MODULE 1

contaminated food
b) Staphylococcus epidermidis on the
skin
c) Salmonella in food
Microbes and Their Role in d) Influenza virus
Daily Life
8. What is a misconception about
microbes? a) They are essential for life
1. What are microbes? a) Large
b) All microbes cause diseases
multicellular organisms
c) Most microbes are beneficial
b) Minute living organisms
d) They are found everywhere
c) Only harmful bacteria
d) Only viruses
9. Who used bacteria to produce acetone
during World War I? a) Louis Pasteur
2. Which of the following is a positive
b) Robert Koch
contribution of microbes in food
c) Chaim Weizmann
production? a) Producing toxins
d) Alexander Fleming
b) Fermenting milk into yogurt
c) Causing food spoilage
d) None of the above 10. What role do cyanobacteria play in
photosynthesis? a) They produce
carbon dioxide
3. What bacteria is used to produce
b) They produce oxygen
cheese? a) Lactobacillus bulgaricus
c) They consume oxygen
b) Streptococcus thermophilus
d) They decompose organic matter
c) Lactococcus lactis
d) Escherichia coli
The Microbiome
4. Which of the following is NOT a role of
microbes in medicine? a) Producing 11. What is the human microbiome? a) A
antibiotics type of virus
b) Creating vaccines b) A community of microbes living in and
c) Causing diseases on the human body
d) Synthesizing insulin c) A single-celled organism
d) A type of antibiotic
5. What is nitrogen fixation? a) The
process of producing oxygen 12. How do we acquire our microbiome
b) The conversion of nitrogen gas into a before birth? a) Through food
usable form for plants b) From the environment
c) The decomposition of organic waste c) During delivery
d) The fermentation of food d) From vaccines

6. What is the gut microbiome primarily 13. What is the primary function of E. coli in
composed of? a) Viruses the gut? a) Producing toxins
b) Fungi b) Breaking down food
c) Bacteria c) Causing infections
d) Algae d) Producing antibiotics

7. Which of the following is an example of

normal microbiota? a) E. coli from
14. What is the difference between normal b) Carolus Linnaeus
microbiota and transient microbiota? a) c) Louis Pasteur
Normal microbiota are harmful, while d) Robert Koch
transient are beneficial
b) Normal microbiota permanently 20. What is the first part of a scientific name
colonize the body, while transient do not called? a) Specific epithet
c) Transient microbiota are always b) Genus
pathogenic c) Species
d) There is no difference d) Family

15. What was the objective of the Human 21. How are scientific names formatted? a)
Microbiome Project? a) To eradicate all Underlined only
diseases b) Italicized only
b) To identify microbiota in various body c) Both underlined and italicized
regions d) Bolded
c) To create new antibiotics
d) To study only pathogenic microbes 22. What does the genus name
"Escherichia" honor? a) A location
16. What is the National Microbiome b) A researcher
Initiative? a) A project to eliminate all c) A disease
microbes d) A type of food
b) A study of microbiomes across
ecosystems 23. Which of the following is NOT a type of
c) A campaign against antibiotic use microorganism? a) Bacteria
d) A program for vaccine development b) Fungi
c) Mammals
17. What is a traditional view of microbes? d) Viruses
a) They are essential for health
b) They are only harmful 24. What shape is a bacillus? a) Spherical
c) They are beneficial for the b) Rod-shaped
environment c) Corkscrew
d) They are found in all ecosystems d) Spiral

18. Why are microbes ubiquitous? a) They 25. How do bacteria reproduce? a) Budding
can only survive in specific b) Binary fission
environments c) Mitosis
b) They exist in diverse environments d) Meiosis
c) They are only found in the human
body 26. What type of nutrition do cyanobacteria
d) They are only found in soil use? a) Organic
b) Photosynthetic
Naming and Classifying c) Inorganic
d) All of the above
Microorganisms
27. What is a harmful bacterium that causes
19. Who established the system of botulism? a) Lactobacillus
nomenclature for organisms? a) Charles b) Clostridium botulinum
Darwin
 c) Streptococcus 34. What is bioremediation? a) The use of
d) Escherichia coli chemicals to clean up pollutants
b) The use of microbes to clean up
28. What distinguishes archaea from pollutants
bacteria? a) Presence of a nucleus c) The process of creating new
b) Lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls microbes
c) Ability to photosynthesize d) The study of microbial diseases
d) Size
35. Which bacterium is used for insect pest
control? a) Escherichia coli
Microbes and Human Welfare b) Bacillus thuringiensis
c) Streptococcus pneumoniae
29. What percentage of microorganisms are d) Lactobacillus acidophilus
pathogenic? a) 10%
b) 50% 36. What is biotechnology? a) The study of
c) A minority harmful microbes
d) 90% b) The practical applications of
microbiology
30. What do microbes produce that can be c) The eradication of all diseases
used as alternative fuels? a) Carbon d) The classification of microorganisms
dioxide
b) Methane and ethanol 37. What is recombinant DNA technology?
c) Oxygen a) A method to destroy all microbes
d) Nitrogen b) A technique to manipulate DNA for
various applications
31. Who laid the foundation for c) A way to classify organisms
understanding biogeochemical cycles? d) A method to produce antibiotics
a) Louis Pasteur
b) Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei 38. What is gene therapy? a) A method to
Winogradsky create new microbes
c) Robert Koch b) Inserting or replacing genes in human
d) Alexander Fleming cells
c) A way to produce vaccines
32. What do bacteria and fungi do in the d) A technique to study diseases
ecosystem? a) Produce toxins
b) Decompose organic waste
c) Consume oxygen Microbes and Human Disease
d) Cause diseases
39. What is an infectious disease? a) A
33. What is the primary purpose of sewage disease caused by genetic factors
treatment plants? a) To increase b) A disease caused by pathogens
pollution invading a host
b) To remove undesirable materials and c) A disease caused by environmental
harmful microorganisms factors
c) To produce energy d) A disease that cannot be transmitted
d) To create new microbes
40. What is the body's first line of defense
against pathogens? a) Immune
response
 b) Physical barriers like skin c) Protozoa
c) Antibiotics d) Fungi
d) Vaccines
48. What is the expected outcome of
41. What is a biofilm? a) A single-celled vaccination against pertussis? a)
organism Complete eradication of the disease
b) A complex aggregate of microbes b) A significant reduction in cases
c) A type of virus c) Increased cases
d) A harmful bacterium d) No effect on the disease

