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DESIGN OF STEEL AND TIMBER
STRUCTURES
[CEng4206]
CHAPTER - V: Design of Combined Bending
and Compression Members
(Beam – Column Members)
By: T K.
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
V. Beam – Column Members
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Content
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Cross Sections
3. Design Considerations
4. Design of Beam-columns
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
5.1. Introduction
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In the foregoing consideration attention was given to columns carrying axial
loads only. Loads are rarely concentrically applied in practice and the effect
of eccentricity of loading must be taken into account.
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
5.1. Introduction
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Axial force members are, in practice, subjected to axial load as well as bending in either
or both the axis of the cross section. Similarly flexural members may also be subjected to
axial load. In either case, a member subjected to both significant axial and bending
stresses is termed as Beam-Column Members.
The behavior of such
members results from
the combination of both
effects and varies with
slenderness.
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
5.1. Introduction
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At low slenderness, the cross sectional resistance dominates.
With increasing slenderness, pronounced second-order effects appear, significantly
influenced by both geometrical imperfections and residual stresses.
At high slenderness range, buckling is dominated by elastic behavior, failure tending to
occur by flexural buckling (typical of members in pure compression) or by lateral-torsional
buckling (typical of members in bending).
The behavior of a member under bending and axial force results from the interaction
between instability and plasticity and is influenced by geometrical and material
imperfections. Therefore very complex.
The verification of the safety of members subject to bending and axial force is made in
two steps:
Verification of the resistance of cross sections.
Verification of the member buckling resistance (in general governed by flexural or
lateral-torsional buckling).
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
5.2. Cross section resistance
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The cross section resistance is based on;
On its plastic capacity (Class 1 and 2 sections) or
On its elastic capacity (Class 3 and 4 sections)
When a cross section is subjected to bending moment and axial force
the bending moment resistance should be reduced, using
interaction formulas.
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
5.2. Cross section resistance
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The interaction formulae to evaluate the elastic cross section capacity are the well known
formulae of simple beam theory, valid for any type of cross section.
However, the formulae to evaluate the plastic cross section capacity are specific for each cross
section shape.
For a cross section subjected to , a general procedure may be established to evaluate the
plastic bending moment resistance , , reduced by the presence of an axial for .
𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝐴 − (𝑁⁄𝑓 ) ⁄2
Although the interaction
formulae are easy to obtain
by applying the general
𝐴 = 𝑁⁄𝑓 method, the resulting
formulae differ for each
cross sectional shape and
are often not
𝐴 = 𝐴 = 𝐴 − (𝑁⁄𝑓 ) ⁄2 straightforward to
manipulate.
4/23/2024 ASTU Civil Engineering Department
V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
CES 152 - Provisions
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
• As a further conservative approximation for class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections the following may be used (clause
6.2.1(7)):
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
For class 4 sections
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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Step 1: For the given static system and applied loads determine the axial forces and moments
other than those caused by eccentricity
Step 2: Determine the effective length of the column
Step 3: select a trial section
Step 4: Check the classification of the cross section i.e. check the section for local buckling.
If necessary determine the effective cross section and its properties
Step 5: Check the resistance of the cross section
5.1: compression resistance (refer chapter - 3)
5.2: Resistance to pure bending (refer chapter - 4)
5.3: Resistance to shear (refer chapter - 4)
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(cont.’)
Step 6 : Check the stability of the member against axial force and moment separately
6.1: Buckling resistance of the axially loaded compression members (refer chapter - 3)
6.2: Lateral torsional buckling of the bending member (refer chapter - 4)
Step 7: Check interaction of compression force and bending moment on the member
a) When lateral torsional buckling is not potential failure mode
b) When lateral torsional buckling is a potential failure mode
(This check need not be carried out if ≤0.4 )
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ExamplE
Design the column between axis A and B shown in Figure below for S275 steel
grade which carry the design axial compression load of 377KN and design
factor loads ( ) in the form of reaction from beam 1, 2 and 3 are 37 KN, 147
KN and 28 KN respectively. Assume the column is continuous and nominally
pinned at the base. Also the beams are connected to the column flange by
flexible end plates
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Step-1: - Determine design loads
Design compression load from super structure = 377kN (given)
Total axial load , NEd = 37 + 147 + 28 + 377 = 589 kN
Step-2:- Required area of section, assume the section is Class 1 or 2
.
