form is a very versati
en analysed assumes the form pio the engineer
onditions or boundary conditions eorainery differentay cots M
ind boundary value probleme a, SYM problems onc sc ion suey sia
in solving these proble; Tespectively, Saige teferred eae
ithout actually finding the oe involving homegens ‘Transforms is aul value
: Another advantage oe a olution ofthe diferente ret te
algebraic equation wie’ meted is. that the dene eaion by wee
stferential equation is
t
uch transforms much earlier in 1799, while deen
gee ee
eee tieiaenct My inane aia rigs fom calves vir,
circuits. plications dealing with iechinieal efter
nition
i (1) provided the integral exists,
parameter real or complex number, is called the transform parameter, Note that the val
: alue
ral on the right-hand side of (I) depends on 8. ‘Thus’ L{f()} isa funet r
BF, is denoted by BGM {£(t)} is a function of s. This
L{t() }= fe™ F@ dt= Fs)
0
ie: 1) The symbol L is called the Laplace transform operator
2) IF L{t(t)}= Fls) = f(s) then f() = L"{F(6)}= Eo" {F()} andi called the
inverse Laplace transform.
i2 Basic Properties of Laplace ~ Transforms
Linearity Property =
For any two function f(¢) and g(t) and any two constants cy and cy
L{ci(0 tepe¢0)} = er L{RO} es Ele)
Proof : Using the definition of the Laplace transform, we get
o 4 ° dt
Lait) +ese(0} = fomtetCoreae O84 = 5 fertnacsex]eatoe
2
=e ten} +eo4{e00) Similarly L{o,f(t)—eag(t)} = L{F(0}—e2 La}
2. First shifting property If L{f(t)}= FG) then Lle*' (9 |= F(—a)
Proof: From the definition F(s) = [e* £(#)dt
°
e FO6=a) = ferent at = Jen ferret ie
af ig 3
si
Laplace Transform of some standard functions aa
1. Transform of a constant function La) where fa? is, F
La) = feta ( £@) =a) =
0
wR
where §>0, In pair Pics gee to tot vb
2. Transform of e™t ie Find L {e"} aes
fe} = Jeveta = jer ae
where s>a
3, Transform of t” ie Find L{t"}
L{e} = feat pur =x
0
. dt= 2% x varies from Oto @
3
Now L{t"} = Jet)
Tele T@+l)
tit
Note : ‘We know that T(n+1) exists if m is po:
integer. Hence L(t") can be evaluated even when n is where n is positive integer
orm of coshat ic Find L{coshat} (where ‘a’ is a constant)
at gett :
em {se") s 5 (Le)+ Le}
[sues aed
Af stats-a he
~ 2| G=a)s +a)
(where ‘a’ is a constant)
ce}
sform of cosat ie find L{cosat}
t}= Jer cosatdt , using Je eosttat = ae
bis fo-¢ *Cseos0+asino)] = = meee
at
where s>0
7. Transform of sinat ie Find L{sinat} a
Usinat} = fo-“sinara, using Jeftsinbrat = = ae lesinbe = beosbt) , we have
Ne
L{sinat} = [ee —— Cssinat — ein ait * (ssinat + acosat) |e i
Fa ae
L{sinat} = ne where s>0
we have already studied first shifting property
If [L{f@) } = FO then Lle*ne) } = F(—a)|
By using the above property, we obtain the following results
8. Lew" 9. {et eosbe | = fe
10. Uetsinbt} = 1. L{e* coshbe} = ae
12. L{e*sinnbt} = ae
For ready reference the results obtained above are tabulated
n!
se
T@tl)
oat
s
s>0 illustrations are based on the sin
© table of lapta
ee
2) Let) = sas
b =a) 3) Ley .
aR 5) L@coshaty = —38_ 52 |
: 3-16 §) L@sinh3ty = on
ie 8) L(2cos2t) = 28 bee
s+9 sg 9) L(sin4ty ea
s+
6 el
or 11) LW) = Lae Pur
7 LM) = Lo?y= 2 - 252 ve |
Peewee !