42. What is a beneficial aspect of biofilms? 49. What is the main reason for the
a) They cause infections resurgence of infectious diseases? a)
b) They clog water pipes Improved healthcare
c) They protect mucous membranes b) Evolutionary changes in pathogens
d) They produce toxins c) Decreased travel
d) Increased sanitation
43. Why are bacteria in biofilms often more
resistant to antibiotics? a) They are 50. What is the role of the immune system
larger in disease resistance? a) To produce
b) They have a protective barrier toxins
c) They reproduce faster b) To recognize and destroy harmful
d) They are more harmful invaders
c) To absorb nutrients
44. What is an emerging infectious disease? d) To produce energy
a) A disease that has been eradicated
b) A new or changing disease becoming
more common
Additional Questions
c) A disease that is always present
d) A disease that only affects animals 51. Which of the following is a characteristic
of viruses? a) They are unicellular
45. What factor contributes to the spread of b) They can reproduce independently
known diseases to new regions? a) c) They require a host cell to reproduce
Modern transportation d) They have a nucleus
b) Decreased human population
c) Improved sanitation 52. What is the primary function of fungi in
d) Increased biodiversity the ecosystem? a) Photosynthesis
b) Decomposition
46. What is the role of cilia in the body? a) c) Nitrogen fixation
To produce energy d) Pathogen production
b) To help move pathogens out of the
respiratory tract 53. What type of microorganism is
c) To absorb nutrients Saccharomyces cerevisiae? a)
d) To produce hormones Bacterium
b) Fungus
47. What is the primary cause of malaria? a) c) Protozoan
Bacteria d) Virus
b) Viruses
54. What is the primary role of algae in b) It controls insect pests without
aquatic ecosystems? a) Decomposing harmful chemicals
organic matter c) It enhances soil fertility
b) Producing oxygen through d) It produces toxins
photosynthesis
c) Causing diseases 62. What is the primary purpose of the
d) Consuming nutrients Human Microbiome Project? a) To
eradicate all diseases
55. What is the main component of bacterial b) To study the role of microbes in
cell walls? a) Cellulose health and disease
b) Chitin c) To create new antibiotics
c) Peptidoglycan d) To classify all microorganisms
d) Silica
63. What is the primary function of the
56. What is the primary method of immune system? a) To produce energy
reproduction for fungi? a) Binary fission b) To recognize and eliminate
b) Budding pathogens
c) Sexual and asexual reproduction c) To absorb nutrients
d) Mitosis d) To produce hormones

57. What is the role of methanogens in the 64. What is the primary role of
environment? a) Producing oxygen cyanobacteria in the environment? a)
b) Producing methane in anaerobic Producing methane
conditions b) Producing oxygen through
c) Decomposing organic matter photosynthesis
d) Causing diseases c) Causing diseases
d) Decomposing organic matter
58. What is the primary function of protozoa
in the ecosystem? a) Photosynthesis 65. What is the primary characteristic of
b) Decomposition archaea? a) Presence of peptidoglycan
c) Consuming organic compounds b) Ability to photosynthesize
d) Nitrogen fixation c) Lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls
d) Unicellular only
59. What is the primary characteristic of
eukaryotic cells? a) Lack of a nucleus 66. What is the primary role of viruses in the
b) Presence of a nucleus ecosystem? a) Decomposing organic
c) Unicellular only matter
d) Prokaryotic structure b) Causing diseases
c) Regulating microbial populations
60. What is the primary role of bacteria in d) Producing oxygen
sewage treatment? a) Producing toxins
b) Decomposing organic materials 67. What is the primary function of the skin
c) Causing diseases in disease resistance? a) Producing
d) Producing methane hormones
b) Acting as a physical barrier
61. What is the primary benefit of using c) Absorbing nutrients
Bacillus thuringiensis in agriculture? a) It d) Producing energy
increases crop yield
68. What is the primary role of the gut 75. What is the primary characteristic of
microbiome? a) Producing toxins eukaryotic cells? a) Lack of a nucleus
b) Aiding in digestion and nutrient b) Presence of a nucleus
absorption c) Unicellular only
c) Causing diseases d) Prokaryotic structure
d) Producing hormones
76. What is the primary role of bacteria in
69. What is the primary benefit of using sewage treatment? a) Producing toxins
microbes in bioremediation? a) They b) Decomposing organic materials
produce toxins c) Causing diseases
b) They clean up pollutants and toxic d) Producing methane
wastes
c) They cause diseases 77. What is the primary benefit of using
d) They increase pollution Bacillus thuringiensis in agriculture? a) It
increases crop yield
70. What is the primary role of fungi in the b) It controls insect pests without
ecosystem? a) Producing oxygen harmful chemicals
b) Decomposing organic matter c) It enhances soil fertility
c) Causing diseases d) It produces toxins
d) Producing methane
78. What is the primary purpose of the
71. What is the primary characteristic of Human Microbiome Project? a) To
bacteria? a) They are multicellular eradicate all diseases
b) They are prokaryotic b) To study the role of microbes in
c) They have a nucleus health and disease
d) They are always harmful c) To create new antibiotics
d) To classify all microorganisms
72. What is the primary role of algae in
aquatic ecosystems? a) Decomposing 79. What is the primary function of the
organic matter immune system? a) To produce energy
b) Producing oxygen through b) To recognize and eliminate
photosynthesis pathogens
c) Causing diseases c) To absorb nutrients
d) Consuming nutrients d) To produce hormones