NEd , = NEd =
A 2141.81mm2 = 21.45cm2
Let’s select trial section 203 x 203 x 46 UKC section having gross area
of 58.7cm2 and has the following properties
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Properties of 203 x 203 x 46 UKC section
h = 203.2 mm. dw = 160.8 mm b = 203.6 mm.
ft = 11 mm. tw = 7.2 mm. r = 10.2 mm
iy = 8.82 cm iz = 5.13 cm. A = 58.7 cm2
Wely = 450 cm3 Welz = 152 cm3 Wpl,y = 497 cm3
Wpl,z = 213 cm3 IT = 22.2 cm4 Iw = 0.143 dm6
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Step-3:- Required Bending moment from major and minor axis due to
eccentrically loaded reaction force
MyEd = 147 x 203.2/2 = 14.93 KNm
MzEd = (37-28) x 7.2/2 = 0.0324 KNm
Step – 4: Classification of section
For outstand element flange ε = = = 0.92
. .
.
Steel ratio For class 1 limit: = 9 => 8 < 9 x 0.92
= 8< 8.28 the flange is satisfy Class I condition
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Internal element of web
For class 2 limit: = = 22.33 and α = 0.5[1+ ]
∗
= 0.5 x [1 + ] = 1.43
For α > 0.5, = => 22.33 < 23.84
ok!
The web is satisfy the Class 2 condition
Therefor the overall class is designed for Class 2 35
[ 1) Verification of the resistance of cross section ]
Step – 5: For uniform compression Resistance
≤1
,
The design resistance of the cross section for compression ( ,
( ) ( )
, , = = = 1614.3KN and = 589KN
.
≤ 1.0 => 0.365 < 1.0 ok!
.
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Step- 6: Check for the cross section for bending
The design plastic moment for the major axis (y-y)
,
, , , = = x = 136.7KNm
.
The design plastic moment for the major axis (z-z)
,
, , = = x = 63.5KNm
.
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Step- 7: Check for combined axial and moment resistance
, ,
+ +
, , , ,
+ + = 0.46 ok!
Therefore, the section satisfies for axial and moment in both
axis
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Step – 8: Check axial force on bending moment capacity along both axis
It is not necessary to reduce the plastic moment resistance about y-y if the
following two conditions are satisfied:
.
0.25 , and
0.25 , 0.25 X 1614.3 = 403.6 KN. …Not ok!
As this verification fails, the second verification does no need to be carried
out.
Therefore, the effect of the axial force needs to be allowed for in bending
about the y-y axis.
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• For bending about z-z axis, the effect of the axial compression
force on its plastic moment resistance may be neglected if:
= = 318.384kN
589 KN 318.384 kN
Therefore, the effect of the axial force needs to be allowed for
in bending about the z-z axis.
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Step- 9: Design plastic moment resistance reduced due to effect of the
axial force may be found using the following approximations.
, , , , but , , , ,
.
= 0.365
,
= but a < 0.5
.
= 0.24 < 0.5
.
, , = 97.9KNm < 136.7KNm … ok!
. .
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, , ,
If n , , , ,
If n > a : , , , , [1 -
n = 0.365 > a = 0.24, so use:
. .
, , [1 - = 61.6KNm 11< 63.5KNm ok.
.
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For members subjected to biaxial bending, the following equation is verify:
, ,
+ ≤ 1.0 for I and H sections: α = 2; β = 5n but β ≥ 1
, , ,
β = 5 x n = 5 x 0.365 = 1.85 >1 ok!
. . .
+ = 0.023 < 1.0 ok!
. .
Therefore, the section is adequate for the resistance to combined bending and
axial force
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[ 2) Verification of the member buckling resistance ]
Step - 10: Verification of the stability of the member
10.1: Buckling Resistance
≤
,
, for class 1 2 and 3
= 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39
∗
Slenderness ration for flexural buckling = =
,
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Buckling about major axis (y-y)
= ≥ 0.2 and > 0.04
Hence buckling resistance need to be calculated and the
appropriate buckling curve depends on h/ b and steel grade
determined as follow:
= = 0.999 < 1.2 and tf = 11mm < 100mm
Therefore, refer buckling curve b for y-y axis αy = 0.34
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Reduction factor ( y)
χy =
= 0.5[1 + ( – 0.2) +
= 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.65 – 0.2) + ] = 0.78
χy = = 0.82 <1.0
. . .
