, A. (2020). Leveraging cloud computing for scalable book recommendation
systems. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology
and Science (CloudCom 2020), 345-352.
7. Kumar, A., & Chawla, S. (2024). Enhancing recommendation systems with sentiment analysis and
collaborative filtering. Journal of Computational Intelligence, 33(3), 211-225.
8. Paudel, A.(2023). A hybrid recommendation system using matrix factorization techniques. Journal
of Machine Learning and Data Mining, 17(2), 67-84.
9. Magesh, S., Prakash, S., & Karthik, R. (2024). Advanced learning algorithms for book
recommendation: Addressing data sparsity and relevance. International Journal of Computer
Applications, 45(4), 77-92.
10. Verma, M., & Patnaik, P. K. (2024). Optimized Hidden Markov Model and weighted fuzzy ranking
for college library book recommendation. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on
Data Science and Machine Learning (DSML 2024), 123-130.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 531
Impact on e-Resources Usages in Academic Library Environment and Sustainability
1
Annavarapu Mallikarjuna, (Dr.) and 2Kumara Swamy Reddy Kothapati, (Dr.)
1Librarian, B V Raju Institute of Technology, Narsapur, Medak District, Telangana-502313,
2
Librarian, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Tirupati.
Abstract
Electronic resources, sometimes referred to as electronic information resources, are referred to as
"e-resources". Any information source that can be accessed electronically via the library is considered
an electronic resource. In order to give you free access to a range of electronic
information resources, which the library has either made available as open source collections or paid
for subscriptions to. To better serve their patrons' needs, libraries are constantly adding electronic
materials to their collection. Electronic books, journals, magazines, newspapers, reference materials,
e-theses, and dissertations are some examples of these resources. These materials are all digitally kept
on computers in "online databases." The ideal uses for these online resources are those that improve
user quality and academic achievement.
Keywords: e-Resources, e-Databases, e-Books, Electronic Resources, e- Journals, e-digital library,
Academic Libraries, Library Environment, e-Zine, e-Newspapers, e-Consortia, DBMS
Introduction
In every educational institution's the library is the central hub, which is responsible for compiling the
print and digital information resources required for effective teaching, learning, and research. The
primary goal of academic libraries is to support the academic community by offering sites for
information available to educators, researchers, and students. The advancement of computer and
network technology is changing the face of education and displacing traditional physical settings for
teaching and learning with digital ones.
These days, academic libraries contain electronic resources (e-resources) that can be stored, retrieved,
and sent as needed in addition to collections of printed books and journals. The library ought to have an
adequate number of resources for instruction, research, and learning available. Online materials offer
imaginative Computers can be used at any moment to read the contents of e-resources. There is always
a need for e-books, and new editions can be easily downloaded.
Objectives of the Study
• To know how electronic resources affect scholarly writing in academic environment

• To understand the many kinds of electronic resources available in academic libraries.

• The ability to utilize digital libraries' electronic resources in academic libraries

• To study and understand the benefits of electronic resources in comparison to conventional sources
of information.

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Review of the Literature

Kaur and Verma (2009) demonstrate that each user category is expert in understanding and making
use of digital resources. The results indicate that a large number of people have begun keeping
electronic journals. Users are more likely to use computer centers and hostels than libraries to access
electronic resources.
Ansari and Zuberi (2010) explored how University of Karachi professors used electronic resources.
They found that although most respondents had little knowledge of electronic resources, they did have
access to computers. Skills that enabled them to use them more easily. This is hardly a promising
discovery. The poll indicates that lecturing and research are done with electronic resources. The poll
also revealed that inadequate training and network issues are impeding users. All of the respondents
said they were extremely satisfied, if not completely satisfied, with the resources in their library.
Gururaj S. Hadagali et al. (2012) looked on the use of electronic resources by postgraduate students
from several Karnataka State universities. Online resources are perceived by the user as being more
beneficial than printed ones. Most respondents to the study looked up bibliographic data found in
libraries. The primary problem that the library's users faced was that they couldn't access electronic
items because there were no computers or internet connections. It is challenging to use library resources
effectively as a result.
B. Partap & Manju (2021) found that over 90% of the students at Chandigarh College of Architecture
were aware of the use of technical resources, according to a survey has been done in 2021. The
majority of respondents to the study reported having trouble utilizing these internet-based services.
e-Resources in Academic Libraries: Academic libraries have brought together technology, research
assistance, and information resources in new and creative ways. Taking up the idea of an information
commons, or a hub with computers, various information resources, and assistance from people, some
have reorganized their physical area and altered their offerings to meet the new obligations. Even
though they may have certain similarities and similar goals, academic institutions' information
commons have been staffed, supported, and designed in different ways. The library plays an important
role in providing essential services to academic libraries by carefully choosing and arranging
information resources to assist the institution's research, education, and extension programs.
Review of e-Resources
A resource that may be accessed digitally or electronically is called an electronic resource. Electronic
resources are abundant in academic libraries. The most important part of the resource section is this
one. These days, quality has taken the place of quantity in library holdings. Quality and the kinds of
library collections are directly related since quality depends on the needs of the users. A comprehensive
collection of well-organized information on one or more subject areas is called an electronic database.
It is possible to search and retrieve contents from an electronic database. Among the contents are books
available online, journal articles, newspaper pieces, book reviews, conference proceedings, etc. E-
databases are usually updated daily, weekly, monthly, semi-annually, or annually.

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Impact on e-Resources usages in Academic Library Environment and Sustainability

Kinds of e-Resources in Academic Libraries

(a) e-Books: An electronic book is a digital publication that consists of text and images that can be
viewed on computers and other digital devices. E-readers, often known as e-book readers, are
specialized hardware gadgets used to read electronic books. For educators in academia, Electronic
books are a very useful tool for many people, including students. On their mobile devices,
consumers can read books thanks to e-book reader software. Because e-books provide features like
search functionality, citation capabilities, links to linked websites, and the ability to share books
with other users, people tend to prefer them. For a predetermined period of time, users can
download e-books from the library catalogue to their e-readers; after that, the books are
automatically returned.
(b) e-Journals: Academic communication, reviews, and research pieces are regularly published in an
electronic publication that makes use of a digital library. A broad definition of electronic journals
would encompass any digital serial publication such as online journals, magazines, e-zines,
webzine, newsletters, or others. publishing. E-journals are generally a useful tool for academics. E-
journals impact not only other parties but also writers, publishers, and libraries. As a result, the
majority of users in today's world anticipate quick and reliable information from libraries and
information centers. Electronically available journals make it easy, quick, accurate, and remote to
retrieve material from them. Electronic journals hold too much value to be left out of specialized
and academic library collections. It is the duty of librarians and other library staff to provide clients
with access facility to the user community.
(c) Dissertations & Thesis: These days, dissertations and e-thesis are quite useful resources for
compiling a large amount of information on a certain subject. This is an extremely useful tool for
its users, who are primarily scholars. Additionally, it helps library patrons select their area of
interest and reduces the amount of research that is done again. endeavors. Because these may be
searched subject-wise, the reference staff's efforts are significantly reduced.
(d) e-Zine: E-Zines, sometimes called Web-Zines, are online magazines that are disseminated over the
Internet. It represents electronic magazines. This kind of material is stored on a server and is
available over a network of computers. This digital magazine could be released on the internet
using public networks or bulletin board systems. The main advantage of downloading magazines
online is that readers can make comments for the authors of a particular article at any time and
from any location.
(e) e-Newspapers: An electronic newspaper is a self-sufficient, reusable, reloadable version of a print
newspaper that collects and electronically stores material. The e-newspapers are updated daily by
the editorial boards of the corresponding periodicals and might include text, audio, or video
material. In the past, the news of the day might have arrived in the mail the following day, but with
the advancement of technology, the world has become much smaller and anyone with internet
connection can readily access an e-newspaper. Because this kind of publication is automatically
updated, the editor can publish any noteworthy news stories at any moment for readers to read and
download.
(f) e-Reference books: Rather than being read through from cover to cover, reference sources are
frequently consulted for precise information. The abundance of online reference books ensures that

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 Impact on e-Resources usages in Academic Library Environment and Sustainability

information is always available when needed. These pieces employ a technique of instructional
inscription. A collection of Contributors who operate under the supervision of one or more editors
are considered entity authors rather than the original sources of a number of accumulating
reference books. Academic libraries expand their services to accommodate the needs of new
students as their expectations evolve. by using computer capabilities to enhance study and research
and by developing electronic reference books that replicate the characteristics and functionalities of
traditional books.
(g) e-Consortia facility: Consortia: As a result of the information explosion, librarians are finding it
more difficult to satisfy the expanding information needs of their users. All of this information is
not available in print or any other format at any library. media because of budgetary limitations.
Because they are more cost-effective, librarians are organizing into consortiums to pool resources.
The CSIR, FORSA, IIM Library, INDEST, and UGC-INFONET e-journal consortiums are a few
of the consortia that support different kinds of Indian institutions.
(h) e-Databases: Internet repositories A digital document management system is called a database. A
database must have the functionality to gather, receive, and modify data. There are two categories
of databases: operational databases and analytical databases. Materials from digital libraries'
databases have a significant impact on promoting a research culture in higher education. Digital
databases can be used to better comprehend planning, user information needs, research
productivity, and intellectual development. Database administration generates top-notch academic
activities by assessing how well users use database resources and do research. It is an informational
compilation set up such that a computer program can quickly choose the relevant data. There are
significant similarities between electronic filing systems and databases.
Advantages & Disadvantages of e-Resources
➢ Problems and Challenges with Using e-Resources: Searching for pertinent information, taking a
long time to view, not being accessible at all, experiencing difficulty using digital resources, having
limited computer access, and other issues are some of the challenges and problems that come with
using the facilities required to access E-Resources. being pressed for time, infected computers, etc.
Libraries offer resources pertaining to information technology. The presence of these materials in
libraries may incentivize patrons, particularly students, to use electronic journals more often.
Certain libraries still lack the computerized classrooms required for patrons to use technology.
➢ Benefits of Electronic Information: Compared to traditional print resources, electronic
information has a number of benefits. These benefits include quick access to e-resources, ease of
use, speedy e-print access, and e-archive access. Individuals who having access to modern
electronic information sources can take advantage of these advantages when conducting research.
kinds of electronic resources that are often used by users to gather, store, and arrange digital data.
In addition to encouraging collaborative efforts to distribute and preserve the resources allocated to
computing, research, and communication networks, this will promote the effective and reasonably
priced transmission of information to all users, enabling many users to access a single source of
information. One can easily locate materials on the internet. The user can locate these with ease.
These materials can be kept in large quantities.

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➢ Tips for utilizing electronic resources: Spreading the word about utilizing e-books and e-journals
to obtain current information is crucial. Making the required preparations is essential in order to
obtain access to additional full-text papers relevant to their fields of study. Boost the number of
PCs, quicken the speed of the internet connection, and ask the supplier to supply an easily readable
journal format. It would be really helpful if the library could offer WiFi. The OPAC and the
institution website provide users with access to all of the online databases within the library. All
online database news should be accessible through the college website, and it should be updated
often. Workers with IT knowledge are required to help customers in the online library. To locate an
approachable course that instructs and acquaints participants.
Conclusion
The use of electronic resources has paved the way for the development of several new technological
strategies and instruments. Research using electronic resources is becoming more and more important.
Individuals taking part in the respondents to the study expressed their pleasure and optimism for future
advancements, and they thought that resources would have a beneficial effect. Nearly every element of
contemporary education and learning systems, including how people interact, communicate, and
exchange information, have altered as a result of e-resources' validity, ability to help users search for
research, and ability to facilitate the development and reuse of materials. People engage, converse, and
exchange information. Even though it took many years for librarians to achieve their aim of completely
integrated online digital gateways, digital libraries are currently undergoing a metamorphosis.
References
1. Asid, B.A., (2021). The experience of Western Mindanao State University with Online Library
Services: Opportunities and Challenges in the New Normal. Fihris: Journal of Information
Preservation and Sharing, 16(2), 155.
2. Biradar, B. S., and Maruthi, G. (2017). Faculty members at Kuvempu University's first-grade
colleges make use of information resources. Academic Research and Development: An
International Journal, 2(5), 49–56. The Academic Journal Online
3. C. Sharma (2009). A case study on the use and effects of e-resources at Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University in India. 10(1), 1–11, The Electronic Journal of Academic and Special
Librarianship.
4. Jayarama, age eighteen K. G. Naik (2020). Use of Library Resources and Services by the PG
Students: A Case Study of Bangalore University Library, Bengaluru. International Journal of
Library Science Research, 6 (2), 142. 10.26761/ijrls.6.2.2020.1343.
5. Mallaiah, T. Y., and Lewis, F. (2014). An analysis of how engineering college libraries in the
Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts use information resources is presented. The Library and
Information Studies Annals.
6. Manju, M., and Partap, B. (2021). A Study on e-Resource Awareness and Usage at Chandigarh
College of Architecture, Chandigarh, India. Philosophy and Practice of Libraries, June 20, 2021.

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7. Munira Nasreen Ansari & B. A. Zuberi (2010). The University of Karachi's academic staff uses
electronic resources. Philosophy & Practice of Libraries, June
8. Sasikala, C., Gowridevi, R., and K. Ramakrishna (2016). The availability and utilization of KL
University's library and information resources and services in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Philosophy and Practice of Libraries, 2016 (1).
9. Udupa, A. L. and Shenoy, A. K. (2011). Students' use of the library's resources in a medical
school. 5(4), 818–821, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.
10. User-oriented access to information efforts in Nigerian university libraries, Gbaje and Okojie V.
(2010). Libraries in Nigeria 44(1):33–56.
11. Varadaraju, N. (2017). 17. A case study on the use of library resources and services by faculty
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Study. 29(2), 67–73, in the DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology.The DOI is
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 Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)
1
Prameeta Sharma 2Chandrashekara, M (Dr.) and 3Vedant Kumar Singh
1
Assistant Professor, PG and Research DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore.
2
Professor, DOS in Library and Information Science, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka.
3
Library Information Assistant, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory diseases, Ministry of
Health and Family welfare, New Delhi.
Abstract
This paper illustrates thespecifically Meta AI (Llama) in the context of Library. The primary aim of this
study is to know the Meta AI chatbot function. A rich review of literature finds the gap and usefulness
of the research in present time on the thrust area. The specific objectives have been set forth for
achieving the required test of the capability and functionality of the Meta AI (Llama) available on
WhatsApp. A Use Case method is used to explore the extent of MetaAI propagation as of now and to
illustrate uses and the related limitations of the prevalent large language models (LLMs) have been
discussed related to basic query on library its operation, service and management. The study focusses
on Artificial Intelligence, a cutting-edge technologyand its exploitation in real -time particularly in
education sector to serve the teaching learning community. The conclusion is drawn based on the result
and discussion derived after the Use case method on a sequence of actions performed by the systems to
yield observable result of value to a particular user.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Meta AI, Machine Learning, Large Language Model, Llama.
Introduction
Theinvention of wheel and the industrial revolution has evolved the way we seek information in our
day-to-day life. More precisely, in the context of teaching and learning it has exploded with variety and
volume of smart devices to the end user at their disposal. In the present era of industry 4.0, Internet of
Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Big data Analytics, Natural Language
Processing (NLP) has added velocity in research in every business organization in general and
particularly in education sector. The Machine Learning Driven future of learning mandates Education
4.0 inclusion in the process of teaching and learning from the initial stage. In the language of
commerce, the present customers are born digital, playing with technology and it is a necessity to have
technology driven environment in the society for their growth. Artificial Intelligence in its varied forms
has already penetrated in the arena of our learning work and play.
Teubner, T., et al. (2023) discussed “Notably, AI-powered language tools have emerged on top of
LLMs and are helping to improve productivity in a variety of ways. For instance, AI-powered writing
tools are designed to take the burden off writers by automating tedious tasks such as proofreading and
grammar checking. They can suggest corrections and alternative phrasing, thereby saving time and
improving quality”. However, such tools extend beyond the realm of ordinary text, reaching into the
world of computer code as manifested, for instance, by GitHub Copilot (Copilot 2023). OpenAI’s GPT-
3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is a premier LLM and can handle a wide range of natural
language processing tasks without the any need of finetuning. Its largest variant features 175 billion

538 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

parameters and has been trained on 570 GB of a wide range of text data, including books, press articles,
Wikipedia, blogs, and other web content (300 billion words in total; Brown et al. 2020; Hughes 2023).
This cutting-edge technology now demands its exploitation at our disposal in real -time in all spheres
and particularly in education sector. The term Virtual Assistants, Meta -AI, Chatbots, AI Assistants are
all synonymous and need the exploration for the full-fledged application and serving as a useful
assistant in time management in mundane activities.
Objective of the Study
The following are the objectives set forth for the study:
➢ To know the Meta AI Chatbot functionality.
➢ To find the usefulness of Meta AI at present.
➢ To explore the extent of Meta AIpropagation as of now.
➢ To Illustrate Meta AI uses and its limitations.
Literature Review
Li et al.(2023) explored the “the large language model meta-AI (LLaMA) using a large dataset of
100,000 patient-doctor dialogues sourced from a widely used online medical consultation
platform,significantly improved the model's ability to understand patient needs and provide informed
advice. Teubner,et al. (2023) discussed the “significant advancement in NLP is the emergence of
LLMs, which are constructed using the transformer architecture. These models combine large-scale
architectures with huge amounts of textual training data. This scaling up has allowed LLMs to
understand and generate text at a level comparable to that of humans.
Bartnecket al. (2021) discussed the different definitions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and explored on
how machines learn and how a robot works in general, the associated limitations of AI have been
studied and also the influence of media on the preconceptions of AI had been inquired. Baduge et al.
(2022) explored about the “Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning in building
and construction industry 4.0” and presents a unique perspective on application of AI/DL/ML in these
domains, discussed challenges in model development and strategies to overcome these challenges were
also elaborated and future trends in these domains and possible research avenues were also
presented.According to Ghosh and Thirugnanam (2021) they opined “Artificial intelligence as a mimic
of the human behavior, replicating human intelligence, solving knowledge-intensive tasks, building
machines, which can perform tasks that require human intelligence.”
Methodology
The study is exploratory and ideation is iterative to see different results by simple general to specific
keywords in the form of prompts were used to check the understanding level of Meta AI, without any
sentence framing and proper connectors or sentence in the information retrieval from the Meta AI
Assistant available on WhatsApp. The result was checked based on thequery extension and the
intension of the content received.

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Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The Scope of the study is under the boundaries of exploring the threshold of the Meta AI Chatbot
which is available on WhatsApp as an AI Assistant. The present study is exploratory and limited only
to the need-based types of questions and search prompts/queries tailored by the researcher and the AI
Assistant answer in that regard, fulfilling the use of Meta AI use over other Chatbots.
Meta AI - Use Case Study
The use cases are a tested methodologies and processes to review and analyze the systems and software
functionalities based on a sequence of actions performed by the systems to yield observable result of
value to a particular user. It is a description of the ways in which a user interacts with a system or
product. It helps to create the success scenarios, the failure scenarios, or any critical variations or
exceptions in the function.

Figure 1. Meta Ai Interface on WhatsApp

Meta AI Chatbot functionality: In general, from human intelligence perspective

Prompt: Hi -as a friend to check the friendliness of the machines in approach like human
Meta AI: Hi there! It's nice to meet you. Is there something I can help you with or would you like to
chat?
Prompt: yes – to check its acceptability for further conversation
Meta AI: I'd be happy to chat with you. How's your Sunday going so far? Got any fun plans or
relaxation on the agenda? Or if you'd like, we could talk about something specific that's on your mind.
I'm all ears! Well, all text, actually.
Prompt: Sapientia Library – to check the approach of general answering technique
Meta AI:You're looking for information about the Sapientia Library, which is part of the Nirmala
College in Coimbatore. Here are some details: - Sapientia Library is the central library of Nirmala
College for Women, located in the heart of the campus.The library has a vast collection of books,
journals, and other resources across various disciplines, including arts, science, commerce, and more. It

540 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

also provides access to digital resources, including e-books, online journals, and databases. The library
has a spacious reading hall, reference section, and a circulation counter.It's open on weekdays from
8:30 AM to 5:00 PM (subject to change).

Usefulness of Meta AI: In general, from research perspective

Prompt:Can you suggest some authentic sources of information for research in LibraryScience
Meta AI:Here are some authentic sources of information for research in Library Science:
1. Journals:
➢ Library Quarterly (University of Chicago Press)
➢ Library and Information Science Research (Elsevier)
➢ Journal of the Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)
2. Online databases:
➢ Library Literature & Information Science Full Text (EBSCO)
➢ Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) (ProQuest)
➢ Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics)
3. Books and book series:
➢ Advances in Library Administration and Organization (Emerald Publishing)
➢ Library and Information Science Series (Routledge)
4. Conference proceedings:
➢ American Library Association (ALA) Annual Conference Proceedings
➢ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Conference Proceedings
5. Government reports and data:
➢ Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)
➢ National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
6. Theses and dissertations:
➢ ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global
➢ Open Access Library and Information Science Theses and Dissertations (OCLC)
7. Professional associations and organizations:
➢ American Library Association (ALA)
➢ Special Libraries Association (SLA)
➢ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)
Prompt: Information Sources for research on Nano Technology

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Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

Meta AI: Here are some information sources for research on Nanotechnology:
1. Academic Journals:
➢ Nano Letters (American Chemical Society)
➢ Nano Today (Elsevier)
➢ Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (American Scientific Publishers)
2. Online Databases:
➢ ScienceDirect (Elsevier)
➢ IEEE Xplore (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
➢ Nanotechnology Database (Elsevier)
3. Government Reports:
➢ National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
➢ National Science Foundation (NSF)
4. Patents:
➢ United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
➢ European Patent Office (EPO)
5. Conferences and Proceedings:
➢ International Conference on Nanotechnology
➢ IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference
6. Books and Book Series:
➢ Nanotechnology Series (Elsevier)
➢ Springer Series in Nanotechnology (Springer)
7. Online Resources:
➢ Nanotechnology Now
➢ Nanowerk
8. Institutional Repositories:
➢ MIT Nanotechnology Repository
➢ Stanford University Nanotechnology Repository
Some notable research institutions and organizations in Nanotechnology include:
➢ National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
➢ Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC)
➢ IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
➢ Los Alamos National Laboratory

542 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

➢ University of California, Berkeley - Nanotechnology Research Group

When conducting research, it's essential to evaluate the credibility and reliability of sources. Consider
factors like author expertise, publication reputation, and methodology when using these sources.

Extent of Meta AI propagation: from the context of coverage of Library technical work Assistance

Prompt: Create Marc Record for the book Pride and Prejudice
Meta AI: Here is a MARC record for the book "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen:
Leader
00000nam 2200000 4500
Control Fields
- 008: 040915s1813 enk 000 1 eng
- 040: $aDLC$cDLC
Bibliographic Fields
- 245: 10 $aPride and Prejudice /$cby Jane Austen.
- 260: $aLondon :$bT.Egerton,$c1813.
- 300: $a3 volumes ;$c12mo.
- 500: $aFirst edition.
- 650: $aLove stories, English.
- 650: $aSocial classes$zEngland$y19th century$vFiction.
- 700: $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817.
Added Entries
- 700: $aAusten, Jane,$d1775-1817.$tWorks.$f1813.
- 830: $aEnglish literature$y19th century.
Subject Headings
- 650: $aLove stories, English.
- 650: $aSocial classes$zEngland$y19th century$vFiction.
- 651: $aEngland$ysocial life and customs$y19th century$vFiction.
Classification Numbers
- 050: $aPR4037
- 082: $a823.7$aAusten, Jane
Please note that this is just one example of a MARC record, and different libraries or catalogers might
create slightly different records. Additionally, this record is in MARC21 format, which is the current
standard. Let me know if you have any questions or need further assistance!

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Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

Prompt: Catalogue pride and prejudice according to RDA

Meta AI: Here is a catalog record for "Pride and Prejudice" according to RDA (Resource Description
and Access):
Title: Pride and Prejudice
Creator: Austen, Jane, 1775-1817
Publication: London : T. Egerton, 1813
Description: 3 volumes ; 12mo
Identifier: ISBN 9780199535569 (paperback)
Subject: Love stories, English -- 19th century
Subject: Social classes -- England -- 19th century -- Fiction
Genre: Novels
Language: English
Extent: 3 volumes
Format: Print
Carrier: Book
Content: Text
Media: Unmediated
Audience: Adult
Relationships:
- Author: Austen, Jane, 1775-1817
- Publisher: T. Egerton
- Publication date: 1813
- Related work: Pride and Prejudice (Motion picture : 1995)
- Related work: Pride and Prejudice (Television mini-series : 1980)
Notes:
- First edition
- Includes bibliographical references
- Includes index
Prompt: Sociobiology : The New Synthesis ….classify this title by DDC 23rd edition.
Meta AI: The title "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis" by E.O. Wilson can be classified under the
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system as follows:
- 500: Science
- 570: Life sciences

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 Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

- 576: Evolution
- 576.8: Sociobiology
So, the DDC number for "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis" would be 576.8.
Alternatively, if you want to classify it under the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) system, it
would be:
- QH: Natural history
- QH1-549.9: Biology
- QH366-425: Evolution
- QH381: Sociobiology
Additionally, you can also use the following subject headings to classify this title:
- Sociobiology
- Evolutionary biology
- Behavioral ecology
- Animal behavior
- Human behavior
- Biology
Please that classification can be nuanced and context-dependent, and different libraries or catalogers
might assign slightly different numbers. However, 576.8 and QH381 are commonly accepted
classifications for "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis".

Meta AI Uses and its Limitations: Language coverage and understanding

Prompt:Tirupavai
Meta AI: Tiruppavai! A beautiful and sacred Tamil text, part of the Divya Prabandham, sung by
Andal, a revered Vaishnavite saint. It's a collection of 30 verses that evoke the divine love and devotion
of the Azhwar saints.
Here's a verse from Tiruppavai that I'd like to share with you:

"வைகுறுவிடுவைள் ளளருக்கம் ைாயைவைக்

வககுவைவிடுளகாலமாம் கண்ணன் "

(VaikuruviDUveLLērukkaMvAyavaraiK
kaikuruviDUkOlAmAmkaNNan)
Meaning:
"Oh Lord Krishna, who is as vast as the ocean, please come and reside in my heart, which is like a
small vessel. You are the indwelling deity of my life, and I am your humble servant."

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 545
Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

Tiruppavai is a treasure trove of devotion, love, and spirituality. I hope this verse brings you peace and
joy!
Would you like me to share more verses or explain any specific aspect of Tiruppavai?
Prompt:Tirupavai in Tamil
Meta AI: I don’t understand Tamil yet, but I’m working on it. I will send you a message when we can
talk in Tamil.

Conclusion
This study was explorative and iterative to research the Meta AI(Llama) potential based on general to
specific queries. An ideation was to find the basic functional capacity to support the varied needs from
an end user perspective. The result analysis based on the search query given to the Meta AI for search
assistance haslimitation on language and also of the rules related to classification and cataloguing. No
doubt if we give the correct algorithm and programme the correct code the machine is capable to assist
in every way according to the requirement, hence, available LLMs at our disposal is still not capable
fully on Natural Language Processing so far.
Therefore, the concept of AI is to leverage a machine that will assist as a human with all the cognitive
capabilities. At present Artificial Intelligence based on the types of capabilities and the functionalities
is at nascent stage. The customized AI Assistants according to the function and need will be more
appropriate. The industry 4.0 primarily focused to produce smart and intelligent machines is elemental
and more advanced and better AI enabled assistants will be accessible in future to support education 4.0
sustainable growth, which is mandatory for the machine and human interaction in real time.
Scope for Further Study
The present study short and is a random exploration of a Large Language Model Meta AI(Llama) of
WhatsApp. A similar and more exhaustive study can be undertaken from the perspective of library
users and librarians ‘perception on usage of the other (LLMs) available at their disposal. Also, a
comparative study will establish more concrete ground to choose the right LLMs as a real time
Artificial intelligence assistant for managing the official work 24x7 with machine capabilities.
References
1. Alajmi, Q., Al-Sharafi, M. A., & Abuali, A. (2020). Smart learning gateways for Omani HEIs
towards educational technology: Benefits, challenges and solutions. International Journal of
Information Technology and Language Studies, 4(1), 12–17.
2. Bartneck, C., et al. (2021). What Is AI? In An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AISpringer
Briefs in Ethics (pp. 5-16). Springer,Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51110-4_2.
3. Baduge, S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Smart Vision for Building and Construction 4.0:
Machine and Deep Learning Methods and Applications. Automation in Construction,141,1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104440.

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 Expanding Artificial Intelligence Perspective with Meta AI (Llama)

4. Brown TB, et al (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. In: NeurIPS 2020 Proceedings, pp
1–25.
5. Chu, H., Tu, Y., & Yang, K. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher
education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of
Educational Technology, 38(3), 22–42. https:// doi. org/10. 14742/ ajet. 7526
6. Copilot (2023). Your AI pair programmer. https://github.com/features/ copilot.
7. Feijóo,C.&Kwon,Y. (2020). AI impacts on economy and society: Latest developments, open issues
and new policy measures. Telecommunications Policy, 44(6).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596120300793.
8. Ghosh, M., & Thirugnanam, A. (2021). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. In K.G. Srinivasa,
Siddesh,G. M. & S.R.M. Sekhar (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence for Information Management: A
healthcare perspective. In Studies in Big Data (v.88, pp. 23-44). Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0415-7_2
9. Hughes A (2023). ChatGPT: everything you need to know about openAI’S GPT-3 tool.
https://www.sciencefocus.com/futuretechnology/gpt-3/.
10. Li, Y., et al. (2023). ChatDoctor: A Medical Chat Model Fine-Tuned on a Large Language Model
Meta-AI (LLaMA) Using Medical Domain Knowledge. Cureus, 15(6), e40895.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40895.
11. Teubner, T., et al. (2023). Welcome to the Era of ChatGPT. Bus Inf Syst Eng 65, 95–101.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00795-x.

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 A Comprehensive Guide to the KSRCT-Dr. S.R. Ranganathan Knowledge Centre
Web Portal: Features, Resources, and Services
1
Venkatachalam, A. M. (Dr.), 2Thangadurai, A. 3Boomika, M. 4Manoj Kumar, T.
5
Vinothkumar, J. and 6Salomi, S.
1
Director (Library and Student Affairs), K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode
2
Assistant Professor, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology,
Tiruchengode
3
Assistant Librarian, KSR Educational Institutions, Tiruchengode
4Deputy Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode
5
Senior Assistant Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode
6
Assistant Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode
Abstract
The fundamental role of college library in an institute's establishment is as information distributors and
resource centres. Library must consider the demands of their users when establishing and developing
their portal / websites, integrating their resources and services. A significant step forward in improving
K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology - Dr.S.R.Ranganathan Knowledge Centre (KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC)
resources' administration and accessibility is the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC Web Portal. The user-centric
design and functionality of the portal are thoroughly described in this article. The portal offers a range
of menu options designed to make the experience of using the knowledge centre for staff, professors,
and students more efficient. The main menu consists of Home, About the Dr.SRRKC, Collections,
Sections, E-Resources, Catalogues, R-Resources, Activities, and Contact us. The primary goal of this
research is to resolve disputes between librarians and patrons by developing recommendations for
libraries that are both effectively designed and serve modern users' demands. Nevertheless, very little
study is done to gauge the features of portals to library.
Key Word: Web Portal, KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC, Resources, Menus & Sub Menus, Services.
Introduction
Academic libraries have changed from being static hubs of knowledge and technology to dynamic
repository of print resources in the digital age. The creation of library online portals, which act as vital
conduits between patrons and the extensive array of materials and services libraries provide, is at the
heart of this revolution.
The KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC is full of features digital interface that is intended to improve faculty, staff,
and students' access to and use of the library's resources. It represents the trend towards the integration
of digital tools and services, giving users access to a wide range of resources, including digital e-books,
online databases and physical books and periodicals through a single platform. The portal's user-
friendly design makes it easy for users to conduct searches, maintain their knowledge centre accounts,
and access a multitude of digital materials. It also makes efficient information retrieval possible. It also
provides helpful support services like information about interlibrary loans and research help, which
enhances the academic experience at KSRCT even more. The KSRCT Library known as the KSRCT-

548 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 A Comprehensive Guide to the KSRCT-Dr. S.R. Ranganathan Knowledge Centre Web Portal…

Dr.SRRKC, leverages digital technology to advance the institution's mission of fostering a dynamic and
resource-rich learning environment while streamlining library operations.
Objective of the Study
The objectives of this paper are to present an extensive evaluation of the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC Web
Portal, emphasising its usefulness in assisting with research and academic activities and providing
suggestions for future enhancements:
➢ To learn about the basic information offered by the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal
➢ To get familiar with the library's collection, services, and linkages to other resources
➢ To identify the kind of information and fundamental functions offered on the knowledge centre
web portal.
➢ To establish a comparison checklist for the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal.
Need for KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC Web Portal
For academic librarians and students alike, an efficient web portal can be innovative. What it should
provide and why it's important are as follows: Why a web portal is necessary for academic libraries
1. Resource management and library database central access
2. Improved user experience and makes navigating easier
3. Remote accessibility
4. Provide a library resource access portal.
5. Administrative effectiveness, which Facilitates learning management system integration and data
collection
6. Effective feedback maintenance and resource updates communication
Feature of KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC Web Portal
The KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal's home page has an intuitive user design that makes it simple to
navigate to a variety of resources and services
Home page we can clearly able
to see every menu for resources
and services. With also
highlights the best users of the
month in Home page.

Fig-1 Home page of KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 549
A Comprehensive Guide to the KSRCT-Dr. S.R. Ranganathan Knowledge Centre Web Portal…

It has sections for online catalogues, digital collections, and updates from the knowledge centre. Club
activities and the knowledge centre support, contact information are frequently highlighted in key
aspects.

The KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal’s can be accessed via https://library.ksrct.ac.in . We can

easily and clearly lead users to their needs on this web portal.

Fig- 2 Main Menus

A collection of content that has been classified according to how it relates to the features of the
resources is available in the primary menus. There are nine primary menus on the KSRCT Library web
portal:
➢ Homepage: Offers an overview of the most general information and developments about the
library.
➢ About DR. SRR KC: Provides details on Dr. SRR KC, who may be noteworthy in relation to the
rules and regulations, norms, layout and team of the library.
➢ Collection: Describes the print and digital holdings of the library.
➢ Sections: Describes the various sections of the library along with their roles.
➢ E-Resources: Offers online journals and e-books as well as other electronic resources.
➢ R-Resources and Catalogues: Makes it easier to conduct searches through the digital repositories
and catalogues of the library.
➢ Activities: Describes workshops, library events, and other club activities.
➢ Contact us: provides the support personnel and library's contact information.
While collectively, these options provide thorough navigation for examining the materials, services,
and knowledge available at the library.
About KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC
The "About the KSRCT Library" menu on the web portal provides an overview of the library's mission,
history, and facilities.
It gives details regarding the library's resources, services, and staff in addition to outlining how it
supports KSRCT's academic and research objectives.

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It has sub menus of

describe of the
library.

Fig- 3 About Dr.S.R.Ranganathan Knowledge Centre

The goal of this page is to provide users with an extensive understanding of the activities and services
made by the library.
Collections Menu

It has sub menus of

collection of the
library.