73. What is the primary function of the 80. What is the primary role of
immune system? a) To produce energy cyanobacteria in the environment? a)
b) To recognize and eliminate Producing methane
pathogens b) Producing oxygen through
c) To absorb nutrients photosynthesis
d) To produce hormones c) Causing diseases
d) Decomposing organic matter
74. What is the primary role of protozoa in
the ecosystem? a) Photosynthesis 81. What is the primary characteristic of
b) Decomposition archaea? a) Presence of peptidoglycan
c) Consuming organic compounds b) Ability to photosynthesize
d) Nitrogen fixation c) Lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls
d) Unicellular only
82. What is the primary role of viruses in the 89. What is the primary function of the
ecosystem? a) Decomposing organic immune system? a) To produce energy
matter b) To recognize and eliminate
b) Causing diseases pathogens
c) Regulating microbial populations c) To absorb nutrients
d) Producing oxygen d) To produce hormones

83. What is the primary function of the skin 90. What is the primary role of protozoa in
in disease resistance? a) Producing the ecosystem? a) Photosynthesis
hormones b) Decomposition
b) Acting as a physical barrier c) Consuming organic compounds
c) Absorbing nutrients d) Nitrogen fixation
d) Producing energy
91. What is the primary characteristic of
84. What is the primary role of the gut eukaryotic cells? a) Lack of a nucleus
microbiome? a) Producing toxins b) Presence of a nucleus
b) Aiding in digestion and nutrient c) Unicellular only
absorption d) Prokaryotic structure
c) Causing diseases
d) Producing hormones 92. What is the primary role of bacteria in
sewage treatment? a) Producing toxins
85. What is the primary benefit of using b) Decomposing organic materials
microbes in bioremediation? a) They c) Causing diseases
produce toxins d) Producing methane
b) They clean up pollutants and toxic
wastes 93. What is the primary benefit of using
c) They cause diseases Bacillus thuringiensis in agriculture? a) It
d) They increase pollution increases crop yield
b) It controls insect pests without
86. What is the primary role of fungi in the harmful chemicals
ecosystem? a) Producing oxygen c) It enhances soil fertility
b) Decomposing organic matter d) It produces toxins
c) Causing diseases
d) Producing methane 94. What is the primary purpose of the
Human Microbiome Project? a) To
87. What is the primary characteristic of eradicate all diseases
bacteria? a) They are multicellular b) To study the role of microbes in
b) They are prokaryotic health and disease
c) They have a nucleus c) To create new antibiotics
d) They are always harmful d) To classify all microorganisms

88. What is the primary role of algae in 95. What is the primary function of the
aquatic ecosystems? a) Decomposing immune system? a) To produce energy
organic matter b) To recognize and eliminate
b) Producing oxygen through pathogens
photosynthesis c) To absorb nutrients
c) Causing diseases d) To produce hormones
d) Consuming nutrients
96. What is the primary role of
cyanobacteria in the environment? a)
Producing methane
b) Producing oxygen through
photosynthesis
c) Causing diseases
d) Decomposing organic matter

97. What is the primary characteristic of

archaea? a) Presence of peptidoglycan
b) Ability to photosynthesize
c) Lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls
d) Unicellular only

98. What is the primary role of viruses in the

ecosystem? a) Decomposing organic
matter
b) Causing diseases
c) Regulating microbial populations
d) Producing oxygen

99. What is the primary function of the skin

in disease resistance? a) Producing
hormones
b) Acting as a physical barrier
c) Absorbing nutrients
d) Producing energy