|
1; Find the laplace transforms of the following functions
te —3t+5 ii) ey 50% ili) 3eoshdt + 4sin2t
n3t—4cosst v) Gt+4y7 +5 vi) (4-4 y
vt
‘ ;
Bt? viii) cos? at ix) sin? at |
fb +41? -3t+5} = L{e}+ 41 (2) -aL{t}+51f1) i
2, 42S 1 Gabe 345
= p+4. 3 ts =| ta ate
# Fasseae se Fs
fes+se™} = cle icone |
. 1 eee 6427
~ 33512 sea eee, FP eTEFIO
{3eosh4t + 4sin2t } = hema AL {sin2t}
aes
) ag 16 +4
ISsinh3t - dcosst} = 5L{sinh3t} — 40 hi eas
S: poe 8 hay
= Sanat era nic rsT) THs
3
F644 soo ae Lars? i us} = Lo 2arei6 }+ ost
pds oa npeaateye rane ere}
1 1
ue
2 yaa. ati vg 7 Salogs
1a e-) Jaftck fe eer
r - mes. C),
Nera
a wile G¥Gsinat—sinsat} =
1
\ ee
pe 4 BLGinaty- 1
2 pte ee Hin3ay
s?49a2 | 7 eae
a’ (4a) @ 5a
>; Find the laplace transform of th,
ple ii) sinh’ Ne following funee,
e sinh?at 8 Funetons
nt sine sit V) cost c0s2t cos3t D sinst cose
at nat)?
s4t\/ 0 oo = het
ost DI Take +LO)+ 210]
= il [Pe
ae
4ls-8 Sa6 *y
2
sal
= qe: Ue) 210]
12a
4|s-2a s+2a
; = i{sinG@t+ 20) +sinGt=20)
L{sinSteos2t } uf ; } = 1f6a7e1.ca0}
_/1| i)
2| 7449 349 3
p) Lisint indt sin3t} = sintsin2t =~ 5 {cosit-cost}
sink?at je
i)
intsin2sin3t = —+ {cos3t=cost} sin3t = =F fins cos3t— sin3teost]
=- ; [(sin6t-+sin0) ~ (eindt+sin2] = = oin-sinat- sit]
a ; [(einat-+sin2t~ sin6t)]
tsin2tsin3t} = finan 14ina9 L466]
if a.
- oleae #4 +36 ¥) L{cost cos2tcos3t} = costeos2t = 1 feas3t-+rcnst}
= costcos2t cos3t = Ffeosat+cost}osat = Heosat cost + ¢0
2 3] Stcossescaso+ leos4escas2y |= Lessee cos4t+-e082t]
+ L {eostcos2tcos3t} = FUL (os61)+L 0) +1 (cosdt) +L (60s2)]
2s 3 2) ads s
3536 "s "Fue a4
Example3: reiniimmetee safe ae
i) e~* (2cosSt—3sinst) Hi) e*coshat iii) e*cos*t iv) e™ sinStsin3
Y) coshtsin®2t vi) sinhatsinat
Solution :
1 L{e-* @cosst—3sinst)} = 21 fe-*cosst | 31 e*sinst «(1 using linearity
Lcosst)= S— = Lfet ja Se i Sift Y
(cos5t) = {e-*cosst}. Tareas NiNs fist shifting propery
Fee z 5 nee
Similarly L(sinst) = >= «1. {e*sinse} =
Substituting these values in (1) we have
1 {e-"(2cosst—3sinst) }= 2-64 _ 3.5 2842-15
+2425 +?+25
s-a
i) L{e*coshat} = we have Let coshbe}= AS
s+2 s+2
Le*eobat} = (427-16 s?445-12
iti) utters) L{ <*(##2228)} - zt ee Sle cosa
Bd (ade) AN Bd oe 2t) :
45) orl ( oot