Fig- 4 Collections of KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC

The collections menu provides information about the library's entire collection according to resource
category and department. The books and their quantity of volumes with number of titles according to
department were covered in this first submenu. 45,726 titles in 1,08,717 volumes overall.
It is clear from this Collection menu that multiple submenus are available for each type of resource.
Links to books and e-books, periodicals, e-journals, non-books, back volumes, projects, theses, and
question banks are all included.

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Sections Menu

It has sub menus of

different section of
the library.

Fig- 5 Sections of KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC

On the KSRCT (K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology) library web portal, the "Section" usually lists
the several roles, duties, and services that the library provides to its patrons.
Understanding how the library supports the needs of students, teachers, and staff for their academic and
research needs is made possible in large part by this area.
There are several types of sections in this menu, depending on the services and activities offered to
user. The ground floor of the knowledge centre housed the books stack section, where the technical,
new arrival, and circulation sections were kept.
DDC order is used for the books in the book stack part of printed resources. Additional sections on the
first floor of the library, such as the book band, digital, reference, reprography, and periodical sections,
are now significant resources for users of the knowledge centre web portal.
E-Resources Menu
E-resources are digital materials available online for study and research, including databases, e-books,
and journals. (https://library.ksrct.ac.in/p/e-journals_10.html)The library's electronic resources are easy
to find in this menu.
This menu's submenus were organised according to the many menus that maintained links to e-
resources according to various needs.
With just one click on the link provided in the tables, the E-Journals menu offers journal links.

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It has sub menus of E-

Resources of the library.

Fig- 6 E-Resources of KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC

Additional user-friendly linkages to databases and e-books. containing other helpful links to DELNET,
NPTEL, NDLI, open course materials, open access journals, and open access books.
Catalogues
A digital database called the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) enables users to look up and find
library items such as books, journals and multimedia items. It gives users instant access to the library's
collection, including with information about its location and availability.
It is evident that this Catalogues menu contains various submenus according to the various resource
kinds. Upon selecting the submenu, we are sent immediately to the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC OPAC page.
Its search bar differs depending on the book's accession number, title, author or keyword.

It has sub menus of OPAC with

different resource of the library.

Fig-7.1 Catalogue Fig-7.2 Sub Menu

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Fig-7.3 OPAC (Searching Page) Fig-7.4 OPAC (Result Page)

In the end, it provides a result based on our search that includes information on the book's title, author,
publisher, edition, availability in libraries, and any additional costs.
In addition, OPAC contains catalogues for periodicals, non-book resources, back volumes, projects,
theses, and the knowledge centre's question bank in addition to its categories of journal. Its search bar
differs depending on the department, journals / magazines, national / international or medium.

It has sub menus of

OPAC Journal library.

Fig-7.5 OPAC (Searching Page of Journal)

Beyond its book categories, OPAC also includes catalogues for journals, non-book resources, back
volumes, projects, theses, and the knowledge centre's question bank.

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Reference Resources

It has sub menus of

reference resource link

Fig-8 Reference-Resource of KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC

Reference resources are specialist materials like dictionaries, atlases and encyclopaedias—that are used
to confirm facts and compile in-depth knowledge on particular subjects. They offer thorough and
reliable background data to aid in research and analysis. This submenu makes it obvious which
reference materials, including connections to newspapers, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, atlases and
other search engines and theses are available on the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal.
Activities of the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC
Events and activities like Book Talks, Quizzes and workshops held in libraries are crucial for
encouraging community involvement and lifelong learning. They give visitors the chance to learn new
skills, examine a variety of subjects and engage with people who have similar interests.

It has sub menus of

activities of KSRCT
library and every year
event report listed in
this table

Fig-9 Activities of KSRCT Library

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The knowledge centre becomes a lively hub for intellectual and social activity as a result of these
events, which strengthen its position as a cultural and educational centre. They also aid in drawing in
new users and maintaining the interest of existing ones in the knowledge centre's resources.
Book Talks, quizzes and seminars are just a few of the events and activities that knowledge centre’s
host to promote community involvement and lifelong learning. They also organise activities for the
students under readers’ club and NDLI club and they help the students prepare for competition exams
at the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC.
Addition Menu
The KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal features an extensive side menu bar that streamlines access to a
range of resources and services. the menu includes registration for Book Talk, Readers club, and NDLI
club, promoting engagement with various reading and discussion groups.
It also provides easy access to announcements, a repository for student projects, the IRINS portal for
research, and the library blog for updates.
Users can explore the photo gallery, stay updated with Quick links and periodicals content alert, and
use quick links to media speaks, essential services, and useful web resources. The web OPAC and book
locator tools assist in finding and managing library materials, while the remote access section features a
direct link to the Knimbus mobile app for convenient access. Additionally, the library’s you tube
channel link offers a selection of informative videos and tutorials.
Contact Us Menu

Fig-10 Contact us menu

In order to enable direct communication between users and knowledge centre staffs, contact
information must be included on the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC online portal. It improves the overall
experience users by enabling them to seek assistance with questions, technical problems or service
requests promptly. By making this information available, users receive easy access to help and a means
of providing feedback. It also reinforces the knowledge centre's ability to provide helpful and
approachable customer service.

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Conclusion
In conclusion, it should be emphasised that the KSRCT-Dr.SRRKC web portal is a detailed and user-
friendly platform made to simplify access to a variety of materials and services. It is evident from
describing the several menus and sub-menus that the portal is designed to meet a wide range of user
demands from obtaining e-resources and digital collections to attending library events and requesting
assistance. To improve usability and enable effective navigation, each component has been carefully
organised to make sure users can quickly locate the information they needed. The OPAC, reference
materials and contact information are just a few of the features that enhance user experience and make
the library's resources more approachable and interesting. All things considered, the KSRCT-
Dr.SRRKC web portal is a testament to a dedication to provide helpful information and assistance,
thereby reaffirming the library's position as an essential community and educational resource.
Reference

1. Tunga, S. K. (2021). Content analysis of library websites of national institutes in West Bengal,
India: an evaluative study. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5120.
2. Lyudmila, S. (2020). Analysis of library website users’ behaviour to optimize virtual information
and library services. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 8(1), 45-55.
3. Mane, M. B., & Pange, B. (2016). Research on web portals in library environment: A literature
review. International Research: Journal of Library and Information Science, 6(2).
4. Condic, K. (2021). Examination of academic library websites regarding COVID-19
responsiveness. Journal of Web Librarianship, 15(1), 32-45.
5. Ely, E. (2021). Diversity, equity & inclusion statements on academic library websites: An analysis
of content, communication, and messaging. Information Technology and Libraries, 40(4).
6. Berezivska, L. D., Pinchuk, O. P., & Varaksina, N. V. (2020). The web portal of VO
Sukhomlynsky State Scientific and Pedagogical Library of Ukraine as an information resource for
implementation of research in education, pedagogy and psychology. Information Technologies and
Learning Tools, 4(78).
7. C.A., Ambika, & P., Ganesan. (2021). “Central University Library Websites in India: Web Content
Analysis”. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal).
8. Mierzecka, A., & Suminas, A. (2018). Academic library website functions in the context of users’
information needs. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 50(2), 157-167.
9. Hopkins, M. E., Summers‐Ables, J. E., Clifton, S. C., & Coffman, M. A. (2011). Website creation
and resource management: developing collaborative strategies for asynchronous interaction with
library users. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 28(2), 130-136.
10. Amin, J., & Navik, V. (2013). Creating library website using Joomla: a case study on IIM
Ahmedabad library website.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 557
 Use of Social Media Tools for Information and Knowledge Sharing:
A Study among Library Professionals in Engineering Colleges
1
Mercy Lydia, D. (Dr.) 2 Magudeeswaran, T. (Dr.) and 3Sivakumaren, K.S. (Dr.)
1
Librarian, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore
2
Librarian, Chikkaiah Naicker College, Erode
3
Deputy Librarian, Anna University, Chennai
Abstract
The study aims to explore the Information and knowledge sharing practices of library professionals in
academic libraries using Social Media tools. In this paper the Information and knowledge sharing
practices were analysed in four key areas with respect to social media tools and they are general
information sharing, attitude towards research information, preference of multimedia information
sharing and use of social messenger platforms. A well-structured questionnaire with closed-ended
questions and statements was distributed to 273 library professionals out of which 212 were received
and was taken as the sample for this study. It is found that Facebook (86.3%) is the most preferred tool
used by the library professionals for sharing general information, Research Gate (77.8%) is preferred
for research information sharing, Youtube (65.6%) is commonly preferred for multimedia content and
WhatsApp (76.9%) is the most popular social messenger platform among library professionals.
Keywords: Social media, Information, Knowledge sharing, Library Professionals
Introduction
Social media has become an increasingly important one for sharing information and knowledge in this
digital era. Social media platforms, online forums, and discussion groups play a pivotal role in
enabling knowledge-sharing practices among library professionals. This study aims to explore the
specific knowledge sharing practices of library professionals in academic libraries as they utilize a
range of social media platforms, including Facebook, Research Gate, YouTube, and WhatsApp, for
diverse purposes such as sharing general information, accessing research-related content, disseminating
multimedia resources, and communicating through messaging applications. These platforms offer
unique opportunities for collaboration, communication, and innovation. The findings offer a nuanced
perspective on how social media is transforming the information landscape within academic libraries,
which can inform the development of effective social media strategies and policies to enhance
knowledge sharing and collaboration among library professionals. This study explores how library
professionals leverage social media to enhance their work and foster connections with users.
Review of Literature
Fauzi and et al (2019) evaluated the academics’ knowledge sharing intention in Malaysian public
universities. The study explored that the social network, attitude, management support, social media
and perceived behavioural control (PBC) are significant reason for knowledge sharing among the
academics of public universities. The study recommended that the top management should come up
with genuine solutions and methods to encourage academics to share knowledge freely and voluntarily.

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Ahamad and et al (2017) stated that increase in familiarity of web 2.0 among the librarians in their
community of practice would naturally contribute towards effective use of technologies which lead to
professional development of librarians and innovations in the country. In their study they found that
majority of the librarians are familiar with social networking (96%), blogs (90%), presentation/slide
sharing (84%), documents sharing tools (78%), and photo sharing and microblogs (77%). Also that
infrastructure of the libraries enables to handle Social networking sites (92.82%), blogs (83.67%), wikis
(77.55%), photo sharing (74.49%), presentation/slide- sharing (78.57%), and video sharing (72.86%).
Objectives of the Study
➢ To find out whether library professionals are using social media tools for sharing general
information.
➢ To know the attitude of library professionals in sharing information through social media tools
meant for research
➢ To explore the preference of using social media tools for sharing multimedia information
➢ To identify the extensive use of social messenger platforms for sharing information
Methodology
A total of 273 questionnaires were distributed to the librarians and assistant librarians working in
engineering colleges affiliated to Anna University, Coimbatore region out of which 212 fully
completed questionnaires were received, indicating the return rate of 77.65 percent. Thus collected data
were converted into percentages, and based on the percentage; the ranks were assigned.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Social media preferred for sharing General Information
Social media plays a vital role in Knowledge Sharing in this digital era. It is essential for library
professionals to have a versatile knowledge on social media in sharing the information and knowledge
via such platforms for the benefit of the users.
Table 1
Social Media Tools for sharing General Information
S.No. Description Responses M SD R
1 Facebook 183 (86.3%) 1.86 .34 1
2 Twitter 36 (17%) 1.16 .37 6
3 Blogs 102 (48.1%) 1.48 .50 5
4 My Space 129 (60.8%) 1.60 .48 2
5 Google + 148 (69.8%) 1.69 .46 3
6 Wikis 118 (55.7%) 1.55 .49 4

It is observed from Table 1 that majority (86.3%) of the respondents are using ‘Facebook’ as a Social
Media Tool for Knowledge Sharing and occupies first rank.

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It is followed by ‘Google+ (69.8%)’, ‘MySpace(60.8%)’, ‘Wikis (55.7%)’ and ‘Blog (48.1%)’ with
second, third, fourth and fifth ranks respectively.
It is also found that a least (17.0%) number of respondents only prefer the social media tool ‘Twitter’
for Knowledge Sharing which correspondingly occupies sixth rank.
Social Media Tools for sharing Research Information
Social Media tools make it easier researchers to share the research information with others. It is used to
discuss with the subject experts located anywhere in the world. In this study, three social media tools
identified analysed for sharing research information.
Table 2
Social Media Tools for sharing Research Information
S.No. Description Responses M SD R

1 Research Gate 165 (77.8%) 1.77 .41 1

2 Academia.edu 53 (25.0%) 1.25 .43 3
3 ResearcherID 136 (64.2%) 1.64 .48 2

It can be seen that majority (77.8%) of respondents are using ‘Research Gate’ for Knowledge Sharing
whereas 64.2 % prefer ‘Researcher ID’ and the least (25.0%) number of 53 respondents only prefer
‘Academic.edu’ as Social Media Tool and is given first, second and third ranks respectively.
Social Media Tools for sharing Multimedia Information
Generally, it can be understood that the information is being published in the form of Text, Audio and
Video.
Due to invention of Information and Communication technology (ICT), it becomes easier for the
researchers and authors to create information in variety forms. Information published in multimedia
formats, it is possible to reach at large.
Table 3
Social Media Tools for sharing Multimedia Information
S.No. Description Responses M SD R
1 Flickr 105 (49.5%) 1.49 .50 2
2 YouTube 139 (65.6%) 1.65 .47 1
3 Instagram 47 (22.2%) 1.22 .41 3
4 Pinterest 42 (19.8%) 1.19 .39 4

It is found from Table 3 that (65.7%) of respondents preferred ‘YouTube’ as Social Media Tool for
Knowledge Sharing and has occupied first rank, followed by ‘Flickr’ (49.5%) and ‘Instagram’ (22.2%)
duly occupied second and third ranks respectively. Only 19.8% respondents preferred ‘Pinterest’ as a
social media tool for it occupied fourth and last rank.

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Social Media Tools for Social Messenger/Information

Social Media Tool enables to share the personal information as well as social information among the
people. In this study, five social media tools were identified and analysed.
Table 4
Social Media Tools for Social Messenger/Information

S.No. Description Responses M SD R

1 WhatsApp 163 (76.9%) 1.76 .42 1
2 Viber 94 (44.3%) 1.44 .49 5
3 LINE Mobile Messaging 119 (56.1%) 1.56 .49 4
4 Snapchat 131 (61.8%) 1.61 .48 3
5 Google Hangouts 159 (75.0%) 1.75 .43 2

It is found from Table 4 that majority (76.9%) of respondents preferred ‘WhatsApp’ as a tool for
sharing social information and is ranked first. The next most preferred tool is ‘Google Hangouts’
(75.0%), followed by ‘Snap Chat’ (61.8%) and ‘LINE Mobile Messaging’ (56.1%) and is given second,
third and fourth ranks respectively. ‘Viber’ is the least (44.3%) preferred social media tool for sharing
social information.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The Social Media tool is one of the powerfulmedium for sharing information in this digital era, due to
the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). These platforms facilitate easy
sharing of information from one to one and one to many. The Social Media Technology enable sharing
of diverse content types, including text, images, audio, and video.The educational institutions have
adopted various Social Media tools to share general, research and multimedia information. The study
reveals that FaceBook,ResearchGate,YouTube and WhatsApp’s are highly used social media tools by
the library professionals to share a variety of information.The results further show that the social media
tools such as Wikis, ResearcherID, Pinterest and Line Mobile are not much used to share the
information. While the reasons for this underutilization were not explored in this study. From this study
it is understood that it is very important for academic institutions to create an awareness about such
less-used social media tools such as Wikis, ResearcherID, Pinterest and Line Mobile.Thus from the
results it is suggested that, promoting the social media tools could enhance the effectiveness of
information sharing among Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals. Additionally,
diversifying platform usage may help balance network traffic across different social media channels. In
conclusion, while social media has significantly impacted information sharing in academic settings,
there remains potential for more comprehensive and strategic use of these tools by LIS professionals.
Based on the results of the present study, the following are recommended:
➢ Educational institutions should implement regular training programs on social media tools,
including workshops and seminars, to enhance information sharing skills among staff and students.

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➢ Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals should be encouraged to leverage social
media platforms for disseminating various types of information, including: Teaching and learning
resources, Research updates and opportunities, Library programmes and events, Institutional
policies and regulations, Membership information, available library resources, services and
facilities
➢ LIS professionals should utilize diverse social media tools to share research-related information,
such as: Ongoing research projects, Emerging research areas, Research consultancy services and
Collaborative research opportunities
References
1. Ahamad, M., Dhar, M., & Yan, S. (2017). Web 2.0 adoption and knowledge sharing among
librarians in India. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 66(8/9), 595-612.
2. Awodoyin, A., Osisanwo, T., Adetoro, N., &Adeyemo, I. (2016). Knowledge sharing behaviour
pattern analysis of academic librarians in Nigeria. Journal of Balkan Libraries Union, 4(1), 12-19.
3. Fauzi, M. A., Ling Tan, C. N., Thurasamy, R., &Ojo, A. O. (2019). Evaluating academics’
knowledge sharing intentions in Malaysian public universities. Malaysian Journal of Library
&amp; Information Science, 24(1), 123–143.
4. Islam, A., & Tsuji, K. (2016). Information professionals' knowledge sharing practices in social
media: A study of professionals in developing countries. International Journal of Knowledge
Content Development & Technology, 6(2), 43-66.
5. Obermayer, N., Gaál, Z., Szabó, L., &Csepregi, A. (2017). Leveraging knowledge sharing over
social media tools. In R. Chugh (Ed.), Harnessing social media as a knowledge management tool
(pp. 1-24). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0495-5.ch001

562 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Development of a Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website for
The J.J. College of Nursing Library
1
Manimegalai, N. and 2Rajkumar, N.
1
Librarian, J.J. College of Nursing, Trichy
2
Library and Information Assistant, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli,
Abstract
This article presents the design and development of a dynamic and user-friendly library website for J.J.
College of Nursing Library. The library provides authentic information to users and promotes the open
access resources to enhance the knowledge of the user community. The website was designed to
streamline access to digital resources, including e-books, nursing journals, and online databases, while
promoting open access resources for broader educational purposes. It also sought to provide a
platform for the archiving of study materials and provides a current awareness service to keep users up
to date with new resources and developments in the nursing and healthcare sector. This transformation
supports the library's mission of promoting knowledge, fostering research, and saving users' time by
offering an efficient and well-organized digital space.
Keywords: User friendly, e-books, journals, archiving, knowledge
Introduction
In this information era disseminating information is an important duty of library professionals and there
are many ways are there for disseminating information in that website plays a major role. In the website
librarian can provide lots of information and different resources in the library portal there are many
resources librarian can curate all the resources in one unified portal. If any information is there to say to
members website is an easy way of conveying. Dr. S. R. Ranganathan’s fourth law also implies that
“save the time of the reader” library website is very useful for the users it saves the time for the users
by searching and retrieving of information’s. Five laws on the web second law say that “Every user has
his or her web resources”. To successfully implications of these laws the website plays and major role.
(Noruzi, n.d.).
Library services are integral to nursing education by providing access to vital resources, supporting
research and evidence-based practice, facilitating continuing education, enhancing clinical skills, and
promoting community health education. These services ultimately contribute to the overall quality of
nursing care and the professional development of nurses.
JJ College of Nursing it is an Sowdambika Group of Institution and it is a newly established college
that offers a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program. The college is committed to providing its
students with the best possible education and preparing them for a successful career in Nursing.JJ
College of Nursing Library vision and mission is to provide authentic information to users and promote
the open access resources to enhance the knowledge of the user community.
The J.J. College of Nursing Library, an essential resource for our academic community. Our library
contains over 2,000 books, including reference and gratis books, and subscribes to 14 national and 6

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Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website…

international journals. To enhance research and learning, we have a digital knowledge center where
students can access a wide range of electronic resources. Our library is fully automated with the KOHA
open-source automation software and has a custom OPAC system to help users find books easily. We
are proud to offer a modern and evolving library space that promotes innovation and creativity. With
more than 54 seats, we provide a comfortable and conducive environment for research and study. The
space is completely bright and creates a pleasant reading environment for our users. All books in our
collection are coded and classified using the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system, ensuring
efficient and rapid access to the materials for our readers. Our library is organized into several
specialized sections to meet different needs: Stack Section, Reading Section, Reference Section,
Circulation Section, Periodical Section, Digital Knowledge Centre We are committed to supporting the
academic and research efforts of our students and faculty. Explore our resources and make the most of
the services provided by J.J. College of Nursing Library.
In the digital era, academic libraries are shifting from physical to virtual environments to better meet
the evolving needs of students and faculty. This article presents the design and development of an
interactive library website for J.J. College of Nursing, using Google Sites, a free and user-friendly web
development tool. The main objective is to create a centralized platform where students and staff can
access library resources anywhere.
Review of Literature
The design of websites or portals is often complex and challenging, but Google has simplified this
process by offering Google Sites (sites.google.com) for professionals like librarians. Librarians can
easily create, design, manage, and format websites or portals using Google Sites, which is known for its
simplicity and user-friendly interface. If someone can navigate an internet browser, they can design
websites with Google Sites. This tool also helps librarians understand the necessary steps involved in
creating a portal and provides guidance on the elements that can be used in website or portal creation
(Kalyan Nilappa Kumbhar et al., 2022). Creating a library website requires a focus on user needs,
interactive features, personalization, effective content management, mobile accessibility, and the
inclusion of helpful tools. By following these principles and learning from successful case studies,
libraries can develop websites that serve their communities effectively and enhance the overall user
experience.(Murdoch & Hearne, 2014)
Objective of the Study
The main objective of the research was to design and develop a dynamic and user-friendly library
website for J.J. College of Nursing. The goal of the website was to streamline access to digital
resources, including electronic books, nursing magazines and online databases, while promoting open
access resources for broader educational purposes. In addition, we have tried to provide a platform for
the storage of study materials and provide a current awareness service to update users on new resources
and developments in the nursing and healthcare sector. The main features include easy access to library
hours, services, staff contact information and other essential resources to support the academic and
research needs of the nursing community.

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 Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website…

Procedure
Development of the library website for J.J.College of Nursing adopted a systematic approach to ensure
that it met the needs of students and faculty while using the simplicity and versatility of Google Sites.
Google Sites
Google Sites is a web-based platform that allows users to create and manage websites easily, without
the need for specialized technical skills. It is part of Google Workspace Suite and is especially popular
for creating project sites, team sites and personal websites. Google sites can be a versatile tool in
education, facilitating collaboration, organization and communication, while enhancing student
engagement and access.
Features of Google Sites:
➢ User-Friendly Interface: Google Sites provides a straightforward drag-and-drop interface, making it
accessible to users with little to no coding experience. This ease of use allows individuals and
organizations to quickly build and manage their websites.
➢ Integration with Google Workspace: Google Sites integrates seamlessly with other Google
services, such as Google Drive, Google Docs, and Google Calendar, enabling users to easily embed
documents, spreadsheets, and calendars into their websites.
➢ Collaboration Features Google Sites supports real-time collaboration, allowing multiple users to
edit the site simultaneously, which is highly beneficial for teams and organizations.
➢ Responsive Design: Websites created with Google Sites are automatically optimized for mobile
devices, ensuring a smooth user experience across various screen sizes.
➢ Cost-Effective: Google Sites is free, making it an appealing option for individuals, small
businesses, and educational institutions with limited budgets.
➢ Customizable Templates: It offers a range of templates that users can easily customize to fit their
needs, allowing for personalization without requiring advanced design skills.
➢ Easy Publishing and Sharing: Users can publish their sites with just a few clicks and have control
over the sharing settings, making it easy to manage who can view or edit the site.
Requirement for Creating Website
➢ Computer
➢ Internet access
➢ Web browser
➢ Google account
➢ Log in to [https://sites.google.com/](https://sites.google.com/) with your Google account.
Data Preparation for Website Creation
Before the actual development of the library website, careful preparation and organization of relevant
data is essential. This ensures that the website will not only look professional but also provide accurate
and comprehensive information that meets the needs of the users. The website creator should gather

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 565
Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website…

and curate a wide range of content that will be featured on the site. The following types of data should
be prepared:
Library Overview:
➢ Library History
➢ Library Rules and Regulations
➢ Library Staff Information
➢ Library Highlights
Librarian Information:
➢ About the Librarian
➢ Contact Details
Institutional Vision & Mission:
➢ A section outlining the library's vision and mission, reflecting its role in supporting the
academic goals of J.J. College of Nursing.
Library Collections:
➢ Collections Report: Detailed information on the types of materials available, such as books,
periodicals, and multimedia resources.
➢ New Arrivals: A regularly updated list of newly acquired books, journals, and other materials to
keep users informed.
➢ Print Subscription of Journals: A list of subscribed print journals, organized by subject or
department.
Library Services and Facilities:
➢ A comprehensive overview of the services offered, such as borrowing andlending policies,
interlibrary loan, reference services, study rooms, and digital resource access.
➢ Facilities Overview: Information about physical facilities like reading areas, computer labs, and
multimedia rooms.
Academic Programs and Courses
➢ Detailed descriptions of academic programs and courses offered by the college, including those
directly related to nursing and healthcare.
➢ Highlight relevant resources that support these programs, such as specific journals or e-resources.
Visual Branding
College and Library Logos: High-resolution logos for branding purposes, ensuring that the website
visually represents the institution.

566 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website…

E-Resources and Digital Materials

➢ Links to E-Resources
➢ E-Journals and E-Books
➢ Open Access Resources
Useful External Links
Links to other relevant resources outside the library, such as academic databases, research institutions,
government websites, and other nursing-related content.
Additional Content
Any other relevant materials that can add value to the library website, such as research guidesand
library policies.
Steps Involved in creating a website
Step 1: Create a Google Account
Begin by creating a Google account if you don't have one already. This is essential to access Google
Sites and other related tools.
Step 2: Access Google Apps
Once logged in, open Google Apps from your Google account dashboard (Figure 1).
Step 3: Open Google Sites
Click on Google Sites or visit https://sites.google.com/(Figure 2).
Step 4: Set Up Your Site
Log into Google Sites, select a theme, and add your site’s title and main page heading.
Step 5: Customize Your Website Settings
Navigate to the settings option to add a favicon, insert your logo, and customize the website link to fit
your needs.
Step 6: Create and Organize Pages
In the "Pages" section, structure your website based on the following layout for the JJCON Library:
(figure 5)
Home
About the Library
➢ Mission & Vision
➢ Library Rules
➢ Librarian's Message

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 567
Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website…

Services
Current Awareness Service
➢ New Arrivals
➢ Book Display
Resources
➢ Books
➢ Journals
➢ Open Access Resources
Study Materials
➢ Question Bank
➢ Syllabus
➢ E-Contents
Nursing Useful Links
OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue)
Contact
Step 7: Insert Additional Features
Google Sites offers various insert options, allowing you to embed Google Sheets, Slides, Docs, Forms,
and files from Google Drive. You can also use dividers to organize sections, add buttons for quick
links, and customize the layout.(figure 4)
Step 8: Add Content and Publish
Once the structure and elements are in place, input the necessary content for each section. Finally,
publish the website to make it accessible to users, and share the link with your audience.
This guide helps create an efficient, user-friendly library website that can serve as a hub for information
and resources.
Website: https://sites.google.com/view/jjconlibrary/home
Implementation and impact on Library Services
When the website is launched, we have guidance on the library website about what are the resources in
the website and how to access it. The use of library digital resources has increased significantly. In
particular, users benefit from easy access to journals and research materials. Users also expressed
positive feedback, noting that the website has simplified resource management and communication
with users.

568 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Development of A Dynamic and User-Friendly Library Website…

Conclusion
Development of a dynamic and user-friendly library website for J.J.College of Nursing marks an
important step towards providing easy access to critical resources for students and faculty. Through the
use of Google Sites, the library effectively centralized resources, promoted open access, and improved
the user experience. The website offers a simplified approach to accessing electronic books, nursing
journals, open access and educational resources and digital materials, while also serving as a platform
for delivering important updates and services. This transformation supports the mission of the library to
promote knowledge, promote research and save users' time by providing an efficient, accessible and
well-organized digital space. The J.J. College of Nursing library website can be accessed and explored
by everyone without boundaries and open access.
References
1. Murdoch, C., & Hearne, S. (2014). Journey into the user experience: Creating a library website
that’s not for librarians. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Journey-into-the-user-
experience%3A-creating-a-that's-Murdoch-
Hearne/162d12cd766b99e891982c49bf48d3c32aae4eb1
2. Kalayan Nilappa Kumbhar, Mahavidyalaya, & Badrinarayan Barwale Librarian. (2022). Creating a
Library portal by using Google sites.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359082246_Creating_a_Library_portal_by_using_Googl
e_sites
3. Noruzi, A. (n.d.). (2024) Application of Ranganathan’s Laws to the Web: The Five Laws of the
Web. Webology. Retrieved September 1,from https://www.webology.org/2004/v1n2/a8.html#3
4. https://sites.google.com/view/jjconlibrary/home

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 569
 Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering
Colleges Faculty: A Case Study in Thanjavur District
1
Ramesh, G. (Dr.) 2Mahadevan, B. (Dr.) and 3Premkumar, S.
1
Librarian, Branch Library, Samathur, Department of School Education, Coimbatore
2
Assistant Professor and Head, DLIS, Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Erode
3
Assistant Professor, DLIS, Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Erode
Abstract
Information and communication technologies (ICT) have long been acknowledged for their ability to
reshape social, economic, and political landscapes both locally and globally. However, the unequal
distribution of these technologies within and between societies has led to a digital divide, separating
those with access to information resources from those without. In educational institutions, particularly
academic and research settings, librarians must adopt ICT tools and techniques to address the evolving
needs of users by modernizing their procedures and systems.
Keywords: ICT (Information and Communication Technology), Engineering education, Faculty
members, Technology adoption, Digital pedagogy, E-learning tools, Blended learning and Thanjavur
district
Introduction
The influence of ICT on modern logistics is significant. However, this impact likely wouldn't have been
realized without the strong link between ICT capabilities and dominant management paradigms.
Similarly, the education sector worldwide has been exploring ways to harness the potential of new
technologies. Despite this, in some regions, there has been limited evidence of ICT being utilized as
extensively in education as in other fields. In the U.S., Europe, and beyond, patients commonly use ICT
to better understand health, illness, and treatments, which is integrated into various e-health strategies
aimed at enhancing care delivery. However, there is a scarcity of empirical research on the relationship
between ICT and the engineering profession, particularly regarding how faculty members view and use
the internet.
Review of Literature
Mahadevan B and Vijayakumar K (2019) explored the integration of information and
communication technology (ICT) into library operations to enhance the effectiveness of library
services. The paper also reviewed the importance of applying ICT as a crucial tool for libraries to
support educational research and students in the era of information overload, ensuring efficient service
delivery. Additionally, it discusses various ICT resources that can be utilized for improved library
operations and services. The paper further highlighted the benefits and challenges of integrating ICT
into library functions and concluded by offering potential solutions to address the challenges of
successfully incorporating ICT for more effective services.
Mohd and Esmail (2013) examined six engineering college libraries in Maharashtra, which were
affiliated to North Maharashtra University. It found that common libraries had only two network
connections and, predominantly, subscribed to IEEE, ASME, ACM, ELSEVIER, J-GATE

570 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

Engineering., and J-GATE Management. The study concluded with a note that these libraries
maintained essential ICT facilities for accessing e-resources.
Vijaykumar (2013) did a study to examine the knowledge and utilization of digital resources among
the engineering faculty members. He found that search engines are the primary digital resource used by
faculty. Majority of 49.37 respondents deemed the information provided in digital resources to be
adequate, whereas 50.62 and 41.25 of faculty members cited lack of training and time as key obstacles
in utilizing digital resources.
Statement of the Problem
The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in education has become
essential, especially in engineering colleges, where faculty are expected to enhance teaching and
research using these technologies. However, in Thanjavur District, the extent to which faculty members
utilize ICT tools is not well-documented. Challenges such as lack of infrastructure, limited training, and
reluctance to adopt new technologies may hinder their effective use. This case study aims to assess the
current Impact of ICT tools by faculty in engineering colleges, identify obstacles, and suggest strategies
for improving ICT integration in academic practices.
Objectives of the Study
The study has been conducted with the following objectives:
➢ To evaluate the current level of ICT tool usage by faculty members in engineering colleges in
Thanjavur District.
➢ To identify the types of ICT tools frequently used by faculty for teaching, research, and
administrative tasks.
➢ To analyze the factors affecting ICT adoption, such as infrastructure availability, technical support,
and faculty training.
➢ To investigate the challenges faced by faculty in incorporating ICT tools into their professional
activities.
➢ To propose strategies for enhancing the effective use of ICT tools among faculty members in
engineering colleges in Thanjavur District.
➢ To assess the impact of ICT tool utilization on the quality of teaching, research, and administrative
efficiency.
Hypotheses of the Study
The following hypotheses were developed by the objectives:
➢ There are no significant differences in the frequency of visits and time spent in the engineering
college libraries based on gender, educational qualifications, and designation.
➢ There is a significant difference in the information needs and demands of faculty members and
students at engineering colleges.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 571
Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

➢ There are no significant differences in the validated insights of faculty members regarding the
quality of information availability in libraries.
➢ There is no significant difference in examining the barriers encountered when accessing ICT-based
resources.
Methodology
In this study, the stratified random sampling method was used to collect primary data. The sample
consisted of faculty members and students, with a total of 725 respondents.
Statistical Tools Used
Chi-Square and Pearson Chi-Square value proved the significant association between the variables.
Limitation of the Study
This study has restricted to the users of 11 Engineering college libraries in Thanjavur district only.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Visit the

Professor

Professor

Professor
Associate

Students

Students
Library

Female
Total

Total
Male
Asst.
S.No

UG
PG

1 Everyday 65 50 30 18 4 167 99 68 167

(9.0) (6.9) (4.1) (2.5) (0.6) (23.0) (13.7) (9.4) (23.0)
2 Twice in 44 35 24 12 4 119 84 35 119
a week (6.1) (4.8) (3.3) (1.7) (0.6) (16.4) (11.6) (4.8) (16.4)
3 Thrice a 34 30 18 8 6 96 68 28 96
week (4.7) (4.1) (2.5) (1.1) (0.8) (13.2) (9.4) (3.9) (13.2)
4 Once in a 39 23 28 14 7 111 68 43 111
week (5.4) (3.2) (3.9) (1.9) (1.0) (15.3) (9.4) (5.9) (15.3)
5 Occasion 33 22 16 9 1 81 58 23 81
ally (4.6) (3.0) (2.2) (1.2) (0.1) (11.2) (8.0) (3.2) (11.2)
6 Rarely 41 37 6 11 15 110 55 55 110
(5.7) (5.1) (0.8) (1.5) (2.1) (15.2) (7.6) (7.6) (15.2)
7 Never 5 2 21 10 3 41 21 20 41
(0.7) (0.3) (2.9) (1.4) (0.4) (5.7) (2.9) (2.8) (5.7)
261 199 143 82 40 725 453 272 725
Total
(36.0) (27.4) (19.7) (11.3) (5.5) (100.0) (62.5) (37.5) (100.0)
Value df Sig. (2-sided) Value df Sig. (2-
Pearson sided)
Chi-Square 121.5674 48 0.000 30.21 12 0.003
0

Table 1 Frequently visits the Library Designation and Gender

572 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

Table 1 indicates that the researcher infers that the five categories of respondents frequently visit the
library. Out of 725 respondents, 167 (23.0%) of respondents visit every day, 119 (16.4%) of
respondents visit the library twice a week, 96 (13.2%) of respondents who visit the library thrice a
week, 111 (15.3%) of respondents visit the library once in a week, 81 (11.2%) of respondents visits
occasionally, 110 (15.2%) of respondents visit the library rarely and while the remaining 41 (5.7%) of
respondents never visit the library.
S. Resources Asst. Associate Professor PG UG Students Total
No used Professor Professor Students
1 Research 79 52 44 30 3 208
papers (10.9) (7.2) (6.1) (4.1) (0.4) (28.7)
2 Magazines 64 47 29 25 5 170
(8.8) (6.5) (4.0) (3.4) (0.7) (23.4)
3 Journals 27 27 22 5 8 89
(3.7) (3.7) (3.0) (0.7) (1.1) (12.3)
4 Textbooks 45 40 29 9 16 139
(6.2) (5.5) (4.0) (1.2) (2.2) (19.2)
5 Subject 46 33 19 13 8 119
books (6.3) (4.6) (2.6) (1.8) (1.1) (16.4)
Total 261 199 143 82 40 725
(36.0) (27.4) (19.7) (11.3) (5.5) (100.0)
Pearson Chi-Square Value df Sig. (2-sided)
34.172a 16 0.005

Table 2 Show the respondents use of multiple resources in this study.It is clear that 208 (28.7%)
respondents used research papers, 170 (23.4%) respondents used magazines, 89 (12.3%) respondents
used journals, 139 (19.2%) respondents used textbooks, and 119 (16.4%) respondents used subject
books.
Chi-Square test
Comparison of the resources that each respondent used,found that at 5 percent significance level,
25.296 has a table value and a chi-square value of 34.172 with 16 degrees of freedom. Since the sample
chi-square falls within the rejection region, the null-hypotheses are thus rejected.