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Buckling about minor axis (z-z)
= = 1.13 and > 0.04
Hence buckling resistance need to be calculated and the
appropriate buckling curve depends on h/ b and steel grade
determined as follow:
= = 0.999 < 1.2 and tf = 11mm < 100mm
Therefore, refer buckling curve C for z-z axis αz = 0.49
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Reduction factor ( y)
Χz =
= 0.5[1 + ( – 0.2) +
= 0.5[1 + 0.49(1.13 – 0.2) + ] = 1.37
Χz = = 0.47 < 1.0
. . .
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Take the least value χ = 0.47
. ∗ ∗
, = = = 761.3KNm > 589KNm Ok!
.
Therefore, the section is adequate for the resistance for flexural bucking
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10.2: Lateral torsional
, ≤ , , , , => bending about major axis (y-y) only
Reduction factor for slenderness ( LT) for general case
= and
= 0.5[1 + ( – 0.2) +
For doubly symmetrical sections with ‘normal support’ conditions at the ends of
the member and a linear bending moment diagram Mcr may be determined from:
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= C1
= 1283364.399
= = 9237.72
= 81000*22.2* = 1.798* and
C1 = 1.77 for Ψ = 0 (Refer Chapter – 4)
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. ∗
= 1.77*
.
= 345.7KNm
∗
Slenderness ration for lateral torsional = but for class 1 and 2
∗ ∗ ∗
=> = = = 0.63 > 0.4
. ∗
Hence buckling resistance need to be calculated and the appropriate buckling
curve depends on h/ b determined as follow:
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ends on h/ b and steel grade determined as follow:
.
= = 0.999 < 1.2 (Refer Chap. 4)
.
Therefore, refer buckling curve b for both axis αy = 0.34
= 0.5[1 + 0.34(0.63 – 0.2) + ] = 0.77
= = 1.03 > 1
. . .
Then, = 1.0
. ∗ ∗ ∗
, , = = = 136.7KNm > 100.97 > 14.93KNm Ok!
.
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Step – 11: Check for uniform members (beam - column in bending and axial compression
, , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
, , , ,
+ ,
+ ,
kyy, kzz, KZY and KYZ are interaction factors
From the bending moment diagram for both y-y and z-z axis ψ = 0. Then the equivalent
uniform moment factor for uniform loading Cmy, Cmz and CMlT = is equal to 0.6 + 0.4ψ ≥ 0.4
(see table B – 1 in appendix, page No. 98)
Therefore, cmy = cmz = cmLT = 0.6 + (0.4 x 0) = 0.6
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= {1+ ( – 0.6) {1 + 1.4 }
= 0.6{1+ (2 x 1.13 – 0.6) . . {1 +
.
1.4 } = 1.25
Therefore = 1.25
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= 0.6 X = 0.6 x 1.25 = 0.75
As 0.4, =1– 1–
. .
= 1– . . = 0.75 1– . .
. .
= 0.78
Therefore = 0.78
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Substituting the values in above equation
. .
. . + 0.73 . + x .
.
. . .
. .
. . + . + .
.
. . .
Therefore, the section is adequate under combined axial, bending and
lateral torsional
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H.W.
Check design plastic moment resisting capacity of the column AB as shown in figure
below due to the combined effect of bending moment and axial force. design factor
loads ( ) in the form of reaction from beam 4 is 147 KN. Use 203 x 203 x 46 UKC which
satisfy class -2 condition with steel grade S-275.
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Properties of 203 x 203 x 46 UKC section
h = 203.2 mm. dw = 160.8 mm b = 203.6 mm.
ft = 11 mm. tw = 7.2 mm. r = 10.2 mm
iy = 8.82 cm iz = 5.13 cm. A = 58.7 cm2
Wely = 450 cm3 Welz = 152 cm3 Wpl,y = 497 cm3
Wpl,z = 213 cm3 IT = 22.2 cm4 Iw = 0.143 dm6
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V. BEAM-COLUMN MEMBERS
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