= 71 ile) faite’
2(s-2) 2(s?—48+8)
i
ivy 1feMsinsesinse} = Let fi)=sinstsinat = = {cos(5—31)- cos
cos2t—cos8t} (: sinA sinB oe
2 ene eg” | ™
2 } Ce
pfe* sinStsindt } = 305-3) ete)
ating py) (s—3P 24 = a
S-3F 64] 7 Ga
C-Gi1De
= ee ae
sin 2t j = Let £(0) =sin32p ~ Fsi2t sing)
1[ 6
Bt) =~ > aed =
4 a <
| 344 "s?336 21Foe SH
= 48
ee
ae | Crge
iL(cosht sin?2t) = [= ral = ae
1
o le: Sin? 2t) + L(e“'gig? 20]
= 48
- || eee re
Z lad (s-0F36) -ianaitaree
4 | sae eee l
(s? =28+5) (25437) © eae
sinhatsinat} = Let f(t)=sinat , we know that L{sinat} =
lsinhat sinat } = |
sosta
sna - 4[tetsna- Lean]
2 Sos-a
-) EE Ia 1
2| (s—ay>+a* (s+a)?4a7 2|s?+2a72as s?+2a*+2as,
= 2[_ 7 as
© 2 | @ 4202)? —402s* seas |
4
pled: Find L{f(O} if £0) “lg es
o 4 t
jon: L{(t)} = fe" f(t)dt = Jem nna + fe*toa
0 a i
,
4st -e*
% es jee aidter (=)
= Jewttdt + [seat = a=[ of me Sh
0 4 » “ =
Sots =e
Sk == Gl S—) ie
pase
stu 4s
is HSI i
al ‘l-s
>
orl { ac™
alae
Example 6 : If L{f(t)} = F(s) show that
i) L{(coshat)fo }= 7lFs-2) + Fis+9)] fi) L{(sinhaty f(t) }= 7lFe-=- (s.
Solution : we have L {(coshat) ft) } = {dee +e) reo} = qlerto}+ He
mh
= HlFs-0) + ol using shift rule
ae a) — F(s+a)] using shif rule,
Example7: Find i) L{e*sinhbt} ii) L{e" coshbt}
i) Since {et} = 1 using example 6
L{etsinh be } = 4
ii) Since L {et} =
s
1 1 i}
He" conn} = ae Bey (40)- -
‘ a)
6 ay? =v? ¥ amaties Fourth Semester
jvaplace transforms continued
385
corseate property? if LUMO} RG) he
a Liter}
| By definition L{E(t) } = Je“rar =F
0 » L{tan} = 7
au = fe*rana
peu so that t= 7 du) t= Oa oeae
a Pie ees
le se f(u) du = rue 5)
a a
a stting or translation property
f(t—a) toa
iy} =F) and B® = | th
x 0 tea TM Provethat L(g} -
ve L{cos at } TAG Find the Laplace transform of the following functions
TW) 47-Ste7 +2) 24:3t3 4? 3) te2een
5) 2cos2t+3sin4t 6) 3° + 4e* + 2sin3t+Seos3t
8) 3cosh4t +4sin3t 9) 3e*%+ 20" 10) (e' +1)?
12) .t+sinhat 13) cosh? at 14) cos(at+b)
16) sin2tsin3t 17) cosdtsin2t 18) costeos2tcos3t 19) e
20) sin?2t 21) cos2t cost 22) e*eos*3t 3) f
24y Be 25) (t+2)?e7 26) e'sin?t i
II Find the Laplace transform of the following functions
a ostss t O2 y o { t>s
IIE 1) Using e* =cost+isint
Show that L(tsinat)=
3s 12.