100. What is the primary role of the

gut microbiome? a) Producing toxins
b) Aiding in digestion and nutrient
absorption
c) Causing diseases
d) Producing hormones
 MODULE 2
environments
b) Air contains microorganisms
c) Spontaneous generation is true
d) Microbes can survive boiling
Quiz: History of Microbiology 9. The First Golden Age of Microbiology is
characterized by advancements in: a)
1. Who was the first to observe "cells" in a Genetic engineering
slice of cork? a) Anton van b) Understanding immunity
Leeuwenhoek c) Viral research
b) Robert Hooke d) Antibiotic resistance
c) Louis Pasteur 10. Pasteur's work on fermentation showed
d) Rudolf Virchow that: a) Yeasts require air to ferment
2. What term did Robert Hooke coin based sugars
on his observations? a) Microorganisms b) Bacteria convert alcohol into vinegar
b) Cells c) Alcohol can be produced without
c) Bacteria microorganisms
d) Germs d) All microorganisms are harmful
3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is known for 11. The Germ Theory of Disease states
observing: a) Viruses that: a) Diseases are caused by bad air
b) Cells b) Microorganisms cause diseases
c) Animalcules c) Diseases are punishments for sins
d) Spores d) All microbes are pathogenic
4. The belief that life could arise from 12. Who linked a silkworm disease to a
nonliving matter is known as: a) protozoan? a) Robert Koch
Biogenesis b) Louis Pasteur
b) Spontaneous generation c) Ignaz Semmelweis
c) Germ theory d) Joseph Lister
d) Aseptic technique 13. What did Joseph Lister introduce to
5. Who conducted experiments with reduce infections in surgery? a) Aseptic
decaying meat to disprove spontaneous techniques
generation? a) John Needham b) Vaccination
b) Louis Pasteur c) Antibiotics
c) Francesco Redi d) Germ theory
d) Lazzaro Spallanzani 14. Robert Koch is known for: a) Developing
6. What did Lazzaro Spallanzani vaccines
demonstrate in his experiments? a) b) Discovering penicillin
Microbes can arise spontaneously c) Establishing Koch's Postulates
b) Microbes can enter sealed flasks d) Proving spontaneous generation
c) Air is necessary for microbial growth 15. Edward Jenner is famous for: a)
d) Microbes can be killed by boiling Discovering antibiotics
7. Who introduced the concept of b) Developing the smallpox vaccine
biogenesis? a) Louis Pasteur c) Proving germ theory
b) Rudolf Virchow d) Inventing the microscope
c) Robert Koch 16. The first synthetic drug, Salvarsan, was
d) Ignaz Semmelweis effective against: a) Tuberculosis
8. Louis Pasteur's S-shaped flask b) Syphilis
experiment demonstrated that: a) c) Malaria
Microbes can grow in sealed d) Smallpox
17. Alexander Fleming discovered: a) 27. The electron microscope was developed
Penicillin in the: a) 1800s
b) Salvarsan b) 1900s
c) Quinine c) 1930s
d) Sulfonamides d) 1950s
18. Antibiotic resistance occurs when: a) 28. The discovery of DNA as the hereditary
Microbes become more virulent material was made by: a) Watson and
b) Microbes evolve to evade antibiotics Crick
c) Antibiotics are used too frequently b) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
d) All of the above c) Beadle and Tatum
19. Bacteriology is the study of: a) Fungi d) Lederberg and Tatum
b) Viruses 29. The process of genetic transfer in
c) Bacteria bacteria is called: a) Transformation
d) Protozoa b) Transduction
20. Mycology is the study of: a) Bacteria c) Conjugation
b) Fungi d) Replication
c) Viruses 30. The study of all an organism's genes is
d) Parasites known as: a) Microbial genetics
21. Parasitology focuses on: a) Bacteria b) Genomics
b) Fungi c) Molecular biology
c) Protozoa and parasitic worms d) Immunology
d) Viruses 31. The first successful vaccine was
22. The smallpox vaccine was developed developed against: a) Polio
by: a) Louis Pasteur b) Smallpox
b) Edward Jenner c) Measles
c) Robert Koch d) Influenza
d) Anton van Leeuwenhoek 32. The term "aseptic technique" refers to:
23. The term "vaccine" is derived from: a) a) Techniques to promote microbial
Latin for "virus" growth
b) Latin for "cow" b) Techniques to prevent contamination
c) Greek for "life" c) Techniques to sterilize equipment
d) Greek for "disease" d) Techniques to identify pathogens
24. The principle of antimicrobial therapy is 33. The discovery of bacterial endospores
based on: a) All chemicals are equally was made by: a) Louis Pasteur
toxic b) Robert Koch
b) Some chemicals are more toxic to c) Ferdinand Cohn
microbes than to hosts d) John Tyndall
c) All microbes are harmful 34. The concept of sterilization was
d) Antibiotics are always effective formalized due to the work of: a) Louis
25. The first antibiotic discovered was: a) Pasteur
Salvarsan b) Robert Koch
b) Quinine c) John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn
c) Penicillin d) Ignaz Semmelweis
d) Sulfonamides 35. The first synthetic antimicrobial drugs
26. The study of viruses is known as: a) were developed in the: a) 1900s
Bacteriology b) 1920s
b) Mycology c) 1930s
c) Virology d) 1940s
d) Parasitology
36. The principle of using weakened b) World War II
pathogens for vaccination was c) The Vietnam War
discovered by: a) Edward Jenner d) The Cold War
b) Louis Pasteur 45. The discovery of the tobacco mosaic
c) Robert Koch virus was made by: a) Dmitri Iwanowski
d) Joseph Lister b) Wendell Stanley
37. The study of immunity is known as: a) c) Louis Pasteur
Microbiology d) Robert Koch
b) Immunology 46. The principle of Koch's Postulates is
c) Virology used to: a) Develop vaccines
d) Bacteriology b) Identify disease-causing microbes
38. The first direct proof that bacteria cause c) Prove spontaneous generation
disease was provided by: a) Louis d) Study microbial genetics
Pasteur 47. The first synthetic drug effective against
b) Robert Koch syphilis was: a) Penicillin
c) Ignaz Semmelweis b) Salvarsan
d) Joseph Lister c) Quinine
39. The term "magic bullet" refers to: a) A d) Sulfonamides
type of vaccine 48. The process of pasteurization was
b) A treatment targeting pathogens developed to: a) Kill harmful
without harming the host microorganisms in food
c) A method of sterilization b) Promote fermentation
d) A type of antibiotic c) Create vaccines
40. The discovery of interferons was d) Isolate pure cultures
significant for: a) Treating bacterial 49. The study of how genetic information is
infections carried in DNA is known as: a)
b) Understanding viral replication Molecular biology
c) Developing vaccines b) Microbial genetics
d) Identifying new pathogens c) Genomics
41. The First Golden Age of Microbiology d) Immunology
occurred between: a) 1600-1700 50. The historical foundations of
b) 1857-1914 microbiology include advancements in:
c) 1920-1940 a) Microscopy and the scientific method
d) 1945-1965 b) Medical microbiology and germ
42. The Second Golden Age of Microbiology theory
focused on: a) Discovering new c) Both a and b
pathogens d) None of the above
b) Finding treatments that destroy 51. The first person to use the term
pathogens "microbiology" was: a) Louis Pasteur
c) Developing vaccines b) Robert Koch
d) Understanding microbial genetics c) Paul Ehrlich
43. The study of genetic inheritance in d) Émile Roux
