CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF THE MOST HOLY CONCEPTION

INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO

PILOTS IN RIVERS

CAMILA DE LAS NIEVES RUIZ RUIZ

DANIEL ANDRÉS RUBILAR LOPEZ
NAYADET BELÉN JARA QUINTANA

GUIDE PROFESSOR:

Carlos Andrés Suazo Torres

CONCEPTION, CHILE

MAY 2022
 INDEX CONTENT

COVER……………………………………………………………………………….1
INDEX…………………………………………………………………………………..2
INTRODUCTION.................................................................3
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOPIC.................................................................4

I. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS.....................................................................4

II. EVALUATIVE ANALYSIS……………………………….6

III. DETERMINE THE CRITICAL POINTS…………………………………….9

IV. SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMATIC………………………………11

V. AUTOANALISIS…………………………………………………………………17

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 INTRODUCTION

One of the advantages or riches of our country is the great amount of coast, rivers,
lakes and lagoons that we have. Every day the construction is growing more
and it is imperative that we know how to work well in water, as it is not such a topic

simple as we see it. All possible precautions must be taken to ensure that
the constructions have the same resistances as a building in
earth.

For this, we must know how to work well with river constructions, know the
advantages and disadvantages of these jobs, knowing the construction processes. It is
It is important to know the critical points of this type of work.

This report will disclose this, in addition to the risk conditions and
the advantages and disadvantages of piles in river.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOPIC

I. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

The construction of piles for building on land varies somewhat from the
construction of piles in water, even so, they have several things in common. In
the process begins with the excavation at the site where the pile will go, then the
casing, and subsequently the pouring of the concrete. The difference between the
the process carried out on land with the process carried out in the river is shown to the
start of the work, since the necessary precautions must be taken in the river to
that the concrete does not get contaminated.

Below is a general construction process for river piles.

As mentioned earlier, the difference between both processes varies at the beginning.
from the work, when the necessary precautions should be taken to work in
water, for this a platform is constructed, for this it starts
forming a box to protect the area where the pile should go, the
raw river material within the channel until forming a small island, expands
this section in such a way that it allows the operation of the piloting equipment.
Finally, the metal sheet pile is installed around the platform.

There are various types of boxes for the protection of the area; these can be:

Excavation box closed: It is a box that is closed at the bottom but

open to the atmosphere at its upper end.
- Open excavation box: It is a box open on both sides, both
at the bottom as at its upper end.

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 Pneumatic excavation box: Box with a working chamber in the
that the air is maintained above atmospheric pressure to prevent the
water entry into the excavation.
-Monolithic: Open box made of dense and heavy concrete or construction of
masonry, which contains one or more wells for excavation.

Once this platform is finished, mechanical excavation will proceed, for this...
Locate the axis of the pile with precision equipment, the crane places the first sleeve.
recoverable and a short clockwise and counterclockwise turn begins by applying pressure downward,

with this the shirt is introduced into the ground. Verticality is verified. If there is
any deviation requires making a readjustment. After moving two meters the
the piling machine begins excavation for the pile, simultaneously carrying out the
placement of the recoverable shirt.

In some cases, lost sleeves are worked with, which are installed with
crane assistance is used to lift the shirt to be subsequently
placed at the site where the pile will be melted. Depending on the conditions of the
land, in some cases it is necessary to use lost sleeves, which serve
to protect the pilot during its construction stage.

Then the placement of the reinforcement steel is carried out, this is done on a site.
near the river where the piles are being made. In this process it is necessary
check the quality of the steel used as well as the quantity. With beds.
the reinforcement armor is transported down, then it is lifted with cranes and
they place on each pile, it is necessary to verify the overlap of the reinforcements as
also the tying of these and the placement of separators.

With the lining and the reinforcement armor ready, one can continue with the
concreting, this can be done with Tremie pipe, this method is used
to prevent the concrete from coming into contact with water. The departure time must be taken.

from the plant and the arrival time at the site, start and end of pouring, it must
take a sample of the concrete that arrives at the site to make an Abrams cone test

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for compressive strength, constantly check that the pipe is in place
correctly.

Once the pile is concreted, it should be left to rest for the indicated time.
according to technical specification for removing the shirts once you have the
necessary resistance of the pile.