+
S-16 3°49
If _2s—b
Y 8]
inb
scosb. 17) —2GeSI ag
(F462 428)” wwf 5
4 436° s: 8
2) 8 Fass]
(s'+4)(6? +36) Diy ced
24 25+19 e
ae a ea
fore? +25+37) (465413) Fstey45 24) —6 2
; oN
a 26) 1 (s+3)4
6-2 6=2) a a
6-1) 2 E2545)
1
2y fees
Z ) ae {ine (+s)} yee
I fae e541} §) Ou cone
7 Pu Pita 6) iS
he ene
ce * aaa alate
aplace Transform of Derivatives a
em 1: If f(t) is a continuous function and L{f(t)}=F()
i) L("@}= SF) — 10) i) L{f"©}= 2 F@)-sK ©
. j) By definition L{f"(t)} = Joe f(thdt
‘jako
=
= em s(o[f = fre st using integration by pats
°
= fo-£()] + sf eH at = -f)+sF@)
0
L{r'()} = sF(s) -£(0) Hence the result,
[oE(6)-F]- £0) = FF -fO-FO
ransform of then order derivative
__-£1(0) provided £() and alts
(¢) is continuous:
L{r"»}=L[ro] = sce’) - 1 O = 5
tension ; Extension of the above result to Laplace ©
fl) ie ure } = 5" F(s) —s"1 (0) -8" FO) *
ivaives up to order (n ~ 1) are of exponential order and that {"
orem 2: Multiplication by powers of
go }=- 2 IFol= FO
L{ft) }= F(s) Then prove that Ltt Proof: By definition F(s)= L{f(t)} = [er fat
Pe a eo“ F(t)dt = ie fo-™ F00 fat = mle te £()dt
~-fertronya =-L{t)} + L{te()} = -FG
Extension: [49] = @ ee ae) = (0? F%)
Proof: By theorem 2, we have F(s) = — fertuo }at
a
F'®) -2 fettro ja ae jfen {ur@par = = f-te*{e fat
0 °
=e] {2 ro jar = Cet fer}
3
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1; Find the Laplace transform of
i) tcos2t ii) t?cosat iii) t sindt
vi) te“fcosh2t vil) te*sinst vill) he ix) te“tsinat x) et
L(cos2t) = oral Therefore by using the theorem 2.we get
_ _[@+4).1-s8.25] _
(+4?
iv) t?sinat y) @cosht
4) L{teos2t) : 2s) |=1@? =) 266? 442) 9g
(s? +7)?
253-280 —4sa? 4-43 >
EE s “3 3 sie Cray
48 tae = = 8 se
@ sap
cat}; Wehave L(sin4t) = —4
sin t= ) stag?
d(_4
4t) = -i(e] = -|¢ +16)0~ 4.9
p(tsin ds (52416 igs
L{sinat} = 59 —
[esinat)
baat} ~ (Ro eee
leant} cy S| sles]
af? +0°)0-a.2s] df 2
“el ate? ds wel
{is? +0?) C2a)f | 20s. 2(6? +a) 25 Neen eee
|} (s? +a") a pees
~2as*-2a>+8as? _ 6as*—2a® 2a(3s? — 02)
(s? +82)? +a? aa
eee
{cosne} (=) - SlLweys Lite] 0
sider L(Be'), wehave L(e') = s hel (eel) te cS (4) “
6
bo ive) = cp ( EY =
s+].
G+!
a
1f 6 6 ,
Substituting these values in (1) L{t cosht } = 1 + ae
2[6- G+)"
‘Another Method :
fy = [eee] Tfet 4 en! 8} = Lf} = Hue) ou0]
ee 2
sos] stl
ie |
ean
3! £ 4 Leon) 7 “aaa al eat Gn! 3) = St 120
Ley} ma tty = Bt
= +e lca aor
sy 5 5
Eo rRs (637 Siti St) (na) cel ee
% , (8427425 57448429
_[s? 44842990 -5(2s4. )
(5? 445+29)"
© ras 1297 ‘
vill) L(@e*) : Here f(t) =e, L¢3) -3 iw Si L(tw)=Le@e),
z
5
ix) L{te*sinat} : Here f(t) = te*sinat
Loinet) = 325 oboe sinat) = aaa ra
he Leetama) = $e aa} = |
x) Llersinat + tcos2t} = L{e'sinat + Lema
oT
L(sin4t) “x5 ‘by using the shifting property, Ur
~tgin dt }+ L{teos2t} =
rar
4; i) Evaluate je e sintat
ii) Evaluate fte*countee
°
: i) Wehave Jes e*tsimtat = 18
1
-cyS|=—
* i
nae 2 —s
és & | ap
ea
z ape +b]s? +145? =
ds st . of =
Sint) . LGay)
2a =p
eye
e 2
fot#sintat = et + put s=1, weget Jeetana so.
