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The document discusses the growth of algorithms, focusing on how to measure algorithm efficiency using the RAM model and growth rates rather than exact timing. It introduces asymptotic notation, including Big-O, Big-Ω, and Big-Θ, to analyze algorithm performance as input size increases. The importance of comparing algorithms based on their growth rates is emphasized, along with practical examples and explanations of key concepts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views15 pages

Document 3

The document discusses the growth of algorithms, focusing on how to measure algorithm efficiency using the RAM model and growth rates rather than exact timing. It introduces asymptotic notation, including Big-O, Big-Ω, and Big-Θ, to analyze algorithm performance as input size increases. The importance of comparing algorithms based on their growth rates is emphasized, along with practical examples and explanations of key concepts.

Uploaded by

Mudasir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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You said:

1c-GrowthOfAlgorithms.pptx
Presentation
explan me this
ChatGPT said:
Got it ■
You’re referring to the PPT: “1c – Growth of Algorithms”. I’ll explain the whole lecture in very simple
words, step-by-step, with easy examples, exactly like a classroom explanation.
1■■ What is this lecture about?
This lecture explains how we measure how fast or slow an algorithm is, especially when input size
becomes large.
Main ideas:
RAM Model
Growth Rate of Algorithms
Why we ignore exact time
Complexity classes (Big-O idea)
All of this is about comparing algorithms, not measuring exact seconds.
1c-GrowthOfAlgorithms
2■■ RAM Model (Very Important Concept)
What is RAM Model?
RAM = Random Access Machine
It is a theoretical model used to analyze algorithms.
Assumption:
Every basic operation takes constant time
addition
multiplication
comparison
assignment
■ This is not fully true in real life, because multiplication is slower than addition.
Then why do we use RAM model?
Because:
We want comparison, not exact timing
We focus on large inputs, not small ones
It works well for modern computers (non-parallel)
■ So even if RAM model is imperfect, it is good enough for algorithm analysis.
1c-GrowthOfAlgorithms
3■■ Why NOT measure exact running time?
Example from PPT:
Running time to sort an array of 2000 integers
Problems with exact time:
Depends on computer speed
Depends on programming language
Depends on compiler
Depends on system load
■ So exact time is unreliable
■ Instead, we look at how time grows when input grows
4■■ Growth Rate of Algorithms (Core Topic)
Meaning:
Growth rate tells us:
“If input size becomes very large, how fast does running time increase?”
We express time as a function of input size n
Examples:
n = number of elements
n = size of array
n = number of nodes
5■■ Simple Growth Rate Examples
Example 1: Linear Algorithm
for i = 1 to n
print(i)
Time taken ≈ n operations
➡ Growth rate = n
Example 2: Nested Loop
for i = 1 to n
for j = 1 to n
print(i, j)
Operations ≈ n × n = n²
➡ Growth rate = n²
Example 3: Constant Time
a=5
b=a+3
No matter input size:
➡ Growth rate = 1
6■■ Why Growth Rate Matters More Than Exact Formula
Suppose algorithm time is:
T(n) = 3n² + 10n + 50
For large n:
10n and 50 become very small
n² dominates
So we say:
➡ Growth rate ≈ n²
This is why:
We ignore constants
We ignore smaller terms
7■■ Comparing Algorithms Using Growth Rate
Algorithm Growth Faster for large n?
A n ■ Yes
B n² ■ Slower
C n³ ■ Very slow
Even if algorithm B is faster for small input,
■ algorithm A wins for large input
8■■ Big Picture Idea (What Teacher Wants You to Learn)
✔ We don’t care about seconds
✔ We care about how fast time grows
✔ We analyze algorithms using growth rate
✔ RAM model helps us compare algorithms
✔ Growth rate predicts performance for large inputs
9■■ One-Line Summary (Exam Ready)
Growth rate of an algorithm describes how its running time increases as input size increases,
ignoring constants and focusing on dominant terms using the RAM model.
1c-GrowthOfAlgorithms
■ Want YouTube Resources?
If you want, I can give you:
■ Best YouTube lectures
■ Animated explanations
■ Exam-oriented videos
■ Big-O explained from scratch
Just tell me ■
Sources
You said:
yes the best youtube video that fts best for ths lecture
ChatGPT said:
Here are some excellent YouTube videos that match your lecture on “Growth of Algorithms / Time
Complexity / Big-O” — perfect for beginners and students ■■
■ Why this fits your lecture:
Explains Big-O notation & time complexity clearly with examples — perfect for understanding
growth rates like O(1), O(n), O(n²).
youtube.com
Other Highly Recommended Videos
■ Solid beginner lesson on counting operations and extracting time complexity (growth rate) from
them — similar to your PPT topic.