The image below summarizes this entire process.

II. EVALUATIVE ANALYSIS

The factors to consider are the risk of bridge collapse, or of the

temporary provisional installations that are used during its construction, to which
natural phenomena such as gales, floods,
floods and earthquakes, and accident risks for workers who are
they perform in the different tasks. Among the most common risks that are
they are produced in the various tasks that involve the construction of bridges,
we can mention:

• Blows, crushing and/or asphyxiation: mainly in tasks of

excavations, dismantling, assembly and disassembly of scaffolding, hoisting of

elements and materials.

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 Falls: during tasks of dismantling at height, assembling and disassembling scaffolds,

assembly and disassembly of structures and in general in all work that is

develop in height.

Drowning: in tasks that take place above or below water.

• Cut with sharp or cutting objects: in concrete chipping tasks,

preparation and placement of reinforcement, assembly of pieces, transportation of
materials, welds, other similar ones.

• Particle projection: in demolition work, concrete chipping,

grinding and wear of parts.

Exposure to dust, gases, noise: in demolition work, welding,

land compaction, sanded pieces, cement mixing, operation
of machinery.

Exposure to burns: in arc and oxygen welding tasks, grinding

and wear of parts.

Usually, these risks arise due to abnormal conditions,

so much due to uncontrolled risk situations in very special environments
of work in which this type of work is developed, as well as by actions
out of the ordinary for the workers involved in the different stages of their
construction.

Pilotage Foundation
The foundation system with pile driving is used when the soil of
the foundation is of poor quality or is very deep.

This system consists of driving or hammering piles into the ground until they
they remain secured on firm ground or their rejection occurs, that is to say, that the
the pilot can hardly continue penetrating the terrain.

For pile driving, specialized equipment or machinery is used.

designed for these purposes, called a martinet.
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The high risk of accidents and the severity of the same that involve the various
The tasks or activities that make up the pile driving require
take into account the following recommendations to avoid injuries to the
workers and/or damage to materials and equipment.

Recommendations

It is necessary to study the suggestions and rules that are established for the
management and storage of materials, at the time of arranging the places
Where the piles will be stored and stacked.

2. The piles should be stacked in stable pyramids, taking care to

move them from the piles, to avoid them collapsing and injuring the
workers.

3. All workers must stay at an appropriate distance when they

go lift or roll piles from the heap.

The martinetes should be well secured onto wooden sleepers.

solid, concrete seats or any other solid and stable base.

Driving piles in the water

1 When using a hammer on the water, all should be taken into account
necessary precautions to avoid the risk of drowning for workers.

All workers should wear a life jacket while working, and

appropriate measures should be foreseen and maintained while the danger persists
rescue, such as safety ropes, a boat with someone on it
red and lifebuoys; in particular, a vessel should be available
easily accessible at all times.

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The considerations that must be taken into account for the installation of piles
es:

Conditions del soil that requires the foundation profound

There is imminent danger of soil liquefaction, that is, the presence of sands.
loose and high water table. Presence of collapsible soils. The permeability or
Other land conditions prevent the execution of shallow foundations.

III. DETERMINE THE CRITICAL POINTS

1.- The location of irregularities in cast-in-place concrete piles is very

difficult as they are deep foundations that cannot be seen during execution.

2.-Siempre que sea posible hay que evitar realizar cimentaciones profundas
first because they tend to be more expensive and second because they are more complicated

to verify its proper execution.

3.- The testing methods for detecting discontinuities or anomalies are

various and the interpretation of the results in general is complicated.

4.-The technician interpreting the results must have a lot of experience so that
make them as accurate as possible.

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There are multiple reasons for discontinuities or anomalies to occur.
in a cast-in-place concrete pile during the different phases of its execution.

a) Excavation
b) Cleaning of the bottom

c) Placement of reinforcements

d) Placement and extraction of metal sheet sleeve

e) Control of water flows inside the pile excavation

f) Concrete pouring of the pile

g) Control of the different layers of the ground crossed by the pile

6.- Depending on the budget of the project, some can be done or others.
testing methods to verify the existence or not of anomalies, including
you can propose the combination of several methods to complement the
information.