microorganisms is known as: a) 52. The process of using heat to kill
Molecular biology pathogens in food is called: a)
b) Microbial genetics Fermentation
c) Genomics b) Pasteurization
d) Immunology c) Sterilization
44. The first successful use of antibiotics in d) Aseptic technique
medicine was during: a) World War I
53. The first vaccine developed by Edward c) Beadle and Tatum
Jenner was against: a) Measles d) Paul Berg
b) Smallpox 63. The process of using a weakened or
c) Polio killed pathogen to stimulate immunity is
d) Influenza called: a) Immunization
54. The discovery of penicillin led to the b) Vaccination
development of: a) Vaccines c) Inoculation
b) Antibiotics d) Antisepsis
c) Antiseptics 64. The first person to link a specific
d) Aseptic techniques microorganism to a specific disease
55. The study of the immune response to was: a) Louis Pasteur
pathogens is known as: a) Immunology b) Robert Koch
b) Microbiology c) Edward Jenner
c) Virology d) Joseph Lister
d) Bacteriology 65. The study of the relationship between
56. The first antibiotic used widely in microorganisms and their hosts is
medicine was: a) Tetracycline known as: a) Microbial ecology
b) Penicillin b) Pathology
c) Streptomycin c) Immunology
d) Erythromycin d) Epidemiology
57. The process of introducing a 66. The first synthetic antibiotic was: a)
microorganism into a culture medium is Penicillin
called: a) Isolation b) Sulfonamide
b) Inoculation c) Tetracycline
c) Incubation d) Streptomycin
d) Inhibition 67. The process of using chemicals to kill or
58. The first person to observe bacteria inhibit the growth of microorganisms is
was: a) Robert Hooke called: a) Sterilization
b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek b) Disinfection
c) Louis Pasteur c) Antisepsis
d) Rudolf Virchow d) Aseptic technique
59. The term "aseptic" refers to: a) The 68. The first person to use antiseptics in
presence of pathogens surgery was: a) Louis Pasteur
b) The absence of pathogens b) Joseph Lister
c) The presence of spores c) Robert Koch
d) The absence of air d) Ignaz Semmelweis
60. The study of fungi is known as: a) 69. The study of the spread and control of
Mycology diseases is known as: a) Microbiology
b) Bacteriology b) Epidemiology
c) Virology c) Immunology
d) Parasitology d) Pathology
61. The first successful treatment for 70. The first vaccine developed against
malaria was derived from: a) Penicillin rabies was created by: a) Louis Pasteur
b) Quinine b) Edward Jenner
c) Salvarsan c) Robert Koch
d) Sulfonamides d) Paul Ehrlich
62. The discovery of the structure of DNA 71. The process of using a filter to remove
was made by: a) Watson and Crick bacteria from a liquid is called: a)
b) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Filtration
 b) Pasteurization 80. The first person to discover the role of
c) Sterilization microbes in spoilage was: a) Louis
d) Aseptic technique Pasteur
72. The first person to discover the role of b) Robert Koch
microbes in fermentation was: a) Louis c) Edward Jenner
Pasteur d) Joseph Lister
b) Robert Koch 81. The study of the relationship between
c) Anton van Leeuwenhoek microorganisms and their hosts is
d) Edward Jenner known as: a) Microbial ecology
73. The study of the interactions between b) Pathology
microorganisms and their environment c) Immunology
is known as: a) Microbial ecology d) Epidemiology
b) Pathology 82. The first person to develop a vaccine
c) Immunology against tetanus was: a) Louis Pasteur
d) Epidemiology b) Robert Koch
74. The first person to develop a vaccine c) Edward Jenner
against anthrax was: a) Louis Pasteur d) Paul Ehrlich
b) Robert Koch 83. The process of using a chemical to kill
c) Edward Jenner pathogens in food is called: a)
d) Joseph Lister Pasteurization
75. The process of using heat to sterilize b) Sterilization
equipment is called: a) Pasteurization c) Disinfection
b) Autoclaving d) Aseptic technique
c) Filtration 84. The first person to discover the role of
d) Disinfection microbes in fermentation was: a) Louis
76. The first person to discover the role of Pasteur
microbes in disease was: a) Louis b) Robert Koch
Pasteur c) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b) Robert Koch d) Edward Jenner
c) Edward Jenner 85. The study of the interactions between
d) Joseph Lister microorganisms and their environment
77. The study of the immune system's is known as: a) Microbial ecology
response to pathogens is known as: a) b) Pathology
Immunology c) Immunology
b) Microbiology d) Epidemiology
c) Virology 86. The first person to develop a vaccine
d) Bacteriology against cholera was: a) Louis Pasteur
78. The first person to develop a vaccine b) Robert Koch
against diphtheria was: a) Louis Pasteur c) Edward Jenner
b) Robert Koch d) Paul Ehrlich
c) Edward Jenner 87. The process of using heat to kill
d) Paul Ehrlich pathogens in food is called: a)
79. The process of using a chemical to kill Pasteurization
pathogens on surfaces is called: a) b) Sterilization
Sterilization c) Disinfection
b) Disinfection d) Aseptic technique
c) Antisepsis 88. The first person to discover the role of
d) Aseptic technique microbes in disease was: a) Louis
Pasteur
 b) Robert Koch c) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c) Edward Jenner d) Edward Jenner
d) Joseph Lister 97. The study of the interactions between
89. The study of the immune system's microorganisms and their environment
response to pathogens is known as: a) is known as: a) Microbial ecology
Immunology b) Pathology
b) Microbiology c) Immunology
c) Virology d) Epidemiology
d) Bacteriology 98. The first person to develop a vaccine
90. The first person to develop a vaccine against rabies was: a) Louis Pasteur
against polio was: a) Louis Pasteur b) Edward Jenner
b) Edward Jenner c) Robert Koch
c) Jonas Salk d) Paul Ehrlich
d) Paul Ehrlich 99. The process of using heat to kill
91. The process of using a chemical to kill pathogens in food is called: a)
pathogens on surfaces is called: a) Pasteurization
Sterilization b) Sterilization
b) Disinfection c) Disinfection
c) Antisepsis d) Aseptic technique
d) Aseptic technique 100. The first person to discover the
92. The first person to discover the role of role of microbes in disease was: a)
microbes in spoilage was: a) Louis Louis Pasteur
Pasteur b) Robert Koch
b) Robert Koch c) Edward Jenner
c) Edward Jenner d) Joseph Lister
d) Joseph Lister
93. The study of the relationship between
microorganisms and their hosts is Quiz: History of Microbiology
known as: a) Microbial ecology
b) Pathology 1. Who was the first to observe "cells" in a
c) Immunology slice of cork? a) Anton van
d) Epidemiology Leeuwenhoek
94. The first person to develop a vaccine b) Robert Hooke
against typhoid fever was: a) Louis c) Louis Pasteur
Pasteur d) Rudolf Virchow
b) Robert Koch 2. What term did Robert Hooke coin based
c) Edward Jenner on his observations? a) Microorganisms
d) Paul Ehrlich b) Cells
95. The process of using a chemical to kill c) Bacteria
pathogens in food is called: a) d) Germs
Pasteurization 3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek is known for
