15.05.
05
Introduction to Optical Communications.
Problems and Solutions
Dr. B.I. Lembrikov
Department of Communication Engineering.
Holon Academic Institute of Technology
I.
Sample Problem 1
A = 1:55 m digital communication system operating at B = 1Gb=s
receives an average power P (dBm) = 40dBm at the detector. Assuming
that 1 and 0 bits are equallylikely to occur, calculate the number of
photons Nph received within each 1 bit.
Solution.
P (dBm) = 10 log10
P
1mW
! P (mW ) = 10P (dBm)=10
= 10 4 mW = 10 7 W
The energy E is given by
E = P T; T =
1
= 10 9 s ! E = 10
B
10
= 10
The number of photons Nph
Nph =
10 16 1:55 10 6
6:6260755 10 34 3 108
E
E
10 16
=
=
h
hc
6:6260755
= 779: 75
780 photons
1
1:55 10
10 34 3
108
16
Joule
II.
Sample Problem 2
A = 0:8 m optical receiver needs at least Nmin = 1000 photons to detect
the 1 bit accurately. The ber loss is loss = 2dB=km at = 0:8 m. Assume
the NRZ format and a rectangular pulse shape. What is the maximum
possible length Lmax of the ber link for a B = 100M b=s optical
communication designed to transmit P (dBm) = 10dBm of average
power?
Solution.
Popt (dBm) = 10 log10
Popt
1mW
! Popt (mW ) = 10Popt (dBm)=10
= 10 1 mW = 10 4 W
Nmin h
1
(Preceiver )min =
; T =
T
B
Nmin hc
(Preceiver )min =
B
Popt
(Preceiver )min
Lmax =
Popt
(Preceiver )min
= 10 log
=
10
log
2
1000
10 4 0:8 10 6
1000 6:6260755 10 34 3 108 108
Popt
(dB) = 10 log
(Preceiver )min
(dB)
Popt
Nmin hcB
1
loss (dB=km)
1
loss (dB=km)
10 4 0:8
6:6260755 10
10
34
108
= 4024: 5
= 5 log10 (4024: 5)
5 (log10 4 + 3)
4 = 10x , Solution is : fx = : 602 06g
log10 4 = 0: 602 06
Lmax = 15 + 5
0: 602 06
2
18km
108
III.
Sample Problem 3
Calculate the carrier frequency and energy in eV for optical
communication systems operating at 1;2;3 = 0:8, 1:3, and 1:55 m.
Solution.
=
3 108
0:8 10
= 3: 75
3
3 108
1:55 10
3
=
1:3
108
10
= 3: 75
1014 Hz
= 2: 307 7
1014 Hz
3 108
1:55 10
= 1: 935 5
1014 Hz
10 34 3: 75
1:6 10 19
6:626
h
! E1 (eV ) =
e
6:626 10 34 3: 75 1014
1:6 10 19
1014
= 1: 553eV
= 1: 553
E2 (eV ) =
6:626 10 34 2: 307 7 1014
1:6 10 19
E3 (eV ) =
6:626 10 34 1: 935 5 1014
1:6 10 19
IV.
1014
= 1: 935 5
E (eV ) =
108
10
3
0:8
1014
= 2: 307 7
1014
2
3 108
1:3 10
6:626
10 34 2: 307 7
1:6 10 19
1014
= 0: 955 68eV
= : 955 68
6:626
10 34 1: 935 5
1:6 10 19
1014
= 0: 801 54eV
= : 801 54
Sample Problem 4
A = 1:3 m optical transmitter is used to obtain a digital bit stream
at a bit rate of B = 2Gb=s. Calculate the number of photons Nph
3
contained in a single 1 bit when the average power emitted by the
transmitter is P = 4mW . Assume that the 0 bits carry no energy.
Solution
1
c
P T
; T = ; =
h
B
3
P
4 10
1:3 10 6
=
=
hcB
6:626 10 34 3 108 2
Nph =
Nph
4 10
6:626 10
3
34
1:3 10 6
3 108 2 102
1014
= 1: 308
13
V.
102
1013 photons
Sample Problem 5
The active region of a 1:3 m Fabri-Perot InGaAsP laser is L = 250 m,
internal loss coe cient int = 30cm 1 , mode refraction index n = 3:3, the
connement factor a = 0:4. Neglect the material dispersion.
Find the material gain gm required for the laser to reach threshold. Find the distance
L between the FP cavity modes.
Solution
I
1. The evaluation of the reection coe cents R1;2
.
I
R1;2
3:3 1 2
3:3+1
n 1
n+1
3:3 1
3:3 + 1
= : 286 1
= 0: 286 1
2. The evaluation of the threshold gain g.
g=
30 +
int
1
2 250 10
1
ln
2L
4
ln
1
R1I R2I
1
0: 286 12
= 30 +
1
250 10
= 80: 057
= 80: 057cm
4
ln
1
0: 286 12
3. The material gain.
g=
a gm
! gm =
80: 057
0:4
200cm
4. The distance between modes.
m
=
L
3 1010
2 3:3 250 10
VI.
m 1
c
2nL
1011
= 1: 818 2
L
c
m; m = 1; 2; 3; :::
2nL
3
3:3
1010
250 10
= 1: 818 2
1011 Hz
Sample Problem 6
A single-mode ber has an in index step
n1
n2 = 0:005
where n1 = 1:45. Calculate the core radius a if the ber has a cuto
wavelength of c = 1 m.
Solution
The conditon of a single-mode regime is
V = p01 = 2:405
where
V =
2 a
c
n21
n22
and p01 is the rst root of the rst kind Bessel function of the zeroth order
J0 (x).
2:405
p01 c
p
a= p 2
=
2
2
1:452 1:4452
2
n1 n2
2
p 2:405
1:452 1:4452
= 3: 181 5
= 3: 181 5 m
5
VII.
Sample Problem 7
A Raman amplier is pumped in the backward direction using a pumping
power Pp (L) = 1W . The ber length L = 5km, a signal is injected into the
amplier: Ps (0) = 1 W . The Raman gain is gR = 6 10 14 m=W ; the cross
section area Aef f = 50 m2 ; the losses are p (dB=km) = 0:25dB=km and
s (dB=km) = 0:2dB=km. Find the output signal power Ps (L) .
Solution
1. Evaluation of losses.
p L (dB)
s L (dB)
(dB=km) L = 0:25
s
(dB=km) L = 0:2
sL
= 10
5 = 1:25dB
5 = 1dB
s L(dB)=10
= 100:1 = 1: 258 9
100:1 = 1: 258 9
pL
= 10
p L(dB)=10
= 100:125 = 1: 333 5
1: 333 5
m 3
p =
5 103
100:125 = 1: 333 5
2. Evaluation of Lef f . Taking into account the backward pumping we
have
Pp (L) = Pp (0) exp ( p L)
and
Lef f =
exp (
p L)
(1
(1 exp(1:3335)) 5 103
1:3335
exp (1:3335))
1:3335
= 10477:
= 10477m
103
3. Evaluation of the output signal power.
Ps (L) = Ps (0) exp
10
10
exp
exp
6 10 14 1 10477
50 10 12
gR Pp (L) Lef f
Aef f
10 14 1
50 10
10477
12
1: 258 9 = 0:081 92
= 0:081 92W = 82mW
sL
1: 258 9