1 a
2 esd saad + 6s)~ -O=¥ 3 as
aye —<
first note that i tsintdt = L{tsint}
re. “al oi (s? +1)0-1.28
int) = Za we get L(tsint) a]- {ep at
3
fe" sinutt = Se ee ve fom ts = 35°
0
that fer™ teos2tdt = L(teos2t), (cod) = ag
aa,28) _ 0-4
fo =f |--{ aaa Fa
ds | s? 44
rh 2 Pal dt
eteosatdt = $4 | put ame a a 6
(+4)? 5 of tsinat by using the rule Yor the Lape
of the second derivative is
(1), take f(t) = tsinat
cosat + sinat
+cosat} + acosat *tsinat + 2acosat
ect L{-atsinat+ 2acosat ? Lftsinat }- s(0) -0
+ 2aL {cosat} = s? Lift, nat }
at} = s?L{tsinat }+ a: ? L{tsinat}
at} = (6? +a”) L {tsinat}
ee (+a) Lftsinat} +. Lb {tsinat} = aa
transform of Integrals
: If L{f()}= FG) then {2 = Jr as (Provided the integral ¢
: By definition of Laplalce transform, we have
F@= L{f(t)} = aoe Integrating both sides w.r.t s from s to 0,
friows » iffrwala- fro {i crs la = fro
ion € = re
= fleoleta because ie 30 aso
0
2) (8)
orem 4: If L{f(t)}=F() then ifjroa] - 29
fs
eT ee ey = fro 2. F(t) =£() and FO) =
0 { nematic Fourns zs f=") hee a spam
‘cosat—cosbt
t ] Let £(t) = cosat — cosbt
ii) L|
(Cosat)—L(cosbt) i. 5 sie
: : ie F(s) = 3
; {I “Meese
ie [sessment | Mog?) tog? +84)? cs
oF 20)
= Wage) A tin tog 28 — og St?
alee] + aL meas mi
ca
sta
re sale
. L{F@} = Le™)- Le), at
sta
Jesse me
Ae sean Vea
tim og( £4) nematic Fourth Semes|
ye
| | Let f(t)
Bt
ato} = GLE@ = L(eos2n]
pases)
{(t) = cos4t — cos6t
ft)) f(s
|/O 2 =
t | Ie. Example 2 Find the Laplace transforms ofthe following
‘ |
i) fertcoseat in, et }
°
es)
Solutions: i) Wehave L(et cost) = ere
Using theorem 4 te - fa
lead
a Tat)
ii) We have 1 Sestesosbe sees) St peter Exampiett Ci)
st +a?
using iffeoa] = Hey, {f(es)a «|
I. Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions
1) tsin’t 2) tsin3tcost 3) (© '—cos2t+ 4)
5) teMsinat 6) Be 1) eost
9) (7—3t42)sin3t 10) Pe 11) tsin2t-2c082t)
II Prove the following
a 2
1) feersinta=0 2) fee *oostat -—
0 0 4h atnomatics Fourth Semester
ipo Laplace transforms of the fo
Howing
t
2) fico
i Sint
ectsint 4,
ye that ie 4 4 Prove that f. [ea =a
ye the fain ci oe re
i) LUI =SF)—fO) jy Leere
iy L{F(0) = FOS) then PT OFF sr) a
d
L(t} =— FO)
ii) Ler}. ane
we
i if L{f(9} = FG) then prove that yf £)) =
ii) ethat L. 2. -frone
iy If L((@)} = FG) then prove that {fea a)
oO
Fs)
2) £566" +165? +96)
@ eta) ee
+167 @44y 4) Paap
if __s?=36 5) —28(6-a) Pads
a]? (6 +36) (s? =2as +28? 2)"
23-65 g) 4Gs1+4) oy Set 18? +1264 16251432
@Hy (=a (P+
2 8 412s—25? by 24221)
Dap 1) eae ary
are 2 B42 al ee
me lS*® 2) tog >" path ga
a ll
5) log 6) tan! -ta = 7) inl .
s-2 b
_ 86+ __
{2 | 2 Fal
4s[s?44 57436 87416 where n= 1, 2,3,. . . For example, itl ed cn 1
nO Dumper’ ucos Gene) Secste
= 2.