b) Sterilization observing: a) Viruses
c) Disinfection b) Cells
d) Aseptic technique c) Animalcules
96. The first person to discover the role of d) Spores
microbes in fermentation was: a) Louis 4. The belief that life could arise from
Pasteur nonliving matter is known as: a)
b) Robert Koch Biogenesis
b) Spontaneous generation
 c) Germ theory 13. What did Joseph Lister introduce to
d) Aseptic technique reduce infections in surgery? a) Aseptic
5. Who conducted experiments with techniques
decaying meat to disprove spontaneous b) Vaccination
generation? a) John Needham c) Antibiotics
b) Louis Pasteur d) Germ theory
c) Francesco Redi 14. Robert Koch is known for: a) Developing
d) Lazzaro Spallanzani vaccines
6. What did Lazzaro Spallanzani b) Discovering penicillin
demonstrate in his experiments? a) c) Establishing Koch's Postulates
Microbes can arise spontaneously d) Proving spontaneous generation
b) Microbes can enter sealed flasks 15. Edward Jenner is famous for: a)
c) Air is necessary for microbial growth Discovering antibiotics
d) Microbes can be killed by boiling b) Developing the smallpox vaccine
7. Who introduced the concept of c) Proving germ theory
biogenesis? a) Louis Pasteur d) Inventing the microscope
b) Rudolf Virchow 16. The first synthetic drug, Salvarsan, was
c) Robert Koch effective against: a) Tuberculosis
d) Ignaz Semmelweis b) Syphilis
8. Louis Pasteur's S-shaped flask c) Malaria
experiment demonstrated that: a) d) Smallpox
Microbes can grow in sealed 17. Alexander Fleming discovered: a)
environments Penicillin
b) Air contains microorganisms b) Salvarsan
c) Spontaneous generation is true c) Quinine
d) Microbes can survive boiling d) Sulfonamides
9. The First Golden Age of Microbiology is 18. Antibiotic resistance occurs when: a)
characterized by advancements in: a) Microbes become more virulent
Genetic engineering b) Microbes evolve to evade antibiotics
b) Understanding immunity c) Antibiotics are used too frequently
c) Viral research d) All of the above
d) Antibiotic resistance 19. Bacteriology is the study of: a) Fungi
10. Pasteur's work on fermentation showed b) Viruses
that: a) Yeasts require air to ferment c) Bacteria
sugars d) Protozoa
b) Bacteria convert alcohol into vinegar 20. Mycology is the study of: a) Bacteria
c) Alcohol can be produced without b) Fungi
microorganisms c) Viruses
d) All microorganisms are harmful d) Parasites
11. The Germ Theory of Disease states 21. Parasitology focuses on: a) Bacteria
that: a) Diseases are caused by bad air b) Fungi
b) Microorganisms cause diseases c) Protozoa and parasitic worms
c) Diseases are punishments for sins d) Viruses
d) All microbes are pathogenic 22. The smallpox vaccine was developed
12. Who linked a silkworm disease to a by: a) Louis Pasteur
protozoan? a) Robert Koch b) Edward Jenner
b) Louis Pasteur c) Robert Koch
c) Ignaz Semmelweis d) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
d) Joseph Lister
23. The term "vaccine" is derived from: a) 32. The term "aseptic technique" refers to:
Latin for "virus" a) Techniques to promote microbial
b) Latin for "cow" growth
c) Greek for "life" b) Techniques to prevent contamination
d) Greek for "disease" c) Techniques to sterilize equipment
24. The principle of antimicrobial therapy is d) Techniques to identify pathogens
based on: a) All chemicals are equally 33. The discovery of bacterial endospores
toxic was made by: a) Louis Pasteur
b) Some chemicals are more toxic to b) Robert Koch
microbes than to hosts c) Ferdinand Cohn
c) All microbes are harmful d) John Tyndall
d) Antibiotics are always effective 34. The concept of sterilization was
25. The first antibiotic discovered was: a) formalized due to the work of: a) Louis
Salvarsan Pasteur
b) Quinine b) Robert Koch
c) Penicillin c) John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn
d) Sulfonamides d) Ignaz Semmelweis
26. The study of viruses is known as: a) 35. The first synthetic antimicrobial drugs
Bacteriology were developed in the: a) 1900s
b) Mycology b) 1920s
c) Virology c) 1930s
d) Parasitology d) 1940s
27. The electron microscope was developed 36. The principle of using weakened
in the: a) 1800s pathogens for vaccination was
b) 1900s discovered by: a) Edward Jenner
c) 1930s b) Louis Pasteur
d) 1950s c) Robert Koch
28. The discovery of DNA as the hereditary d) Joseph Lister
material was made by: a) Watson and 37. The study of immunity is known as: a)
Crick Microbiology
b) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty b) Immunology
c) Beadle and Tatum c) Virology
d) Lederberg and Tatum d) Bacteriology
29. The process of genetic transfer in 38. The first direct proof that bacteria cause
bacteria is called: a) Transformation disease was provided by: a) Louis
b) Transduction Pasteur
c) Conjugation b) Robert Koch
d) Replication c) Ignaz Semmelweis
30. The study of all an organism's genes is d) Joseph Lister
known as: a) Microbial genetics 39. The term "magic bullet" refers to: a) A
b) Genomics type of vaccine
c) Molecular biology b) A treatment targeting pathogens
d) Immunology without harming the host
31. The first successful vaccine was c) A method of sterilization
developed against: a) Polio d) A type of antibiotic
b) Smallpox 40. The discovery of interferons was
c) Measles significant for: a) Treating bacterial
d) Influenza infections
b) Understanding viral replication
 c) Developing vaccines b) Microbial genetics
d) Identifying new pathogens c) Genomics
41. The first golden age of microbiology d) Immunology
occurred between: a) 1600-1700 50. The historical foundations of
b) 1857-1914 microbiology include advancements in:
c) 1920-1940 a) Microscopy and the scientific method
d) 1945-1965 b) Medical microbiology and germ
42. The second golden age of microbiology theory
focused on: a) Discovering new c) Both a and b
pathogens d) None of the above
b) Finding treatments that destroy
pathogens
c) Developing vaccines
d) Understanding microbial genetics
43. The study of genetic inheritance in
microorganisms is known as: a)
Molecular biology
b) Microbial genetics
c) Genomics
d) Immunology
44. The first successful use of antibiotics in
medicine was during: a) World War I
b) World War II
c) The Vietnam War
d) The Cold War
45. The discovery of the tobacco mosaic
virus was made by: a) Dmitri Iwanowski
b) Wendell Stanley
c) Louis Pasteur
d) Robert Koch
46. The principle of Koch's Postulates is
used to: a) Develop vaccines
b) Identify disease-causing microbes
c) Prove spontaneous generation
d) Study microbial genetics
47. The first synthetic drug effective against
syphilis was: a) Penicillin
b) Salvarsan
c) Quinine
d) Sulfonamides
48. The process of pasteurization was
developed to: a) Kill harmful
microorganisms in food
b) Promote fermentation
c) Create vaccines
d) Isolate pure cultures
49. The study of how genetic information is
carried in DNA is known as: a)
Molecular biology
 MODULE 3
c) Aid in nutrient absorption
d) Protect against phagocytosis
10. What are fimbriae? a) Long, whip-like
structures
1. What is the typical size range of most b) Short, hairlike appendages
bacteria? a) 0.1 to 1.0 μm c) Structures for DNA replication