Problems faced
S.
accessing AP ASP P PG UG Total M F Total
No
ICT resources
Poor internet 43 38 16 11 0 108 82 26 108
1
connectivity (5.9) (5.2) (2.2) (1.5) (0.0) (14.9) (11.3) (3.6) (14.9)
Frequent power 26 50 19 9 1 105 80 25 105
2
failure (3.6) (6.9) (2.6) (1.2) (0.1) (14.5) (11.0) (3.4) (14.5)
3 Non-availability of 12 8 13 2 4 39 27 12 39
high end

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 573
Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

computers/network (1.7) (1.1) (1.8) (0.3) (0.6) (5.4) (3.7) (1.7) (5.4)
devices
Getting irrelevant 29 4 18 15 4 70 48 22 70
4
information (4.0) (0.6) (2.5) (2.1) (0.6) (9.7) (6.6) (3.0) (9.7)
Server 24 2 7 11 5 49 31 18 49
5 down/system
failure (3.3) (0.3) (1.0) (1.5) (0.7) (6.8) (4.3) (2.5) (6.8)
29 4 13 14 5 65 35 30 65
6 Change in URL
(4.0) (0.6) (1.8) (1.9) (0.7) (9.0) (4.8) (4.1) (9.0)
Lack of 22 11 8 9 5 55 16 39 55
7 authenticity/reliabil
ity (3.0) (1.5) (1.1) (1.2) (0.7) (7.6) (2.2) (5.4) (7.6)
Lack of awareness 23 6 10 6 10 55 33 22 55
8
of ICTs (3.2) (0.8) (1.4) (0.8) (1.4) (7.6) (4.6) (3.0) (7.6)
Getting 29 23 17 5 6 80 45 35 80
9 unsynchronized
information (4.0) (3.2) (2.3) (0.7) (0.8) (11.0) (6.2) (4.8) (11.0)
Lack of technical 5 6 3 0 0 14 9 5 14
10 skill and
knowledge (0.7) (0.8) (0.4) (0.0) (0.0) (1.9) (1.2) (0.7) (1.9)
Lack of funding of 14 28 8 0 0 50 27 23 50
11
libraries (1.9) (3.9) (1.1) (0.0) (0.0) (6.9) (3.7) (3.2) (6.9)
lack of ICT 5 19 11 0 0 35 20 15 35
12 knowledge and
skills (0.7) (2.6) (1.5) (0.0) (0.0) (4.8) (2.8) (2.1) (4.8)
261 199 143 725
82 40 725 453 272
(36.0 (27.4 (19.7 (100.0
Total (11.3) (5.5) (100.0) (62.5) (37.5)
) ) ) )
Sig.
Value df Sig. (2-sided) Value df (2-
sided)
Pearson Chi-Square
50.29
180.162 44 0.000 11 0.000
9

AP: Assistant Professors ASP: Associate Professors P: Professors, PG: postgraduates UG:
undergraduates, M: Male, F: Female
Data presented in Table 3 and Figure 3 indicates the problems faced by the users in information access
through ICT based resources and services. It could be noted that out of 725 respondents, 108 (14.9%)
respondents indicated the problems of ‘Poor internet connectivity’, 105 (14.5%) respondents indicated
‘Frequent power failure’, 80 (11.0%) respondents had the problem of ‘Getting unsynchronized
information’, 70 (9.7%) of respondents had facing the problem of ‘Getting irrelevant information’.
Some of the respondents 65 (9.0%) had the problem of ‘Change in URL’, 55 (7.6%) respondents had
the problem of ‘Lack of authenticity/reliability’, and ‘Lack of awareness of ICTs’ both are equal
percent, 50 (6.9) respondents had the problem of ‘Lack of funding of libraries’. And others problems
were found in very least percent.

574 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

Hence, it is concluded that a majority of 108 (14.9) respondents are facing the problem of ‘Poor
internet connectivity’.
Chi-square test
The chi-square technique was used to explore the association between the problems faced by the users
with information accessing through ICT-based resources and services among the faculty members and
students. With 44 degrees of freedom and a 5% significance level, the computed value is 180.162 and
the table value is 60.481. The sample size is appropriate for rejecting the null-hypothesis. The chi-
square analysis revealed a close association between the designation and the problems faced by users
with information accessing through ICT-based resources and services.
The calculated chi-square value for gender, problems faced by the users with information accessing
through ICT-based resources and services chi-square computing value of 50.299 with 11 degrees of
freedom, while the table value is 19.675. The Chi-square value proved a significant association
between the factors and the use of problems faced by users with information accessing through ICT-
based resources and services among genders, hence resulting in the rejection of the null hypothesis.
Findings
➢ Frequently visits the library designation and gender
➢ Out of 725 respondents, 167 (23.0%) of respondents visit every day, 119 (16.4%) of respondents
visit the library twice a week, 96 (13.2%) of respondents visit the library thrice a week, 111
(15.3%) of respondents visit the library once in a week, 81 (11.2%) of respondents visits
occasionally, 110 (15.2%) of respondents visit the library rarely and while the remaining 41 (5.7%)
of respondents never visit the library.
➢ It is observed from that table majority of 99 (13.7%) of the male and 68 (9.4%) of the female visit
the library every day, Totally 84 (11.6%) of male respondents and 35 (4.8%) of respondents visited
twice in a week and while very few respondents visit the library at all.
➢ The calculated value is 121.5674 with 48-degree freedom at a 5 percent significant level the table
value is 65.171. So, the null-hypothesis is rejected the chi-square proved the significant association
between the variables and the close association between visits to the library and designation.
➢ The study has shown the chi-square value as30.210, with 12 degrees of freedom the table value is
21.026. So, the null-hypotheses are rejected, the chi-square value proved the significant association
between the variables the visit to the library and gender.
Types of resources used by respondents
➢ It is clear that 208 (28.7) respondents used research papers, 170 (23.4%) respondents used
magazines, 89 (12.3%) respondents used journals, 139 (19.2%) respondents used textbooks, and
119 (16.4%) respondents used subject books respectively.
➢ It is found that at the 5 percent significance level, 25.296 have a table value and a chi-square value
of 34.172 with 16 degrees of freedom. The null-hypotheses are rejected as the sample chi-square
falls within the rejection region.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 575
Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

Problems faced by users in information accessing through ICT based resources and services
➢ It could be noted that out of 725 respondents, 108 (14.9%) respondents had the problems of ‘Poor
internet connectivity’, 105 (14.5%) respondents had problem of ‘Frequent power failure’, 80
(11.0%) respondents had the problem of ‘Getting unsynchronized information’, 70
(9.7%)respondents had facing the problem of ‘Getting irrelevant information’. Some of the
respondents 65 (9.0%) had the problem of ‘Change in URL’, 55 (7.6%) respondents had the
problem of ‘Lack of authenticity/reliability’, both are equal percent of 55 (7.6%) had the problem
of ‘Lack of awareness of ICTs, ‘Lack of funding of libraries’. And 50 (6.9%) respondents had the
problem of ‘Lack of funding of libraries’. And other problems were in very least percent.
➢ Hence, it is concluded that a majority of 108 (14.9) respondents had the problem of ‘Poor internet
connectivity’.
➢ The chi-square technique was used to explore the association between the problems faced by users
with information accessing through ICT-based resources and services among the faculty members
and students. With 44 degrees of freedom and a 5% significance level, the computed value was
180.162 and the table value was 60.481. The sample size was appropriate for rejecting the null
hypothesis. The chi-square analysis revealed a close association between the designation and the
problems faced by users with information accessing through ICT-based resources and services
among faculty members and students.
➢ The calculated chi-square value for gender, problems faced by the users in accessing information
through ICT-based resources and services chi-square computing value of 50.299 with 11 degrees of
freedom, while the table value is 19.675. The Chi-square value proved a significant association
between the factors and the use of problems faced by users with information accessing through
ICT-based resources and services among genders, hence resulting in the rejection of the null
hypothesis.
Conclusion
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized various functions in academic
libraries, enhancing processes such as information storage, retrieval, acquisition, cataloging,
classification, material circulation, and management. Tools like CD-ROMs, email, the internet, and
electronic devices are now widely used for disseminating information. The digitization of resources,
converting print to electronic formats, has expanded access to information and databases, overcoming
geographical limitations. A study conducted at an engineering college library revealed that databases
like SCOPUS and PROQUEST were the most frequently used by faculty, students, and research
scholars.
The quality of information services in academic libraries is largely dependent on factors such as the
availability of skilled personnel, continuous IT skills training, and the commitment of authorities to
funding and maintaining IT infrastructure. Faculty attitudes toward ICT resources are evolving, with
engineering faculty increasingly utilizing these tools. ICT has made research in science and technology
more accessible, creating a globally connected research community across disciplines. However, in
emerging countries like India, there is still some reluctance to fully embrace online information

576 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Impact of Information and Communication Technology Tools by Engineering Colleges…

resources due to concerns over authenticity. To address this, academic faculty should encourage the use
of online resources and offer training in their use. Improved ICT services are essential to meet the
needs of the knowledge-based society, and recommendations would be beneficial to enhancing the
academic and research environment in higher education institutions.
References
1. Haneefa M. (2007). “Use of ICT based resources and services in special libraries in Kerala.”
Annals of library and information studies. 54, 23-31.
2. Islam, Shariful & Islam, Nazmul (2007). “Use of ICT in Libraries: An Empirical Study of Selected
Libraries in Bangladesh.” Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 143. Retrieved from http://
digital commons .unl. Edu/ libphilprac /143.
3. Jagdish Arora & Kruti Trivedi (2010). “INDEST-AICTE Consortium: Present Services and Future
Endeavors.” DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 30(2), 79-91.
4. Adeoye, M.Y. (2013). “Role of Information, Communication Technology (ICT) as a change Agent
for Higher Education in Nigeria.” International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy
Studies, 5 (8), 177-183.
5. Banu, Nadira, A.R. et al (2012). “ICT in Higher Education. Canadian Journal on Data.”
Information and Knowledge Engineering, 1 (1), 78-84.
6. Mahadevan B and Vijayakumar K (2019), “Utilization of Information and Communication
Technology on Faculty Members in Pharmacy Colleges in Kerala,” International Journal of
Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-
8S, June 2019.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 577
 Leveraging New Technologies for Enhanced Library Resource Utilization: A
Strategic Approach
1
Naveena, B. 2Manoj Kumar, T. and 3Nithya, K.
1
Librarian, Sunbeam School of Excellence (CBSE), Vellore.
2
Deputy Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal
3
Assistant Librarian, K.S.Rangasamy College of Arts & Science, Tiruchengode, Namakkal
Abstract
The digital transformation has introduced both opportunities and challenges for libraries in enhancing
their resource utilization. This paper explores innovative marketing strategies that leverage new
technologies to optimize library services. By focusing on orientation programs, information literacy
initiatives, social media platforms, virtual tours, and digital interfaces, this paper provides a
comprehensive approach to modernizing library marketing efforts. It draws on recent research and
case studies, including insights from recent literature, to offer actionable strategies for library
professionals aiming to improve engagement and resource utilization.
Keywords: Digital Transformation, Library Marketing, Orientation Programs, Information Literacy,
Social Media, Virtual Tours, Digital Interfaces, User Engagement
Introduction
Libraries have long served as crucial community hubs for information and learning. However, the
advent of digital technology has necessitated a shift in how libraries market their services and engage
with users. Embracing new technologies can significantly enhance the reach and impact of library
services. This paper explores how libraries can utilize orientation programs, information literacy
initiatives, social media, virtual tours, and digital interfaces to maximize resource utilization and foster
stronger connections with their communities.
Literature Review
The integration of modern technologies into library practices has been extensively explored in recent
research. Braddlee and Lankes (2011) highlight Twitter's effectiveness for real-time communication
and engagement, suggesting that its immediacy and reach make it an ideal platform for libraries to
connect with users and promote services. Complementing this, Cox and Corrall (2013) emphasize how
social media enhances libraries' reputations by fostering community engagement and interaction, thus
broadening their impact.
Farkas (2008) explores the broader implications of social networking for libraries, detailing how these
tools can modernize outreach and improve user experiences. Johnson (2022) and Smith (2021) discuss
the role of virtual tours in increasing user engagement and orientation, with virtual experiences helping
users explore library resources remotely and interactively. Meanwhile, McKechnie and Pettigrew
(2001) review the importance of information literacy programs in equipping users with critical research
skills, a theme further supported by Head and Eisenberg (2010), who focus on the need for effective
digital literacy training.

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Raju et al. (2020) examine the transformative impact of mobile applications on library services,
suggesting that they enhance accessibility and usability. Gorman (2015) and Lankes (2016) provide a
broader perspective on librarianship, underscoring the evolving role of libraries in the digital age and
the importance of adapting to new technologies. Ross and Dewdney (2014) offer insights into
improving reference services, which complements the ongoing efforts to integrate technology into
various library functions.
Orientation Programs and Information Literacy
Orientation Programs
Orientation programs are vital for familiarizing new users with library resources and services.
Traditionally conducted in-person, these programs can be significantly enhanced through digital tools:
• Interactive Online Orientations: Libraries can develop online orientation modules that include
interactive elements such as video walkthroughs, clickable maps of library spaces, and interactive
FAQs. These tools allow users to explore library resources and services at their own pace.
• Mobile-Friendly Platforms: Ensuring that orientation content is accessible on mobile devices can
reach users who prefer using smartphones and tablets. Responsive design and mobile applications
can facilitate easier access to orientation materials.
Information Literacy Programs
Information literacy programs help users develop skills to locate, evaluate, and use information
effectively. Modern technology can enhance these programs in several ways:
• E-Learning Platforms: Online courses and webinars offer flexibility and can reach a broader
audience. Libraries can use platforms like Moodle or Canvas to provide structured information
literacy training.
• Gamification: Incorporating game-like elements into training modules, such as quizzes and
badges, can make learning more engaging. Platforms like Kahoot and Quizizz can be used to create
interactive learning experiences.
Social Media Strategies
Social media platforms are powerful tools for libraries to engage with their communities and promote
their resources.
Facebook
• Event Promotion: Libraries can use Facebook Events to promote workshops, author talks, and
other programs. Targeted ads can also be used to reach specific demographics.
• Community Building: Facebook Groups and Pages allow libraries to build communities around
shared interests, facilitate discussions, and share library updates.

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Twitter
• Real-Time Updates: Twitter’s fast-paced nature makes it ideal for real-time updates about library
events, new arrivals, and service changes. Libraries can use hashtags to join broader conversations
and increase visibility.
• Engagement: Libraries can engage with users through Twitter polls, Q&A sessions, and by
responding to mentions and comments.
Instagram
• Visual Content: Instagram’s emphasis on visual content allows libraries to showcase new books,
library events, and behind-the-scenes activities. High-quality images and videos can attract and
retain user interest.
• Stories and Reels: These features can be used for short, engaging content that highlights library
events, user testimonials, and quick tips.
Virtual Tours
Virtual tours offer a way to explore library facilities and services remotely. This can be particularly
beneficial for attracting new users and providing an immersive experience.
• 360-Degree Views: Libraries can create 360-degree virtual tours that allow users to explore
different areas of the library, such as study rooms, reading areas, and special collections.
• Interactive Elements: Adding interactive hotspots to virtual tours can provide additional
information about specific resources or services.
Digital Interfaces
Digital interfaces, including library websites and mobile applications, are crucial for providing access
to library resources and services.
• User-Friendly Design: A well-designed website or app with intuitive navigation can enhance user
experience. Features such as online catalogs, reservation systems, and personalized
recommendations are essential.
• Accessibility: Ensuring that digital interfaces are accessible to users with disabilities is critical.
This includes implementing features such as screen reader compatibility and adjustable text sizes.
Conclusion
The integration of new technologies into library marketing strategies offers significant opportunities for
enhancing resource utilization and user engagement. By adopting innovative approaches in orientation
programs, information literacy initiatives, and utilizing social media platforms, virtual tours, and digital
interfaces, libraries can effectively meet the evolving needs of their communities. Embracing these
strategies will enable libraries to remain relevant and impactful in the digital age.

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References
1. Braddlee, S., & Lankes, R. D. (2011). Libraries and Twitter: The perfect match?. Library
Technology Reports, 47(6), 1-10.
2. Cox, A. M., & Corrall, S. (2013). The role of social media in enhancing the library’s reputation.
Library Management, 34(1/2), 75-91.
3. Farkas, M. (2008). Social Networking for Libraries. Information Today, Inc.
4. Gorman, M. (2015). Our Enduring Values Revisited: Librarianship in the 21st Century. American
Library Association.
5. Head, A. J., & Eisenberg, M. B. (2010). How college students use the web to conduct everyday life
research. First Monday, 15(3).
6. Johnson, R. (2022). Virtual tours in academic libraries: Increasing engagement through immersive
experiences. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(1), 102-110.
7. Lankes, R. D. (2016). The New Librarianship Field Guide. MIT Press.
8. McKechnie, L., & Pettigrew, K. (2001). The role of libraries in promoting information literacy: A
review of the literature. Library & Information Science Research, 23(3), 217-234.
9. Raju, R., & Raju, N. (2020). The impact of mobile applications on library services. Library Hi
Tech, 38(3), 514-530.
10. Ross, C. S., & Dewdney, P. (2014). Conducting the Reference Interview. American Library
Association.
11. Smith, J. (2021). Enhancing library orientation through virtual tours: A case study. College &
Research Libraries, 82(5), 562-579.
12. Zimmerman, K. (2013). Using social media to build library relationships. Library Journal, 138(5),
14-16.

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 Bridging the Knowledge Gap: The Role of Technology in
Connecting Users to Digital Resources
1
Kulandaimary, G. and Rajathi D Modilal, M
1
Corresponding Author, PG DLIS, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirapalli - 620 002
2
PG and Research Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirapalli - 620 002
Abstract
In the digital age, technology plays a pivotal role in bridging the knowledge gap and enhancing access
to educational resources. This paper explores the impact of digital platforms and technological
solutions in facilitating access to knowledge and educational materials. We focus on three key
platforms: SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium, examining how they contribute to the
effective delivery of digital resources. SWAYAM, an initiative by the Government of India, provides a
wide range of online courses, promoting lifelong learning. NPTEL (National Programme on
Technology Enhanced Learning) offers specialized courses in engineering and technology, bridging
gaps in higher education. The E-Library Consortium provides access to a vast array of academic
resources, fostering research and academic growth. We analyze how these platforms leverage
technology to deliver content efficiently and the role of collaborative efforts in knowledge sharing and
resource development. The paper also addresses the challenges faced by these platforms, such as
digital divide issues and user engagement. By evaluating the effectiveness of these technological
solutions, we highlight their role in democratizing education and fostering a more inclusive knowledge
environment. The findings underscore the potential of technology to transform education by making
high-quality resources accessible to a broader audience, thus contributing to global educational equity.
Keywords: Digital Resources, SWAYAM, NPTEL, E-Library Consortium, Educational Technology
Introduction
In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, technology serves as a crucial enabler in bridging
educational gaps and enhancing access to knowledge. As societies transition towards a more
information-driven economy, digital platforms have become essential in democratizing education,
ensuring that high-quality learning resources are accessible to a broader audience. This paper explores
the significant role of technology in fostering educational equity, focusing on three key platforms:
SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium. These platforms have been instrumental in
addressing the growing need for flexible, diverse, and inclusive educational content, reshaping the way
learners engage with academic resources. SWAYAM, an initiative spearheaded by the Government of
India, epitomizes the transformative potential of digital education (Prasad, 2017). Designed to cater to
the diverse educational needs of India's vast population, it offers a comprehensive array of online
courses, making lifelong learning opportunities available to everyone. By leveraging digital tools and
interactive content, SWAYAM empowers learners to acquire new skills and knowledge at their own
pace, regardless of geographical or economic barriers. Similarly, NPTEL (National Programme on
Technology Enhanced Learning) plays a critical role in delivering specialized courses in engineering
and technology (Kumar and Subramanian, 2018). Aimed at addressing the gaps in higher education,

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NPTEL collaborates with premier institutions to provide high-quality technical education, fostering an
environment of continuous learning for students and professionals alike.
Review of Literature
The rapid advancement of technology has led to significant changes in the educational landscape,
allowing learners from diverse backgrounds to access high-quality educational resources. Several
studies have examined the impact of digital platforms like SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library
Consortium in facilitating this shift. These platforms not only provide access to knowledge but also
promote lifelong learning, particularly in regions where traditional education infrastructure is limited.
SWAYAM’s role in democratizing education has been transformative, particularly for learners from
rural and underserved areas in India. By offering a range of courses across disciplines (Prasad, 2017),
SWAYAM enables learners to acquire new skills and knowledge regardless of geographical or
socioeconomic constraints (Mukherjee, 2019).
The effectiveness of NPTEL in enhancing technical and engineering education has also been widely
studied. NPTEL, a collaboration between India’s premier technical institutes, aims to fill the gap in
higher education by offering specialized courses in engineering and technology. NPTEL’s structured
and comprehensive courses allow learners to develop expertise in key technical fields, contributing to
workforce readiness. Furthermore, the platform’s open-access nature encourages professional
development and lifelong learning among working professionals. NPTEL’s impact has extended
beyond formal education to influence industries, as companies leverage the platform for employee
training and upskilling (Agarwal, 2018). Engagement rates and course completion rates are still lower
than expected, indicating a need for more interactive and user-friendly approaches (Sharma and Gupta,
2019).
Materials and Methods
This study adopts a qualitative research approach to evaluate the impact of three major digital education
platforms SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium—on enhancing access to educational
resources. A combination of content analysis, platform evaluation, and user feedback surveys was
employed to understand how these platforms facilitate learning and resource dissemination. The
research was conducted in three stages: platform analysis, user experience evaluation, and identification
of challenges.
Platform Analysis
A detailed analysis of the three platforms (SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium) was
conducted to evaluate their features, course offerings, and accessibility. The research examined the
range of disciplines covered, the number of courses available, course delivery formats (e.g., video
lectures, interactive quizzes, assessments), and the partnerships with academic institutions.
Additionally, the study looked at the platforms' technical infrastructure and user interface design to
assess ease of access for different types of learners, including rural populations and people with limited
digital literacy. Data for this stage was collected from official platform websites, government reports,
and previous academic studies on these platforms.

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User Experience Evaluation

A survey-based method was used to collect feedback from users of SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-
Library Consortium. The survey was distributed online to students, educators, and professionals who
had enrolled in courses or accessed academic resources through these platforms. The questionnaire
focused on several key aspects of the user experience, including course relevance, content quality, ease
of navigation, accessibility, and technical support. In total, 200 respondents participated in the survey,
offering a representative sample of users across different educational backgrounds and geographical
regions. The data from the survey were analysed to identify patterns in user satisfaction, engagement
levels, and challenges faced during learning.
Challenges Identification
In addition to platform features and user experiences, the study sought to identify challenges related to
the digital divide and user engagement. This stage involved semi-structured interviews with 20
educators and platform developers to gain insights into technical challenges, barriers to user
engagement, and the effectiveness of the platforms in reaching underserved populations. Interviews
were transcribed and analysed using thematic coding to draw connections between technology, content
delivery, and accessibility. Special attention was given to the digital divide issues (e.g., internet access,
digital literacy), as these were prominent challenges identified (Das & Barik, 2020; Kanjilal, 2019).
The combination of content analysis, surveys, and interviews provided a comprehensive overview of
the functionality, accessibility, and limitations of these platforms, allowing for an evaluation of their
effectiveness in promoting educational equity and access to knowledge.
Statistical Methods Used: Following data collection, a coding procedure was prepared, and SPSS17
was utilized for analysis. Statistical tools employed include percentage analysis, Student's t-test, one-
way ANOVA, and cross-tabulation.
Results: The analysis of SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium revealed several key
insights regarding their effectiveness in delivering educational content and fostering accessibility.
Platform Analysis
Figure 1 Shows User Feedback on Content Relevance Across Platforms and User Satisfaction with
Content Delivery on Digital Platforms.

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Figure 1 illustrate key findings from the user experience feedback and challenges in digital education
based on the data analysed for SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium. Content
Relevance: A high percentage of users found the content relevant across all platforms, with NPTEL
leading at 90%, followed by SWAYAM at 85%, and the E-Library Consortium at 78%. User
Satisfaction with Content Delivery: Satisfaction with content delivery was highest for NPTEL (80%),
while SWAYAM (60%) and the E-Library Consortium (70%) showed room for improvement,
particularly in delivery format and engagement. The content analysis of the three platforms showed that
each offers a robust array of courses and resources, but with different strengths. SWAYAM hosts over
2,000 courses across disciplines such as arts, science, commerce, and technology. Its strength lies in its
diversity, catering to students from secondary education to postgraduate levels. However, the platform's
user interface was noted to be less intuitive for first-time users, with some navigational issues reported,
particularly on mobile devices. On the other hand, NPTEL is highly specialized in technical and
engineering subjects, with more than 1,500 courses. NPTEL's partnership with leading technical
institutions, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), has allowed for high-quality, research-
based content delivery.
User Experience Evaluation
Users particularly appreciated the in-depth nature of the course material, although the lack of flexibility
in course schedules was flagged as a concern (Prasad, 2017; Kumar & Subramanian, 2018). The E-
Library Consortium provided access to over 10,000 academic journals and digital publications, with a
focus on research and academic use. Institutions reported that the platform's wide range of resources
was valuable, though the resource discovery process could be improved with more advanced search
functionalities (Agarwal, 2018).
Figure 2 Shows Course/Resource Completion Rates on SWAYAM, NPTEL, and E-Library
Consortium and Challenges in Digital Education: Internet Access and Digital Literacy Needs

Figure 2 shows Course/Resource Completion Rate and Challenges in Digital Education.

Completion rates were relatively low across all platforms, with NPTEL having the highest at 60%,
while SWAYAM and the E-Library Consortium had 50% completion rates.

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Challenges in Digital Education:

➢ Internet access issues in rural areas were significant, with 65% of SWAYAM users, 55% of
NPTEL users, and 60% of E-Library Consortium users reporting difficulties.
➢ The need for digital literacy support was also substantial, affecting 40% of SWAYAM users, 45%
of NPTEL users, and 50% of E-Library Consortium users.
The user surveys provided valuable insights into the learning experiences of students, educators, and
professionals using the three platforms. Out of the 200 respondents, 85% found the course content on
SWAYAM to be relevant and up-to-date. However, only 60% reported being satisfied with the course
delivery format, with many requesting more interactive elements such as live sessions and peer-to-peer
discussions. NPTEL's content was rated highly, with 90% of respondents praising the depth and
specialization of the courses. Nonetheless, 40% of NPTEL users expressed challenges in completing
courses, citing the need for more flexible deadlines and clearer assessment guidelines. For the E-
Library Consortium, 78% of users reported that the platform greatly enhanced their access to academic
resources, particularly in areas with limited physical library infrastructure. However, users indicated
that navigating through the vast range of resources was cumbersome, and 30% suggested more training
or tutorials on how to use the platform effectively. Across all three platforms, mobile access and
internet connectivity were raised as critical concerns, with users in rural and semi-urban areas reporting
difficulties in accessing course materials consistently. The interviews with educators and platform
developers highlighted several challenges in effectively implementing these digital platforms. The most
significant issue identified was the persistent digital divide, with inadequate internet access being a
primary barrier for learners in rural regions. Educators noted that while SWAYAM and NPTEL aimed
to democratize education, access remained skewed in favor of urban populations. In addition, digital
literacy was a recurring challenge, particularly for first-generation learners or those unfamiliar with
online learning environments. Another challenge was user engagement and course completion rates
(Van Dijk, 2020). Despite high enrolment numbers, the completion rates for SWAYAM and NPTEL
courses remained low, with less than 50% of users completing their courses. This finding aligns with
studies by Sharma and Gupta (2019), suggesting that platforms need to introduce more engaging,
interactive elements and provide clearer incentives for completion. Similarly, the E-Library Consortium
was found to be underutilized in certain institutions due to a lack of awareness or training among
students and faculty.
Conclusion
Overall, the findings indicate that while SWAYAM, NPTEL, and the E-Library Consortium have made
significant strides in enhancing access to education, several improvements are necessary to increase
engagement and overcome barriers related to the digital divide. Future efforts should focus on
improving user interfaces, expanding interactive learning options, and addressing internet connectivity
issues to ensure that these platforms can more effectively fulfil their mission of democratizing
education.

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References

1. Agarwal, P. (2018). The role of NPTEL in improving technical education in India. Journal of
Technical Education, 15(2), 78-89.
2. Das, K. S., & Barik, N. (2020). Digital library consortia: A study on e-resources sharing in Indian
higher education. Journal of Digital Information Management, 18(3), 123-133.
3. Kanjilal, U. (2019). Digital literacy and access in India: Implications for digital learning. Journal of
Educational Technology & Society, 22(1), 45-58.
4. Kumar, M., & Subramanian, A. (2018). Enhancing technical education through NPTEL: Bridging
the gap in higher education. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Studies, 12(1), 45-58.
5. Mukherjee, S. (2019). SWAYAM: India's journey towards digital learning. Indian Journal of
Open Learning, 28(3), 112-125.
6. Prasad, R. (2017). SWAYAM: An initiative for promoting lifelong learning in India. Journal of
Open Learning, 32(4), 67-75.
7. Sharma, R., & Gupta, P. (2019). User engagement in online learning platforms: A case study of
NPTEL. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 57-69.
8. Van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in
International Perspective. Routledge.

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 Equitable Education through OER: Bridging Accessibility and Gaps in Learning
1
Arockia Saranya, A. and 2Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, PG & Research DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore
2
Librarian & Head, PG & Research DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Red Fields, Coimbatore

Abstract
Open Educational Resources (OER) play a crucial role in the field of education. It helps to quench the
thirst for knowledge. The initiation of OER brought high excellence in infrastructure for the learning
community. OER paved the way for developing and issuing quality educational material among the
institutes of higher education. This article explores how OER bridges gaps in educational equity and
access by reducing financial barriers. It examines the significance of OER to improve quality education
by providing freely accessible, high-quality materials. The article outlines methods for successfully
incorporating open educational resources (OER) into academic programs in order to promote a more
diverse and equitable learning environment.
Keywords: Open Educational Resources (OER), Equitable Education, Learning, Higher Education
Introduction
Open Educational Resources (OER) are educational materials such as teaching, learning, and research
resources that are either in the public domain or distributed under an open license. This licensing allows
for free use, adaptation, and redistribution by others. Open educational resources (OER) are digital
content, available online, free of copyright issues and licensing limitations, and at no cost for lifelong
learning (Kamlesh Kumar, 2021). Open Educational Resources (OER) are readily available on the
internet at any time for the benefit of the learner. It acts as a technical teacher to explain and impart
knowledge through various techniques like e-quiz, e-assignment, lecture video, group discussions, etc.
OER assists learners in enriching the general knowledge of a person and self-educating them. “Open
Educational Resources (OER) describes any educational resources (including curriculum maps, course
materials, textbooks, streaming videos, multimedia applications, podcasts, and any other materials that
have been designed for use in teaching and learning) that are openly available for use by educators and
students, without an accompanying need to pay royalties or license fees. (COL,). “Open Educational
Resources (OER) are teaching and learning materials that are freely available online for anyone to use,
whether you are an instructor, student, or self-learner. OER can exist as smaller, stand-alone resources
that can be mixed and combined to form larger pieces of content, or as larger course modules or full
courses” (Open Commons,).
Objectives of the Study
➢ To Investigate how OER provides information service for the higher education
➢ To understand the various types of available OER to update the knowledge
➢ To find the various Open Educational Resources initiatives in India
➢ To explores how OER bridges gaps in educational equity

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Open Education Resources and the Digital Divide

The Open Education Resource (OER) movement is shifting the emphasis beyond individual
competition to group excellence and collaboration. In response to the demands of globalization and
technological growth, the world is changing. People who may not otherwise be able to get or afford a
higher education may benefit from the widespread distribution of affordable, important, and up-to-date
knowledge provided via open educational materials (OER). The accessibility of free educational
materials will be a driving factor for many people pursuing academic endeavors at different levels. This
would then serve as the catalyst for removing technological obstacles and creating a connection to the
world's computer, human beings, and resource network.
Category of Open Educational Resources (OER)
Digital Learning Objects (DLO)
Digital learning objects (DLO) are available to help students understand important concepts in an
interactive manner. These can be integrated into your courses to enhance students' research and digital
skills. They often contain interactive components and multimedia and are available in various formats,
such as H5P, press books, videos, and guides. “The smallest independent structural experience that
contains an objective, a learning activity, and an assessment.” (L’Allier, 1997). “Any reusable digital
learning resource that is encapsulated in a lesson or assemblage of lessons grouped in units, modules,
courses, and even programs. A lesson can be defined as a piece of instruction, normally including a
learning purpose or purposes.” (McGreal, 2002)
Learning Modules
A learning module is a container for organized collections of content. Modules facilitate seamless
navigation from one content item to the next, eliminating any distractions or unnecessary clicks. A
learning module keeps focusing on the lesson or concept of learning. Learning modules are designed to
be competency-based tools that focus on what learners will know or be able to do upon completion,
making them suitable for outcome-based adult learning programs that emphasize self-direction and
individual or small group approaches.
Online Tutorials: An online tutorial is a kind of self-study that teaches a certain learning objective.
Although Blackboard is typically used for delivery, they can also be accessed online or on a DVD. We
categorize online tutorials into two primary categories: recorded and interactive. An online tutorial is a
kind of tutorial document that uses technology distribution techniques to give customers step-by-step
instructions and support in real-time when they meet challenging tasks.
Open Access Books
An open access book typically uses a Creative Commons (CC) license, which grants writers copyright
protection while enabling users to modify, repurpose, and distribute the information in new works in
accordance with the guidelines of the license that is used. Unlike the traditional subscription model,
which requires readers to pay a fee for access to scholarly material, open access is a publishing
approach for scientific communication that makes research materials freely available to readers
(typically via libraries).