youtube.com
More Helpful Options (Choose Based on Your Style)
These are excellent too if you want more depth or visuals:
■ Learn Big O notation in 6 minutes – very fast overview, great for quick understanding.
youtube.com
■ Growth of Functions (growth of algorithm functions) – walks through how function values grow
with input.
youtube.com
■ Time & Space Complexity: The Easy Way – covers both time and space aspects with examples.
youtube.com
■ Introduction to Big O Notation and Time Complexity (CS Dojo) – beginner-friendly and highly
popular.
youtube.com
■ Understanding Time Complexity (Neso Academy) – clear, classroom-style explanation.
youtube.com
How to Choose the Best One for You
■ Quick & Simple: “Learn Big O in 6 minutes”
■ Explanation with Examples: AlgosWithMichael or CS Dojo
■ Visual / Growth-focused: Growth of Functions
If you tell me your preferred language (English/Urdu) or how long you want the video to be (e.g.,
~10 min or longer), I can tailor it even more!
You said:
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms.pptx
Presentation
explain me this
ChatGPT said:
Alright ■
I’ll explain Lecture 01(a): Introduction to Algorithms slowly, simply, and completely, exactly
matching your PPT — like a teacher explaining line-by-line in class.
■ Lecture 01(a): Introduction to Algorithms
(CSC-301 – Design & Analysis of Algorithms)
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
1■■ What is an Algorithm?
Simple definition:
An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem in a finite amount of time.
Key points:
It takes input
It performs steps
It produces output
It must finish (not infinite)
Real-life example:
Making tea
Boil water
Add tea leaves
Add sugar
Pour into cup
➡ These steps = an algorithm
2■■ Important Problem Types (Why algorithms matter)
Algorithms are used everywhere:
■ Sorting → arrange numbers (ascending/descending)
■ Searching → find an element
■ String processing → text editing, DNA analysis
■ Graph problems → Google Maps, networks
➡ Almost every computer problem needs an algorithm
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
3■■ Why Study Algorithms?
Main reasons:
■ 1. Multiple solutions exist
Same problem → many algorithms → different speed & efficiency
Example:
Sorting 1 million numbers
One algorithm takes 1 second
Another takes 1 hour
➡ We must choose the best one
■ 2. Reusability
Once an algorithm is designed:
You don’t need to reinvent it
Use it again and again
■ 3. Professional skill
As a computer scientist:
You must design
You must analyze
You must choose the right algorithm
4■■ Algorithms as a Technology (Very Important Concept)
Question in PPT:
If computers were infinitely fast and memory was free, do we still need algorithms?
Answer:
■ YES
Why?
Algorithm must terminate
Algorithm must give correct answer
Code must be maintainable
But in reality:
Computers are not infinitely fast
Memory is not free
➡ Time & space are limited resources
➡ Algorithms help use them wisely
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
5■■ Components of an Algorithm
Every algorithm is built using basic building blocks:
■ 1. Statements
Input statements
Assignment statements
Output statements
Return statements
Example:
x←5
y←x+2
■ 2. Sequences
Statements executed one after another
Example:
read a
read b
sum ← a + b
print sum
■ 3. Selection (Decision)
Choosing between paths
Example:
if marks ≥ 50
print "Pass"
else
print "Fail"
■ 4. Repetition (Loop)
Repeating steps
Example:
for i ← 1 to 10
print i
6■■ How Do We Represent an Algorithm?
Two ways:
■ 1. Pseudocode
Looks like English
Structured
Easy to understand
No strict syntax
■ 2. Computer Program
Written in C, Java, Python, etc.
Machine executable
➡ Pseudocode hides coding details and focuses on logic
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
7■■ Pseudocode Rules (From PPT)
Indentation → block structure
// → comment
Arithmetic operators → + - * /
Logical operators → and, or, not
Relational → >, <, >=, <=, !=
8■■ Example Algorithm: FIND-MAX(A)
Problem:
Find the maximum number in an unsorted array
Pseudocode explained:
FIND-MAX(A)
n ← length[A] // number of elements
max ← A[0] // assume first element is max
for i ← 1 to n-1
if A[i] > max
max ← A[i]
return max
Explanation:
Start with first element
Compare with others
Update max when bigger value found
Finally return max
✔ Simple
✔ Correct
✔ Finite steps
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
9■■ Properties of a Good Algorithm
An algorithm must have:
1■■ Input – at least one
2■■ Output – at least one
3■■ Correctness – always correct result
4■■ Definiteness – no ambiguity
5■■ Finiteness – must terminate
6■■ Effectiveness – efficient use of time & memory
■ Syntax vs Semantics (Very Important ■■)
Syntax → How it is written
Semantics → What it means (logic)
■■ Danger:
Algorithm can be syntactically correct but semantically wrong
Example:
if x = 5 // syntax ok
print "Even number" // logic wrong
1■■1■■ Origin of the Word “Algorithm”
From:
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (9th century)
Persian mathematician
His name became Algoritmi
Later → Algorithm
➡ Algorithms are named after a Muslim scientist ■
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
1■■2■■ STAIR Model (Problem Solving Framework)
S – State the Problem
Describe problem in simple words
What is the goal?