b) 0.2 to 2.0 μm d) Components of the cell wall
c) 1.0 to 10.0 μm 11. What is the primary function of the
d) 2.0 to 20.0 μm bacterial cell wall? a) Energy production
2. Which of the following shapes describes b) Protecting the plasma membrane
cocci? a) Rod-shaped c) Protein synthesis
b) Spiral d) DNA replication
c) Spherical 12. What is the composition of the bacterial
d) All of the above cell wall? a) Cellulose
3. What term describes cocci that remain b) Peptidoglycan
in pairs after division? a) Streptococci c) Chitin
b) Tetrads d) Lipopolysaccharides
c) Diplococci 13. Which type of bacteria has a thick
d) Sarcinae peptidoglycan layer? a) Gram-negative
4. Bacilli divide across which axis? a) Long b) Gram-positive
axis c) Both
b) Short axis d) Neither
c) Both axes 14. What are teichoic acids? a)
d) None of the above Components of the outer membrane
5. What is the term for bacteria that have a b) Found in Gram-negative bacteria
helical shape? a) Cocci c) Present in Gram-positive cell walls
b) Bacilli d) A type of ribosome
c) Spirilla 15. What is the periplasmic space? a) The
d) Vibrios space between the plasma membrane
6. What is the glycocalyx? a) A type of and the cell wall
bacteria b) The area inside the nucleus
b) A structure found in eukaryotic cells c) The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
c) A viscous substance secreted by d) The outer membrane of Gram-
prokaryotes negative bacteria
d) A type of ribosome 16. What is the function of
7. What are the long, few projections used lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Gram-
for locomotion in eukaryotic cells called? negative bacteria? a) Provide structural
a) Cilia integrity
b) Flagella b) Act as an endotoxin
c) Pili c) Aid in nutrient absorption
d) Fimbriae d) Both a and b
8. What are archaella? a) Structures found 17. What is the primary role of the plasma
in eukaryotic cells membrane? a) Energy production
b) A type of bacterial flagella b) Protecting the cell from the
c) Projections in motile archaeal cells environment
d) A type of ribosome c) Regulating the movement of
9. What is the function of axial filaments in substances in and out of the cell
spirochetes? a) Provide rigidity d) Protein synthesis
b) Enable corkscrew motion
18. What is osmosis? a) Movement of b) Protein modification and sorting
solutes across a membrane c) DNA replication
b) Movement of water across a d) Photosynthesis
selectively permeable membrane 27. Which organelle is responsible for ATP
c) Active transport of ions production? a) Ribosome
d) Diffusion of gases b) Nucleus
19. What are inclusions in prokaryotic cells? c) Mitochondria
a) Structures for energy production d) Golgi apparatus
b) Reserve deposits within the 28. What is the function of lysosomes? a)
cytoplasm Energy production
c) Components of the cell wall b) Digestion of macromolecules
d) Types of ribosomes c) Protein synthesis
20. What is the nucleoid? a) A type of d) Photosynthesis
ribosome 29. What is the primary function of
b) The region containing DNA in chloroplasts? a) Energy production
prokaryotic cells b) Photosynthesis
c) The outer membrane of Gram- c) Protein synthesis
negative bacteria d) DNA replication
d) A type of inclusion 30. What is the cytoskeleton? a) A type of
21. What is the function of ribosomes? a) ribosome
DNA replication b) A network of protein filaments that
b) Protein synthesis provide structure
c) Energy production c) The outer membrane of eukaryotic
d) Cell division cells
22. What are endospores? a) Structures for d) A type of inclusion
nutrient absorption 31. What is the function of vacuoles in plant
b) Highly durable dehydrated cells cells? a) Energy production
c) Components of the cell wall b) Storage of substances
d) Types of ribosomes c) Protein synthesis
23. Which of the following is NOT a function d) Photosynthesis
of the bacterial cell wall? a) Preventing 32. What is the primary component of the
osmotic lysis plasma membrane? a) Proteins
b) Providing energy b) Nucleic acids
c) Maintaining cell shape c) Lipids
d) Anchoring flagella d) Carbohydrates
24. What is the main difference between 33. What is the role of the endoplasmic
Gram-positive and Gram-negative reticulum (ER)? a) Energy production
bacteria? a) Size b) Protein and lipid synthesis
b) Shape c) DNA replication
c) Cell wall composition d) Photosynthesis
d) Motility 34. What is the function of peroxisomes? a)
25. What color do Gram-positive bacteria Energy production
appear after Gram staining? a) Pink b) Breakdown of fatty acids and
b) Purple detoxification
c) Green c) Protein synthesis
d) Blue d) Photosynthesis
26. What is the role of the Golgi apparatus 35. What is the primary function of
in eukaryotic cells? a) Energy centrioles? a) Energy production
production b) Cell division
 c) Protein synthesis 44. What is the primary function of the Golgi
d) Photosynthesis apparatus? a) Energy production
36. What is the main difference between b) Protein modification and sorting
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a) Size c) DNA replication
b) Presence of a nucleus d) Photosynthesis
c) Shape 45. What is the function of the cytoplasm in
d) All of the above prokaryotic cells? a) Energy production
37. What is the function of the outer b) Site of metabolic reactions
membrane in Gram-negative bacteria? c) Storage of genetic information
a) Provides rigidity d) Protein synthesis
b) Acts as a barrier to harmful 46. What is the primary function of the
substances mitochondria? a) Energy production
c) Aids in nutrient absorption b) Protein synthesis
d) Both b and c c) DNA replication
38. What is the role of the ribosomal RNA d) Photosynthesis
(rRNA) in ribosomes? a) Energy 47. What is the role of the endoplasmic
production reticulum (ER)? a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis b) Protein and lipid synthesis
c) DNA replication c) DNA replication
d) Photosynthesis d) Photosynthesis
39. What is the primary function of the 48. What is the primary function of
nucleus in eukaryotic cells? a) Energy lysosomes? a) Energy production
production b) Digestion of macromolecules
b) Storage of genetic information c) Protein synthesis
c) Protein synthesis d) Photosynthesis
d) Photosynthesis 49. What is the primary function of
40. What is the function of the plasma chloroplasts? a) Energy production
membrane in prokaryotic cells? a) b) Photosynthesis
Energy production c) Protein synthesis
b) Protecting the cell from the d) DNA replication
environment 50. What is the primary function of the
c) Regulating the movement of cytoskeleton? a) Energy production
substances in and out of the cell b) Provide structural support
d) Both b and c c) Protein synthesis
41. What is the primary component of the
bacterial cell wall? a) Cellulose
b) Peptidoglycan
c) Chitin
d) Lipopolysaccharides
42. What is the function of gas vacuoles in
bacteria? a) Energy production
b) Maintain buoyancy
c) Protein synthesis
d) Photosynthesis
43. What is the role of magnetosomes in
bacteria? a) Energy production
b) Movement toward magnetic fields
c) Protein synthesis
d) Photosynthesis
 Answers MODULE 3 33. b