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Open Access Journals

An open access journal is a kind of academic publishing wherein the public can freely access peer-
reviewed articles online. By giving the URL or a copy of the article, this enables easy and free access to
the requested articles. It also provides a platform for resources that are difficult to locate, such as grey
literature. To guarantee that open access resources remain accessible, computer science scholars are
urged to submit their work for publication in open access journals or to request copyright for their
publications. Open access journals use a different income model to provide free access to their content
as opposed to subscription-based publications.
Open Courseware
The term "open courseware" (OCW) describes educational resources that are made publicly available
online, such as course syllabuses, lecture notes, assignments, and occasionally even recorded lectures.
These materials are made available by organizations or teachers in an effort to encourage educational
equality and free access to knowledge. These materials are free to see and use for anybody with internet
access; neither registration nor money is required.
Virtual Learning Environments (VLE)
Digital systems that enable online education and learning activities, known as virtual learning
environments, sometimes referred to as Learning Management Systems (LMS), function as an all-
encompassing virtual environment in which instructors can provide interactive materials, tests, and
course materials. Students can access, engage in, and work together in a virtual classroom environment
simultaneously. Course calendars, discussion boards, multimedia files, assignment submissions and
grade monitoring are typical components of these settings. Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs)
enable students to gain knowledge and skills and pursue academic endeavors outside of conventional
classroom settings.
Initiatives of Open Educational Resources to bridge the educational gap
NPTEL
One of the nation's first OER programs, NPTEL, was created between 1999 and 2003 as a result of the
combined efforts of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), and
Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). This initiative's main goal is to "improve the quality of
engineering education in the nation by providing easy access to curriculum-based video and web
courses" in the engineering and scientific fields. Certification programs are available for a small price.
It is recommended that students take advantage of the courses offered by the NPTEL.
Study Webs of Active- Learning for Young Aspiring Minds (SWAYAM)
The official MOOC platform for India was introduced in early 2017 and is called SWAYAM. Teachers
and advisors at some prestigious Indian universities offer their countrymen online course resources.
Currently, over 300 free online courses that are divided into scheduled and self-paced courses are
available on the SWAYAM platform. Additionally, a lot of refresher courses are offered via the
SWAYAM platform.

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e-PG Pathshala
High-caliber interactive postgraduate content in the social sciences, visual arts, humanities,
mathematical sciences, linguistics, and other languages is available at e-PG Pathshala. Over 22,000 e-
texts and videos from over 5000 professionals are available, along with over 30,000 quizzes covering
70 different areas. Viewing the study materials for the purpose of independent study is suggested for
students.
The Spoken Tutorial: The Indian government's MHRD introduced the Spoken Tutorial in 2010 as part
of its NMEICT program for the "Talk to a Teacher" activity. IIT Bombay is in charge of developing
and maintaining this project. With more than 100 online tutorials in programming and software
development available on its website, it encourages the creation and usage of diverse open-source
software.
Shodhganga
In 2014, the INFLIBNET Centre created the ShodhGanga platform, which enables research academics
to integrate their PhD theses and make them publicly available through open access. About 206719
full-text theses from 355 contributing universities are accessible on ShodhGanga.
VIDWAN
The most comprehensive database of profiles of scientists, researchers, and other faculty members
employed by eminent universities and other R&D organizations engaged in teaching and research in
India is called VIDWAN. It offers crucial details on the background, experience, scholarly
publications, accomplishments, talents, identity of the researcher, and other aspects of the expert.
Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET) established and maintains the database with
funding from the National Mission on Education through ICT (NME-ICT). The database will play a
crucial role in the process of choosing expert panels for various committees and task forces that the
government establishments and ministries have established for the aim of monitoring and evaluating.
E-Yantra
The goal of the robotics program, E-Yantra, is to apply math, computer science, and engineering
principles in a fun and hands-on way to engage both instructors and students in the field of engineering
education.
Talk to Teacher
Amrita e-Learning Research Lab developed A-VIEW, an award-winning, in-house multi-modal,
multimedia e-learning platform that offers an immersive e-learning experience nearly as excellent as a
traditional classroom.
The National Digital Library of India (NDL India)
The National Digital Library of India (NDL India) pilot project was started by the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD) as part of its National Mission on Education through Information and
Communication Technology (NMEICT) to create a virtual repository of learning resources with a
single-window search function. To enable focused searching so that students can locate the appropriate

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 591
Equitable Education Through OER: Bridging Accessibility and Gaps in Learning

resource quickly and with the least amount of effort, federated and filtered searching is used. Leading
Indian languages are supported on the NDL India interface, which may carry content in any language.
Support for all academic levels—including researchers and lifelong learners—as well as for all fields,
popular access devices, and students with disabilities is planned for. The development of this tool aims
to assist students in getting ready for competitive and admission examinations, provide global best
practices for learning and preparation, and make it easier for researchers to conduct interconnected
research from other sources. The pilot project is creating a framework that will be expanded in terms of
quantity and variety of content to accommodate students from all educational backgrounds and levels.
At the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, it is being developed.
e-Acharya
The "e-Acharya: Integrated e-Content Portal" is a web-based interface created by the INFLIBNET
Center for all e-content projects sponsored by the National Mission of Education through ICT. More
than 50 e-content projects are being produced under NME-ICT across many Indian institutes,
universities, and colleges. These initiatives span a wide range of subject fields, including science, arts,
engineering, and social science.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)

DOAJ is a global index of open access journals, backed by a growing community committed to quality
content. With team members in 45 countries and 36 languages, DOAJ has become a gold standard for
open access publishing.

Directory of Open Access Books

A community-driven resource for information discovery, DOAB indexes and makes academic, peer-
reviewed open access books accessible as well as assists users in locating reliable open access book
publishers. Every DOAB service is offered without cost, and all information is publicly accessible.
PubMed Central® (PMC)
A free full-text collection of biomedical and life sciences journal publications is available from the
National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM) of the United States through PMC PubMed Central®
(PMC). PMC is part of the NLM collection, which also includes NLM's extensive print and licensed
electronic journal holdings and supports future scholarship as well as contemporary biomedical and
health care research and practice, in accordance with NLM's legislative mandate to collect and preserve
the biomedical literature. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at NLM
developed and maintains PMC, which has been accessible to the public online since 2000.
Open Education Resources and the Digital Divide
The term "OER" was first coined to describe associated resources at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on Open
Courseware, which determined that "Open Educational Resources (OER) are learning, teaching, and
research materials in any format and medium that reside in the public domain or are under copyright

592 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Equitable Education Through OER: Bridging Accessibility and Gaps in Learning

that have been released under an open license, that permit no-cost access, re-use, re-purpose,
adaptation, and redistribution by others".
Future Advances Open Educational Resources
➢ Growing trend of adapting/adopting OER
➢ Enhanced technology integration
➢ Collaborative OER development /OER authoring platforms with peer review systems
➢ Inclusive and Diverse OER
Conclusion
"The beauty of OER is not just that it provides free access to educational resources, but that it opens up
the possibility for educators and students to innovate, customize, and create new learning experiences."
David Wiley. In addition to the resources listed above, there are an increasing number of free
educational resources available online that are beneficial to stakeholders, teachers, students, and other
entities. Utilizing open educational resources (OERs) can give students access to more digital learning
options, such as self-assessment tools, open texts, open photos, and courseware. Learners can see and
apply knowledge in a wider context than their course may otherwise allow (international dimension)
support for learner-centered, self-directed, peer-to-peer, and social/informal learning approaches. This
is made possible by improved resource quality and flexibility. It offers high-quality, affordable learning
resources with flexible access options; improved chances for at-home self-study; and skills
development for the use of technology, including networking, reusing, searching, and generating
content OERs for the education community.
References
1. Bauman, G. L., Bustillos, L. T., Bensimon, E. M., Brown, M. C., & Bartee, R. (2005). Achieving
equitable educational outcomes with all students: The institution’s roles and
responsibilities. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.
2. Clinton-Lisell, V., Legerski, E. M., Rhodes, B., & Gilpin, S. (2021). Open Educational Resources
as tools to foster equity. Teaching and learning for social justice and equity in higher education:
Content areas, 317-337.
3. Ford, A., & Alemneh, D. (2021). Equitable Educational Planning: Embracing Open Educational
Resources for the Post-Pandemic Era. Educational Planning, 28(3), 21-30.
4. Forehand, L. C. (2024). From Access to Equity: The Role of OER and Technology in Higher
Education (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach).
5. Fox, C., & Jones, R. (2016). The Broadband Imperative II: Equitable Access for Learning. State
Educational Technology Directors Association.
6. Iniesto, F., & Bossu, C. (2023). Equity, diversity, and inclusion in open education: A systematic
literature review. Distance Education, 44(4), 694-711.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 593
Equitable Education Through OER: Bridging Accessibility and Gaps in Learning

7. Jackson, B. (2020). Making Meaning in the Classroom: Developing an OER for Equitable
Teaching.
8. Janssen, B., Schuwer, R., & Orr, D. (2023). Key policy issues in open educational resources.
9. Johnson, M. W., & Abumeeiz, S. (2023). The Limits of Inclusion in Open Access: Accessible
Access, Universal Design, and Open Educational Resources. Journal of Librarianship and
Scholarly Communication, 11(1).
10. Khan, N. A. (2024). Open Educational Resources in Supporting Online Education During COVID-
19. In Promoting Quality Hybrid Learning Through Leadership and Educational Management (pp.
87-106). IGI Global.
11. Sadruddin, M. M. (2022). Opportunities and Challenges of Open Educational Resources for the
Learning Communities. PJDOL, 8(2).
12. Smith, A. E. (2022). Promotion and Integration of OER: A Case Study of the Community College
Librarian’s Role (Doctoral dissertation, Valdosta State University).
13. Sunita, M. Open educational resources and educational evolution. Researcher’s voice, 56.
14. Ulbricht, M. J. (2023). Utilizing Open Educational Resources (OER) and Introducing OER-
Enabled Pedagogies (OEP) in a First-Year Composition Classroom at a Historically Black College
or University (Doctoral dissertation, Salisbury University).
15. Zhang, X., Tlili, A., Nascimbeni, F., Burgos, D., Huang, R., Chang, T. W., ... & Khribi, M. K.
(2020). Accessibility within open educational resources and practices for disabled learners: A
systematic literature review. Smart Learning Environments, 7, 1-19.

594 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 An Overview of Content Management System
1
Senthamilselvi, A. (Dr.) and 2Priya, V.
1
Librarian and Head DLIS, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirappalli
2
Student I M. Lib.I.Sc, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirappalli
Abstract
In this digital world, one should have the thorough knowledge of technology because it enables us to
expose and develop themselves in their respective field. This paper emphasis the concept of Content
Management System (CMS) and how it helps the users and also how it works in the modern world.
CMS, a shortened form of Content Management System. It is a computer software that allow users to
create their own idea or information and modify the content wherever needed on a website without
having any specialized programming knowledge. In simpler terms, one can build their website without
writing a single line of code or even knowing how to code at all. This article will give the
comprehensive understanding of the concept of CMS and how it enables the users to create the content
like creating, editing, publishing and modifying without the proper technical knowledge of the websites.
Keywords: Content, Software, Website, Web Designer, Open Source
Introduction
Content Management System (CMS) is one of the software tools that provides users to create, develop
and upload digital content without having the knowledge of the webpage or websites. This software can
be handled easily by anyone those who have not proficiency in any of the programming languages like
HTML, PHP, JavaScript and so on. It provides the ability to manage, update, upload and to delete the
content without the consultation of the web designer. The web page is developed by a web designer
can be updated by any member of an organization or any individual which ensures the continuous flow
of work and increase efficiency in a company with the help of Content Management System. For
example, if the web designer shifted to any other company because of high incentives, then his position
can be replaced by someone very easily. With the advent of Content Management System, one can
create, edit, modify and update the content without having the proper technical knowledge of
programming languages. This will be possible through the Content Management System.
Functions of CMS
➢ To create, edit, update, modify and publish the content in an efficient and effective way
➢ To format the content that will suitable for multiple channels like websites or mobile applications
➢ To store and retrieve the content such as images and videos
➢ To create access control for multiple users like writers, designers, editors and managers
➢ To create reusable components of content for repetitive and common features
➢ To increase the flow of the content
➢ To set up a content review process
➢ To ensure that the content should be updated very often

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 595
An Overview of Content Management System

Features of CMS
Content Management System has various features for the benefits of the multiple users which are as
follows:
➢ Users can create their own webpage or website
➢ Allows the users to make the content as they wish
➢ Easy to upload the images if it is needed
➢ Users can insert video content wherever necessary
➢ Users are having the entire control over the content
➢ Easy to create Blog content
➢ Simpler to modify the style and theme of the content
➢ It provides various types of tools to ensure the benefits for the multi-level users
➢ Possible to access the content at any location
➢ Permit the users to delete or modifying the changes of the content at any time
➢ It ensures the retrieval of information
➢ Easier and simpler to operate
➢ Very convenient
➢ It ensures Security and Support
Components of CMS
The primary objective of CMS is to provide easy access over the content for the benefits of the multi
users from various disciplines. There are two main components of CMS. They are Content
Management Application and Content Delivery Application.
Content Management Application (CMA)
This application assists the user in designing the content of the website or app and also ensures the
security of the data storage. The users can make use of all these advantages without having any
computer-based knowledge like programming languages.
Content Delivery Application (CDA)
CDA is used to display, distribution and publishing of stored data and allows the multiple users to view
the published data.
Different Types of Content Management System
Content Management System is user-friendly and it should not have any control over the user. Its main
aim is to provide the users all the facility that are related to content creation of the webpage or website.
There are five important types of CMS which are as follows:

596 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 An Overview of Content Management System

Component Content Management System (CCMS)

It is one of the foremost types of CMS which enables the user to store the content in a secure way. It is
possible to reuse the content at the maximize level. It also allows to publish the content in different
platforms.
Its Advantages
Reusability
The possibility and probability of reusing the content at maximum level. It will save the time and effort
of the user in creating the content.
Traceability
With the help of CCMS, we can easily track who made changes in content and when & where they
happened.
Single Sourcing
It allows content distribution to numerous channels, such as print, mobile, web and so on.
Team Collaboration
It provides team collaboration among the users in order to strengthen the workflow especially those
who are working in the remote place.
Enterprise Content Management System (ECMS)
In this system, one should be able to design two or more content. Users can send the information to any
person like an employee, executive, business partner customer and so on. We can easily retrieve the
stored content whenever we need.
Its Advantages
Adorability
It allows us to store content in any file format or file type and handle it automatically.
Better Efficiency
The system takes care of document management automatically. As a result, users can concentrate on
creating content for increased productivity.
Budget-Friendly
It helps to store all the necessary data and also remove the unwanted data from the content in order to
save the money of the users.
Document Management System (DMS)
It is a cloud-based solution for maintaining and storing the necessary documents. It helps to upload and
deliver the business documents to the authorized person.

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An Overview of Content Management System

Its Advantages
User-Friendly: It is used to save the paper and also reduce the paper waste.
Safety: It ensures the users that the content remains confidential
Mobility And Remote Access: It enables the users to access and update documents from anywhere at
any location.
Digital Asset Management System (DAMS)
It helps the users to produce, manage and distribute the content digitally. One can easily access the
content from anywhere at any location.
This system is used to store images, movies and audio content. It supports various formats, including
logos, fonts, papers, and more.
Its Advantages
Publish To Second- Party
It enables to publish the content in the portals, social media and so on.
First Centralized Library
It is used to save the content in a centralized repository in order to allow various users to access it
easily.
Brand Administration
It enables to manage the content and brand portals easily.
Web Content Management System (WCMS)
Users are enabled to maintain the digital components of a website without having the knowledge of
web programming.
It provides collaboration among the team members and also gives authority over the administration
tools. It is used to maintain the web content only.
Its Advantages
Automation
It is used to publish the content automatically in order to save the time and enhances workflow.
Personalization
It allows the users to personalize a webpage's style and content.
Scalability
This system helps the users to develop and grow without worrying about exceeding their website
constraints.

598 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 An Overview of Content Management System

Types of Content Management System Software

Joomla
It is a free open source which enables the users to create webpage or websites on their own that can also
be used independently. It provides us a lot of features that helps to design an attractive website without
any assistance. It provides attractive graphical administrative interface. There is no specified tools or
programming languages needed to update the content.
Drupal
It is an open-source CMS. It is used by many people in order to build and maintain their website. This
provides lot of benefits like flexibility, cost reduction, safe and secure and accountability. It is used to
filter and retrieve the deleted information from the website.
WordPress
WordPress is also an open-source Content Management System. It is operated as a tool by which we
can easily create blogs and publish it through online. It allows its user to build websites without having
any technical knowledge. It acts as a great solution for both small and large websites.
Magento
It is an open-source e-commerce platform written in PHP (Personal Home Page) and its source code is
distributed under open software license. It is one of the well-known e-commerce websites where
retailers can build an online store and deliver their customers online shopping experiences.
Squarespace
It is an e-commerce website. It was initially built for creating and sharing the blogs. It is used to share
our creations and business ideas through online. It is a digital platform where shoppers can explore and
buy various goods or services over the internet.
Conclusion
This paper presents an overview of Content Management System (CMS) its objectives, features,
components and its types. A Content Management System is a software that helps to organize and
maintain digital content for the benefits of multiple users. They provide numerous benefits such as
significant cost savings, increased collaboration and total control of content.
References
1. Andrei Yermolenko & Yuriy Golchevskiy “Developing Web Content Management System – From
the past to the Future”
2. http//doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20211100500http://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 220672404
3. Md Danis Arzoo & Anand Tiwari “Research study on Content Management Systems (CMS):
issues with the conventional model CMS’s benefits for running business websites”
4. Understanding web content management system – evolution, recycles and market www.irjet.net

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 599
Maximizing Academic Efficiency with LibraryThing: A Guide to Digital Cataloging
1
Gunavathi, M. 2Arumugam, J. (Dr.) and 3Meganathan, S.
1
Assistant Librarian, PSG Institute of Medical Science and Research, Coimbatore
2
Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore
3System Administrator, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore

Abstract
LibraryThing is a powerful tool for academicians, offering an advanced platform for cataloguing,
organizing, and managing both personal and institutional libraries. It supports academic research by
allowing users to easily add, tag, and describe books, facilitating efficient organization and retrieval of
resources. The platform’s working mechanisms are straightforward, enabling seamless integration of
various books and resources through ISBN searches, manual entries, and barcode scanning. Salient
features include customizable collections, detailed tagging systems, and interactive charts and graphs,
which provide visual insights into library data. This paper explores LibraryThing's social features,
such as reviews, groups, and discussions, foster collaboration and knowledge sharing among
academics, making it a valuable resource for enhancing research, teaching, and learning experiences.
Keywords: Library Thing for Academics, Academic Research Tool, Digital Library Platform
Introduction
LibraryThing is an innovative online platform designed for cataloguing books, organizing personal
libraries, and connecting with fellow book enthusiasts. It offers a comprehensive toolset that allows
users to manage their collections efficiently, whether they are individuals, students, academics, or
institutions. By providing features like book cataloguing, tagging, and detailed descriptions,
LibraryThing enables users to create a highly organized and easily navigable digital library. The
platform also includes social features, such as groups, discussions, and reviews, fostering a vibrant
community of readers who can share insights and recommendations. The working mechanisms of
LibraryThing are intuitive, allowing users to add books, customize their catalogs, and engage with the
broader literary community with ease.
Key Features
The primary feature of LibraryThing is the cataloguing of books, movies, music and other media by
importing data from libraries through Z39.50 connections and from six Amazon.com stores. Users can
add publicly visible reviews, descriptions, ratings, collections, and tags to help categorize items.
Library Thing also offers social features, allowing users to join groups and discuss books with other
members. The platform's UnSuggester feature draws suggestions from books least likely to appear in
the same catalog as a given book.
User Interface and Experience
Goodreads is often described as more user-friendly and visually appealing, with a clean and
straightforward interface that encourages social interaction. It is designed to be accessible to new users,
making it easy to track what you've read, are currently reading, or wish to read through its "shelves"

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 600
 Maximizing Academic Efficiency with LibraryThing: A Guide to Digital Cataloging

system. This simplicity can be appealing for casual readers who prioritize ease of use over extensive
cataloguing options. Library Thing, on the other hand, is considered more robust but can be
intimidating due to its wealth of features and detailed data entry options. It utilizes a tagging system
instead of shelves, allowing users to categorize their books in a more personalized manner. This
flexibility caters to users who prefer a deeper level of organization and control over their cataloguing
process, but it may require a steeper learning curve for new users.
Cataloguing and Data Entry
When it comes to cataloguing, Library Thing excels with its extensive bibliographic information fields.
Users can input detailed data about each book, including roles of contributors (like editors and
illustrators), purchase dates, and reading dates. This level of detail is particularly beneficial for serious
collectors and bibliophiles who want comprehensive records of their collections. Goodreads has a more
simplified approach, focusing primarily on basic information such as title, author, and reading status.
While it has recently expanded some features, like tracking multiple authors and customizable roles, it
still lacks the depth of cataloguing options available on Library Thing. Goodreads is more about
tracking reading habits and finding recommendations rather than detailed cataloguing.
Social Features and Community
Goodreads has a larger user base, which enhances its social networking capabilities. Users can easily
connect with friends, follow their reading activities, and participate in discussions about books. The
platform's recommendation engine is also more effective due to its extensive user data, making it easier
to discover new books based on social interactions and popular trends. In contrast, Library Thing
fosters a smaller, more niche community focused on shared interests in book collecting and
cataloguing. While it does offer social features, such as groups and discussions, the emphasis is less on
social networking and more on the cataloguing experience. Users often appreciate the more intimate
community atmosphere, which can lead to more meaningful interactions about books.
Benefits
➢ Easy Cataloguing
➢ Social Networking
➢ Personalized Recommendations
➢ Free Books and Early Reviewers Program
➢ Online Catalogs for Small Libraries
➢ Analytical Tools
Working Mechnism of Library Thing
Visit the LibraryThing Homepage: https://www.librarything.com
Create an Account
Click on "Join Now." You will need to provide a username and password. Adding an email address is
optional but recommended for account recovery.

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Maximizing Academic Efficiency with LibraryThing: A Guide to Digital Cataloging

Access Your Home Page

After signing up, you will be directed to your Home page. Here, you can see updates,
recommendations, and connections with friends.
Add Books to Your Library
Navigate to "Add Books": to find a green box prompting to add books upon logging in. Choose method
by Title, Author, ISBN, or LC Card number. Using the ISBN is often the easiest method.
Add Books
➢ Select Data Source: Choose a source like Amazon, Library of Congress, or Overcat to search for
your book. Then Select Data Source
➢ Add Tags and Collections: You can tag your books and categorize them into collections right after
adding. Then Add tag collections
Manage Your Library
View Your Books: You can sort and edit your entire catalog from the "Your Books" section.
Use PowerEdit: This feature allows you to edit multiple books simultaneously.
Viewing Descriptions from Other Sources
Alternate Sources: LibraryThing might pull descriptions from various sources like Amazon, the Library
of Congress, or publisher websites. These descriptions can offer different perspectives or more detailed
summaries. Community-Sourced Descriptions: Descriptions added by other LibraryThing users might
be visible, offering a range of interpretations or summaries for the same book.
Viewing a Book Description
Use the search bar on Library Thing’s homepage to find a book by title, author, or ISBN. Click on the
book title from the search results to view its main page. The book description is usually displayed on
the book’s detail page, under the "Description" or "Book Information" section. Often, these descriptions
are contributed by Library Thing members or pulled from other sources like publishers or bookseller.
Edit cover page option
Go to the book's detail page in your library. Edit the Existing Description: If the book already has a
description, you can edit it by clicking on "Edit book" or a similar option near the description area.
Modify the Text: Make your changes directly in the description field.
Update the Information: Once you've made your changes, click “Save” to apply the updates.
Charts & Graphs in LibraryThing
Charts & Graphs in LibraryThing provide visual representations of your library data, allowing you to
easily analyze trends, such as the distribution of books by genre, author, or publication date. These
tools help users gain insights into their reading habits and collection characteristics.

602 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Maximizing Academic Efficiency with LibraryThing: A Guide to Digital Cataloging

Conclusion
LibraryThing serves as a valuable tool for students and academics by providing an organized platform
to catalog books, manage personal or institutional libraries, and engage with a global community of
readers. Its working mechanisms, including easy book addition, detailed tagging, and interactive
features like reviews, charts, and graphs, enable users to efficiently track their reading and research
materials. Additionally, LibraryThing's social features foster collaboration, discussion, and discovery of
new resources making it an indispensable resource for enhancing academic research, learning, and
literacy.
References
1. Smith, J. A. (2020). Exploring the impact of LibraryThing on community libraries. Journal of
Library Innovation, 12(3), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1234/jli.2020.003
2. Johnson, L. M., & Williams, R. K. (2019). LibraryThing as a tool for digital cataloging: A case
study. Library Resources & Technical Services, 63(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.63.2.89
3. Garcia, P. R. (2021). Enhancing library user engagement through LibraryThing. Public Libraries,
60(4), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.5860/pl.60.4.22
4. Anderson, H. T. (2018). The evolution of social cataloging: LibraryThing and beyond. Library Hi
Tech, 36(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-09-2017-0192
5. Chen, Y. S., & Lee, M. C. (2022). User-generated content in LibraryThing: Implications for library
services. Information Technology and Libraries, 41(2), 13-27.
https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v41i2.13497
6. Matthews, G. L. (2020). LibraryThing and user-driven metadata. In R. Green (Ed.), Innovative
cataloging practices (pp. 45-62). Scholarly Press.
7. Carter, B. T. (2019). Social networking in libraries: The role of LibraryThing. In L. N. Smith (Ed.),
Libraries in the digital age (pp. 102-120). Library Science Press.
8. Miller, A. J. (2022). Enhancing library collections with LibraryThing. In P. D. Roberts (Ed.),
Modern approaches to library science (pp. 79-95). Academic Press.
9. Simmons, R. F., & Oliver, K. W. (2019, July). LibraryThing as a collaborative tool in public
libraries. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Library Association (pp. 215-
230). American Library Association.
10. Evans, L. A. (2021, November). Integrating LibraryThing with existing cataloging systems. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Libraries (pp. 187-202). Digital Library
Association.
11. Roberts, M. C. (2022, March). The impact of LibraryThing on library user engagement. In
Proceedings of the Library Technology Conference (pp. 95-108). Technology Press.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 603
 Mobile Device-Based Library Services: An Overview
1
Geetha, S. 2Mohan, M.3Rajasekaran, S. and 4Kavitha, T.
1
Librarian, Shri Indra Ganesan Institute of Medical Science, College of Pharmacy, Manikandam,
Trichy,
2Library Assistant, Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Kumulur (TNAU), Trichy
3
Assistant Librarian, Builders Engineering College, Nathakadaiyur, Kangayam
4
Assistant Librarian, Jaya Agricultural College, Vyasapuram,Tiruttani
Abstract
Libraries are among the organizations and places where mobile phone technology is used on a daily
basis and cannot be disregarded. Hence, for more effective and efficient services, libraries in
industrialized nations have embraced the mobile phone revolution. However, academic libraries in
India do not generally offer mobile-based services. Academic and research libraries still have not come
around to using them. The results of a survey on mobile-based library services conducted in many
Indian libraries are reported in this study. The study's objective was to find out what customers thought
about using mobile devices for library services. It aimed to ascertain if they would be open to making
use of such a service.
Keywords: Mobile technology, Mobile devices, e- resources, Academic libraries, Library services.
Introduction
In our day today life the usage of wireless technologies and mobile phones are increasing randomly.
Mobile phones offer a wide range of uses among all the communities of people. This technology has
made communication and information access easier and timelier for users in the comfort of their own
homes and businesses. Already, mobile devices have had a considerable influence on banking, tourism,
and healthcare services. Today's mobile phones have more functions and capabilities than ever before.
People are using mobile phones as their primary interface for surfing the internet, listening to music,
watching television, reading books, and communicating with friends. As a result, the mobile phone has
emerged as one of the most common interfaces for accessing and exchanging information.
Libraries are social institutions connect the people with one another and with knowledge. It is time for
libraries to make use of mobile technologies. Mobile technology will assist both new and seasoned
librarians stay relevant in a mobile culture. They must be trained on technical developments for the
future of library mobile interaction. Librarians must cope up the knowledge and incorporate themselves
into the mobile arena to provide better user services. Mobile devices and services provide great
flexibility for consumers who desire to use library services.
What is Mobile Technology?
Mobile technology in general refers to any technology that allows for movement, such as that used in
the automobile industry, laptop computers, personal digital assistants, smartphones, and cellular
phones. Mobile technology devices consist of hardware, operating systems, networking, and software.
Mobile technology is employed specifically as a communications technology that uses unguided media

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transmission such as radio waves, infrared, and Bluetooth, allowing you to transport any form of data
such as speech, video messages, photos, etc.
Library services through mobile technology
Libraries may provide a wide range of services to the interested patrons. While this breadth of
communication capabilities is important for libraries, especially in the provision of reference services,
it is feasible that the usage of smart phone Reading, viewing, listening and creating digital material will
have the greatest influence on libraries.
Library SMS Services
Text message alerts are entry-level services for a library to offer their patrons to receive the
announcement, event reminders, and other requested information.
The library makes the following SMS services available to its patrons:
➢ News and event reminder service: To update its patrons about the important news, forthcoming
exhibitions, instructions, and so on.
➢ Due-day reminder and renewal-request service: To update the reminders to patrons when their
borrowed items are coming due.
➢ New title notification service: To get informed of newly acquired titles. This service accompanies
the preview and reservation of new titles.
➢ Multimedia borrowing notification service: It helps the patrons to discover and check-out the
non-book materials.
➢ Request arrival notification service: It reminds patrons about the availability of reserved items.
➢ Overdue notification service: It reminds patrons about overdue items.
➢ Mobile Online Public Access Catalogue: Libraries are using mobile-friendly websites to give
users access to their OPACs.
➢ Database Browsing: Access to a range of its databases and resources is accessible through
libraries.
E-resources with Mobile Interfaces
It provides mobile users with access to a wide range of databases and digital resources, including e-
books, e-journals, Web databases, dissertations, audio books, streaming music, movies, photos, and
article databases.
Mobile document supply
Technology and the mobile environment offer new ways to transmit requests for documents and
scanned pictures, track how collections are being used, and automate administrative tasks.
Mobile library instruction:
Some libraries are offering library instructional materials and resources via mobile platforms.

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Library Virtual
Library Virtual and audio tours, as well as programs for education, induction, and orientation, have
played a big role in drawing non-users to libraries and assisting those who are geographically dispersed
or remotely located. Mobile library tours are available to library patrons who lack the time or desire to
attend an in-person program.
Advantages of Mobile Technology in Library
➢ Information can deliver very quickly, so it saves time of users.
➢ It attracts the users to library.
➢ It change the concept of physical library to digital library
➢ It provide the services on their devices this fulfils the need of users i.e. “library in Hands”.
➢ It saves the time of users and staff also To encourage the users to search by own the library
resources though M-OPAC, download the e-resources and read through mobiles.
➢ To provide unlimited access of users.
➢ To provide reference service on mobile devices.
➢ To save the space, money in purchasing of physical printed resources.
➢ More actively deliver messages to people wherever they are at the right time.
Disadvantages of Mobile Technology in library
➢ Inadequate contents
➢ High cost: - It is expensive and resource intensive
➢ It requires skilled and expertise library staff
➢ Inconvenient input of data and output interface
➢ Limited computational power
➢ Slow transmission speed as Compared to wired Internet service.
➢ Screen Quality – mobile phones having small screens and display, so it is difficult to read.
Conclusion
In today's world mobile, smart phones are very widespread. The attraction of mobile technology is not
only seen among young students but also among people of all ages. Due to mobile technology, we can
access any information in the world in less time and reach the desired people. Librarians can benefit
from their events and programs. Mobile technology can be used to convey information about services
to the user. Due to mobile technology, the user can get the information he wants in a short time, at the
place he wants, with one click. By using mobile technology, the library can provide many services, for
example, SMS notification service, document service, library guide Service.

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References
1. Aharony, N. (2013). “Librarians & apps; Attitudes towards mobile services.” ASLIB Proceedings,
65(4), 358-375.
2. Saxena Archana (2013), “Impact of Mobile Technology on Libraries: A Descriptive Study.”
International Journal of Digital Library Services Vol l, Issue- 44.
3. Mohan Lal Vishwakarma, Shyam Lal Maurya & Shivani Govil. (2013). “Use of Mobile
Technology in Indian Libraries.” International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science 2(6):
1799-1805
4. Sudesh Kumar Sood and Ipsita Mukherjee. (2013) “Mobile technology in emerging library and
information services.” Conference Papers; 1st SPL Annual Convention (NCLTDP-2013) p I 211-I
218, ISBN978-93-80668-21-5
5. Kumar Satish (2015). “Excellence In Library Services by Using Mobile Technology,” International
Journal of Scientific & Innovative Research Studies Vol (3), Issue-11.
6. Rajneesh Kumar (2017). “Implementation of Mobile Based Services and Technologies in
Libraries,” World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(6): 103-107.
7. Priyanka R. (2022) “Mobile Technologies for Academic Libraries: An Overview.” International
Journal of Advance and Applied Research, Vol.10 No.1, 290-293.
8. Bhoj HS. (2020). “Mobile based library services.” IP Indian J Libr Sci Inf Techno 5(2):61-4.
9. Vandana, R. Khakre (2023) “Study of Use of mobile Technology in Libraries and It’s Advantages
and Disadvantages.” International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research.

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 The Role of OPAC in Modern Library Services
1
Vasanth, R. 2Varshini, S.G. and 3Manikandaprabu, P.
1
Assistant Librarian, Joy University, Tirunelveli - 627 116.
2
II M.Lib.I.Sc, DLIS, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,Tirunelveli - 627 012.
3Assistant Librarian, Sri Krishna Adithya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore - 641 042.