7.-If the anomaly is inside the pile, a good way to quantify and
locating the anomaly is through a pile perforation and the subsequent
introduction of a TV camera.

8.- Several repair methods are proposed depending on the detected anomaly. -If the
anomaly is a cookhouse it can be drilled from the top of the pile and filled
with a repair mortar.

Another way would be to implement micropiles in the pile to restore capacity.

importance of the pilot.

If the animalia is on the outer surface of the pile and is located at the part
Next to the head, it can be excavated and reach the anomaly and repair it.
damage with repair mortar.

In the piles with lost metal casing, it is advisable to perform injections.

between the shirt and the ground through perforations along the pile.

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9.- The type of terrain extraordinarily conditions the method of execution of the
pilot and if he is not the most suitable for each terrain or terrains he crosses
piles may present discontinuities or defects in the pile.

10.- The way to execute the pile is very important, with the phase of being critical.
concrete work. The company that carries out the piling work must have sufficient
experience and the staff are specialized in this type of work.

11.- The early detection of possible water inflows or currents is essential.

to determine which type of pile is the most suitable.

12.- The tests do not indicate the type of existing anomaly, they only point out that there is

defects in the pile, which need to be investigated.

IV. SOLUTION TO THE ISSUE

Damage caused by ignorance of the land conditions.

False rejection. Caused by the presence of a resistant layer or a bolus in

in the middle of a soft layer, without reaching the firm layer, and the pile rests on a
intermediate layer or in a rock, which when immersed in a resistance stratum
inferior produces bearing seats of the pile when entering load.

Deviation from the axis of the pile. Due to the encounter of the pile with a
ball or rock. Without during the digging, the ball deviates laterally during the process.
it will generate a lateral push on the pile.

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If the plug is located in a deep stratum, it is possible that the lateral thrust
the pile is counteracted by the resistance of the ground, generating
a bending effort that damages the pile, and that could even break it.

Break of the tip. If the pile encounters a boulder or stratum of great

resistance and size could cause the breakage of the pile at the tip. The breakage of the
The tip causes the load-bearing capacity of the pile to be reduced or even disappear.
The resistance by shaft will be reduced, since when the tip breaks, the length of the
the shaft is smaller. The situation will also arise that, if the pile was calculated
due to its resistance at the tip, it disappears when it fails to support the pile on the
firms.

Degradation of the pile due to the presence of aggressive waters. Due to ignorance.
the pile could pass through a layer with aggressive waters with high
sulfate ion content or in chlorine, which would attack the concrete and subsequently to
their armors.

If the concrete erodes, the reinforcements are unable to withstand the

construction weight and end up bending, causing a significant
seat (fig. 3)

Damage caused by fillings. Fillings can be the source of 2 kinds of

damages:

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If used as a foundation ground, they constitute a layer of
heterogeneous and compressible soil. If they are fill of great thickness, the
the seat of this will give rise to frictional stresses in the shaft, which will
it will materialize in negative friction, which adds to its own load
pile. If the supporting stratum of the pile does not have sufficient thickness and/or

bearing capacity, the load on the piles due to friction

negative and added to the actual weight of the filling, it is capable of causing the

descent of the resistant bank or the breaking of the piles.

If they function as an input, they create an overload on the natural ground.

due to its own weight. This will result in lateral thrusts. If the
filling volume is important and, in particular, if it is used in a way
permanent as a storage area for deposits or as parking
an asymmetry of loads is established that creates the lateral flow of the
inconsistent layers crossed by piloting, resulting in
lateral efforts that act on the piles' shafts, deforming them and
even breaking them. (fig. 4)

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 Damage caused by execution errors.

Loss of integrity of the pile due to cracking as a result of the process of

beating for the piling. The piles will require a steel cap, which has
a pad made of elastic material, whose thickness should not be excessive, for
do not reduce the effectiveness of the mace's strike too much.

The effect of the driving of a pile can be understood as a defect in execution.

about a nearby pile.

This fact can occur in relatively plastic and saturated soils, where the
kneeling generates an upward movement analogous to that produced by the fall of a
body in the water.