1. b 34. b

2. c 35. b

3. c 36. b

4. b 37. d

5. c 38. b

6. c 39. b

7. b 40. d

8. c 41. b

9. b 42. b

10. b 43. b

11. b 44. b

12. b 45. b

13. b 46. a

14. c 47. b

15. a 48. b

16. d 49. b

17. c 50. b

18. b
Answer Key: MODULE 2
19. b
PART 1
20. b
1. b
21. b
2. b
22. b
3. c
23. b
4. b
24. c
5. c
25. b
6. b
26. b
7. b
27. c
8. b
28. b
9. b
29. b
10. b
30. b
11. b
31. b
12. b
32. c
13. a 47. b
14. c 48. a
15. b 49. a
16. b 50. c
17. a 51. d
18. d 52. b
19. c 53. b
20. b 54. b
21. c 55. a
22. b 56. b
23. b 57. b
24. b 58. b
25. c 59. b
26. c 60. a
27. c 61. b
28. b 62. a
29. c 63. b
30. b 64. b
31. b 65. a
32. b 66. b
33. c 67. b
34. c 68. b
35. c 69. b
36. b 70. a
37. b 71. a
38. b 72. a
39. b 73. a
40. b 74. a
41. b 75. b
42. b 76. b
43. b 77. a
44. b 78. a
45. a 79. b
46. b 80. a
81. a 12. b
82. a 13. a
83. a 14. c
84. a 15. b
85. a 16. b
86. a 17. a
87. a 18. d
88. b 19. c
89. a 20. b
90. c 21. c
91. b 22. b
92. a 23. b
93. a 24. b
94. a 25. c
95. a 26. c
96. a 27. c
97. a 28. b
98. a 29. c
99. a 30. b
100. b 31. b
32. b
Answer Key: MODULE 2 33. c
PART 2 34. c
1. b 35. c
2. b 36. b
3. c 37. b
4. b 38. b
5. c 39. b
6. b 40. b
7. b 41. b
8. b 42. b
9. b 43. b
10. b 44. b
11. b 45. a
46. b 22. b
47. b 23. c
48. a 24. b
49. a 25. b
50. c 26. b
27. b
Microbes and Their Role in 28. b
Daily Life
1. b Microbes and Human Welfare
2. b 29. c
3. c 30. b
4. c 31. b
5. b 32. b
6. c 33. b
7. b 34. b
8. b 35. b
9. c 36. b
10. b 37. b
38. b
The Microbiome
11. b Microbes and Human Disease
12. c 39. b
13. b 40. b
14. b 41. b
15. b 42. c
16. b 43. b
17. b 44. b
18. b 45. a
46. b
Naming and Classifying
47. c
Microorganisms
48. b
19. b
49. b
20. b
50. b
21. c
 Additional Questions 83. b

51. c 84. b

52. b 85. b

53. b 86. b

54. b 87. b

55. c 88. b

56. c 89. b

57. b 90. c

58. c 91. b

59. b 92. b

60. b 93. b

61. b 94. b

62. b 95. b

63. b 96. b

64. b 97. c

65. c 98. c

66. c 99. b

67. b 100. b

68. b
69. b
70. b
71. b
72. b
73. b
74. c
75. b
76. b
77. b
78. b
79. b
80. b
81. c
82. c
51.
d) Photosynthesis