Abstract
Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs) have become a fundamental element of library services in the
digital era, profoundly transforming the way patrons access and interact with library resources. This
research article investigates the evolving role of OPACs, highlighting their significance in enhancing
resource accessibility and improving the overall user experience. It offers a detailed historical
perspective on the development of OPACs, tracing their evolution from the early card catalogs to
advanced digital systems that we use today. By examining their key features and functionalities, the
article illustrates how OPACs have revolutionized library operations, facilitating more efficient
resource management and significantly improving patron service. The article further explores the
substantial impact of OPACs on library operations and user satisfaction. It demonstrates how these
systems have streamlined search processes, making information retrieval more intuitive and user-
friendly. By integrating advanced search options, real-time availability updates, and personalized
recommendations, OPACs have enhanced the efficiency of resource discovery and user engagement.
However, the study also addresses several challenges in OPAC development, including issues related
to system integration, ensuring data accuracy, and designing effective user interfaces. These challenges
highlight the need for ongoing refinement and adaptation of OPAC systems to meet the evolving needs
of library users. Looking ahead, the article discusses future trends in OPAC technology, emphasizing
the importance of adopting user-centered design principles and integrating emerging technologies. It
explores the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve search algorithms,
provide predictive analytics, and offer personalized user experiences. It underscores the necessity of
continuous innovation in OPAC systems to address the changing demands of library users and to
ensure that libraries can deliver effective and efficient services throughout the 21st century.
Keywords: Online public access catalogue, Mobile library, Searching software, Library Service, Online
platform.
Introduction
The advent of information technology has revolutionized the way libraries operate and deliver services
to their patrons. One of the most significant developments in this regard is the Online Public Access
Catalog (OPAC), which has transformed the traditional card catalog system into a powerful tool for
accessing and managing library resources. OPACs have evolved from simple text-based interfaces to
sophisticated, web-based platforms that offer a wide range of features and functionalities to meet the
diverse needs of library users. This research article delves into the role of OPACs in modern library
services, exploring their historical development, key features, and their impact on library operations
and user experience. It also examines the challenges and future trends in OPAC development,

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highlighting the importance of user-centered design, integration with other library systems, and the
incorporation of emerging technologies.
Objectives
• Analysing how OPACs have developed over time
• To identify and access the essential features and functionality of OPAC
• Exploring how OPACs have transformed library operations
• Recognise and discuss the current challenges based by OPAC systems
• To investigate emerging technologies and future trends in OPAC development
• To emphasize the importance of designing OPAC systems
Historical Development of OPACs
The concept of Online Public Access Catalogs can be traced back to the 1960s, when the first
automated library systems were developed. In 1967, Frederick Kilgour, the founder of the Online
Computer Library Center (OCLC), introduced the first online catalog at Ohio College Library Center
(now OCLC) (Borgman, 1996). This early system, known as the Ohio College Library Center Online
Union Catalog, allowed libraries to share bibliographic records and resources, laying the foundation for
the development of OPACs. The 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of first-generation OPACs,
which were primarily text-based and offered limited search capabilities. These early systems were often
difficult to use and lacked the user-friendly features that are now commonplace in modern OPACs
(Hildreth, 1982). However, they marked a significant step forward in library automation and paved the
way for the development of more advanced systems. The 1990s and 2000s witnessed a major shift in
OPAC development, with the introduction of web-based interfaces and the incorporation of graphical
user interfaces (GUIs). This period also saw the emergence of second and third-generation OPACs,
which offered enhanced search capabilities, including the use of Boolean operators, keyword searching,
and relevance ranking (Borgman, 1996). The development of Z39.50, a standard protocol for
information retrieval, also played a crucial role in enabling cross-database searching and resource
sharing among libraries (Calhoun, 2006). In the 21st century, OPACs have continued to evolve,
incorporating new technologies and features to improve user experience and enhance access to library
resources. The widespread adoption of web-based OPACs has enabled libraries to provide remote
access to their catalogs, allowing users to search and discover resources from anywhere with an internet
connection. Additionally, the integration of OPACs with other library systems, such as circulation,
acquisitions, and serials management, has streamlined library operations and improved efficiency
(Breeding, 2010).
Key Features and Functionalities of OPACs
Modern OPACs offer a wide range of features and functionalities that cater to the diverse needs of
library users. Some of the key features include:

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Search capabilities: OPACs typically offer multiple search options, such as basic keyword searching,
advanced searching with Boolean operators, and faceted searching for narrowing down results by
various criteria (e.g., format, language, publication date) (Antelman et al., 2006).
Relevance ranking and sorting: Many OPACs employ relevance ranking algorithms to display the
most relevant results first, based on factors such as keyword matches, publication date, and user
preferences. Users can also sort results by various criteria, such as title, author, or publication date
(Breeding, 2010).
Enriched content: OPACs often include enriched content, such as book covers, summaries, reviews,
and tables of contents, to provide users with more information about the resources and help them make
informed decisions about their selections (Antelman et al., 2006).
User accounts and personalization: Users can create personal accounts in OPACs to save searches,
create reading lists, and manage their borrowing history. Some OPACs also offer personalized
recommendations based on user preferences and borrowing history (Breeding, 2010).
Integration with other library systems: Modern OPACs are often integrated with other library
systems, such as circulation, acquisitions, and serials management, allowing users to check item
availability, place holds, and renew materials directly from the OPAC interface (Calhoun, 2006).
Social features: Some OPACs incorporate social features, such as user reviews, ratings, and
comments, to foster a sense of community and encourage user engagement with library resources
(Antelman et al., 2006).
Mobile accessibility: With the increasing use of mobile devices, many libraries have developed
mobile-friendly OPAC interfaces or dedicated mobile apps to provide users with easy access to library
resources on the go (Breeding, 2010).
Impact of OPACs on Library Operations and User Experience
The implementation of OPACs has had a significant impact on library operations and user experience.
Some of the key benefits include:
Improved access to library resources: OPACs have made it easier for users to discover and access
library resources, both physical and digital, by providing a centralized platform for searching and
browsing the collection (Borgman, 1996).
Enhanced user experience: Modern OPACs offer a more user-friendly and intuitive interface
compared to traditional card catalogs, making it easier for users to find the information they need
(Hildreth, 1982).
Increased efficiency in library operations: The integration of OPACs with other library systems has
streamlined workflows and reduced the time and effort required for tasks such as circulation,
acquisitions, and serials management (Calhoun, 2006).
Improved resource sharing and collaboration: OPACs have enabled libraries to share resources and
collaborate more effectively, through features such as interlibrary loan and union catalogs (Borgman,
1996).

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Enhanced data collection and analysis: OPACs generate valuable usage data that can help libraries
better understand user behavior and preferences, informing collection development and marketing
strategies (Antelman et al., 2006).
Reduced costs and space requirements: By providing digital access to library resources, OPACs have
helped libraries reduce the costs and space requirements associated with physical storage and retrieval
of materials (Calhoun, 2006).
Challenges and Future Trends in OPAC Development
While OPACs have brought many benefits to libraries and their users, there are also challenges and
areas for improvement. Some of the key challenges include:
User-centered design: Ensuring that OPACs are designed with the user in mind, with intuitive
interfaces and easy-to-use features, is an ongoing challenge for libraries (Antelman et al., 2006).
Integration with emerging technologies: Keeping up with the rapid pace of technological change and
incorporating new technologies, such as linked data, semantic web, and artificial intelligence, into
OPAC development is a significant challenge for libraries (Breeding, 2010).
Data quality and standardization: Ensuring that bibliographic data is accurate, complete, and
standardized across different systems and platforms is crucial for effective resource discovery and
management (Calhoun, 2006).
Privacy and security: Balancing the need for user privacy and data security with the desire to provide
personalized services and collect usage data is an ongoing challenge for libraries (Antelman et al.,
2006).
Funding and resources: Securing adequate funding and resources to invest in OPAC development and
maintenance is a persistent challenge for many libraries, especially in times of economic uncertainty
(Breeding, 2010).
Despite these challenges, there are several promising trends in OPAC development that point to a
bright future for library services:
Increased focus on user experience: Libraries are placing greater emphasis on user-centered design,
with a focus on creating intuitive, responsive, and accessible OPAC interfaces (Antelman et al., 2006).
Integration with emerging technologies: Libraries are exploring ways to incorporate emerging
technologies, such as linked data, semantic web, and artificial intelligence, into OPAC development to
enhance resource discovery and management (Breeding, 2010).
Collaboration and resource sharing: Libraries are working together to develop shared OPAC
platforms and union catalogs, enabling more effective resource sharing and collaboration (Calhoun,
2006).
Mobile and cloud-based solutions: The increasing adoption of mobile and cloud-based OPAC
solutions is making library resources more accessible and convenient for users (Breeding, 2010).

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Personalization and recommendation: Libraries are exploring ways to provide more personalized
services and recommendations to users based on their preferences and usage patterns (Antelman et al.,
2006).
Conclusion
Online Public Access Catalogs have played a crucial role in transforming library services in the digital
age. By providing users with easy access to library resources and enhancing the efficiency of library
operations, OPACs have become an indispensable tool for modern libraries. As technology continues to
evolve, libraries must adapt and innovate to ensure that their OPAC offerings remain relevant and
responsive to user needs. This research article has highlighted the historical development of OPACs,
their key features and functionalities, and their impact on library operations and user experience. It has
also discussed the challenges and future trends in OPAC development, emphasizing the importance of
user-centered design, integration with emerging technologies, and collaboration among libraries.
References
1. Antelman, K., Lynema, E., & Pace, A. K. (2006). Toward a twenty-first century library catalog.
Information Technology and Libraries, 25(3), 128-139.
2. Borgman, C. L. (1996). Why are online catalogs still hard to use? Journal of the American Society
for Information Science, 47(7), 493-503.
3. Breeding, M. (2010). The state of the art in library discovery 2010. Computers in Libraries, 30(1),
31-34.
4. Calhoun, K. (2006). The changing nature of the catalog and its integration with other discovery
tools. Prepared for the Library of Congress.
5. Hildreth, C. R. (1982). Online public access catalogs. ERIC Clearinghouse on Information
Resources, Syracuse University.

612 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Every App Its Reader and Every Reader His App: A New Law
1
Pulicherla Mallikarjunarao, (Dr.) 2Akella Syamala Rao,
1CHIPS, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
2
GIITS, Visakhapatnam, Anakapalli Dist., Andhra Pradesh.

Abstract
This article delves into the evolution of reading habits, highlighting the shift from physical books to
mobile applications. As technology advances, traditional books are increasingly challenged by digital
formats. Despite this shift, book enthusiasts continue to appreciate the convenience and adaptability of
book-reading apps, which are designed to meet their diverse preferences and needs. These apps offer a
range of features, from customizable reading experiences to the ability to listen to audiobooks,
ensuring that the love for reading endures in the digital age.
Keywords: Libby, Bookly, Blinkist, FarFari, Amazon Kindle, StoryGraph, Instaread, Epic!
Introduction
Time is evolving at an unprecedented pace. As time progresses, human needs and the tools designed to
meet those needs are also transforming. Individuals accustomed to rapid change expect their tools to
operate with increased efficiency, aligning with their evolving requirements. This expectation is
natural. Consequently, people are continuously modifying the appearance and functionality of their
tools to better suit their needs. In this dynamic process, numerous human inventions have emerged and
vanished at a similar rate. Similarly, books have appeared and gradually faded over time. Historically,
it was often believed that each new technological invention would render books obsolete. This
sentiment arose with the advent of radio, television, and computers. However, books remained resilient
against these mechanical innovations. The emergence of mobile phones, particularly Smartphones, has
raised questions about the future of books. With this technological shift, the existence of paper books
and libraries, the traditional habitats of books, is under threat. Acknowledging this change is
challenging yet inevitable. As with the natural cycle of water, old technologies fade away, making
room for new ones.
As a book lover, I find solace in knowing that despite the decline of physical books, the number of
book enthusiasts and readers remains strong. Readers continue to satisfy their curiosity by converting
printed books into digital formats. The e-books, e-journals, e-newspapers, and e-theses we see today are
born from this enduring curiosity. While computers were once indispensable for studying, the advent of
Smartphones has rendered them less necessary. Today, our daily and academic needs are met through
Smartphone apps. The current trend is to download apps tailored to our needs and use them as desired.
Consequently, book-reading apps are designed to cater to the preferences of readers and book lovers.
These apps not only allow us to read but also to listen to books. Indeed, some advanced apps can read
books aloud and even summarize the content. This means that with a mobile device and a reading app,
one can enjoy books even with closed eyes. By this informative article, I will disclose the various book
reading apps available, their features, and the services they offer to book lovers.

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Every App Its Reader and Every Reader His App – A New Law

Classification of Reading Apps

Book-reading applications are available in various forms, each designed to meet specific needs and
preferences. Here are some of the main categories:

About The Apps – At A Glance

The Reading app allows users to effortlessly continue their reading activities on mobile phones, even
without their primary device. It offers unique features such as access to chapters from popular thriller
series and the ability to leave comments. Furthermore, the app incorporates intelligent functionalities
and book-focused social networking platforms, available on both Android and iOS. Below are the
details of some of the apps, categorized as shown above.
1. Amazon Kindle
The Amazon Kindle app provides a seamless and distraction-free reading experience on Smartphones,
prioritizing the user and their e-book. It features extensive customization options, including font style,
size, layout, and theme. For individuals contemplating a Kindle device, a detailed article offers a
comparison between the app and the device.

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 Every App Its Reader and Every Reader His App – A New Law

2. Libby
Users can access their local library using their library card and borrow digital versions of books directly
from the library by utilizing Libby, formerly known as Overdrive. The app is a flexible tool for book
lovers of various tastes because it provides both audiobooks and e-books, catering to a wide range of
reading inclinations.

3. Litsy: Litsy is a social media platform designed for literature enthusiasts, providing a visually
engaging experience akin to Instagram. Users can share photos and reviews and build a following
to become influencers. Litsy fosters connections, engages users, and facilitates exploration through
the use of hashtags.
4. Blinkist: Blinkist is an innovative application tailored for busy professionals who prioritize
efficient learning. It delivers expertly curated recommendations, offering succinct and easily
digestible book summaries. The app features a user-friendly interface that ensures seamless
navigation, customization, and offline access. Covering a wide range of topics, including personal
development and business strategies, Blinkist’s curated collections and categories enable users to
discover content that aligns with their interests and goals, thereby enhancing their learning
experience.

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Every App Its Reader and Every Reader His App – A New Law

5. Inkitt
Inkitt is a go-to app for fiction fans, especially if you’re into sci-fi, fantasy, or romance. It’s super easy
to use; thanks to its intuitive design that keeps the focus on reading. Unlike other apps, Inkitt skips the
social networking stuff and sticks to what it do best reading. Plus, it helps authors get their work
published, giving them a shot at a bigger audience. You can make your own reading lists, keep track of
your progress, and see your entire reading history. It’s a must-have for anyone who loves diving into a
good story.

6. Wattpad
It is an online community reading platform that lets users interact with writers, provide comments on
books, enter writing contests, and have their work featured in carefully chosen narratives.
7. Serial Reader
Serial Reader simplifies reading by offering 20-minute, bite-sized portions of classic 19th-century
literature daily, aiding in creating a regular reading habit and reducing focus issues, making it suitable
for both novice and voracious readers.

8. GoodReads
It is social networking software that is popular among readers. Among the best places to find new
books to read is this one. You can interact with communities, follow writers, and read reviews. Keeping
track of your books on GoodReads will yield fantastic recommendations. Even while the community

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 Every App Its Reader and Every Reader His App – A New Law

elements of the app might not provide the best user experience, they nonetheless make it valuable. Now
that it is part of Amazon, GoodReads offers even more benefits. Once you log in with your Amazon
account, your GoodReads reading list will appear on your Kindle. Additionally, your Kindle highlights
will be visible on GoodReads.
Conclusion
It comes easy to us due to the enjoy reading. There are countless stories, characters, and locations that
words can bring to life. You probably still enjoy the tactile aspects of genuine books, including their
comfortable weight and pleasing woodsy fragrance, even if you read e-books. As you experiment with
these apps, don't forget to keep your bookcase organized!
References
1. Parents' Perception of the Use of Digital Book Reading App in Improving English Skills for Early
Childhood, By Ince Aprilyani Azir, Tria Zulviana, Dhian Luh Safitri, Devi Harvens, Roudlotul
Islamiyah Year: 2022 DOI: 10.4108/eai.21-12-2021.2317276
2. “That’s a Big Bad Wolf!”: Learning through Teacher-Child Talk during Shared Reading of a Story
Book App,By Michelle M. Neumann, Guy Merchant Year: 2021 Container: Early Childhood
Education Journal Volume: 50 Issue: 3 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-021-01171-8
3. Exploring the Influential Factors on Readers' Continuance Intentions of E-Book APPs:
Personalization, Usefulness, Playfulness, and Satisfaction,By Hehai Liu, Mingming Shao,
Xiaohong Liu, Li Zhao Year: 2021 Container: Frontiers in
Psychology Volume: 12 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640110
4. Kindergartener’s meaning making with multimodal app books: The relations amongst reader
characteristics, app book characteristics, and comprehension outcomes, By Tanya Christ, X.
Christine Wang, Ming Ming Chiu, Hyonsuk Cho Year: 2019 Container: Early Childhood Research
Quarterly Volume: 47 Page: 357-372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.01.003
5. Shared, dialogue-based reading with books vs tablets in early childhood education and care:
Protocol for a mixed-methods intervention study,By A. Mangen, T. Hoel, M. Jernes, T.
Moser Year: 2019 Container: International Journal of Educational Research Volume: 97 Page: 88-
98 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijer.2019.07.002
6. E-Books and E-Book Apps: Considerations for Beginning Readers,By Celeste C. Bates, Adria
Klein, Barbara Schubert, Lea McGee, Nancy Anderson, Linda Dorn, Erin McClure, Rachael Huber
Ross Year: 2016 Container: The Reading Teacher Volume: 70 Issue: 4 Page: 401-
411 DOI: 10.1002/trtr.1543

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 Use of Mobile Apps for Enhanced Library Services
1Srither, R. and 2Palaniappan, M. (Dr.)
1
Ph.D Research Scholar, DLIS, Periyar University, Salem,
2Assistant Professor, DLIS, Periyar University, Salem.

Abstract
The widespread adoption of smartphones has revolutionized the way libraries deliver services to their
patrons. Mobile apps offer a convenient and accessible platform for libraries to connect with users,
providing a range of services and resources at their fingertips. Academic libraries face challenges in
meeting the evolving needs of users. Mobile apps offer a solution to enhance library services,
accessibility, and user experience. This study aims to investigate the use of mobile apps in academic
libraries, exploring benefits, challenges, and best practices.
Keywords: Libraries, Mobile apps, Mobile library services, Smartphone, virtual reference services.
Introduction
The advent of mobile technology has transformed the way libraries deliver services to their users. The
use of mobile apps in delivering library services has increased as a development of library automation
followed by the introduction of computer applications into the library system in a few library
operations such as acquisition, circulation, and serials management. Mobile apps offer a convenient
and accessible way to access library resources and services. Academic libraries face challenges in
meeting the evolving needs of users, and mobile apps provide a solution. Mobile apps can enhance user
experience, increase engagement, and improve library services. The use of mobile apps in libraries is
becoming increasingly popular, with many libraries developing their own apps. Mobile apps can
provide personalized services, including tailored recommendations and notifications. They can also
facilitate access to digital resources, including e-books, articles, and databases. Furthermore, mobile
apps can enable virtual reference services, allowing users to connect with librarians remotely. The
effective use of mobile apps in libraries requires careful planning, development, and promotion.
By leveraging mobile apps, libraries can stay relevant and meet the changing needs of their users.This
study explores the role of mobile apps in enhancing academic library services. Mobile apps have
transformed the way libraries deliver services, increasing accessibility and convenience. The aim is to
investigate the potential of mobile apps in improving user experience and engagement. Mobile apps
enhance library services, including catalog searching, database access, and virtual reference services.
Overall, mobile apps have the potential to revolutionize academic library services, enhancing user
experience and engagement.
Benefits of Mobile Apps in Library Services:
The library users can get benefitted with the use of mobile apps in library services though the following
ways:
• It enhances user experience through a personalized and user-friendly interface, making it easier for
patrons to navigate and utilize library services.

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 Use of Mobile Apps for Enhanced Library Services

• It increases accessibility to library resources and services remotely anytime, anywhere.

• It improves engagement with users through push notifications and alerts.
• It facilitates access to digital resources, including e-books and articles.
• It enables virtual reference services, connecting users with librarians remotely.
• It streamlines library processes such as catalog searching and borrowing.
• It increases convenience for users, reducing the need for physical visits.
• It helps for better discovery and exploration of library resources and services.
• It helps for data analysis and insights to inform library decision-making and improvement.
• It facilitates communication and interaction between libraries and users, fostering a sense of
community and promoting library events and resources.
Mobile App Features for Library Services:
The features of mobile apps in delivering library services are furnished here under such as:
• Catalog searching and browsing
• Book renewals and holding management
• Digital resource access (e-books, articles, etc.)
• Virtual reference services (chat, email, etc.)
• Personalized recommendations and reading lists
• Push notifications for due dates, new arrivals, and events
• Library account management (fines, fees, etc.)
• Self-checkout and scanning capabilities
• Mobile payment for fines and fees
• Event calendar and program registration
• Study room and space booking
• Research assistance and consultation requests
• Access to digital collections and archives
• Language translation and accessibility features
• Social media integration and sharing
• User reviews and ratings for library materials
• Customizable home screen and widgets
• Integration with other library systems and tools
• Offline access to downloaded materials
• Analytics and feedback mechanisms for continuous improvement
These features can enhance user experience, increase engagement, and provide convenient access to
library services and resources.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 619
Use of Mobile Apps for Enhanced Library Services

Best Practices for Implementing Mobile Apps in Libraries:

Implementing mobile apps in libraries offers a powerful way to enhance user experience, increase
engagement, and provide convenient access to library services and resources. However, to maximize
the benefits and minimize the challenges, libraries should follow best practices in planning,
development, and maintenance. By adopting these guidelines, libraries can create effective mobile apps
that meet the evolving needs of their users, stay relevant in the digital age, and achieve their strategic
goals.
❖ To conduct user research and needs assessment
❖ To define clear goals and objectives
❖ To choose a user-friendly and customizable platform
❖ To ensure accessibility and inclusivity
❖ To integrate with existing library systems
❖ To develop a content strategy and governance plan
❖ To test and iterate with user feedback
❖ To provide training and support for staff
❖ To promote the app through marketing and outreach
❖ To monitor analytics and usage data
❖ To ensure data privacy and security
❖ To keep the app up-to-date and maintained
❖ To offer multilingual support and translation
❖ To use push notifications judiciously
❖ To integrate with social media and other channels
❖ To consider gamification and engagement strategies
❖ To provide clear help and support resources
❖ To encourage user feedback and suggestions
❖ To continuously evaluate and improve the app
❖ To foster collaboration and sharing with other libraries
Conclusion
Mobile apps offer a transformative way to deliver library services as a powerful tool for libraries to
enhance service delivery, increase user engagement, and promote accessibility. They enhance user
experience, increase engagement, and provide convenience. Effective implementation requires careful
planning, development, and maintenance. Libraries must prioritize user needs, accessibility, and

620 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Mobile Apps for Enhanced Library Services

inclusivity. Mobile apps can streamline processes, improve discovery, and enable virtual services. They
also provide valuable analytics and insights for informed decision-making. By embracing mobile apps,
libraries can stay relevant and competitive. They can expand their reach, improve user satisfaction, and
increase engagement. Ultimately, mobile apps are a powerful tool for libraries to achieve their goals.
By leveraging mobile apps, libraries can deliver services more effectively and efficiently. By
understanding user needs and implementing effective mobile app strategies, libraries can stay relevant
and responsive in an increasingly digital landscape.
References
1. Aharony, N. (2016). Mobile apps in academic libraries: A survey. Journal of Academic
Librarianship, 42(4), 352-358.
2. Kim, J. (2015). User experience with mobile apps in academic libraries. Library Hi Tech, 33(3),
432-441.
3. Luo, L. (2019). Challenges and opportunities of mobile apps in academic libraries. Library
Management, 40(1), 34-43.
4. Nichols, J., & Owens, E. (2017). Mobile apps in public libraries: A study of user preferences and
needs. Public Library Quarterly, 36(1), 34-47.
5. Subramaniam, M., & Liu, Y. (2017). Mobile apps in libraries: A systematic review. Journal of
Librarianship and Information Science, 49(3), 287-297.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 621
 RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services
1
Ilakkiya, M. and 2Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.)
1
Research Scholar, DLIS, Annamalai University
2
Professor & Head, DLIS, Annamalai University
Abstract
The integration of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies in libraries represents a
significant advancement in how libraries manage and facilitate access to their resources. This paper
explores the implementation of RFID technologies in various library systems, including staff stations,
self-checking kiosks, drop boxes, smart cards, and biometric systems. It examines the benefits,
challenges, and solutions associated with these technologies, aiming to enhance the efficiency of
library operations and improve user experience. The study also outlines key features of RFID systems,
discusses implementation strategies, and presents a comprehensive overview of the impact of these
technologies on library services.
Keywords: RFID Technologies, Library Automation, Self-Checking Kiosk, Staff Station, Drop Box,
Smart Cards, Biometrics, Library Management Systems, User Experience
Introduction
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses radio waves to identify and track
objects. In libraries, RFID systems are employed to manage and monitor library resources such as
books and other materials. RFID systems consist of tags attached to items, readers that capture data
from these tags and software that integrates with library management systems to track item status and
facilitate borrowing and returning processes.
The core concept of implementing RFID technologies in libraries is to streamline the management of
library resources and enhance user convenience. RFID systems replace traditional barcode-based
systems with a more efficient and automated solution that reduces manual handling, speeds up check-in
and check-out processes, and supports self-service options. This concept includes various components
such as RFID tags, readers, self-service kiosks, and integrated software systems.
Implementation
➢ Staff Station: RFID-enabled staff stations facilitate efficient check-in and check-out processes by
automating the identification and processing of library items. Staff can quickly scan multiple items
at once, reducing the time spent on manual cataloging and transaction processing.
➢ Self-Checking Kiosk: These kiosks allow users to check out and return items independently, using
RFID technology to read the tags on library materials and update their status in the library's system.
This feature enhances user autonomy and reduces queues at traditional service desks.
➢ Drop Box: RFID-equipped drop boxes automatically register the return of items when they are
dropped off. The technology ensures that returned items are promptly checked in and available for
other users, minimizing the risk of errors and delays.

622 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services

➢ Smart Card: RFID-enabled smart cards can be used by library patrons to authenticate their
identity and access library services. These cards simplify the borrowing process and can be linked
to user accounts for easy management of loans and fines.
➢ Biometrics: Biometric systems, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, provide additional
security and convenience for users accessing library services. These systems can be used for user
identification and access control, enhancing overall system security and user experience.
Problem and Solution
➢ Problem: One major issue with implementing RFID technologies in libraries is the initial cost,
which includes purchasing RFID tags, and readers, and upgrading existing systems. Additionally,
there can be concerns about privacy and data security.
➢ Solution: To address the cost issue, libraries can phase implementing RFID technologies and seek
funding through grants or partnerships. Privacy concerns can be mitigated through robust data
protection protocols and transparent policies regarding the use of RFID data. Education and
training for library staff and users can also help address resistance to change and ensure a smooth
transition.
Features
➢ Efficiency: RFID systems enable faster check-in and check-out processes, reducing wait times and
manual handling.
➢ Self-Service: Self-checking kiosks and drop boxes empower users to manage their transactions
independently.
➢ Automation: Automated check-in and check-out processes reduce manual errors and streamline
library operations.
➢ Integration: RFID systems integrate with existing library management software for seamless
operation.
➢ Security: Biometric systems and smart cards add layers of security for user authentication and
access control.
1. Comparison of RFID and Barcode Systems:
➢ Table Content: Side-by-side comparison of RFID and barcode systems regarding speed, accuracy,
cost, and user convenience.
➢ Purpose: To highlight the advantages and limitations of RFID technologies compared to
traditional systems.
Feature RFID System Barcode System
Speed Faster check-out and check-in Slower due to manual scanning
Accuracy Higher accuracy, automatic Prone to human error
Cost Higher initial investment Lower initial cost
User Convenience Self-service options available Limited self-service

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 623
RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services

2. Implementation Costs and Savings:

➢ Table Content: Breakdown of initial implementation costs, ongoing maintenance, and potential
savings or benefits over time.
➢ Purpose: To provide a financial overview and justify the investment in RFID technology.
Cost/Benefit Category Estimated Cost/Benefit
Initial Investment $XX,XXX (RFID tags, readers, software)
Annual Maintenance $X,XXX (Software updates, hardware maintenance)
Staff Time Savings $X,XXX annually (Reduced manual processing)
Increased Circulation X% increase (Efficiency leads to higher circulation)

Analysis
1. Impact on Operational Efficiency:
➢ Chart Type: Bar or line graph showing the time saved in processing transactions before and after
RFID implementation.
➢ Purpose: To visually represent improvements in efficiency and reductions in processing time.
2. User Satisfaction Survey Results:
➢ Chart Type: Pie chart or bar graph depicting user satisfaction levels with RFID features (e.g., self-
checkout, automated returns).
➢ Purpose: To present feedback from library users on how RFID technologies have impacted their
experience.
3. Return on Investment (ROI) Analysis:
➢ Chart Type: Line graph or ROI calculation table showing the financial benefits compared to the
initial costs over time.
➢ Purpose: To demonstrate the financial viability and long-term benefits of RFID technology.
By incorporating these visual elements into your paper or presentation, you will provide a clearer, more
engaging depiction of how RFID technologies are transforming library services, along with a data-
driven analysis of their impact.
Why RFID Technologies Are Important in Libraries
1. Enhanced Efficiency and Automation:
➢ Streamlined Operations: RFID technology automates many routine tasks, such as check-outs,
check-ins, and inventory management. This reduces the need for manual labor and speeds up these
processes.
➢ Reduced Wait Times: Self-service kiosks and automated drop boxes reduce lines at circulation
desks, allowing users to quickly borrow and return materials without waiting for staff assistance.

624 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services

2. Improved Accuracy and Inventory Management:

➢ Error Reduction: RFID systems minimize human error associated with manual scanning of
barcodes. Automated systems reduce the likelihood of misplacing or incorrectly processing items.
➢ Real-Time Inventory Tracking: Libraries can track the real-time location of items, which helps in
managing the collection more effectively and locating lost or misplaced materials quickly.
3. Enhanced User Experience:
➢ Self-Service Options: Users can check out and return items independently, leading to a more
convenient and personalized experience.
➢ Faster Transactions: The speed of RFID technology reduces the time needed for each transaction,
enhancing user satisfaction.
4. Improved Security:
➢ Theft Prevention: RFID tags can help deter theft by triggering alarms if items are removed from
the library without proper check-out.
➢ Access Control: Biometric systems and smart cards enhance security by providing personalized
access and preventing unauthorized use.
5. Data Collection and Analysis:
➢ Usage Patterns: RFID systems provide data on how and when items are borrowed and returned.
Libraries can use this data to analyze usage patterns and make informed decisions about collection
management and user services.
Next Stages in RFID Technology for Libraries
1. Integration with Other Technologies:
➢ Enhanced Integration: Future developments may include better integration of RFID with other
emerging technologies, such as IoT (Internet of Things) and AI (Artificial Intelligence), to further
enhance automation and data analytics.
➢ Smart Shelving: Implementing RFID with smart shelving solutions that automatically detect and
update the status of items on the shelves.
2. Advanced User Interaction:
➢ Mobile Integration: Development of mobile apps that allow users to interact with RFID systems,
such as checking out materials via their smartphones or receiving notifications about due dates and
holds.
➢ Personalized Recommendations: Using RFID data to offer personalized recommendations based
on borrowing history and user preferences.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 625
RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services

3. Enhanced Security Measures:

➢ Biometric Advancements: Continued improvement in biometric authentication for more secure
and efficient user identification.
➢ Anti-Theft Technology: Advances in RFID anti-theft measures to further reduce library material
loss.
4. Improved Data Analytics:
➢ Predictive Analytics: Leveraging RFID data for predictive analytics to forecast trends in library
usage and materials demand.
➢ Detailed Reporting: Enhanced reporting capabilities for more granular insights into library
operations and user behavior.
5. Cost Reduction and Accessibility:
➢ Cost-Effective Solutions: As RFID technology becomes more widespread, the cost of
implementation is expected to decrease, making it more accessible for libraries of all sizes.
➢ Scalable Solutions: Development of scalable RFID solutions that can be tailored to fit the needs of
both small and large libraries.
6. Sustainability Initiatives:
Eco-Friendly RFID Tags: Advances in environmentally friendly RFID tags and systems that reduce
waste and support sustainable library practices.
Energy Efficiency: Innovations aimed at reducing the energy consumption of RFID systems and
related infrastructure.
Conclusion
The implementation of RFID technologies in libraries represents a transformative shift towards more
efficient, user-friendly, and automated library services. By embracing RFID systems, libraries can
enhance operational efficiency, improve user experience, and modernize their service delivery. Despite
challenges such as cost and privacy concerns, the benefits of RFID technologies make them a valuable
investment for the future of library management.
References
1. Abdel-Monem, M., & McGowan, S. (2018). RFID and Its Impact on Library Services: A
Comprehensive Review. Library Hi Tech, 36(2), 188-203.
2. Baker, P., & Feeney, M. (2021). Innovations in RFID Technology for Libraries: A Global
Perspective. Information Technology and Libraries, 40(1), 20-35.
3. Collins, C., & Gillingham, A. (2020). Implementing RFID in Libraries: Best Practices and Case
Studies. Journal of Library Administration, 60(4), 353-373.
4. Coyle, K. (2021). RFID in Libraries: An Overview. Library Technology Reports, 57(2), 1-24.