The elevation of the ground where the piles are driven can:

Lift the pile completely if it has sufficient strength (pile)

prefabricated or reinforced pile, molded and already hardened

To provoke the stretching and breaking of the concrete column if it were

fresco.

4.

PREVENTION OF DAMAGE

Prevention for this type of foundation involves having knowledge

exhaustive of the environment in which it develops so that they can

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to recognize or anticipate any irregularity or problem that may arise
during the stake. Even so, certain situations may arise that can
correct themselves before they lead to damage or pathologies:

If during the driving, the pile encounters a stratum in its path

resistant or a lump in the middle of a soft layer could be obtained a
false rejection due to the piling machinery not having
sufficient power to penetrate the stratum, or to break the rock that
we have found along the way. This defect is detectable.
during execution, controlling the depths reached and
comparing them with the documentation available on the depth
of the firm, and therefore rectifiable by introducing new piles, in such a way
by moving them the found mass is saved, or by distributing the load
among a group of piles so that they do not produce settlements in the stratum
intermediate.

If during the driving the pile encounters a boulder or rock in its way.
elevated stratum, deviated from the axis of the pile, the mass can
deflect it laterally, generating a lateral thrust on the pile that
it will cause an inclination of it, which in most cases will be
appreciable and therefore detectable in the control of the execution of the pile.
If an excessive length of the pile has not been introduced, it is possible to extract it.
and to embed it in a displaced position, and if its extraction is not possible, then

they will be able to drive new piles around it, correcting in both cases the
eccentricity with respect to the pillar axis through centering beams.

If the rooting develops through a layer with aggressive water with high
sulfate or chloride content, which may attack the concrete and/or the
pilot armor must be anticipated in advance in a study
geotechnical through the study of the aggressiveness of those waters, which
it will lead to the manufacturing of precast piles with cements
adequate.

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 I want to emphasize that once built, a pile remains intact.
surrounded by soil, which makes it difficult to verify the quality of the work
completed. To ensure that the piloting presents no inconveniences, such
As indicated by the CTE, non-destructive tests that measure should be used.
the response del pilot before requirements of load.
The most commonly used method is Load Testing. In this type of
tests subject the pile to loads exceeding the maximum service load,
observing its behavior and obtaining the load-settlement curve.

REPAIR OF DAMAGES

The piles that have broken during the driving should not be accepted. They will be
particularly suspicious of having broken the piles that, having reached
give a very small rejection, suddenly start to give a much larger rejection
greater and those who show abnormal inclinations during the process of
hinca.

The broken piles can be extracted and replaced by others driven in the same place.
place, if the extraction is complete. In other cases, they may be replaced by one
or two piles driven in its vicinity; varying, if necessary, the shape and
armors of the encepado.

The poorly driven piles, due to a lack of precision in their position or inclination, may
being replaced like a broken pile. Repair of piles addressing the moment
of the onset of damage:

The repair of the defects in the pile detected during execution

it usually involves the repetition of the pile, and the adoption
of the corresponding measures that correct the efforts that are
generate. The economic importance of repairing these defects is
determined by the number of affected units. In any case, it is
always less than if the defect is detected once the foundation is hidden.

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 The repair of defects in piles that occurred once hidden the
foundation, whether detected during the construction phase or detected at
afterwards during the building's useful life, it usually needs a study
complejo de las patologías del edificio, y pasa en la mayoría de los casos
for a re-anchoring through micropiloting, with a high economic cost.

V. FINAL SELF-ANALYSIS

Debido a los fallos y patologías de los pilotes, resultan grietas en la estructura por
differential settlements and distortions in the support.

As a preventive measure, it will be necessary to carefully take care of the phase of

execution of the foundation with prefabricated piles, but even more so the phase of
land recognition. Therefore, the drafting will take on greater relevance
correctly from the Geotechnical Report so that the ground is sufficiently
known, both in terms of area and depth, as well as the affected area of the
tension bulb of the pile or group of piles.

Therefore, it concludes that a greater disbursement is required for recognition.

Geotechnical would positively impact the calculation and design of the pile.

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 It is worth remembering that the application of a certain piloting system must
studied based on the type of terrain, the loads to be supported, the magnitude of the
structure that is projected, the diameter of the pile and the stresses to which it is subjected

you can see subjected.

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