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Chapter 7: Pollution and Climate Change

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 Chapter 7

Pollution and Climate Change

The term pollution is derived from the Latin word pollutus, which means foul, unclean or dirty.
The pollution started with the start of human civilization but the problem was negligible during
those days. The pollution is an emerging issue in Bhutan. The pollution result from human
activity causing the release of waste substance into the air, water and land to a damaging level.
The waste substances include smoke, dust, exhaust fumes, household sewage, general wastes and
agricultural chemicals. The released substances harm the health of the living being and also
affect the environment. The increasing level of gaseous pollutants such as carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere leads to global warming and climate change.

1. Pollution
Learning objectives
On completion of this topic, you should be able to
 define pollution and pollutants.
 classify different types of pollutants.

Pollution is a serious problem today around the world. Pollution is associated with the human
activities. Human activities release substances to our environment. The release of substances to a
damaging level by human or natural happenings is called pollution. Pollution is defined as the
release of substances in a quantity that harms the health, welfare and comforts of living beings in
the environment. The substance which causes pollution is known as pollutants. Pollutants can be
solid, liquid or gaseous substances. Pollutants are generally waste products or by-products. They
cause potential or actual adverse effect on living beings and the constituent of the environment.
Pollutants after release continue to remain in the environment. Pollutants can be categorized in
two ways:
i. based on source
ii. based on their degradability
Based on the sources

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  Natural pollutants
The natural pollutants are produced in nature by natural processes and phenomenon. For
example, certain hydrocarbons such as methane produced by anaerobic decay or organic
matter, volcanic gases and ashes and solar radiations in the atmosphere.
Artificial or man-made pollutants
The artificial pollutants are produced by human activities. Pollutants include CO and CO2 by
combustion of fossil fuels, use of pesticides, motor vehicle exhaust emitted pollutants (oxides
of nitrogen, sulphur, particulate, lead etc), petroleum spilled in oceans by carrier tankers,
municipal and industrial effluents and etc, in industrial and agriculture sector.

Based on degradability
 Biodegradable
The pollutants that can be rapidly decomposed by microorganisms or natural processes are
called biodegradable pollutant. They are domestic waste may create problems when they
accumulate in access.
 Non-biodegradable
The pollutants that do not degrade or degrade only very slowly in the natural environment
are called non-degradable pollutants. They are not recycled in ecosystem naturally and
remain in nature for decade. They include poisonous substances like aluminum cans,
mercuric salts, and etc.
Types of Pollution
Activity 7.1 Naming the types of pollution
Complete the following Table 7.1
Table 7.1
Picture List the common Name the type of pollution
pollutants found

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 It has already been mentioned that pollution includes release of substances in the atmosphere
which makes the air unsuitable for breathing, destroys the quality of water and soil which
harm the health of human being, plants and animals. There are also the other forms of
pollutants like noise and radioactive substance which are spreading widely through the
atmosphere posing a threat to human health. There are five types of pollutions. They are
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Land pollution
 Noise pollution
 Thermal pollution
However, in the following topics we will study air, water and land pollution.

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2. Air Pollution
Learning objectives
On completion of this topic, you should be able to
 identify the causes and effects of indoor air pollution on human health.
 discuss the effects of different outdoor air pollutants on human health.
 describe the effects of acid rain and ozone layer depletion.
 suggest the possible ways to reduce air pollution at individual and household level.
 create public awareness on effects of air pollution on human health and environment.

Gases present in the atmosphere are in definite quantity and ratio. The rapid progress in
urbanization, industrialization, and vehicular growth contribute to release of undesirable
substances that change the basic composition of the air. The undesirable changes in the air
are called air pollution. The substances that are responsible for air pollution are known as
air pollutants. Pollutants are released from natural as well as from human activities. The
natural sources include volcanoes, wild fire, plants, solar radiations and human sources are
factories, industries, automobiles and etc. The pollutants are categorized as gaseous
substances and particulates.
 Gaseous pollutants are the oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrogen sulphide,
hydrocarbons and ozone.
 Particulates, also known as suspended particulate matter (SPM) includes different kinds
of solid particles and liquid droplets found floating in the air for long periods.

Types of air pollution

The air pollution is categorized into indoor air pollution and outdoor air pollution. Indoor air
pollution is contamination of air inside the building by tobacco smoke; burning of wood, coal,
fuel, heating appliances, vapour from building materials, paint and etc. The quality of indoor air
affects the health of individual living inside the building. Indoor air pollution is considered to
have higher-risk to human health than outdoor air pollution. It depends on the concentration of
pollutants in the indoor environment and the amount of time spent indoor. Some outdoor air
pollutants contribute to indoor air pollution

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Activity 7.2: Identifying the sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution
Read the key and identify the sources of indoor and outdoor air pollution.