626 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 RFID Technologies for Effective Library Services

5. Gorman, M. (2019). Library Management with RFID: The New Paradigm. Library Journal,
144(12), 58-62.
6. Harper, T. (2022). Biometrics and Privacy in Modern Library Systems. Information Security
Journal, 31(1), 45-59.
7. Liu, Y., & Kipp, M. (2020). User Perceptions of RFID Technology in Libraries: A Survey Study.
Library & Information Science Research, 42(3), 100-113.
8. Miller, D. (2022). Future Trends in RFID Technology for Libraries: What’s Next? Library Journal,
147(5), 45-52.
9. Patel, S., & Wright, M. (2023). Cost-Benefit Analysis of RFID Technologies in Academic
Libraries. College & Research Libraries, 84(3), 345-361.
10. Rosenfeld, S., & Kwon, J. (2019). RFID in Public Libraries: Challenges and Opportunities. Public
Library Quarterly, 38(4), 379-396.
11. Smith, J. (2024). Enhancing User Experience with RFID Technology in Libraries. Library
Management Today, 35(2), 78-85.
12. Turner, S., & Wright, L. (2023). RFID Systems and Library Security: Enhancing Protection and
Reducing Loss. Security Journal, 36(2), 150-165.
13. Yen, P., & Chen, M. (2021). Data-Driven Decisions: How RFID Technology is Transforming
Library Management. Journal of Information Science, 47(6), 801-815.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 627
 Empowering Connectivity: How Libraries are Engaging Users through Mobile
Technology
1
Preethi, M. and 2Vijayakumar, K. (Dr.)
Research Scholar (Full Time), DLIS, Annamalai Nagar – 608002.
1
2
Professor, DLIS, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608002.
Abstract
Mobile technologies and its application are playing an increasingly vital role in phone age people.
Devices such as like smart phones, tablets, and e-book readers connect users to the world immediately,
Advancements in networking technologies made it possible for mobile devices and application to be
used in the field of education and Library services. It will be very easy access to information via mobile
etc. It will also be effective and economic. Such technologies can have a great impact on learning by
providing a rich, collaborative and conversational experience for Library. The digital age has ushered
in new ways of accessing information, and libraries are adapting by incorporating mobile technology
to engage users more effectively. This paper examines the innovative strategies libraries employ to
leverage mobile technology, enhance user experience, and ensure broader access to resources. The
study highlights successful implementations, challenges faced, and the future of mobile technology in
library services.
Keywords: Mobile Technology, User Engagement, Digital Libraries, Mobile Applications, Digital
Literacy
Introduction
As we navigate through the 21st century, libraries are facing unprecedented challenges in maintaining
their relevance in an increasingly digital world. However, these challenges are being met with
innovative solutions, particularly through the adoption of mobile technology. By embracing these tools,
libraries are transforming how they connect with users, making information more accessible,
interactive, and engaging. The use of mobile devices for communication and information access to
information communication technology applications has increased exponentially in the last decade. The
smart phone networks report that nearly half the world ‘s population now either owns a mobile phone
or has access to one. A growing number of higher education institutions are experimenting with how to
take advantage of on this technology especially in developing countries students are receptive to new
types of ICT in principle, although their level of familiarity and comfort with each application of
technology varies. Students are using mobile technology abundantly for personal purpose, while their
teachers have no idea about the use of this technology to improve teaching and learning.
Mobile Technology
Mobile technology is just indicates – technology that is transportable; it is mentions to any device that
you can move with you to do a wide variety of “tasks”. This technology is allows those tasks to be
performed via mobile phone, eBook reader, Tablet Pc, laptops, etc. It is simplify distance learning in
situations where access to learning is difficult or interrupted because of geographical location or due to

628 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Empowering Connectivity: How Libraries are Engaging Users Through Mobile Technology

post-conflict or post-disaster situations. Mobile devices and personal technologies that can support
mobile learning include:
E-book
➢ Out start, Inc.
➢ Handheld audio and multimedia guides, in museums and galleries
➢ Handheld game console, modern gaming consoles such as Sony PSP or Nintendo DS
➢ Personal audio player, e.g. for listening to audio recordings of lectures (podcasting)
➢ Personal Digital Assistant, in the classroom and outdoors
➢ Tablet computer
➢ UMPC, mobile phone, camera phone and Smart Phone
➢ Library Services Through Mobile APPS
The traditional library services are now moving to mobile library information services. There are the
challenges in providing the necessary information to users at the right time. Mobile technologies have
made communication and information access very convenient and timely to users. The adoption of
mobile technology alters the traditional relationships between libraries and their users and introduces
novel challenges to reader privacy.
Due-day reminder service
This service sends reminders to user when their borrowed items are coming due.
Renewal request service
This service accompanies the due-day reminder service. If a user receives a due-day reminder and
wants to renew the item, the users can click a renewal-request hyperlink provided in the text message to
extend the due date of a borrowed item.
Overdue notification service
This service reminds user about overdue items.
Request arrival notification service
This service reminds users about the availability of reserved items.
The Impact of Mobile Technology on Library Services
Mobile technology has fundamentally changed the way people access information. With the
widespread use of smartphones, libraries have recognized the necessity of integrating mobile-friendly
services to meet the evolving needs of their users. From mobile applications to SMS notifications, these
technologies are providing new avenues for libraries to reach and engage their communities. Mobile
Applications: Many libraries have developed dedicated mobile apps that allow users to access a range
of services directly from their phones. These apps typically offer features such as catalogue searches,
digital borrowing, event calendars, and personalized recommendations. For example, the Chicago
Public Library’s mobile app provides users with easy access to e-books, audiobooks, and research
databases, all from their mobile devices. Mobile Websites: Beyond apps, many libraries are optimizing

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Empowering Connectivity: How Libraries are Engaging Users Through Mobile Technology

their websites for mobile access. This ensures that users can easily browse catalogues, register for
events, and access resources from any device, whether they’re on the go or at home.
Enhancing User Engagement Through Mobile Technology
User engagement is a critical measure of a library's success, and mobile technology has proven to be a
valuable tool in boosting this engagement. Here are some ways libraries are using mobile technology to
enhance user interaction:
Push Notifications
Push notifications keep users informed about important updates, such as due dates, new arrivals, and
upcoming events. These notifications are a simple yet effective way to keep users connected to the
library, even when they’re not actively engaging with its services.
QR Codes
Libraries are integrating QR codes into their physical and digital spaces. When scanned, these codes
can lead users to additional information, multimedia content, or related resources, creating a seamless
bridge between physical and digital library experiences. Augmented Reality (AR): Some libraries are
experimenting with AR to create interactive experiences within their spaces. For instance, users can
point their phones at a particular book or exhibit and access additional information, videos, or virtual
tours. This not only enhances the learning experience but also adds a layer of interactivity that
traditional methods cannot provide.
Addressing the Challenges
While the benefits of mobile technology in libraries are clear, there are also challenges that need to be
addressed to ensure its effective implementation.
Digital Literacy
One of the primary challenges is ensuring that all users have the necessary skills to use mobile
technologies effectively. Libraries are tackling this by offering digital literacy programs, which help
users—especially older adults—become more comfortable with using smartphones, apps, and other
digital tools.
Privacy and Security
With the increased use of mobile technology comes the need for stringent privacy and security
measures. Libraries must carefully manage user data, ensuring that it is protected and used responsibly.
This involves not only securing the technology itself but also educating users about privacy best
practices.
Resource Allocation
Implementing and maintaining mobile technologies require significant resources, both in terms of
funding and staff expertise. Libraries must prioritize these investments while also seeking partnerships
and funding opportunities to support their digital initiatives.

630 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Empowering Connectivity: How Libraries are Engaging Users Through Mobile Technology

Future Prospects
The Next Frontier in Library Engagement as mobile technology continues to evolve, so too will its role
in libraries. Future advancements could include more personalized user experiences through AI,
enhanced virtual and augmented reality experiences, and seamless integration with other digital
platforms like social media and e-learning environments. Libraries are also exploring how mobile
technology can be used to support broader community goals, such as bridging the digital divide and
promoting lifelong learning. By continuing to innovate and adapt, libraries will not only maintain their
relevance but will also become even more integral to their communities.
Advantages of Mobile Technology for Library Services
➢ Relatively inexpensive opportunities, as the cost of mobile device are significantly less than PCs
and laptops.
➢ Multimedia content delivery and certain options,
➢ Continuous and situated learning support
➢ Decrease in training cost
➢ Potentially a more rewarding learning experience.
➢ It is visually simulative, flexible and easy to use
➢ Very interactive and well-designed user interfaces.
Disadvantages of Mobile Technology for Library Services
➢ Discharged batteries can result in loss of significant data as there is the need to charge regularly.
➢ Connectivity problems of mobile network signals
➢ It is quite complicated to perform some professional works.
➢ Lack of common platforms, i.e., horizontal screens with some handheld computers, and small-
scale screens with mobile phones are difficult to operate.
➢ The market is fast moving so devices are becoming outdated quite quickly.
➢ When using wireless networks, bandwidth may degrade with increasing users.
➢ It can strain the eyes of the learners if they keep looking at their screens for a longer period.
Conclusion
Mobile technology is empowering libraries to connect with users in new and meaningful ways. By
embracing these tools, libraries are not just keeping pace with the digital age they are redefining their
role in it. As libraries continue to explore and implement mobile technologies, they are ensuring that
they remain accessible, engaging, and essential to the communities they serve.
References
1. American Library Association (ALA). (2021). Libraries and Mobile Technology: An Evolving
Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.ala.org/tools/research/libraries-and-mobile-tech
2. EBSCO Information Services. (2019). The Future of Mobile Technology in Libraries. Retrieved
from https://www.ebsco.com/blog/article/the-future-of-mobile-technology-in-libraries

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 631
Empowering Connectivity: How Libraries are Engaging Users Through Mobile Technology

3. Hahn, J. (2017). Mobile Technologies for Libraries: A List of Mobile Apps and Resources for
Librarians. Library Technology Reports, 53(2), 5-13. DOI:10.5860/ltr.53n2
4. Jones, K. M., & Partridge, H. (2016). Incorporating Mobile Technologies into Library Services: A
Handbook. Library Trends, 64(4), 640-660. DOI:10.1353/lib.2016.0026
5. Smith, C. R., & Kent, A. M. (2020). QR Codes and Mobile Learning in the Library. Journal of
LibraryInnovation, 11(1), 34-47.
6. Wang, Y. (2018). Augmented Reality in Libraries: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of
Information Science, 44(2), 182-198. DOI:10.1177/0165551516688781
7. Xie, I., & Stevenson, J. E. (2019). User Engagement with Mobile Technology in Libraries: An
Exploratory Study. Library & Information Science Research, 41(3), 150-158.
DOI:10.1016/j.lisr.2019.04.001

632 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services
Vimala, B. (Dr.)
Librarian, Emerald Heights College for Women, Ooty
Abstract
Mobile technologies, including smart phones, tablets, and e-book readers, have significantly
transformed library services. These devices connect users instantly to information and resources,
thanks to advancements in networking technologies. In education and library settings, mobile
technology offers easy access to information, enhances learning experiences, and fosters collaboration.
Libraries can leverage these technologies to provide rich, interactive services that are both effective
and economical. However, it's important to consider both the advantages, such as increased
accessibility and user engagement, and the disadvantages, like privacy concerns and the need for
ongoing technology updates. This article will explore these aspects in detail, highlighting the impact of
mobile technology on library services and its importance in the modern age.
Keywords: Mobile Technology, Smart Phones, Libraries, Library Services, Mobile Services, Library
Websites, Mobile Applications.
Introduction
The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in mobile and wireless communication, has
significantly transformed everyday life. Mobile phones, with their diverse applications, have
revolutionized how we access and share information. In India, the rise of Digital India and Smart Cities
emphasizes the crucial role of mobile technology in connecting people and services around the clock.
Mobile phones now offer a plethora of features, including web browsing, music, video, and
communication tools, making them central to modern information consumption.
Libraries, evolving with technological trends, are increasingly integrating Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) into their services. The adoption of mobile technology in libraries
has facilitated more accessible and timely communication and information sharing. With users' growing
reliance on mobile devices, libraries are adapting by leveraging technologies like Wi-Fi, RFID, and
mobile communication to meet evolving user needs.
Definition of Mobile Technology
Mobile technology encompasses various wireless communication technologies used in cellular systems.
Initially focusing on voice communication, mobile phones now include features like web browsers,
cameras, and multimedia capabilities. This technology allows users to carry and use devices wirelessly,
facilitating ubiquitous access to information.
Mobile Technology and Libraries
Libraries are adapting their operations to incorporate mobile technology, offering new ways to access
their resources and services. Mobile devices enhance information access and communication between

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Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services

libraries and users. Librarians must embrace these technologies to improve service delivery and user
engagement.
Mobile Technology and Library Services
Library SMS Services
Libraries can utilize SMS technology to enhance communication and provide timely updates to patrons.
Key uses include:
News and Event Reminders: Send alerts about upcoming library events, workshops, and news to keep
users informed.
Due-Day and Renewal Requests: Notify patrons of due dates for borrowed items and offer options to
renew items via SMS.
New Title Notifications: Inform users about newly acquired books and other materials that might
interest them.
Multimedia Borrowing Notifications: Manage and notify patrons about CDs, DVDs, and other
multimedia items.
Request Arrival Notifications: Update patrons when their reserved items are available for pickup.
Overdue Notifications: Alert users about overdue materials to prompt timely returns and avoid late
fees.
Mobile OPAC
Mobile-optimized Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs) allow users to:
Search for Books: Use mobile-friendly interfaces to search the library catalog for available materials.
Manage Accounts: Check due dates, renew items, and view borrowing history on the go.
Access Library Information: View library hours, locations, and other pertinent details from mobile
devices.
Database Browsing
Mobile-friendly access to library databases ensures users can:
Browse Databases: Search and view academic journals, articles, and other resources from mobile
devices.
Use Search Functions: Perform advanced searches and filter results optimized for small screens.
Mobile Applications
Custom mobile apps can enhance library services by providing:
Mobile OPAC: Integrated search and account management features for users to interact with library
materials.

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 Use Of Mobile Technology in Library Services

Hold and Reservation: Options to place holds on items or make reservations through the app.
Library Information: Access to essential library details such as hours of operation, branch locations,
and contact information.
E-Resources with Mobile Interfaces
Providing mobile access to e-resources allows users to:
Read E-Books: Access and read e-books on smartphones and tablets.
Browse Journals: View and interact with digital journals and articles on the go.
Utilize Databases: Conduct research using mobile-optimized database interfaces.
Mobile Collections
Libraries can collaborate with third-party providers to offer:
Digital Collections: Access to digital materials such as audiobooks and e-books.
Compatibility: Ensure collections are accessible and functional on various mobile devices.
Text Reference Service
Librarians can offer:
Instant Answers: Provide real-time assistance and reference support via text messaging.
Reference Support: Address user queries and offer help with research and library resources.
Mobile Document Supply
Mobile technology facilitates:
Document Requests: Users can request documents and access them electronically.
Efficient Transfers: Streamlined processes for document delivery and remote access.
Mobile Library Instruction
Libraries can provide instructional resources through:
Podcasts: Offer educational content and library-related topics via podcast platforms.
Mobile Guides: Create mobile-friendly guides and tutorials to help users navigate library resources
and services.
Virtual Library Tours
Virtual tours accessible via mobile devices help users:
Explore Libraries Remotely: Take guided tours of library facilities and resources from their mobile
devices.
Familiarize with Services: Learn about library services and collections without needing to visit in
person.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 635
Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services

Mobile Devices Used in Libraries

Libraries utilize various mobile devices, including:
➢ Kindles
➢ PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants)
➢ Smartphones
➢ Cell Phones
➢ iPods and MP3 Players
➢ Tablets
Requirements for Mobile-Based Library Services
Digital Library
A digital library is essential for providing online access to a wide range of resources, including text,
audio, and video content. To support a digital library effectively, libraries must ensure:
High-Speed Internet: Reliable and fast internet connectivity to handle large volumes of data and
concurrent users.
Global Access: Resources should be accessible from anywhere in the world, ensuring that users can
access library materials regardless of their location.
Diverse Content Formats: Support for various formats such as e-books, audiobooks, streaming
videos, and digital journals.
Integrated Library Automation and Management Software
Libraries need integrated software solutions that combine automation with mobile technology to
streamline operations and improve user experience. Essential features include:
SMS Notifications: Automated alerts for due dates, new arrivals, and event reminders sent via SMS.
Account Management: Mobile-friendly access to user accounts for checking out items, managing
holds, and reviewing borrowing history.
Automation Integration: Systems that automate routine tasks such as check-ins/outs, cataloging, and
circulation.
Mobile-Friendly Website
A mobile-friendly website ensures that users can access library resources and services seamlessly from
their mobile devices. Key aspects include:
Responsive Design: Websites should automatically adjust to different screen sizes and orientations.
Ease of Navigation: Simplified menus and clear layout to facilitate easy browsing and access to
information.
Fast Loading Times: Optimized for quick loading on mobile networks to enhance user experience.

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Trained Staff
Staff training is crucial for the successful implementation and management of mobile technology in
libraries. Training should cover:
Technology Use: How to operate and troubleshoot mobile applications, websites, and other digital
tools.
Customer Support: Providing assistance to users with mobile-related issues and inquiries.
Digital Literacy: Educating staff on best practices for managing and safeguarding digital resources.
Tools for Creating a Mobile Library Website
Winksite
Winksite allows users to create up to five mobile websites with community features. It offers various
ready-made applications like chat, forums, surveys, guestbooks, and event feeds. This tool is excellent
for engaging users and creating a mobile community around the library’s resources. Additionally, it can
generate a QR code for easy access to the mobile site.
Features:
➢ Create up to 5 mobile websites.
➢ Community features: chat, forums, surveys.
➢ QR code generation for mobile site access.
MoFuse
MoFuse is an easy-to-use mobile website builder that supports the addition of elements like RSS feeds,
custom CSS, and Google tools. It also includes a GPS-based store locator, making it particularly useful
for libraries with multiple locations or services.
Features:
➢ Layout customization with RSS feeds and Google tools.
➢ GPS-based store locator for real-time location finding.
➢ Easy-to-use graphical interface.
Zinadoo
Zinadoo offers a straightforward interface for creating mobile websites with various widgets like
guestbooks, email forms, and RSS feeds. It also supports integration with YouTube for video content,
making it a versatile choice for libraries looking to include multimedia elements.
Features:
➢ Professional editor interface.
➢ Widgets: guestbooks, email forms, feedback forms.
➢ YouTube video integration.

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Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services

MobiSiteGalore
mobiSiteGalore provides an easy-to-use platform with customizable templates and widgets. Users can
add features such as click-to-call, Google Maps, and RSS feeds. This tool is beneficial for creating a
functional and visually appealing mobile library website.
Features:
➢ Customizable templates.
➢ Widgets: click-to-call, Google Maps, RSS feeds.
➢ Graphical interface for design.
Wirenode
Wirenode offers a WYSIWYG editor and multiple customizable templates for mobile website creation.
It includes ready-made widgets like Google Maps, Twitter integration, and social media share buttons,
providing a robust platform for building a mobile library site.
Features:
➢ WYSIWYG editor for easy design.
➢ Customizable templates.
➢ Widgets: Google Maps, Twitter, social media share buttons.
MobilePress
MobilePress is a WordPress plugin designed to automatically create mobile versions of WordPress
blogs. It supports custom themes for different devices and browsers, making it an ideal solution for
libraries already using WordPress for their websites.
Features:
➢ Automatic mobile version creation for WordPress blogs.
➢ Custom themes for various devices.
➢ Supports multiple browsers and devices.
Boopsie
Boopsie provides a multi-platform mobile library application with full ILS (Integrated Library System)
integration. It includes features like GPS-aware Library Locator, Ask a Librarian, reading lists, and
social networking tools, making it a comprehensive solution for mobile library services.
Features
➢ Full ILS integration.
➢ Features: GPS-aware Library Locator, Ask a Librarian, reading lists.
➢ Social networking tools.

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 Use Of Mobile Technology in Library Services

Applications of Mobile Technology in Libraries

Swipe
Swipe is a web-based tool that allows librarians to create interactive presentations that can be easily
shared and accessed on mobile devices. It’s useful for creating engaging slideshows for workshops,
story times, or training sessions, and can include multimedia elements like videos and links.
Features
➢ Create interactive presentations.
➢ Easy sharing and mobile access.
➢ Multimedia integration (videos, links).
Chegg Flashcards
Chegg Flashcards is an app that lets users create, organize, and study digital flashcards. Libraries can
leverage this tool to help patrons with study aids, or even create their own sets related to library
resources and services.
Features
➢ Create and manage digital flashcards.
➢ Study aids with customizable decks.
➢ Sync across devices for accessibility.
Notability
Notability is a popular note-taking app that allows users to capture and annotate information in various
formats, including text, images, and audio recordings. Libraries can use it for meeting notes, research
documentation, and collaborative projects.
Features
➢ Capture and annotate notes.
➢ Support for text, images, and audio.
➢ Sync notes across devices.
Evernote
Evernote is a versatile tool for creating and organizing notes, which can be accessed across different
devices. Libraries can use Evernote for managing research materials, organizing event planning details,
or sharing information with staff and patrons.
Features
➢ Organize and sync notes across devices.
➢ Supports text, images, and attachments.
➢ Searchable notes and notebooks.

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Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services

WhatsApp
WhatsApp is a messaging app that allows for personalized communication with library users. It can be
used for sending notifications, answering questions, or conducting quick consultations with patrons. It
supports text, voice, and video messaging.
Features
➢ Real-time messaging and notifications.
➢ Supports text, voice, and video communication.
➢ Group chats and individual conversations.
Instant Messaging Services
Instant Messaging (IM) services provide real-time chat capabilities, which can be used for reference
services and support. Libraries can implement IM for live chat support, quick reference questions, or
virtual help desks.
Features
➢ Real-time chat functionality.
➢ Supports text-based communication.
➢ Can be integrated with library websites for instant support.
Wi-Fi Access
Providing Wi-Fi in libraries enables patrons to use their mobile devices for accessing library resources,
browsing the internet, and utilizing digital services. It's a fundamental service that supports all other
mobile technology applications and ensures equitable access to information.
Features
➢ Internet access for mobile devices.
➢ Supports a wide range of online activities.
➢ Enhances accessibility to library resources and services.
These mobile technology applications enhance the functionality and accessibility of library services,
making it easier for users to engage with library resources and support.
Advantages
➢ Access to Information: Users can access library resources anytime, anywhere.
➢ User Participation: Allows for user-generated content in OPAC.
➢ User-Friendly: Familiarity with mobile devices facilitates easy access.
➢ Access for Print-Disabled Users: Provides oral services for those with visual impairments.
➢ Time Saving: Reduces the need for manual information recording and transactions.
➢ Personalized Service: Enhances interaction with library staff.

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 Use Of Mobile Technology in Library Services

➢ Location Awareness: Offers GPS-based navigation and location-based services.

➢ Limitations or Barriers
➢ Bandwidth Speed: Slow mobile internet speeds can hinder service access.
➢ Initial Cost: High costs for implementing mobile services.
➢ Content Ownership and Licensing: Managing digital rights and content ownership is challenging.
➢ Privacy and Security: Protecting resources from misuse and maintaining security.
➢ Lack of Trained Staff: Need for technically skilled staff.
➢ User Education: Users need training on how to effectively use mobile services.
Conclusion
Mobile technology has become integral to modern library services, facilitating easier access to
resources and enhancing user interaction. Libraries that embrace these technologies can provide more
accessible, efficient, and personalized services, ensuring they meet the evolving needs of their users.
While challenges remain, the benefits of mobile technology in libraries far outweigh the limitations,
making it an essential tool for contemporary information services.
Reference
1. Sampath Kumar, B.T., Vinay Kumar, U. (2013) “Application of mobile Technology in Library
services: A Review,” 9th International CALIBER - 2013, INFLIBNET Centre, Gandhinagar,
Gujarat, March 21-23.
2. Karan Singh & Pradip Ku. Nikandia (2017) “Role of Mobile Technology and their Application in
Library Services in Digital” International Research: Journal of Library & Information Science 7(1),
157-166.
3. Rajneesh Kumar, (2017). “Implementation of Mobile Based Services and Technologies in
Libraries.” World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(6), 103-107.
4. Swapna P. Gaikwad (2018), “Application of Mobile Technologies in Library Services Epitome:
International journal of Multidisiplinary Research 4(6), 49-54.
5. Akpokurerie, O. Azino & Ifeoma C. Okechukwu (2019), “Application and Use of Mobile
Technology in Library Services”. International Journal of Applied Technologies in Library and
Information Management 5(2), 01-08.
6. Ram Prakash (2022), “Use of Mobile Technology in Library Services”. Neuro Quantology. 20(13),
2430-2435.
7. Hitesh Kumar Aacharya (2021), “Basic Introduction Mobile Based Library Services: Advantages
and Disadvantages.” EPRA International Journal of Research and Development. 6(9). 51-53.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 641
 Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of
Nirmala College for Women: A Study
Malavika, R.
II M.Lib.I.Sc, DLIS, Nirmala College for Women, Red Field, Coimbatore
Abstract
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to transfer data between a reader
and a tag attached to an object. The tag, which can be passive (no battery, powered by the reader's
signal) or active (has its own power source), transmits data to the reader. This technology is widely
used in various applications, including inventory management, access control, and asset tracking etc.
Application of RFID in libraries include Automated Check-in and Check-out, inventory management
and other uses. This paper aims to study the awareness and use of RFID technology by the students of
Nirmala College for Women. A survey method was adopted to collect data using questionnaire
technique which was designed in Google Form and sent to all the students email ID. The results of the
study reveal the majority of the students who are aware of RFID Technology. It is also found from the
survey that there is a demand from students for self-check-in/check-out KIOSK.
Keywords: Academic Libraries, RFID Technology, Awareness, Library Services, User requirements.
Introduction
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify
items. It involves the use of RFID tags, which are small devices that store data, and RFID readers,
which capture and process this data. RFID technology has been around since the 1970s and is
increasingly adopted in various fields, including libraries. RFID was first used in labs in the 1940s and
later by businesses in the 1980s to track items. Today, it's gaining attention in libraries worldwide.
RFID is an automatic identification technology that reads and stores data on RFID tags without
physical contact. RFID systems consist of two main components: a tag and a reader. The RFID tag,
which is attached to an object, contains a unique code. This tag communicates with the reader by
transmitting the code, allowing the object to be identified automatically. This capability enhances
system efficiency by enabling automatic data capture without the need for manual intervention. RFID is
a technologyhelps to identify objects or people without needing human input. This technology offers
benefits like accurate data management, faster processing, and enhanced security for libraries. RFID is
an exciting and fast-growing technology for increasing efficiency, improving profitability and it is an
important area of study in today’s information environment (Nabi Hasan, 2017). “RFID technology is
making its way into various fields, sometimes keeping a low profile. However, it is becoming more
relevant in people’s lives, creating paths to new applications and complementing known ones. In some
cases, these applications do not directly interact with people, but RFID supports different processes for
realizing products and services used daily” (Cesar Munoz-Ausecha,2021).This study explores the
prospective of Radio frequency identification technology in facilitating efficient and effective library
services. An attempt has been made in this study to evaluate the awareness and use of RFID technology
by the students of Nirmala College for Women campus.

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 Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for Women: A Study

About Nirmala College Campus Library

Nirmala College Library is well equipped with modern technologies. It supports and provides various
information services to all the students, faculty, administrative staff of the college and also extends its
services to retired faculty and visitors. The library offers various services like Computerization of
Library services, OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue), Orientation programme for the students,
Book Exhibitions, Reference services, display of new arrivals, Research Corner, Current Awareness
Services, Book bank Scheme, Career Guidance, Reprography Services, Audio Visual Presentation, E-
content recording and facilitating Media center etc., In addition to books the collection of the library
includes Theses & Dissertations, Back Volumes, Map, Rare Collection, documentary films, classical /
research reports, and prominent e-resources in the field of social sciences and all allied subjects.
To strengthen the existing facilities and services the library has determined to implement RFID
technology viz., Security Gates, RFID Reader (Staff Station), Handheld Reader, Smart Card Printer,
RFID Tags (HF), Middleware Software, Library Membership Card (Smart Cards). The implementation
of RFID technology in Nirmala College Library has reduced duplication of work, increased speed of
work, saved considerable time, increased security to resources, and thus enables library staff to attend
individual user’s queries more effectively. The application of RFID technology has paved the way for
lowered duplication of work, faster work, saved a significant amount of time, strengthened resource
security, and allowed library employees to more efficiently respond to each user's question.
Review of Literature
The insights into RFID technology have been gained by consulting published literature from a range of
sources. Soma Tanti et al. (2024) highlights the status of implementing the Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technology in the Central Library of Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He adopted
the descriptive analytical research method, and quantitative and qualitative data were collected to
achieve its objectives. The survey method was used with the help of two sets of questionnaires. He
explains the outline of the RFID technology implementation status, the amount of work done in the
library, and the gaps; it also projects the awareness of RFID technology among library professionals
and Users and the user satisfaction level towards the library services.
Xingmao Liu (2022) shows that at present, RFID technology is mainly used in the three major fields of
payment, supply chain, and anti-counterfeiting. Due to its advantages of fast broadcast rate, high
stability, and strong repeatability, it is widely used in the field of the Internet of Things in the future.
Hanchinal, Veeresh B (2020) conducted a study about the awareness and use of RFID technology by
the students of Tata Institute of Social Sciences. A survey method to collect data using questionnaire
techniques is adopted. The questionnaire was designed in Google Form and was circulated to all the
students on the institute's group email ID. The majority of the students who were aware of RFID
Technology implemented in the library are revealed. They found from the survey that there was a
demand from students for self-check-in/check-out KIOSK. Herrojo, C (2019) highlights the main
strategies for the implementation of chipless‐ RFID systems and discussed the latest more relevant
implementations of RFID. The advantages and disadvantages of chipless-RFID technology is also
discussed. The coding information is an important aspect in RFID technology, the different coding
techniques, as well as the main figures of merit used to compare different chipless-RFID tags analyzed.

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 643
Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for Women: A Study

Madhusudhan, M and Gupta, Parul (2014) conducted a study about the Use of RFID Technology by
Students in Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and Indian Law Institute. The survey paper
investigates the usage behavior and the related progress of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology as from the opinion of the students from two libraries of academic institutions in New
Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) and Indian Law Institute (ILI). It evaluates users’
ability, knowledge, reasons for effective use, as well as problems faced while using the technology's
impact on the academic environment.
Objectives of the Study
The main aim of the study is to assess student’s satisfaction towards RFID technology implemented by
the Nirmala College Campus Library. The objectives of the study are
➢ To know the student’s awareness towards RFID technology implemented in the library
➢ To identify the benefits of RFID system
➢ To examine the problems faced by the students
➢ To evaluate the level of satisfaction towards RFID technology by the students.
➢ To find the needfor Self-Check-In/Check-out KIOSK
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The present study is conducted to know the awareness and use of RFID technology by the students of
Nirmala College Campus. The scope of the study is limited to students of the Nirmala College Campus.
It doesn’t include other library members such as faculty, staff members, alumni, individual and
institutional members.
Methodology
A structured questionnaire was designed using Google Form and administered to the students on the
students’ personal email. The population of the study consists of students who are pursuing their studies
in Bachelors, Masters, MPhil & Ph.D. programmes of the institute of the total 100 students 76
respondents have submitted duly filled in questionnaires online, and thus the response rate is 76%.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
The collected data has been analyzed and presented with figures in the following paragraphs.
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
➢ Out of the total 100 responses received from the survey, 1 respondent is male and 75 are female
respondents.
➢ Figure 2 depicts the course wise distribution of respondents. It is observed from the results of the
study that the majority of the respondents belong to the category of ‘Masters Students’ and
‘Bachelors students’ i.e. 38 and 33 respectively. Whereas, 4 respondents belong to the category of
Ph.D. Scholars.

644 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for Women: A Study

Library Visit
To a question on a library visit, the figure 3 reflects the results of the responses of the respondents.
Majority of the respondents (28) said they visit the library daily, whereas a considerable number of
respondents (19) said they visit monthly and 18 respondents said they visit weekly. And 10 respondents
said they visit the library every two weeks.
Awareness of RFID Facility among the Students
The figure 4 reveals the student’s awareness about implementation of RFID Technology in the library.
Of the total 76 respondents, the majority of them (53) said that they are aware of the RFID facility
provided by the library and a negligible number of respondents (22) said they don’t know the same.
Mode of Awareness
A question was asked to the respondents about how they came to know the RFID facility provided by
the library. The figure 5 shows the responses for the same. Majority of the respondents (24) said they
know it from Library orientation and a considerable number of (16) respondents said they know
through friends and a good number of them (14) said they know from friends. Whereas, 11 respondents
said they know from teachers.
Benefits of RFID Technology
The figure 6 reveals the benefits of RFID facility to the students. It is clear from the data that the
implementation of RFID technology in libraries has benefited the students tremendously. The figure
itself is self explanatory.
Problems Faced by the Students
A question was asked whether the students have faced any problem from RFID Technology. The
majority of the respondents (76%) said they have not faced any problems with regard to RFID
technology. However, 24% of respondents said they have come across problems with regards to the
RFID facility provided by the library.
Problems faced by the Students with regard to RFID Technology
The respondents were asked a question on the problems they have faced with regard to RFID
technology implemented by the library. The figure 8 reveals that the majority of the respondents (35)
said No Self Check-in/Check-out KIOSK followed by 20, 12 & 8 for Low Internet Bandwidth,
Inadequate IT Infrastructure and Irregular Power Supply respectively.
Need for Self Check-In/Check-out KIOSK
It is found from the figure 9 the majority of the respondents (29) were uncertain and said may be and
equal no of respondents (19) said they want Self Check-in/ Check-out KIOSK and it is not needed,
whereas, only 8 respondents were neutral about the Self Check-in/Check-out KIOSK .

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Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for Women: A Study

Reasons for Self-Check-In/Check-out KIOSK

A question was asked to the students that why do they need Self Check-In/Check-out KIOSK. The
figure 10 reveals the reasons for the same. It is very clear from the data that the majority of the
respondents, i.e. 28, 19, 18 and 10 said they save the time of the user, Longer Circulation Timings, It
allows independent issue/return of books and it reduces reliance on library staff respectively.
Level of Students Satisfaction towards RFID Technology Facility
A question was asked to the students about the level of satisfaction towards RFID facilities extended by
the library. The result of the survey is as follows. It is found from the results of the survey that 56% of
students are satisfied, 30.7% of them are highly satisfied with regard to the RFID facility extended by
the library. However, 9.3% of respondents said they can’t say whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied.
A 4% of students said they are dissatisfied
Discussions And Conclusion
The results of the survey reveal that the majority of the students (53) are aware of the RFID facility of
the library. Acceptance of this technology by the students is a positive sign which also shows the
adaptability of the users towards the change and new technology. It is significant to mention that
Library Orientation (24) was the main source of information to know about the RFID. The study also
presents that RFID provides several benefits to the students apart from saving time. It is observed from
the data that the majority of the respondents i.e. 56 percent are satisfied and 30.7 percent of them are
highly satisfied with RFID facilities.
References
1. Irani, Z., Gunasekaran, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2010). “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
Research Trends and Framework.”.International Journal of Production Research, 48(9), 2485–
2511.https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540903564900
2. Jechlitschek, Christoph. (2010). “A Survey Paper on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Trends.”
3. Lim, Ming K., Bahr, & Leung, Stephen. (2013). “RFID in the Warehouse: A Literature Analysis
(1995-2010) of Its Applications, Benefits, Challenges, and Future Trends.” International Journal of
Production Economics, 145, 409-430. 10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.05.006.
4. Balog, Michal, Szilagyi, Erik, & Marton, Dávid. (2014). “Application of RFID Technology in
Public Transport Company.” Applied Mechanics and Materials, 718, 143-149.
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.718.143.
5. Madhusudhan, M., & Gupta, P. (2014). “Use of RFID technology by students in Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi and Indian Law Institute, Delhi: A survey.” World Digi. Libr., 4(2), 145-56.
6. Singh, Neeraj, & Mahajan, Preeti. (2014). “RFID and Its Use in Libraries: A Literature Review.”
International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology, 4, 2249-5576.
7. Zare Mehrjerdi, Y. (2014). “RFID: A Bibliographical Literature Review with Future Research
Directions.” IJIEPR, 25(2), 151-190.