Proof: We have by the definition L{f(t)} = J e“£(Qdt = Je
3
sa)
ar aT
ee f(u)du + Jem tayau B J ee F(u)du Piss
T aT v ss hea
w= (anyT
=) Jemroyaa seeeeee(1). Now put u=
a=0 GT
If u=nT then tenT =nT > t=0, u=(n+)T
Further {(u) = f(t+nT) = f(t)_ by the periodic prope:
san
Using these (1) becomes L{f(t)}= }) fe*** F@)dr
n=0 t=O
L{f)} = Se" fesoa
=
But = al = vey alee Te esta Bi i
=
tne =e" the series involved is a geometric series sof t
Whose sum to apbart to bea: — z Where r<1, Thus 35
n=O
Using @) in @) we obiain L{F(0} = = a Jemeeo
i ' 0
\
Example 1: f(t)=t?, 0o
L[f(t—a)u(t—a)] = e""F(@) where L[f)] = Fo)
This property known as Heaviside shift property (or theorem)
applications of Laplace transforms.
ig of importance in the
fot: Wehave L{f(t—a)u¢t—8)) =) ennai
3
j f = orfestt-a) a
=[e sp(4=a).0 dt + Jorte=a): 1 os Ge
one
a
dt=dv if tea, v=0
°
Put t-asv ‘The following two results will be useful in working problems conn
function to find their Laplace transforms.
@, tsa
3 If = {he so Then f(t) = f,(0 + [© —f®] uta)
Solution : By using the definition of u(t-a), we have
f(t)—f(t) fort>a .
ee-Ho)ue-a = { HO 28 ang 0) bah
fi tf2(t) —fy
(9 + fF Jut-a) = “Thiet 0) ai
f(t) fort>a_
f(t) fortsa
= £00 =4(0 + [YA] u(t—a)
f(), tsa
4) If {() =41f (0 , ab
Solution : RHS = f(t) + [f(t)-f(0)] {hist +0
0 tSa
2 Bee ctw: isa {
Bee Sto On b
f,(t), t>a f(t) - f(t), t>
fe tsa f(), tsa
= {H(t), t>a,tsb = {f(t),
(0) t>b | £,(t)
WORKING PROCEDURE
Type 1: To find L[F(t)u(t—a)] where F(t) isa poly!
Step 1: Let F(t)=f(t-a) > F(t+a) ’
Step2: Replace t byt +a to obtain (0)
Step 3: Find L{f(] = F(s)
Step 4: " ind the Laplace transforms of the following functic
§ i) Page i ie
“ ) 9) i Essie] aay
at+5)u(t—3) —v) (I~ e*)u(t+ay VC +P tse 1)
+
) Lewd)
function i ofthe form £(—1) u(t=1) where £@) =. Theeioe by wing he
shift property, we get
(t-}= L(t) ut-9} = e* Lf) = oie}.
(oy)
write the given function as follows : t*u(t—3) = {(t-3)43Pu@e—3)
{(t—3)?+6(1-3)+9 Juct—3) = £(¢-3) u(t—3) Where (9) = +6149
sing the Heaviside shift property, we get
APv(t-3)} = Lé-3ut-3)} = e*L {r0)]
= ei {+6149} = * le $e}
Fain(t—1)] uc}
function is of the form f(t-1)u(t—1) F
L{F()} = Le) + LGind) = aay
= Lf}
sin] ve } = L(ra=D uD} '
ites, sll
Ese (seg
+sint
o
5 -3)} *
os given function as follows g]+s}uct-9
a-3) = pe 913F +e ce)
5) ul ott-3#91 safe 3)3}e
= {ale-2° frct+juces ress the foll
Bz owing ty
sir Laplace transforms eons FT sth eas
zt, O x ii) Wee Ostcy j
; Wait se i]
BiGeni
x we have U(t—T) = 1 so that f(t) =1
Lf] = 20 + L{a-21ut—x}
Webave LO) => 5 F(t-n)= 1-24
= F(t) = 1-2(t+n) =
1-2t-2n = (1-2")-2
Hence L[F(t)] “C8 paz » But ELF m)u(~9) * oe)
2 Lie] =2 2 te zt =| fi
a eee =
ab = fi(0] u(t-m) = sin2e
®) 1)
> eee
ap
.