T – Tools for the Job
Algorithms
Data structures
Resources
A – Algorithm Development
Plan steps
Write pseudocode
I – Implementation
Convert to code
Happens later, not first
R – Refinement
Fix errors
Improve efficiency
Retry
➡ Programming should start after thinking
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
1■■3■■ Problem Instance
One input = one instance
Algorithm must work for all instances
Many problems have infinite instances
Example:
Sorting 5 numbers
Sorting 1 million numbers
1■■4■■ Algorithm Design Techniques (Intro Only)
Brute Force – simple but slow
Divide & Conquer – split problem
Greedy – step-by-step best choice
Dynamic Programming – reuse results
(These are covered later in course)
1■■5■■ Algorithm Design Practices
✔ Easy to understand
✔ Easy to debug
✔ Efficient use of resources
90/10 Rule:
90% of time spent in 10% of code (loops, functions)
■ Final One-Line Summary (Exam Ready)
An algorithm is a finite, well-defined, step-by-step procedure that takes input, processes it, and
produces correct output efficiently.
1a-IntroductionToAlgorithms
If you want next:
■ Short exam notes
■ MCQs + answers
■ Best YouTube video for THIS lecture
■ Solved examples
Just tell me ■
Sources
You said:
explan me ths asymptotic notation
ChatGPT said:
Alright ■
I’ll explain Asymptotic Notation from zero level, very simple, with clear intuition, examples, and
exam focus — no heavy math.
■ Asymptotic Notation (Easy Explanation)
1■■ Why do we need Asymptotic Notation?
When we analyze algorithms, we do NOT care about exact time (seconds).
We care about:
How running time grows when input size (n) becomes very large
That’s called growth rate.
Asymptotic notation helps us:
Compare algorithms
Ignore machine speed
Ignore constants
Focus on large input behavior
2■■ Real-Life Intuition (Very Important)
Imagine two cars ■:
Car A: Slow at start, very fast later
Car B: Fast at start, slow later
For a short distance, B wins
For a long distance, A wins
■ Asymptotic notation cares about the long distance only
■ Same for algorithms: large n only
3■■ Types of Asymptotic Notations
There are three main ones:
Big-O (O) → Upper bound (worst case)
Big-Ω (Omega) → Lower bound (best case)
Big-Θ (Theta) → Tight bound (exact growth)
We’ll do them one by one.
■ 1. Big-O Notation (O)
Meaning:
Algorithm will NOT take more time than this (maximum limit)
➡ It gives worst-case behavior
Simple definition:
If time ≤ some function for large n → Big-O
Example 1:
T(n) = 3n + 5
For large n:
Ignore 5
Ignore 3
➡ O(n)
Example 2:
T(n) = 5n² + 2n + 10
Dominant term = n²
➡ O(n²)
Example 3: Nested loop
for i = 1 to n
for j = 1 to n
print(i, j)
Operations ≈ n × n = n²
➡ O(n²)
Real-life analogy:
Big-O is like saying
“You will reach home in at most 2 hours”
■ 2. Big-Omega (Ω)
Meaning:
Algorithm will take AT LEAST this much time
➡ It gives best-case behavior
Example:
Searching in an array:
Best case: element found at first position
Time = constant
➡ Ω(1)
Another example:
T(n) = 3n + 5
Minimum growth still increases with n
➡ Ω(n)
Analogy:
“You will take at least 30 minutes to reach home”
■ 3. Big-Theta (Θ)
Meaning:
Exact growth rate (tight bound)
➡ Best case and worst case grow at same rate
Example:
T(n) = 4n + 20
Upper bound = O(n)
Lower bound = Ω(n)
➡ Θ(n)
Example 2:
T(n) = 7n² + 3n + 9
➡ Θ(n²)
Analogy:
“Your travel time will be around 1 hour”
4■■ Graphical Understanding (Very Simple)
Notation Meaning
O(n²) Never exceeds n²
Ω(n²) Never goes below n²
Θ(n²) Grows exactly like n²
5■■ Common Growth Rates (Must Remember)
Notation Name Speed
O(1) Constant ■ Fastest
O(log n) Logarithmic Very fast
O(n) Linear Good
O(n log n) Linearithmic Acceptable
O(n²) Quadratic Slow
O(n³) Cubic Very slow
O(2■) Exponential ■ Terrible
6■■ Rules to Find Asymptotic Notation (EXAM GOLD ■)
Rule 1: Ignore constants
O(3n) = O(n)
Rule 2: Ignore lower terms
O(n² + n + 1) = O(n²)
Rule 3: Keep dominant term
O(10n³ + n²) = O(n³)
7■■ Typical Exam Questions
Q1:
T(n) = 6n + 100
✔ Answer: O(n)
Q2:
T(n) = n² + n log n
✔ Answer: O(n²)
Q3:
Single loop?