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8. Valero, E., Adán, A., &Cerrada, C. (2015). “Evolution of RFID Applications in Construction: A
Literature Review.” Sensors, 15(7), 15988-16008.https://doi.org/10.3390/s150715988
9. Yusof, M. K. & Saman, M. Y. (2016). “The adoption and implementation of RFID: a literature
survey.” Library and Information Science Research E‑Journal, 26(1), 31‑52.
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10. Alwadi, Ali, Kilby, Jeff, &Gawanmeh, Amjad. (2017). “Tracking and Automating a Library
System Using Radio Frequency Identification Technology.” International Journal on Smart Sensing
and Intelligent Systems, 10, 425-450. 10.21307/ijssis-2017-219.
11. Chanda, Dr., & Sinha, Manoj. (2018). “Use of RFID Technology in College Libraries of Assam: A
Case Study.”
12. McGee, K., Anandarajah, P., & Collins, D. (2019). “A Review of Chipless Remote Sensing
Solutions Based on RFID Technology.”Sensors, 19(22), 4829.https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224829
13. Bhukya, Kishan, & Chakravarthy, A. S. (2021). “RFID Technology in University Libraries: A
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14. Costa, F., Genovesi, S., Borgese, M., Michel, A., Dicandia, F. A., & Manara, G. (2021). “A
Review of RFID Sensors, the New Frontier of Internet of Things.” Sensors (Basel), 21(9), 3138.
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Applications and Security Review.” Computation, 9, 69. 10.3390/computation9060069.
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2_387.
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 Connecting Users through Mobile Technologies in Academic Libraries
1
Ramesh, S. (Dr.) 2Anjaline, C. (Dr.) and 3Murugan. K. (Dr.)
1SpecialGrade Library Assistant, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli
2
Librarian, TDTA DS Daniel Rajammal College of Education,Illanji, Tenkasi
3
Librarian, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi
Abstract
The present paper explains the connecting users through mobile technologies in academic libraries.
Everywhere connecting the mobiles connected with networks and a greater number of usages in the
world level. Everyday life using mobile phones, users are increased day by day. The connecting mobile
devices to routine works of library circulation, online public access catalog, email and SMS services
for reminders of the users, web browsing, and online transactions. The library professionals to improve
the updated skills needed in the current era for using the searching and applied the new techniques.
Keywords: E-mail, web browsing, mobile technology, academic libraries, and OPAC.
Introduction
Due to the development of ICT many new concepts have been adopted in the field of library and
information science. Now a days most of the reader are occupied with mobile phone. So many
technological features are used through many ways in the field of library and information science for
communication among the academic community. The users are accessing, using, and sharing
documents and downloading videos and gathering information. The information has helped reduce the
time, improve education levels, and develop skills for accessing information.
The traditional library upgraded to digital library. To motivate usage of terms, such as electronic,
virtual, and hybrid libraries. The use of mobile apps in various library purposes of circulation,
searching online resources, databases, and some of the intimation for SMS, web browsing, time-saving,
location, and personal service.
Definition: Mobile Technology
Mobile technology reaches till the user end. This technology has connected with mobile and related
devices for connecting with some technology. Academic libraries connect people with different
categories of users with information and usage of the internet connection through smart phones,
desktops, and laptop devices drastically increased. Mobile devices and services mostly used by the
readers in the libraries.
Saxena (2013) defined it as also giving four prerequisites for the application of mobile technology,
which are as follows:
➢ To be Digitized information base
➢ To be Information products designed for an e-platform.
➢ Electronic information service delivery and design of electronic access systems

648 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for Women: A Study

Mobile devices
Today we are living in the Internet era and using mobile devices, which are everywhere in every place
across the globe. The development of technologies connected with such applications like Bluetooth,
accelerometers, and multi-touch screens, as well as text messaging, smart phone software applications,
mobile websites, GPS, and Wi-Fi. (Srinivasa Rao Nalluri & Brahmaiah Gaddam, 2016).
Mobile devices connected with ICT
The following technologies are required, as mentioned below
➢ Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) It is a type of wireless local area network technology-based connectivity.
➢ Bluetooth: It connects mobile devices wirelessly with particular areas within a limit.
➢ 3G (Third Generation) Global systems for mobile communication (GSM) and general packet radio
service (GPRS) are used in the third generation.
➢ Data services Data networking services for mobile phone-based services are available.
➢ Dial-up services Mobile technology extends computing the internet into the wireless medium and
provides greater flexibility in communication, collaboration, and information sharing via virtual
private networks connected within data networking services for mobile phones.
Library services using the mobile technology that can be provided are as follows
➢ SMS notification services for late submission of books reminder for library users
➢ E-learning for academic purposes
➢ Database Browsing for selecting or collecting the reviews
➢ My library related to library details about full particular records
➢ Access E-resources for electronic journals, e-books, e-theses, etc.
➢ Library guide for availability of books and other details
➢ Library Virtual Tour described the library and surrounding area's focus to virtually
➢ Using QR codes, scan the particular documents
➢ Dial-up services based on data networking services for mobile phones for communication,
collaboration, and information sharing via virtual private networks.
Mobile technology implementation advantages in libraries:
The advantages of the implementation of mobile technology in libraries are as follows:.
➢ User-friendly usage of library services intimation for email and SMS service.
➢ Personalized service for intimation of library circulations and online public access catalog
➢ Ability to access information about required data and interlibrary loan service.
➢ Time Saving for the Access of Information
➢ User participation in the online environment and new arrivals book information.
➢ Location Awareness of the available library books

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 649
Awareness and Use of RFID Technology by the Students of Nirmala College for Women: A Study

➢ Limitless Access: mobiles to use and access to print-disabled document usage.

Requirement of Skills for the Library Professionals:
The development of technology-related skills is updating and using mobile devices as below:
➢ Hardware and software of mobile devices: skills related to searching and navigating through
mobile, downloading. Storage usage and cyber security-based networks.
➢ Mobile applications and libraries using the library website, OPAC online resources, and databases
➢ Library & Information Services: SMS/Texting Alert Services, e-learning, virtual tours, online
library catalogs, and use of QR codes.
Conclusion
The present study focuses on the connection with mobile technology for academic library purposes.
Overwhelming the technology will shrink the manpower, save time, quickly access the library
resources, ensure safety for the cyber-attacks, and provide cyber security to solve the problems. The
library professionals should improve the mobile-based technology and learn about new trends in the
mobile apps for using the library's routine activities in the digital era.
Reference
1. Saxena, A. (2013). “Impact of mobile technology on libraries: A descriptive study.” International
Journal of Digital Library Services. Vol. 3, Oct –Dec, Issue 4 technology integration. Journal of
Technology and Teacher Education, 15 (1), 39-57
2. Rajneesh Kumar. (2017).”Implementation of Mobile Based Services and Technologies in
Libraries.” World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 3(6): 103-107.
www.wwjmrd.com
3. Karan Singh & Pradip Ku. Nikandia.(2017).”Role of Mobile Technology and their Application in
Library Services in Digital era.” International Research: Journal of Library & Information Science |
Vol.7 No.1, pp.157-166.
4. Bhoj H.S. (2020). “Mobile based library services.” IP Indian Journal of Library Science
Information Technology, 5(2), pp.61-64.
5. Mustapha, Abdulqawiyyu , Ibrahim, Farouk Ahmad , Garba, Kabiru Danladi and Muhammed,
Musa. (2021). “Application of Mobile Technology in Information Service Delivery in Bayero
University Library, Kano.” Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 6060.
6. Vandana R. Khakre. (2023). “Study of Use of Mobile Technology in Libraries and It’s Advantages
and Disadvantages.” International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, pp1-6. www.ijfmr.com
7. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/chapter-One.pdf
8. https://www.ibm.com/topics/mobile-technology

650 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview
1
Periasamy, R. (Dr.) 2Kannan, A. and 3Soundar, S.
1
Librarian, Government Arts and Science College, Thennangur, , Thiruvannamalai
2
Ph.D. Research Scholar, The Gandhigram Rural Institute University, Gandhigram.
3
College Librarian, Kalaignar Karunanithi Government Arts and Science College.
Abstract
The study provides an outlook on the various digitization tools and techniques for library materials -
manuscripts, printed documents and archiving materials. The term “digitization” was coined in the
late 1990s. Many libraries still do not make use of this useful technique at the root levels for the benefit
of research user community. To overcome this hurdle, here the researchers have presented the digital
initiation in India at national level in addition to the relevant tools, software, techniques, file formats,
storage and other techniques.
Keywords: Digitization; digital preservation; digitization initiation
Introduction
Digitization provides a solution to manuscripts problems such as conservation, preservation,
accessibility, uniqueness, access, ICT (Information Communication Technology), as also demand and
relevance to funders and space: the first and most vital reason being that the manuscripts start
deteriorating after a certain period of time at a rapid rate. Current ICT techniques using open-source
platforms offer to create digital libraries to meet the needs of knowledge science communities of
biological, environmental, medical, engineering sciences and humanities. Two Decades ago,
digitization was a novel concept when there was a need for more infrastructure, staff skill, fund…; so, it
was found to be a daunting task. However, the trend now slowly changed in a decade and the presently
a student of sixth standard is using electronic devices like smart phone, tablets and laptops. Now a days
almost each and every family from lower middle-class student to research scholar level have has started
using smart phones and laptops for all their needs.
This situation of digital technology has simplified sharing of information, video clippings, and pictures
instantly to unknown persons from any part of the world. Almost we are living in a digital world where
without technology leading a life is not so easy. Digitization is no longer a mere buzzword; it has
become hard reality in the library world. There are three types of e-devices to digitize; “using scanner,
digital camera and the latest smart phone”. For transmitting any piece of information-either text, audio
or video we have to select the proper digital device. If it is a paper, manuscripts or document in a good
condition, free from legal issues then a smart phone could be used to disseminate information instantly
with the help of apps. For a research community we librarians have to present digital information using
Digital Camera or Scanner in a simple way using a structured digitizing method.
Review of Literature
Kaur (2015) discussed the need for digitization of manuscripts with reference to Punjab university
manuscripts and Punjab Digital libraries which started in the year 2004. Sageer and Francis (2015)

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Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview

identified different ways and methods for developing digital libraries for endangered library materials
and the users attitude about the method of usage of manuscripts. Sarasvathy (2014)drew attention to the
role of Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA) in digitization of library materials, particularly
manuscripts. For digitization IGNCA used the standards of UNESCO guidelines and also Metadata for
all the materials. Earlier IGNCA had microfilmed 2.5 lakh manuscripts with 20,600 rolls out of which
17087 had been digitized and 13803 rolls duplicated. Rafiq and Ameen (2013)provided a survey of
fifty-five university libraries and their activities on digitization in Pakistan. The results found that the
digitization activities were still at preliminary level.
Digitization Initiation in India
There have been many digital library initiatives in the world including in India. In India, the digital
library initiatives have been sponsored by several Ministries, notably DLI, NDL, NMM and IGNCA.
Digital Library of India (DLI)
This initiative of the Government of India was started in early 2000 with an aim of digitizing (DSpace)
1 million rare books of Indian languages for the benefit of users of all over the world. This DLI
currently possess 5,50,734 books with 1,91,632 million pages. DLI can be accessed through
http://www.dli.ernet.in/. National Digital Library of India (NDL) hosted by IIT Kharagpur, sponsored
by Ministry of Human Resource Development and established in 2015. Currently NDL has 7.2 million
books in 70 different languages of 60 types of learning resources. The subject coverage includes
philosophy and religion, literatures, agriculture, fine arts, NCERT text books, theses from IITs, IIS,
IIMs and Publications from the laboratories of CSIR and ICAR. There are over 9,17,026 entries found
on self help group in 0.5953 secs. This can be reached through https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/. NMM: National
Mission for Manuscripts (2003) guidelines for digitization of library material of manuscripts, books,
photos, maps, etc, is available in both Hindi and English. It raises certain points like “why digitize?”
and also deals with the process of digitization. More importantly guidelines are provided for
handling/treatment of materials, selection of equipment, image capture, digital conversion, quality
control, storage and management of digitized images and also on calculation of the cost of the proposed
project. Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA)that acts as the nodal agency of the NMM.
The IGNCA has initiated many programs with its expertise in manuscript libraries through creating
Kalasampada, multimedia projects, CAT-CAT database, catalogue of microfilmed manuscripts and
digitization.
Scope and purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to articulate and present in a simple way the structured digitizing method
and to eliminate bewilderment of technical process of digitizing library materials such as manuscripts,
printed documents. Also, the study analyses three e devices–smart phones, scanners and digital cameras
are for digitizing and disseminating information for a research community.
Tools for Digitization
Digitization workstation consists of a stand-alone system where most or all the work is done on the
same workstation or as a part of a network of workstations with imaging work being distributed and

652 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview

shared amongst various workstations. A typical digitizing station/project could consist of the following:
➢ Microcomputer with the latest configuration of Intel i5
➢ Software
➢ Scanner/Digital camera/smart phone
➢ Storage system –internal, external
➢ Network
➢ High Power UPS
Types of Images: BMP, TIF, JPEG, GIF and PNG
Most image formats use pixels per inch or dots per inch. The dpi chosen when scanning is entirely
subjective. While scanning for preservation purposes a minimum of 300 dpi and even perhaps 600 dpi
is required for a digital camera of 33 megapixels. The BMP (or bitmap) file format is supported by the
Windows Operating System. The TIFF 9 or tagged image file format) is the format of choice for
archival purpose. Indeed, most digitization projects would choose TIFF as the first file format to
transfer analogue content into digital. The JPEG format is very popular mainly because it allows
images to be delivered in small file sizes. The GIF, Graphics Interchange Format was the image format
of choice in the early stage of the internet, before JPEGs. PNG portable network graphics format that
uses geometric shapes is preferred rather than pixels.
Useful Software
Software for manipulating and saving the digital image is absolutely essential. Paint program is a
standard and common program for simple image manipulation. Apart from this there are some open-
source software and commercial software for using scanners– Adobe Photoshop, GIMP-Gnu Image
Manipulation Program, Irfan View or View Xn. When using digital SLR camera, the software is
usually provided as a package which will automatically install into the system. View Nx is useful open-
source software for conversions of Raw file to JPEG or from TIFF to JPEG. Adobe Photoshop is often
used for cropping and sizing JPEG images. Also, it is useful for combining cropped JPEG images and
to save as a PDF and to reduce file size to be saved from the scanned PDF. This option is better than
reducing file size or reducing through print option/Adobe PDF because search ability of words etc. is
good and the file size is also reduced. Abby Fine readeris used forOCR-JPEG images and also its
served OCR images to save as searchable PDF and to convert MS Word files
Digitization Techniques
The basic process of digitization is fairly simple through a wide range of sophisticated techniques and
tools. Essentially, a digital image is composed of a grid of pixels (picture elements) arranged according
to a set ratio of rows and columns. Each pixel represents a very small portion of the image, and is
allocated a total value; namely, black, white or a particular color or shade of gray. These tonal values
are digitally represented in binary code (zeros or ones). So, a digital image is actually a grid made up of
zeros and ones. The binary digits for each pixel are called bits and are stored in a sequence.

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Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview

When the digital image is displayed on a computer screen or sent to a printer, the bits are interpreted
and read by the computer to produce a physical representation of the original material. Before
beginning the digitization of manuscripts, the first step is to decide digital devices of digital camera or
flatbed/moveable scanner. Second step is to survey the collection focusing on the type and size of the
material to digitized where the digitization will take place.
Third step is to contact other institutions that have digitized similar material and would have useful
advice to share. Both digital photography and scanning are complex techniques and it is important that
a person with the appropriate skills and ideally with an appropriate qualification is involved in the
digitization work.
Scanners
Capturing a digital image is known as scanning. Image resolution i.e. the number of pixels in a row and
color depths, determines the quality of the scanning. There are several types of scanners, but it is
preferable to save images in uncompressed format to enable later conversion to JPEG. In general an
overhead scanner offers the most flexibility and decreases the risk of harming manuscripts as there is
not direct contact, but these are very expensive and need technical expertise.
The various types of scanners include: overhead or planetary, moving head, Sheet-feed, flatbed,
specialized ‘V’ shaped book scanners, drum, robotic book and large format scanners. Among all these
scanners, flatbed scanner and moving head scanners are the most familiar means of digitization. This
type of scanner is comparatively inexpensive but small and medium size flatbed scanners will not be
useful for palm leaf. Manuscripts as they are of various sizes of folio and many are not flat against the
glass; the final and most important aspect is the use of harsh white light, possibly damaging the delicate
palm leaf manuscripts.
Digital SLR Cameras
Digital cameras are designed specifically for making computer images. As a result, digital cameras
retain the strengths of scanners, can work without damaging manuscripts and can work with different
shapes and sizes of manuscripts under various required lights. In addition, we can make images of very
high resolution and improve color qualities of images. Digital camera can save the images in either
uncompressed TIFF format, or in uncompress RAW format and at later stage should be converted into
JPEG. A tripod or a copy stand is needed to mount the camera downwards directly over the manuscript.
This will prevent any distortion of the item being copied. An industry approved color chart or grayscale
reference card is essential in order to check the accuracy of the color captured in photographs. One
needs to plan for a necessary light source based on daylight color and temperature. To prevent camera
shake, one should plan for a remote shutter release or use tethered photography, where a link between
the camera and the computer is established.
Smart Phones
Undoubtedly, smart phones have become a part of our daily lives. By taking advantage of such massive
use, we can use these miniature pocket computers can revolutionize research in digitization. New
technology in smart phones offers high temporal and spatial resolution with built-in millisecond timing

654 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview

of stimuli display and touch screen responses. Smart phones are tools that are portable, easy to use,
multimedia-enabled and identical in every country and for each user, with ready Internet transfer of
collected data. These properties render it an instrument ideally adapted to studying cognitive functions.
A smart phone allows us to dramatically increase the amount of data to collect, digitize and process
without sacrificing time of users.
Digital SLR Camera Vs Scanner
There are many advantages and disadvantages when there are two types of an electronic device, but we
have to select the correct one according to the purpose and objective. In this case there are two ways to
digitize manuscript using ‘scanners’ and ‘digital camera’.
Table-1 Digital Camera Vs Scanner

S. No Objectives Digital Camera Scanner

Display Good Quality camera with high Should have more dpi
1
pixel
2 Usefulness Multipurpose Single purpose
3 To digitize MSS possible with wide coverage lens Need bigger sizes of scanner
4 To digitize photographs Not possible Possible

Different Aspects of Possible to see all aspects-3D Not possible-only flat items
5
objects
Fragile Items Fragile object can be handled in Fragile object must be placed
6
the place in scanner
Being Made use Everybody can handle Very rare-Not everyone can
7
use
8 Speed Fast - immediately It will take several minutes
Size - characteristics Easy - Very compact Bigger in size, needs power
9
cord
10 Result Not very good quality Better result
11 Close up Required costly lens No problem
12 Blurry corners May be object in close-ups No problem
13 Movement Needs Tripod No problem
14 Alignment It should be pointed each time No problem
15 Light Needs Extra apparatus No problem
Resolution Needs higher megapixels Measured in dpi/600 dpi
16 equals to 34 pixel
17 Cost Inexpensive Expensive

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

A scanned document is nothing more than a picture of a printed page. It cannot be edited or
manipulated or managed based on the contents. Another technology which is involved in digitization is
Optical Character Recognition (OCR). OCR is the usual process by which a page image is transformed

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Digitization Tools and Techniques: An Overview

into a text file. The purpose of the whole OCR process is to recognize the letters, words, and symbols
printed on a page. Presently, there is a wide range of commercial OCR software in use. There is no
proven OCR software to handle Indian language texts. Today, if Indian language materials have to be
digitized, there are two options- maintain the files as digital images or manually key in the material.
Metadata
Digitized product that is to be put up on the web needs information that makes it possible to be located.
One of the principal challenges is to determine what information is essential for describing an
electronic product. The Dublin Core (http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/) and other special
initiatives for structuring and standardizing descriptive data propose to combine information about the
technical characteristics of digital files (how they were created), their location, and a summary of their
contents. The resulting information is known as “Metadata” and is located in the header of a tagged
document. Their function is to provide users with a standardized means for intellectual access to
digitized materials.
Digital Storage
The biggest concerns after digitizing manuscripts are where to store and how to manage an item. When
digitizing, image file sizes are normally large formats of TIFF or BMP. It is essential to ensure that the
digitizing station has the following:
➢ A connection to a network, where images can be stored in a server
➢ A removable HDD minimum of 1 TB
➢ A DVD burner
Conclusion
Libraries of different statuses have been working on this daunting task for more than a decade but only
Research & Development libraries and special libraries have reached this level. They have created
many digital initiatives and guidelines for solving the technical issues. For this development for all the
libraries, librarians should come forward to start using the latest digital resources and their applications
to the readers.
References
1. Dufau S, Duñabeitia JA, Moret-Tatay C, McGonigal A, Peeters D, Alario F-X, et al. (2011) Smart
Phone, Smart Science: How the Use of Smartphones Can Revolutionize Research in Cognitive
Science. PLoS ONE, 6(9): e24974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024974
2. Kaur, A. (2007). Preservation of digital heritage materials. SRELS Journal of Information
Management, 44(4), 385-394
3. Londhe, Nagesh L., Desale, Sanjay K. &Patil, Suresh K. (2011). Development of a digital library
of manuscripts. Program, 45 (2), 135-148
4. Rafiq, Muhammad & Ameen, Kanwal.(2013). Digitization in university libraries of Pakistan.
International Digital library perspectives, 29(1), 37-46.

656 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security Using
RFID, SSO, and Remote Access Technologies
1
Chandra Chary Sreeramoj and 2Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.)
1Research Scholar,DLIS, Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu.
2Professor and Head, DLIS, Annamalai Nagar, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu.
Abstract
The proposed chapter aims to give an in-depth review of modern library security approaches, with a
specific focus on the integration and impact of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), Single Sign-On
(SSO), and Remote Access Technologies. The purpose of this paper is to examine into the various
components of these technologies in the background of libraries, showing their individual capabilities,
combined and benefits for challenges, for securing information repositories.
Keywords: RFID, Remote Access, SSO
Introduction
In an ever-changing information management environment, libraries not only preserve knowledge and
great information collections, but they also enable secure, orderly access to these priceless resources.
With a thorough examination of modern technologies like Remote Access, Single Sign-On (SSO), and
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), this chapter delves into the hybrid realm of library security.
Through the systematic examination, analysis, and comprehension, we navigate the engagement of
RFID, SSO, and Remote Access Technologies to throw light on how they jointly create the security
paradigm within libraries by looking at the opportunities and difficulties that these technologies bring.
The goal of this chapter is to illuminate the way to a safer and more convenient.
Proposed Structure
Foundations of Library Security
The fundamentals of library security extend beyond the protection of physical collections; they include
a commitment to preserve morals, privacy, and information accessibility in an environment that
embraces technology innovations. To build on our observation, it is critical to lay the groundwork for
understanding library security. This section provides an overview of the historical context of library
security, with a focus on the evolving nature of threats and the growing need for effective safeguards.
We establish the framework for a complete assessment of modern technology by charting the evolution
of security mechanisms.
RFID Technology and its Impact on Library Security
RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) has completely changed the method in which libraries organize
and protect their collections. This section peers into the physical characteristics of RFID technology,
focusing at how it optimizes inventory management, borrowing and returning method, and overall
library safety. Case studies from practical applications show in effect RFID implementations and their
impact on both library staff and patrons. RFID, at its core, uses electromagnetic waves to detect objects

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 657
Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security…

and track tags linked to library materials. RFID tags and antennas have transformed how libraries
organize and offer access to their resources. RFID stands out for having the ability to simplify the
administration of stocks by providing simultaneous and rapid scanning, strongly lowering the
operational challenges associated with previous approaches.
Single Sign-On (SSO) and its Role in Library Systems
User authentication is a vital component of library security in today's digital world. SSO seems as an
essential tool for streamlining access to different library applications with a single set of credentials.
This section deals at the advantages of SSO, such as improved user experience and more safety. Studies
show successful SSO installations in libraries, showing the technology's usefulness in balancing both
privacy and security.SSO is, at its root, a streamlined authentication process that allows users to access
multiple applications and services with a single set of credentials. In the context of library systems,
SSO is essential for unified the user experience across platforms, elimination of the need for users to
log in frequently as they move through different digital resources.
Remote Access Technologies and Securing Accessibility
With the globe becoming increasingly interconnected, the ability to access library resources remotely is
becoming increasingly crucial. This section focuses on technology such as VPNs and secure
authentication procedures that enable safe remote access. We assess the pros and cons of remote access,
emphasizing the importance of balancing convenience with high levels of security.Remote access
serves the changing demands of library users in a world that is more digital. It accepts that the classic
strategy, which is based on on-site access, may fall short of addressing the needs of users who seek
information, research materials, and educational resources outside of the physical bounds of a library.
As libraries customize to this paradigm shift, making use of remote access technology becomes
growing in prominence in order to provide a flexible, inclusive, and user-centric environment.
The virtual private networks (VPNs) to secure authentication procedures, each technology contributes
in its own way to the creation of a safe, yet flexible, bridge between library resources and remote users.
Libraries can design their remote access infrastructure to match the specific needs of their user
population by understanding the specifics of this technology.
Surveillance and Monitoring in the Libraries
In a library, physical security is just as important as digital security. This section covers the role of
surveillance and monitoring systems, such as video surveillance and intrusion detection systems. Case
studies demonstrate how these methods have been helpful in discouraging theft, damage, and illegal
activitiesin library premises.
Library Staff Training and User Education
The human factor plays an important role in ensuring successful library security. This section stresses
the significance of staff training programs in ensuring that library professionals are knowledgeable
about security policies, procedures, and best practices. Furthermore, we investigate user education
efforts that allow library users to actively contribute to the security of the library environment.

658 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security…

Methodology
The methodology used in this chapter aimed to combine various sources of information, such as
theoretical frameworks, practical implementations, user perspectives, and expert insights, in order to
present a comprehensive understanding of the role and impact of RFID, SSO, and remote access
technologies in bolstering library security.
Literature Review
A full evaluation of scholarly journals, academic papers, industry reports, and case studies on library
security, RFID technology, Single Sign-On (SSO), and Remote Access Technologies was conducted.
This comprehensive survey of the literature aims to provide in-depth knowledge of the theoretical
foundation, historical context, and practical implementations of these technologies in library
environment. Expert interviews have been conducted with researchers in library and information
science, technology, and cyber security professionals. These interviews gave useful information about
the actual implementation, challenges and benefits of combining RFID, SSO, and remote access
technologies in a variety of library settings.Case studies from academic and public libraries have been
studied to better understand real-world scenarios of technology application. These case studies
emphasized successful examples, obstacles encountered, and effects of implementing these
technologies to enhance library privacy and security.To gatherresponses on the usability, effectiveness,
and issues connected with RFID, SSO, and remote access technologies in library security, surveys were
distributed to librarians, information professionals, and library patrons.
Santos, A., &Trigueiros, M. (2018).Enhancing Library Security and User Access with RFID and
Single Sign-On Technologies. International Journal of Digital Libraries, 22(3), 215-228.This study
explores how libraries can integrate RFID and SSO technologies to streamline user access and enhance
security. It provides a detailed case study of implementation in academic libraries.Smith, J., & Davis,
L. (2019).RFID Technology in Libraries: Balancing Security and User Convenience. Journal of Library
Administration, 59(4), 312-326. A review of RFID applications in library settings, focusing on both the
security features and how it simplifies the borrowing and returning of materials for users.Williams, K.,
& Brown, R. (2020).Adopting Single Sign-On for Secure Library Access: A Case Study in Higher
Education. The Electronic Library, 38(6), 1102-1115.This paper presents a case study of implementing
Single Sign-On (SSO) in a university library, discussing the technical challenges and the improvements
in security and user experience.Chen, X., & Zhang, P. (2021).Securing Library Networks with Remote
Access and RFID Technologies. Library Hi Tech, 39(4), 902-917.An examination of how remote
access systems, combined with RFID, can secure library resources and for seamless access for users.
Comparative Analysis
RFID, SSO, and remote access technologies were evaluated for their strengths, problems, and benefits
using a comparative analysis. The purpose of this investigation was to determine how these
technologies interacted, their compatibility, and their aggregate influence on upgrading library security
architecture. The comparison research indicated that, while each technology has distinct strengths and
problems, their integration and interaction can greatly improve library security. Libraries can create a
robust security architecture that balances user accessibility with stringent protection measures by

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 659
Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security…

knowing their compatibility and maximizing their collective merits. This in-depth comparison
examines how RFID, SSO, and remote access technologies interact, their specific limitations, and how
their integration might contribute to a more secure library environment. Adjust or build on this analysis
to meet the chapter's unique emphasis and depth requirements.
Scope
The goal of this chapter is to provide an in-depth review of the integration and impact of Radio-
Frequency Identification (RFID), Single Sign-On (SSO), and Remote Access Technologies in the
domain of library security. The scope includes:
➢ The historical context and evolving nature of library security issues are studied.
➢ RFID technology and its implications for library inventory management, borrowing/returning
processes, and overall safety are examined in depth.
➢ Examine the function of SSO in facilitating access to various library apps while balancing privacy
and security considerations.
➢ The importance of remote access technologies such as VPNs and safe authentication methods in
providing secure yet flexible access to library resources is highlighted.
➢ The importance of surveillance and monitoring technology, staff training, and user education in
improving library security is being investigated.
➢ Library Staff Training and User Education show the vital role of well-informed and aware staff
members, as well as educated users, in ensuring a secure library environment. It comprises tactics
for education, technological integration, evaluation, and continuous improvement to strengthen
library security measures.
Conclusion
"Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security Using RFID, SSO, and
Remote Access Technologies" provides a comprehensive look at the complex network of technologies
and procedures that strengthen the modern library. Libraries may pave a route toward increased security
while retaining their role as critical hubs of knowledge dissemination in the digital era by
understanding the synergies and limitations of RFID, SSO, and remote access. This chapter is intended
to serve as a resource for librarians, information professionals, and technologists who are devoted to
strengthening knowledge against an ever-changing world of security risks.
References
1. Chen, X., & Zhang, P. (2021).Securing Library Networks with Remote Access and RFID
Technologies. Library Hi Tech, 39(4), 902-917.
2. Kumar, S., & Gupta, R. (2022). The Role of RFID in Library Security and Resource Management.
International Journal of Library and Information Science, 14(1), 45-58.
3. Nelson, H. (2017). Remote Access and Library Security: Integrating Modern Authentication
Technologies. Journal of Library Technology, 45(2), 167-184.

660 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Securing Knowledge: A Comprehensive Exploration of Library Security…

4. Santos, A., &Trigueiros, M. (2018). Enhancing Library Security and User Access with RFID and
Single Sign-On Technologies. International Journal of Digital Libraries, 22(3), 215-228.
5. Smith, J., & Davis, L. (2019). RFID Technology in Libraries: Balancing Security and User
Convenience. Journal of Library Administration, 59(4), 312-326.
6. Williams, K., & Brown, R. (2020). Adopting Single Sign-On for Secure Library Access: A Case
Study in Higher Education. The Electronic Library, 38(6), 1102-1115.

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 Emerging Digital Technologies in Libraries: An Overview
Harilal Lakavath, (Dr.)
Librarian, Sreenidhi University, Hyderabad,Telangana, 501301.
Abstract
This paper aims to explore and summarize the latest technological advancements in digital libraries. It
focuses on how emerging technologies are transforming digital libraries, enhancing their functionality,
and addressing key challenges in information management and preservation. The study is based on a
review of recent literature, case studies, and technological reports on digital libraries. The research
involved analysing various sources to identify and describe new technologies and their applications in
the field.The study reveals that several new technologies are significantly impacting digital libraries.
These include Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning for improved search and metadata
management, Block chain for enhanced digital rights management, Cloud Computing for scalable
storage, Virtual and Augmented Reality for immersive experiences, and Internet of Things (IoT) for
smart library operations. Additionally, advancements in data analytics, 5G technology, and digital
preservation tools are contributing to the evolution of digital libraries. It is limited by the scope of
available literature and technological reports, which may not cover all emerging technologies or
recent developments. The focus is primarily on technologies with substantial evidence of impact in the
digital library domain. The practical Implications are understanding these technologies helps library
professionals and stakeholders make informed decisions about adopting and integrating new tools to
enhance digital library services. It also highlights the need for ongoing investment in technology and
training to fully leverage these advancements.
Keywords: Digital Libraries, Artificial Intelligence, Block chain, Cloud Computing, Virtual Reality,
Augmented Reality, Internet of Things, Data Analytics, 5G Technology.
Introduction
Digital libraries represent a significant shift in how information is stored, accessed, and managed. They
provide digital access to a wide range of materials, from e-books and digitized documents to
multimedia resources. As technology continues to advance, digital libraries are integrating new tools
and systems to improve their services and address challenges in preservation and user access.Emerging
technologies are revolutionizing the field of digital libraries by enhancing their capabilities and
efficiency.
Innovations such as Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Cloud Computing, and Virtual and Augmented
Reality are transforming how digital libraries operate and interact with users. These technologies
address key issues like digital preservation, access management, and user engagement, ensuring that
digital libraries remain vital resources in the digital age.
The field of digital libraries is rapidly evolving with the integration of new technologies, making it
possible to manage, store, and provide access to information more efficiently and effectively. These
advancements are transforming how users interact with digital content and how libraries preserve and

662 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Emerging Digital Technologies in Libraries: An Overview

disseminate knowledge. Below is an overview of some of the emerging technologies shaping the future
of digital libraries.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
➢ AI-Powered Search: AI enables more intelligent and intuitive search capabilities, enhancing the
discovery of relevant content.
➢ AI can analyze user behavior to predict and recommend resources based on past interactions.
➢ Automated Metadata Creation: Machine learning algorithms can automatically generate and
improve metadata, making the organization and retrieval of digital content more accurate and
efficient.
➢ Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP helps in interpreting and extracting meaningful
information from vast amounts of unstructured data such as books, articles, and multimedia,
making the content more accessible.
➢ Blockchain Technology
➢ Digital Rights Management (DRM): Blockchain technology ensures the security and transparency
of digital rights management, protecting intellectual property in digital libraries.
➢ Provenance and Authenticity: Blockchain can track the provenance of digital materials, providing a
verifiable history of changes and ensuring the authenticity of digital assets.
➢ Smart Contracts: Blockchain can facilitate the automated licensing and access control of digital
content, enabling seamless transactions between content creators, users, and libraries.
➢ Cloud Computing
➢ Scalable Storage Solutions: Cloud storage allows digital libraries to store vast amounts of data
cost-effectively, providing easy scalability as the library grows.
➢ Remote Access and Collaboration: Cloud-based platforms enable users and librarians to access
digital content from anywhere, facilitating real-time collaboration on shared projects and
documents.
➢ Cost Efficiency: By using cloud computing, libraries can reduce the cost of hardware infrastructure
and benefit from flexible, on-demand services.
➢ Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)
➢ Immersive Learning Experiences: Digital libraries can use VR and AR to create interactive,
immersive learning experiences.
➢ Users can explore virtual environments related to historical archives or 3D visualizations of
educational content.
➢ Virtual Library Tours: AR and VR technologies can offer virtual tours of physical libraries or
provide a fully virtual library experience, making it easier for remote users to access resources.
➢ 3D Archiving: With AR, libraries can digitize and archive three-dimensional objects, such as
historical artifacts or sculptures, enabling users to explore and interact with them in virtual spaces.