F(t) = sinX(t+n) = sinf2n+2)
PLEO}
ee
“S44
i 2 be ates A055) ta
Hy aca aA pass
RN
t, fit) =4 eid Aa) wit2y
a is je B10 -H0040-2) = eee hs
L@) +Lfar—2) 0-9) irs & Taking F(t=2) = 4-03" FY = a(t 2) 4a ag +8 (edt
TABU dtd Rg
L{FW)} = - 402) aL) w-grat a 34 |
Lfat-e) u(t— ~2)] = LF(t-2)u(t-2)) = cL {F(t} = one 4
er
Thus (1) becomes Le} = S42 (- +4) = 2 enf 2.4
ne (RL eas 2 8
iv) Here f(t)=sint , £() = cost
we have f(t) = £0 +L Ho ho(1-2) - sin contin (4)
'
L{F()} = Lint) + Uf cos =sint) 3] curr db)
ider L| (cost—sint) u{ t-2
‘consi [lcm sind u( 5]
Taking A(t 3) = (cost-sint) ; F(t) = ex(ts 2) - sa(2)
oF) = —sint—cost
L{F(D} =-LGint) - L(costy = sea
aL s
1tcost—siny o(+-2)] a [F em : i ©? L{F(}
2
Bal 1b s
eft oeeeeanoae
( S41 st4l
i aU ean EMO ane
‘Thus (1) becomes L{fo} - ote (-2 Zale
Example 3: Express the following functions in terms of unit step function
their Laplace transforms
fost, O2n
1
Solutions : i) Here f(t)=1, H(t) =t, f(y =
We have f(t) = f(t) +[6()-()] u(t-a) + [()-R()]uct=b) ( athematles FOUrtH Some,
Ve Stor
o> (DUC a
LO) + Lege “Dy ae
)=t-l S Fae
Hee f= €05t, HST, Rey e
werwve (O =) +180) = Rey) tee
je F()= cost + [l—cost] u (typ) + [sint ‘uc fest a
1(f()} = L{cost }4 L{a— >e80 UC) etlean
Let F(t") = (cost) = F(t) = ease aul
=H
» L{F()} = LQ teost) = La) 4 L(cost) oy
Let G(t-2x) = (Sint=-1) > GQ) = He Ae 1
LG} = Lint) = Lint) 1) = a
+1) 8
s 2H
Lex) u (t=7)] = Lf FH} cen{le $ }
Lica-2n) u(t=2m) = e 2" L{a@} seme i at
He
Thus (1) becomes L{f(t)} = a vente} i ome 4
ERCISES
Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions by expressing them in terms of
8 t>2
the unit step function 0, 02x sin3t, t>2x
ANSWERS
1 1 -S(s—
eee
Ray Ale), G5 [ Dees 3
4) 2 (l-e eC a 9S {F ede 6) —_
eae aH) 3 =o
wy) ane eae] est ro| ue ie
93-(3s Stee
410)
s Pe (al 1 Sse?
vei cs “aH a (8? +4) (5? +49) ¥
es(_2_, 1 E(w” > E A
es Ga eae 9 St
4.7 Transform of the Impulse function ( or the Dirac delta function)
Another important discontinuous function that is often encountered in engineering
is the unit impulse function or the Dirac delta function named after the British
Physicist P.A.M Dirac (1902 — 1984).
Dirac delta function denoted by 5(t~a) is defined as 5(t—a) = Jim8@a) and
1
8.(t-a) = fe BStSA+E here a is a non-negative 5.(t-a)
0 otherwise
AS
constant ‘
The graph of the function is illustrated in the following fig .