✔ O(n)
Nested loop?
✔ O(n²)
8■■ One-Line Exam Summary ✍■
Asymptotic notation describes the growth rate of an algorithm’s running time for large input sizes,
ignoring constants and lower-order terms.
9■■ If you want next, I can:
■ Solve numerical examples
■ Explain using graphs
■ Give MCQs with answers
■ Suggest best YouTube video ONLY for asymptotic notation
✍■ Show how to derive O, Ω, Θ step-by-step
Just tell me ■
You said:
Uploaded image
explain me this
ChatGPT said:
Alright ■
I’ll explain this entire question step-by-step, slowly, and in exam-friendly way.
We will cover (a), (b), and (c) clearly.
■ Given Graph (Understand First)
Graph is undirected
Graph is weighted
Vertices: A, B, C, D, E, F, G
From the image, the important edges & weights are:
Edges from A
A–B = 2
A–G = 12
Left side
B–C = 2
C–D = 3
B–D = 1
Middle connections
B–G = 7
B–E = 5
D–G = 9
D–E = 3
Right side
G–F = 1
E–F = 3
Outer edge
C–F = 10
■ (a) Dijkstra’s Algorithm (From A)
Goal:
Find shortest paths from A
List order of vertices marked known
Find shortest path from A to F
Step 1: Initialization
Vertex Distance from A
A0
B∞
C∞
D∞
E∞
F∞
G∞
Known set = ∅
Step 2: Start with A
Mark A known
Update neighbors:
A→B=2
A → G = 12
Vertex Distance
B2
G 12
Step 3: Pick smallest unknown → B (2)
Mark B known
Update neighbors of B:
B→C=2+2=4
B→D=2+1=3
B → G = 2 + 7 = 9 (better than 12)
B→E=2+5=7
Step 4: Pick smallest → D (3)
Mark D known
Update neighbors of D:
D → E = 3 + 3 = 6 (better than 7)
D → G = 3 + 9 = 12 (ignore)
Step 5: Pick smallest → C (4)
Mark C known
C → F = 4 + 10 = 14
Step 6: Pick smallest → E (6)
Mark E known
E→F=6+3=9
Step 7: Pick smallest → G (9)
Mark G known
G → F = 9 + 1 = 10 (worse than 9 → ignore)
Step 8: Pick smallest → F (9)
Mark F known
■ All vertices processed
■ Order of vertices marked KNOWN
A→B→D→C→E→G→F
■ Shortest path from A to F
Trace back:
A→B→D→E→F
Cost = 2 + 1 + 3 + 3 = 9
■ (b) Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)
Goal:
Connect all vertices
No cycles
Minimum total weight
(Using Kruskal’s idea)
Pick edges in increasing order:
B–D = 1
G–F = 1
A–B = 2
B–C = 2
D–E = 3
E–F = 3
Now all vertices connected ■
■ Minimum Spanning Tree Edges
A–B
B–D
B–C
D–E
E–F
F–G
■ (c) Floyd–Warshall Algorithm
Goal:
Find shortest paths between ALL pairs
Step 1: Initial Distance Matrix
Distance to itself = 0
Edge weight if connected
∞ if not connected
(Example)
ABCDEFG
A 0 2 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 12
B20215∞7
C ∞ 2 0 3 ∞ 10 ∞
D∞1303∞9
E∞5∞303∞
F ∞ ∞ 10 ∞ 3 0 1
G 12 7 ∞ 9 ∞ 1 0
Step 2: Update Using Intermediate Vertices
We repeatedly check:
dist[i][j] = min(dist[i][j], dist[i][k] + dist[k][j])
After all iterations, the final shortest distances include:
A→F=9
C → F = 9 (via D, E)
A→E=6
A→G=9
■ Final Exam-Ready Summary
(a)
Dijkstra order:
A→B→D→C→E→G→F
Shortest path A → F:
A–B–D–E–F (cost = 9)
(b)
MST edges:
AB, BD, BC, DE, EF, FG
(c)
Floyd–Warshall finds shortest paths between all vertex pairs
If you want next:
✍■ Neat exam-style tables
■ Floyd–Warshall fully solved matrix
■ Best YouTube video for this exact problem
■ Graph redrawn cleanly
Just tell me ■
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