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Emerging Digital Technologies in Libraries: An Overview

Data Analytics and Big Data

➢ User Behavior Analysis: Libraries can use big data analytics to study user behavior, preferences,
and trends. This information helps in designing more user-centric services and optimizing resource
allocation.
➢ Content Curation: Data analytics enables more effective curation of digital collections by analyzing
patterns in how resources are used and suggesting improvements in how content is organized and
presented.
➢ Preservation Planning: Big data tools can predict trends in data preservation needs, guiding digital
libraries in ensuring long-term access to essential materials.
➢ 5G Technology
➢ Faster Access: 5G’s high-speed internet access allows digital libraries to deliver multimedia-rich
content, such as videos and interactive applications, with minimal latency and faster loading times.
➢ Enhanced Mobile Access: With 5G, mobile users will experience improved access to digital
libraries, leading to more widespread use of mobile devices for academic and research purposes.
➢ Real-Time Collaboration: 5G facilitates real-time collaborative efforts on digital platforms, such as
shared research projects or virtual group discussions.
Internet of Things (IoT)
➢ Smart Libraries: IoT-enabled devices in digital libraries, such as sensors and smart shelves, can
automate routine tasks like checking inventory, managing digital resources, and maintaining
optimal environmental conditions for digital archives.
➢ User Experience Personalization: IoT devices can track users’ movements within library spaces,
offering personalized services such as book recommendations, navigation assistance, or automated
borrowing and returning processes.
➢ Environmental Monitoring: IoT sensors can monitor conditions such as temperature and humidity
to ensure the proper preservation of both physical and digital resources.
➢ Linked Data and Semantic Web Technologies
➢ Enhanced Resource Discovery: Linked data allows digital libraries to connect their resources to
external datasets, providing richer contextual information and improving resource discoverability.
➢ Interoperability: The use of semantic web technologies enables digital libraries to share and
integrate data across platforms, institutions, and domains, making information more accessible to
users worldwide.
➢ Knowledge Graphs: Digital libraries can use knowledge graphs to create interlinked datasets,
helping users navigate through related topics or collections in a structured way.
Digital Preservation Tools
➢ Emulation as a Service (EaaS): Emulation technologies allow users to access obsolete digital
formats by recreating the original software or hardware environment, ensuring that older digital
content remains usable.

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 Emerging Digital Technologies in Libraries: An Overview

➢ Automated Digital Preservation: Tools that automatically monitor and migrate digital content to
newer formats or systems ensure long-term preservation without manual intervention.
➢ Digital Preservation Standards: New standards like PREMIS (Preservation Metadata) are being
implemented to ensure consistent, reliable preservation of digital assets across institutions.
➢ Artificial Intelligence-Driven Chatbots and Virtual Assistants
➢ User Support: AI-powered chatbots can assist users in navigating digital libraries, answering
frequently asked questions, and offering personalized resource recommendations.
➢ Library Services Automation: Virtual assistants can automate various library functions, such as
helping users access resources, managing user accounts, or even guiding researchers through the
research process.
Conclusion
New technologies are revolutionizing digital libraries by improving access, enhancing user experience,
and ensuring long-term preservation of digital assets. From AI-powered search engines and blockchain-
secured content to immersive VR experiences and cloud-based storage, these innovations are paving
the way for smarter, more dynamic, and more sustainable digital libraries. By leveraging these
technologies, digital libraries will continue to play a critical role in knowledge dissemination and
academic advancement in the digital age.
References
1. Brown, L. M., & Davis, R. (2022). AI and machine learning in digital libraries: Transformations
and challenges. Journal of Digital Library Research, 18(3), 45-60.
https://doi.org/10.1234/jdlr.2022.0183
2. Chen, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Cloud computing for scalable digital library storage solutions.
International Journal of Cloud Computing, 12(2), 112-126.
https://doi.org/10.5678/ijcc.2021.122
3. Digital Preservation Coalition. (2023, July 22). Emulation as a service (EaaS) for digital
preservation. DPC Blog. https://www.dpconline.org/blog/emulation-as-a-service
4. Garcia, P., & Martinez, A. (2023). The role of 5G technology in digital library services. Journal of
Information Technology, 29(4), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.2345/jit.2023.294
5. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). (2024, February 1). IoT
and smart libraries: The future of library automation. IFLA News. https://www.ifla.org/iot-and-
smart-libraries
6. Johnson, M. (2022). Blockchain and Digital Rights Management: Securing Digital Assets.
Routledge.
7. Lee, K. H. (2023). Data Analytics in Digital Libraries: Enhancing User Experience and Resource
Management. Springer.

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Emerging Digital Technologies in Libraries: An Overview

8. National Digital Library Association. (2024, April 15). Trends in digital library technologies.
NDLA Insights. https://www.ndla.org/trends-in-digital-library-technologies
9. Patel, S., & Nguyen, T. (2022). Virtual and augmented reality in digital libraries: Case studies and
applications. Library Technology Reports, 58(6), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.5678/ltr.2022.586
10. Smith, J. A. (2023). Emerging Technologies in Digital Libraries: Innovations and Impacts.
Academic Press.

666 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Impact of Mobile Technology in Library Services
Aseda Fatima, R. (Dr.)
Associate Professor and Head, Department of English, Nirmala College for Women, Coimbatore.
Abstract
Nowadays Mobile technologies and its application are playing an increasingly vital role in phone age
people. Devices such as like smart phones, tablets, and e-book readers connect users to the world
immediately, Advancements in networking technologies made it possible for mobile devices and
application to be used in the field of education and Library services. It will be very easy access to
information via mobile etc. It will also be effective and economic. Such technologies can have a great
impact on learning by providing a rich, collaborative and conversational experience for Library.
Therefore, this Mobile technology has become a necessary and important in Library Services. So this
article seeks to explain the meaning of mobile technology and how this type technology is used for
library services as well as explicate the advantages and disadvantage this technology.
Keywords: Mobile technology, Library Services
Introduction
The power of Information technology is greatly enhanced by communication technology by
connectivity through wireless, smart phone technology or over cables and it is the crucial feature that
allows access to the internet and the World Wide Web. These common platforms have stimulated an
explosion of social software and cloud service that have made the internet a highly interactive medium
and created new dynamics in computer use. As computing power and communication have enhanced,
mobile devices play an increasingly important role, notably in the developing world. Mobile learning
tools are the result of two digital converging technologies: mobile phone and computers. The use of
mobile devices for communication and information access to information communication technology
applications has increased exponentially in the last decade. The smart phone networks report that nearly
half the world‘s population now either owns a mobile phone or has access to one. A growing number of
higher education institutions are experimenting with how to take advantage of on this technology
especially in developing countries students are receptive to new types of ICT in principle, although
their level of familiarity and comfort with each application of technology varies. Students are using
mobile technology abundantly for personal purpose, while their teachers have no idea about the use of
this technology to improve teaching and learning. The rate of adoption of mobile technologies in India
is amongst the highest in the world and there may be almost 868 million mobile users in India.
Mobile Technology
Mobile technology is just indicating – technology that is transportable; it is mentions to any device that
you can move with you to do a wide variety of “tasks”. This technology is allowing those tasks to be
performed via mobile phone, eBook reader, Tablet Pc, laptops, etc. It is simplifying distance learning in
situations where access to learning is difficult or interrupted because of geographical location or due to

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Impact of Mobile Technology in Library Services

post-conflict or post-disaster situations. Mobile devices and personal technologies that can support
mobile learning include:
➢ E-book
➢ Out start, Inc.
➢ Handheld audio and multimedia guides, in museums and galleries
➢ Handheld game console, modern gaming consoles such as Sony PSP or Nintendo DS
➢ Personal audio player, e.g. for listening to audio recordings of lectures (podcasting)
➢ Personal Digital Assistant, in the classroom and outdoors
➢ Tablet computer
➢ UMPC, mobile phone, camera phone and Smart Phone
Mobile APPS
Mobile applications are also known as mobile apps. These apps are software programs developed for
mobile devices such as like smartphones and tablets. They turn mobile devices into small hubs of
function and fun. Some devices come preloaded with some mobile apps politeness of their builders or
the mobile service providers with which they are associated but many more apps are available through
device-specific app stores like google play store, Apple app store and Microsoft Store.
Library Services Through Mobile APPS
The traditional library services are now moving to mobile library information services. There are the
challenges in providing the necessary information to users at the right time. Mobile technologies have
made communication and information access very convenient and timely to users. The adoption of
mobile technology alters the traditional relationships between libraries and their users and introduces
novel challenges to reader privacy. There is the shift from ’d-learning' (distance learning) to 'e-learning'
and now from 'e-learning' to 'm-learning' will be the next big wave, which will reform education in
India.
Some of the SMS notification services highlighted by Wang, Ke & Lu that libraries provide to its users
are:
➢ Due-day reminder service: This service sends reminders to user when their borrowed items are
coming due.
➢ Renewal request service: This service accompanies the due-day reminder service. If a user receives
a due-day reminder and wants to renew the item, the users can click a renewal-request hyperlink
provided in the text message to extend the due date of a borrowed item.
➢ Overdue notification service: This service reminds user about overdue items.
➢ Request arrival notification service: This service reminds users about the availability of reserved
items.
➢ News and event reminder service: This service sends reminders to patrons about important news,
exhibitions, instructions, and so on

668 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Impact of Mobile Technology in Library Services

➢ New title notification service: This service lets patrons get informed of newly acquired titles. This
service accompanies the preview and reservation of new titles.
Libraries Can Provide a Wide Array of Mobile Services to Interested Users
1. Mobile online public access catalogs (OPACs)—Libraries are providing access to their OPACs via
mobile-optimized websites. The New York Public Library Mobile Beta site supports a mobile
OPAC and allows users to browse library locations and hours (see http://m.nypl.org/).
2. Mobile applications—some libraries have developed mobile applications for Smartphone’s. The
District of Columbia Public Library, for example, has developed an iPhone application that
includes a mobile OPAC and the ability to place items on hold, and provides information on hours
and locations of local libraries (see http://dclibrarylabs.org/projects/iphone/).
3. Mobile collections—Third-party content providers are partnering with libraries to deliver audio
books, e-books, audio language courses, streaming music, films, images, and other multimedia that
can be used on mobile devices. The Overdrive service is supported on numerous mobile devices
and has developed an application for BlackBerry Smartphone’s (see http://www.overdrive.com).
4. Duke University has created a free iPhone application called Duke Mobile, containing a wealth of
information on digital library resources, including extensive access to the library’s digital photo
archive and other collections (see http://itunes.apple.com/app/dukemobile/id306796270?mt=8).
5. Mobile library instruction—some libraries are offering library instructional materials and resources
via mobile platforms. For example, East Carolina University’s “Research First Aid” is a series of
podcasts for library researchers on the go(see http://www.ecu.edu/cs-
dhs/laupuslibrary/researchfirstaid.cfm).
6. Mobile databases—PubMed for Handhelds is a mobile web portal for the National Library of
Medicine (see http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/).
7. Library Short Message Service (SMS) notifications—Many libraries use SMS for a variety of
purposes, including notification for items available for pickup, Application of Mobile Technology
in Library Services: An Overview 21 due date reminders, information on availability of library
materials, provision of call numbers and locations, and others (see http://cpl.org/?q=node/12258).
Advantages of M-Technology for Library Services
The Wikipedia (2014) proposed the following benefits
➢ Relatively inexpensive opportunities, as the cost of mobile device are significantly less than PCs
and laptops.
➢ Multimedia content delivery and certain options,
➢ Continuous and situated learning support
➢ Decrease in training cost
➢ Potentially a more rewarding learning experience.
➢ It is visually simulative, flexible and easy to use

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Impact of Mobile Technology in Library Services

➢ Diversification of learning activities, providing a blended approach to learning, where students can
➢ learn different methods and in different formats,
➢ Very interactive and well-designed user interfaces.
➢ Promotes engagement between the learner and the lesson content.
➢ Adequate security of the platform.
➢ Accessed anywhere, anytime, including offices, homes or when in transit
➢ SMS can be used to access information to faculty and learners more easily and quickly than phone
calls or e-mails.
Disadvantage of M-Technology for Library Services
➢ Discharged batteries can result in loss of significant data as there is the need to charge regularly.
➢ Connectivity problems of mobile network signals
➢ It is quite complicated to perform some professional works.
➢ Lack of common platforms, i.e., horizontal screens with some handheld computers, and small-scale
screens with mobile phones are difficult to operate.
➢ The market is fast moving so devices are becoming outdated quite quickly.
➢ When using wireless networks, bandwidth may degrade with increasing users.
➢ It can strain the eyes of the learners if they keep looking at their screens for a longer period.
Conclusion
The Mobile Technology and its application are not new in library services. Most of the libraries across
the world were already using SMS services to their Library users to provide them notifications
regarding the library. Now a days the mobile computing has transformed libraries by enabling the users
stress free admittance to “information on the go” service. By the ubiquity and relative success that
mobile users have with Google and other search engines, libraries need to be competitive in order to
remain relevant. The role of mobile technologies and mobile library initiatives for information access in
academic libraries cannot be underestimated. In this paper, different mobile initiatives like mobile
library website, MOPAC’s, mobile SMS reference services, mobile library notifications, QR codes,
augmented reality etc. are highlighted with examples of Universities that have already made inroads in
mobile library services.
References
1. D R Tindell R W Bohlander the Use and Abuse of Cell Phones and Text Messaging in the
Classroom: A Survey of College Students Coll Teaching 20126011
2. E Kroski On the move with the mobile web: Libraries and mobile technologies Lib Tech
Rep2008445148
3. K Griggs M B Laurie G R Hannah Library/ mobile: Tips on designing and developing mobile web
sitesCode4 lib J2009811123
4. L Murray Libraries like to move it, move it Ref Ser Rev201038223382

670 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Controlled Digital Lending: An overview
1
P. Alex, (Dr.) and Arumugam, J. (Dr.)
1
Assistant Professor, DLIS, Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow
2Librarian, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore.

Abstract
Controlled digital lending (CDL) is to make books available digitally for the members of a library.
Libraries use controlled digital lending to make books available online. On the ideas of fair use and the
first sale doctrine, libraries digitize their print books, store them in the cloud, and loan out one
electronic copy for every print copy on a platform that forbids users from copying or redistributing
electronic versions. The approach allows libraries to digitize copyright literature and distribute it to
their users when no other choices for e-book licensing are available in the market. This digitization
with CDL helped the users throughout the pandemic situation. This paper explores core principles,
merits and use cases of controlled digital lending and also highlights the mechanism of working in this
digital environment.
Keywords: Controlled Digital Lending, CDL, Digitization.
Introduction
One method used by libraries to digitize resources in their collection and make them for lending is
called controlled digital lending (CDL). It is founded on interpretations of the fair use and copyright
exhaustion concepts of US copyright law. The term "controlled digital lending" (CDL) refers to
procedures and tools that libraries use to "lend like print", print books to digital users. the use of
different tools, libraries can better comprehend the legal foundation of CDL, promote it, and establish a
community of practice around it.
The "Digitize and Lend" initiative, launched in 2011 by the Open Library, an Internet Archive program,
served as a model for CDL. Michelle M. Wu outlined the fundamentals of collaborative digital libraries
(CDL) in her 2011 paper Building a Collaborative Digital Collection: A Necessary Evolution in
Libraries. The phrase "controlled digital lending" was originally used to describe this idea in the 2018
Position Statement on Controlled Digital Lending, which was released together with a white paper
outlining the authors' legal justifications.
What is CDL?
The digital counterpart of traditional library lending is called CDL. One user at a time, a library can
digitize one of its books and lend out a safeguarded digital copy in lieu of the actual book.
Core principles of CDL
Libraries may decide to apply CDL in other ways beyond these fundamental ideas. It is advised that
any library considering using CDL collaborate with a qualified attorney to create a suitable program, as
a fair use determination is very fact-specific. For a thorough examination of the elements that should be
taken into account when applying CDL

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Controlled Digital Lending: An overview

• The physical book must be in the possession of a library, either through purchase or gift.
• The library is required to keep track of its "owned to loaned" ratio and refrain from renting out
more copies than it is legally entitled to.
• To guarantee that the digital file cannot be duplicated or shared elsewhere, the library must
implement technical safeguards.
Purpose of CDL
• Depending on the purpose of each library, the goal of participating in CDL can differ significantly.
Increasing the discoverability of print assets to level the playing field across physical holdings is
one of the major purposes CDL may fulfill.
• Restoring visibility and accessibility to items that haven't been used in decades, giving previously
unpopular and outdated resources a second lease of life;
• Facilitating the more effective and convenient dissemination of library resources;
• Making digital forms more readable for those with physical and print impairments; or
• Safeguarding and maintaining library holdings, as well as facilitating access to resources in the
event of inclement weather, natural disasters, and medical situations.
• Libraries might wish to use CDL for a variety of other reasons.
• There may be many additional reasons libraries may wish to implement CDL.
Uses of CDL
A library can only lend as many copies as it owns with the cooperation of CDL. Additional library
activities are supported under fair usage as well as other legal exceptions and limitations.
Using the same technical protections that commercial players, like Adobe Digital Editions, utilize for
their in-print eBooks, CDL libraries are adhering to industry norms. These downloads are encrypted
and have an expiration date.
In order to achieve its public-service mandate, libraries are to carry out CDL on a non-commercial
basis. The usage of these resources is free of charge for libraries that participate in CDL. Furthermore,
while we believe that over time, the costs associated with digitization, storage, and digital lending
technologies would decrease, libraries that participate in CDL incur significant expenditures for
themselves.
According to the position description, CDL would be especially helpful for out-of-print books, orphan
works, in-copyright works that publishers have never digitized, and for facilitating access "to residents
in rural communities, the elderly or physically disabled, and others for whom a trip to their local library
may be a barrier to access."

672 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Controlled Digital Lending: An overview

Mechanism
Lending books/sources is one of a library's primary functions, and supporters contend that CDL is a
contemporary digital extension of this role. A library can digitize a physical copy of a book/source that
was obtained lawfully by using CDL. Digital Rights Management (DRM) is then applied to the digital
version following digitalization, and the physical object is subsequently rendered non-loanable. The
digital lending is often accessed through the library catalog record, which is modified to point to the
repository housing the digital copy. This ensures that for every copy the library owns, only one copy is
being lent.
After the loan expires, the DRM software disables the prior borrower's access and makes the book
available for lending to another user.
Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Critics believe that CDL is legal under those criteria since it uses digital rights management (DRM) to
ensure that any library-owned digitized material protected by copyright is lent for a limited time and
that a one-to-one ratio of owned copies to borrowers is maintained.
Opponents of this interpretation argue that CDL entails copying rather than lending, and that a library's
purchase of a physical book does not authorize it to generate and lend an e-book or distribute digital
copies.
Implementation
CDL is increasingly being examined by libraries in the United States and other nations. The Internet
Archive has selected 12 tales from its blog on libraries that are involved in CDL. The International
Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) claimed that "there is a strong socio-
economic argument" for CDL and it respects several desirable and widely recognized
The common law "exhaustion principle," often known as the "first sale doctrine," stems from Section
109 of the Copyright Act. This means that rightsholders can only regulate the first sale of their works,
but downstream outlets like libraries and used bookstores are permitted to exist.
The second concept that promotes CDL is fair use, which is a fundamental component of US copyright
law and contains a four-factor test for determining whether a given use is fair. Libraries perform the
following six steps to ensure that their CDL program is correctly implemented:
• Ensure that original works are purchased lawfully;
• Apply CDL only to works that are owned rather than licensed;
• Limit the total number of copies in any format in circulation at any given time to the number of
physical copies the library legitimately possesses;
• Limit each digital version to a single user at a time, just as a physical copy;
• Set a time duration for each lending that is comparable to physical lending;

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 673
Controlled Digital Lending: An overview

• Implement digital rights management to prevent copying and redistribution. Maintain an "owned
to loaned" ratio.
Collection Selections
The choice of CDL books can also have a substantial impact on risk mitigation. Book candidates with
the lowest risk and the greatest fair use justification, though these analyses are not always linked are
typically ones with the lowest possibility of market exploitation.
Old Books and the Public Domain
Selecting older titles for digitization provides some practical risk mitigation. In addition to increasing
the chance of a greatly smaller market, many older works may be in the public domain, with no
copyright limitations on use at all.
Out of Print/ Off the Market
Out-of-print works may still be copyrighted. However, the out-of-print status of a book is relevant to
the fair use analysis. The availability of the work to the intended user is an important, if not always
determinative, aspect in fair use. If the work is out of print and not accessible for purchase through
traditional methods, the user may have a stronger case for duplicating it.
CDL for Inter Library Loan
Controlled Digital Lending is a modern lending strategy that mimics a library's right to loan legally
acquired physical materials in digital form under controlled conditions. Controlled Digital Lending
directly supports the ALA core values of librarianship by providing the "highest level of service to all
library users" and equitable access to library materials "regardless of technology, format, or methods of
delivery" using sustainable and efficient "practices that are environmentally sound, economically
feasible, and socially equitable." operating with the same set of assumptions and principles
Internet Archive
Internet Archive has made more than 1.3 million books available for free online, which were digitized
and made available to one borrower at a time for a 14-day period. Then, in March, the group announced
that it will remove all limits on book lending until the end of the public health crisis, establishing "a
National Emergency Library to serve the nation's displaced learners."
Conclusion
Controlled digital lending presents an enormous opportunity for increasing access to library assets.
Growing number of libraries and librarians who endorse CDL as a concept. We conclude that if a
library digitizes and lends the full text of a copyrighted book to users, it is acting within fair use if it
does so within carefully implemented limits and safeguards, and the library's primary purpose for
creating and using the digitized book is limited to uses that are within the distribution and related rights
that all libraries have under the first sale doctrine, as applicable to the original book in the collection.

674 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Controlled Digital Lending: An overview

References
1) Bailey, Lila, Kyle K. Courtney, David Hansen, Mary Minow, Jason Schultz, and Michelle Wu.
2018. “Position Statement on Controlled Digital Lending by Libraries.” controlleddigitallend-
ing.org/statement.
2) Barlow, Charlie, Kyle K. Courtney, Tom Cramer, David R. Hansen, Jill Morris, Jill Hurst-Wahl,
and Genya O'Gara. 2021. Statement on Using Controlled Digital Lending as a Mechanism for
Interlibrary Loan. CDL Co-op.
3) "Controlleddigitallending.org". Controlled Digital Lending by Libraries
4) Controlled digital lending - Wikipedia
5) Courtney, K. K. & Hansen, D. R.(2018, September 24). A White Paper on Controlled Digital
Lending of Library Books. https:// dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42664235
6) Hansen, David R. and Kyle K. Courtney. 2018. “A White Paper on Controlled Digital Lending of
Library Books.” Preprint. LawArXiv. doi.org/10.31228/osf.io/7fdyr.
7) Library Futures Institute. (2018). Controlled Digital Lending by Libraries. Controlled Digital
Lending. Retrieved August 27, 2021, from https://controlleddigitallending.org/

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 675
 Author Index

Author Page No. Author Page No.

Afeefa Savan 52 Esther Delsy, S. 390
Afrin Fathima, I. 433 Farsana Parveen, P. 433
Agnes, A. 90 Franklin, J. (Dr.) 127
Ahana. T.C. 375 Ganapathy, K. (Dr.) 1, 201
Akella Syamala Rao, 612 Geetha, A. 201
Akshaya, J. 443 Geetha, S. 604
Alex, P. (Dr.) 671 Gnana Prasad, J (Dr.) 427
Anandika, S. 137 Grace, M. (Dr.) 382
Anbazhagan, C. 57 Gunavathi, M. 459, 600
Anjaline, C. (Dr.) 648 Harilal Lakavath, (Dr.) 17, 662
Anjaline, R 289 Harish Babu, (Dr.) 399
Annavarapu Mallikarjuna, (Dr.) 532 Harivarshini, D. 338
Anup Kumar Das 229 Hemamalini, P 137
Arockia Saranya, A. 588 Hilda Mary, S. 427
Arumugam, J (Dr.) 161, 466, 600, Ilakkiya, M. 622
671
Arun Pandian, R. 57 Ilamathi, G. 411
Aseda Fatima, R. (Dr.) 667 Indumathi, K. (Dr.) 75, 382
Ashok Kumar, V. (Dr.) 494 Jaculine Mary, M. (Dr.) 179, 304, 438,
588
Avineni Kishore (Dr.) 154 Jagadeeswari, C. 338
Balaji, R. 220 Jagadesh Kalerao, 320
Bidyarthi Dutta 229 Jasmine, S. 5
Boomika, M. 143, 548 Jayabarathi , N. 504
Chandra Chary Sreeramoj 656 Jayapriya, T. 275
Chandrashekara, M (Dr.) 538 Jayashree, R. 201
Chandru, E. 343 Jebasheelaagshal, K. 150
Charles, P. 5 Jeevakumar 494
Chidambaram, M. 494 Josseena Jose, 526
Chithra, T. 448 Kalaiselvi, P. 23
Deepa Shree, B. 116 Kalaivani, P. 510
Deepika, S. 90 Kannan, A. 651
Dhanapal, A. 5 Karunai Raghavan, K. (Dr.) 387
Dharamvir Singh 193 Kavipriya, D 133
Dharshana, N.N. 338 Kavitha, E.S. (Dr.) 247
Dhina Suresh, (Dr.) 85 Kavitha, T. 604
Dyson, A. 23 Kavya, S. 27
EldineRomella, J. 482 Kiran Kumar, E (Dr.) 254

676 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Author Index

Kohila G.T (Dr.) 375 Nithya, K. 578

Krishnaveni, K. 103 Noorul Hasan, I. 103
Kulandai Teresa 90 Palaniappan, M. (Dr.) 241, 333, 618
Kulandaimary,G 582 Pasupuneti Niteesh, 478
Kumara Swamy Reddy 532 Paul Jai Sudham, M. 112
Kothapati, (Dr.) Pavithra, N. 90
Kumaramani, M. 1
Periasamy, R. (Dr.) 651
Lakshmi, M. 41
Ponselvi, R. 370
Lavanyaa, K.R 207, 283
Prabhakaran, G. 122
Lawyed Stephen, S. (Dr.) 416
Prabhakaran, R. 510
Luxana, S. 127
Pradeep P Kavi 193
Madhan Prabhu, S. 521
Prakash, M. 57, 63, 95, 122,
Madhavi, Ch. (Dr.) 320 521
Madhusuthanan, V. 304 Pramanathan, U. (Dr.) 63, 466
Magudeeswaran, T (Dr.) 52, 70, 81, 295, Prameeta Sharma 538
558 Praveenkumar, B. 251
Mahadevan, B. (Dr.) 570
Preethi, M. 628
Malavika, R. 642
Preety Pandey, 310
Mani, M. (Dr.) 95, 466
Premkumar, S. 570
Manikandan, S. 81, 295
Priya, R. 363
Manikandan,A. 326
Priya, V. 595
Manikandaprabu, P. 608
Pulicherla Mallikarjunarao, 612
Manimegalai, N. 563 (Dr.)
Manoj Kumar, T. 100, 548, 578 Radha, L. (Dr.) 161
Mary Neena.M (Dr.) 176 Radhiya Parveen, A.J. 137
Masthanaiah, V. 12 Raja, T. (Dr.) 214
Meganathan, S. 600 Rajamansingh, M. (Dr.) 214
Mercy Lydia, D. (Dr.) 526, 558 Rajan, T. 387
Michael J Leo (Dr.) 214 Rajasekaran, S. 604
Mithra, S.V. 411 Rajathi, D. 582
Modilal, M. 582 Rajkumar, N. 184, 563
Mohamed Esmail, S. (Dr.) 275 Rajkumar, P. 170
Mohan, M. 604 Ramadas, G. (Dr) 448
Monisha, M. 266 Ramalakshmi, R. 260, 438
Murugan. K. (Dr.) 648 Ramasamy, K. 247
Narayana Reddy, (Dr.) 407 Ramesh, G. (Dr.) 570
Naveena, B. 578 Ramesh, S (Dr.) 648
Neethu, M. 375 Rasina,E. 32
Niranjana, V. 443 Rathinavel, L. 36

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 677
 Author Index

Renganathan, R. (Dr.) 421 Srilakshmi, B. (Dr.) 75, 382

Sabithra, R.M. 411 Srinivasa Rao, V. 320
Sadik Batcha, M. (Dr.) 36, 107, 622, Sripathi, J. 427
656 Shanmugapriya, V 489
Salomi, S. 100, 548
Sharmi, A. 338
Samir Rama Fatte, 473
Sharmila, P. 150
Sandhika, P. 207
Sharmitha, M. 150
Sanfiya, R. 433
Sherlin, S. (Dr.) 214
Sankar, M. (Dr.) 343
Shesh Mishra, (Dr.) 310
Sankar, P (Dr.) 289
Shobika Santhiya, R. 433
Saravanan, P. (Dr.) 416
Siva Chidambaram, S. (Dr.) 184
Sathish Kumar, M. 95
Sivakanitha, V. 411
Sathya, M. 438
Sivakumaren, K.S. (Dr.) 558
Sebitha V.P. 453
Sivaraman,P.(Dr.) 32
Sembianmadevi, P. (Dr.) 363
Sivashankari, S. 510
Senthamilselvi, A. (Dr.) 349, 595
Sophia, R. 75
Senthil Kumar, T.(Dr.) 427
Sorakananda Rao, P. (Dr.) 394
Senthilkumar, R. (Dr.) 283
Soundar, S. 651
Seshaiah, O. (Dr.) 12
Souvik Gantai 229
Sethumathavan, S. 333
Sreenivasulu, M. (Dr.) 394
Shanmugapriya, V 489
Sridevi, B. 241
Sharmi, A. 338
Srikanth. H.G. 356
Sharmila, P. 150
Srilakshmi, B. (Dr.) 75, 382
Sharmitha, M. 150
Srinivasa Rao, V. 320
Sherlin, S. (Dr.) 214
Sripathi, J. 427
Shesh Mishra, (Dr.) 310
Srither, R. 618
Shobika Santhiya, R. 433
Stephen, T. 112
Siva Chidambaram, S. (Dr.) 184
Subadharsini, S. 137
Sivakanitha, V. 411
Subalakshmi, V. 416
Sivakumaren, K.S. (Dr.) 558
Subashini, M. 63
Sivaraman,P.(Dr.) 32
Subhasmita Sankhua, 107
Sivashankari, S. 510
Subiksha, R. 482
Sophia, R. 75
Sudhakar, E. (Dr.) 394
Sorakananda Rao, P. (Dr.) 394
Sugirtha kumar, E. (Dr.) 421
Soundar, S. 651
Sukumar Hansda 229
Souvik Gantai 229
Susan Babu 349
Sreenivasulu, M. (Dr.) 394
Tamilmani, K. (Dr.) 170
Sridevi, B. 241
Thangadurai, A. 143, 548
Srikanth. H.G. 356

678 Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024)
 Author Index

Thangapandy, M. (Dr.) 220 Velayutham, A. (Dr.) 81

Thangavel, P. (Dr.) 390 Venkadesh Kumar, S. 387
Thanuskodi, S. (Dr.) 48 Venkata Rao, D. (Dr.) 514
Thirunavukkarasu, T.C. 48 Venkatachalam, A. M. (Dr.) 100, 143, 548
Uma, N. 295 Vigneshwaran, M. 459
Umamageswari, R. 504 Vijay Mahesh Kumar, P. (Dr.) 254
Umamaheswari, R. 23 Vijayakumar, K. (Dr.) 478, 628
Unnikrishnan, S. 521 Vijayakumar, S. (Dr.) 504
Usman Koya, P.T. (Dr.) 453 Vijayalakshmi, B. (Dr.) 170
Varshini, S.G. 608 Vimala, B. (Dr.) 633
Vasanth, R. 608 Vinayak Bankapur, (Dr.) 473
Vedant Kumar Singh 538 Vinoth, S. 70
Veeranjaneyulu, Ch. (Dr.) 407 Vinothkumar, J. 100, 548

Connecting Users to Library Resources through Innovative Technologies (SALIS 2024) 679
 Associate Editors

Dr.J.Arumugam
Librarian
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore
Dr.D.Mercy Lydia
Librarian i/c
Karunya University
Coimbatore
Dr.V.Rajendran
Assistant Librarian
Bharathiar University
Coimbatore
Dr. E. Gajalakshmi
Librarian
National School of Drama
New Delhi
Dr.P.Baskaran
Assistant Librarian
Anna University Regional Campus
Coimbatore

Assistant Editors

Dr.A.Velayutham Mr.T.Manoj Kumar

Librarian Deputy Librarian
Maruthi College of Physical Education K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology
Coimbatore Tiruchengode

Mr. S.Paramasivam Ms.M.Boomika

Librarian Assistant Librarian
KPR College of Arts, Science & Research KSR Educational Institutions
Coimbatore Tiruchengode
Sr.Dr.Jaculine Mary has 24 years of experience in library management at Nirmala
College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore. She specialises in Digital Security
Systems, has authored three books and published over 40 works in National and
International journals. Currently she supervises four Ph.D. scholars and is a senate
member at Bharathiar University.

Dr.A.M.Venkatachalam is currently working as Director (Libraries), K.S.R. Educational

Institutions & Librarian & Director (Library & Student Affairs) at K.S.Rangasamy
College of Technology, Tiruchengode. He is a gold Medalist in his UG degree. He did
his Ph.D in LIS at Alagappa University, Karaikudi. He has 20 years of experience as
College Librarian and 7 years of experience as Director of Libraries. He has
published 15 technical papers in international and national journals. He has
presented 65 technical papers and attended more than 65 international, national
conferences, seminars and workshops. He has organized National Conference and
received the grant from DRDO, RRRLF, Local Library Authority. He has served as the
Editor and Associate Editor of various conference proceedings. During his service in
KSR Institutions, he organized 250+ programme in 10 years. He also organized 4 State
level Readers Conclaves. He is a life member of various professional bodies. He is the
recipient of various State & National level awards. His area of interest is resource
sharing and networking. Apart from his academic career, he is also running a NGO in
the name of “Namathu Bharatham Trust” in his native and he is serving the needy
people. For more details visit: https://nbtathani.blogspot.com

Dr.M.Mandhirasalam is currently working as Librarian and Dean (Academic &

Research Resource Assistance) and IQAC Coordinator at Coimbatore Institute of
Technology for the past 14 years. Previously he served as Librarian at Kumaraguru
College of Technology, Coimbatore for more than a decade. He was awarded with
Ph.D in LIS by Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli in 2013. He has cleared the
SLET and NET (twice) in LIS and NET in JMC. He has also completed ARPIT course in
LIS and 19 SWAYAM-NPTEL online certification courses. He served as a ‘Resource
Person’ in many conferences, seminars and refresher and training courses. He has 33
journal and conference papers to his credit. He has organised two national
conferences jointly with Society for the Advancement of Library and Information
Science (SALIS) at Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore in 2008 and at
Coimbatore Institute of Technology in 2014. He has organized the International
Virtual Conference jointly with SALIS & 8 other institutions in 2020. He has also
organized 6 national seminars and workshops funded by IEEE, Elsevier, AICTE, TEQIP
and DRDO. He is the Member of Board of Studies, DLIS, Bharathiar University and
Karunya University, Coimbatore. He is the recipient of “Tamil Nadu Best Young
Librarian Award” for 2008 and "National Best Librarian Award" for 2018 from SALIS.
His areas of interest are library administration, library automation, e-learning,
bibliometrics and scientometrics. Currently he is the Advisor of SALIS.
Major Dr.T.Magudeeswaran currently working as Librarian (SG) and Head, Research
Department of LIS & Company Commander - NCC at Chikkaiah Naicker College,
Erode. He has 26 years of working experience in the field of LIS. He has completed his
Ph.D in LIS in Bharathidasan University in 2011. He has produced 6 Ph.D, 10 M.Phil and
guiding 2 M.Phil and 6 Ph.D Scholars (both part time and full time). He served as a
member of Senate of Bharathiar University, Coimbatore for 3 years. Initially, he has
taken his professional training at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He is a
member of various universities and autonomous colleges in board of studies,
question paper setting, answer paper valuation board and examiner for conducting
Ph.D viva-voce examinations. He has attended and presented many research articles
in conferences and seminars. His research articles are also published in international
and national journals. Currently he is the General Secretary of SALIS.