From the graph, we observe that the value of the function
1
8.(t=2) suddenly increases from 0 to — as t-> from
the left and suddenly decreases back to 0 for t>a+e. Vp ee iatnematics Fourth Semester
P, h
| . ee.
oy yien € is infinitesimay, : hn
na ta and jumps bee e Baa) Suddenty 4 ‘8 Li
«pe vte’ is the limiti immedi eee |
ape )) Which is the limiting cage op Beltaay = eran aa , ve infinitely large |
i a son the functi
ty Sone Propertics of Dirae— deta function TES lps tactin,
i =
a
ny function f(t), [te 5(¢_
i (ta) dt = fa) |
Ag u
Find 0-0)- [Fs 8stcan
9, otherwise ;
© ‘4 1
Beta) fat = [eae 21
J i dt <($@+6) ~4} ee
where $(t) = Jroa () ‘ ;
the Lagrange’s MVT, we h;
By lave (a+t)— g(a) = e@latee) 0<9<)
. = €f(a+0e) using (i)
4 foclt=a) fat = taroe) Gy
0
Taking the limits 2s_¢ — 0 on both sides of (i) and using the relation
Blt) = fim 5.(t—a) we get J 6¢-ayat = f(a)
ne 9
‘Transform of 8 (¢— 2)
Bp) TheLaplace transform of 8(ta) isa particular case of { f(t) t—a)dt = f(a)...i)
i 0
f(t) = ewe get
"5(t-a)dt =e ie L{8(t-a)}=e™
this becomes L{8(t)} =1.
)=1 in Gi), we get Ja-adt=1
0 2
shows that the limit of the sum of the values ‘of 8(t-a) over the interval (0,00) is equal
‘or this reason (t —a) is called the unit impulse function. 2, The unit step function u(t—a) (or H(t~a)) and the unit im;
related with each other in the form 6(t-a) = u(t—a)
Proof: For any f(t), we have fure-ayremat
>
= lim ju'(t—a) f(t) dt c>a20
2
= in| [Fp u@-a)§ “fro u(t—a)dt |
= tn feo wce- -a) -£(0) u(-a)]— [jr a0-na +frwmua-aya \
tr tin [ro - jroal ‘on using the definition of u(t —a)
= lim {f(@) - f(©) + £(@)} = f(a).
2
Thus [u'(t—a) f(t) dt = f(a)
a
Wehave fF(t)5(t-a)dt =f(a) (Property (1) )
0
Comparing these expressions _u'(t—a) = 6(t-a)
Note: Oe ole L{8(t-a)} =e In particular L{u'(t)} = L{8(t)} =1
Solution: We have L{u(t)} = —
L{u'()} = isi = u(0)
But u((t)=8(t) -. L {8(t)} =1 par
EXERCISES
Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions: yi
1) of 5(t-b) 2) t"5(t-a) 378
ANSWERS 8 es
neato)! 2) ae* nition + The convolution of ty, functions
ue) 1
NO and g¢) r
defined bY FO) © B00) = P00) gw) gy Oe Seay ta
°
Proof: By definition £(t) gc.) _ Sta) gc
ky uso
Put t-u=v 2. ~ducqy.
n 0
Hence f(t) * g(t) = fry
So) duce nec)
'
8(v) (~dv) = Jre- Y) av)av
v0
t
~ Ja H0-yv ~ ge A)
veo
© £0) * B(t) = g(t) * f(r. This proves that
Operation is commutative,
Convolution theorem : (Statement only)
L{RO}-L(200) = Lf eg10)
Product possesses the commutative Property, the
be stated in the following alternative (explicit) form :
L{f(t)}- L{e} = Hffr-w g(u) a} = ffx g(t—u) du
° o
2) The proof of the theorem is beyond the scope of the syllabus.
WORKED EXAMPLES
“and g(t) =sint
t vy 3
"Solution We have f(t) * g(t) = [Fae 5 Je ee
I. - ite Jest cca}
ple 2: Verify the eayolation theorem for the functions f(t)=t, g(t)=cost
tion: For the given functions, we have -
L{FCD} = Ltt} = 5 Uls00) = Lost) = 35
1
s =—
Lf) }-x {809} sea) 36°+))