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 i. Name the pollutants that pollute indoor air?
ii. Suggest the ways to prevent indoor air pollution?

A healthy indoor air is important to you and your family. The common sources and effects of
indoor pollutions are given in the Table 7.2
Table 7.2: The common sources and effects of indoor pollution
Source Pollutant Effects
Gas stove, kerosene CO and NO Headaches, drowsiness, irregular heartbeat
heaters and woodstoves. and death. Itchy eyes, Irritate lungs, children’s
colds, and headaches.
Pet and indoor plants Particulates (pet Irritate lungs, asthma attack, itchy eyes, runny
dander, pollens nose and lung disease.
etc). Causes allergy.
Tobacco Benzo-α-pyrene Lung cancers, respiratory ailments and heart
diseases.
Air fresheners, mothball Para- Cancer
crystals. dichlorobenzene
Pipe insulation, vinyl Asbestos Lung disease and lung cancers
ceilings and floor tiles
Carpets and plastic Styrene Kidney and liver damage
products
Paint Methylene Nerve disorder
chloride
Washroom and kitchen Bacteria mould Infections and diseases
and mildew.
(Source: G Tyler Miller, Jr. & Scott Spoolman (2008). Environmental science. Mexico:
Thomson Learning Inc. Bp 354)

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 Outdoor air pollution
The presence of solids, liquids and gaseous substances in outdoor air in the quantity that has
impact on human health and the environment is called outdoor air pollution. The outdoor air
pollutants are classified into two categories as primary pollutants and secondary pollutants.
Primary pollutants are harmful chemicals released directly into the air. In the atmosphere,
the primary pollutants may react with one another or with basic components of air to form
new harmful chemicals called secondary pollutant. For example, SO2 is a primary pollutant
where as SO3 is secondary pollutant.
Causes
i. Carbon monoxide (CO)
The incomplete burning of carbon-containing materials produces carbon monoxide.
Major sources are motor vehicle exhaust, burning of forests, tobacco smoke, and cooking
with inefficient stoves or ovens. Carbon monoxide is highly unstable and gets converted
into carbon dioxide.
ii. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Excess of CO2 in the atmosphere comes from human activities like industrial activities,
burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
iii. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Sulphur dioxide gas is produced by burning of coal, coke, diesel and others
iv. Nitrogen oxide (NO)
Nitrogen oxide forms when nitrogen and oxygen burns at high temperatures in
automobile engines and coal-burning power plants.
v. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are released from industries, automobiles and organic solvents.
vi. Ozone (O3)
Ozone is a gas with a molecular formula O3. It is produced when light interacts with
nitrogen oxide. In the atmosphere oxygen is reduced by ultraviolet light to nitrogen
monoxide and atomic oxygen.
NO2 NO + O
Atomic oxygen reacts with oxygen to form ozone.
O2 +O O3

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vii. Particulates pollutants
Particulates are released from natural sources such as dusts, fires and from human
activities such as ploughed fields, road construction, unpaved roads, tobacco smoke, coal
burning, electric power, industrial plants and motor vehicles.

Effect of outdoor air pollution

i. CO is a highly toxic gas. CO reacts with hemoglobin in red blood cells and reduces the
ability of blood to transport oxygen to body cells and tissues. At high concentration CO
causes headache, nausea, drowsiness, mental impairment, unconsciousness and even
death.
ii. Increasing levels of CO2 contribute to green house effect, warming of the atmosphere and
climate change.
iii. Sulphur dioxide causes disease of the respiratory systems like bronchitis and asthma.
iv. Nitrogen oxides can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat. It also affects people with lung
ailments such as asthma and bronchitis.
v. Hydrocarbons interact with other gases and forms toxic by-product benzopyrene which is
carcinogenic.
vi. Smog is the combination of smoke and fog. Smog forms a brownish-yellow or grayish-
white haze in the air, primarily over urban areas and especially. It impairs visibility by
scattering of light.
vii. High concentration of ozone in the air near the ground level causes breathing problems,
aggravates lung and heart diseases, reduces resistance to colds, pneumonia and etc.
viii. Particulates
Particulates can irritate the nose and throat, damages the lungs, aggravate asthma and
bronchitis and shortens life. Toxic particles such as lead, cadmium and etc can cause
mutations, impotency and cancers.
ix. Acid Rain
After the release of the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen into the atmosphere they get
oxidized into acids.
The oxide of sulphur in the atmosphere gets converted into SO3. This is represented by
the following chemical equations:

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 2SO2 + O2 2SO3
When SO3 and NO2 dissolve in rain water, they form strong acids like sulphuric acid
(H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) and falls as acid rain. Acid rain may be defined as
precipitation in the form of rain, fog, mist and snow which is acidic with dissolved SO2
and NO2.
Affects of Acid rain

 Acid rain increase soil acidity.

 It corrodes buildings, statues, bridges, fences, railings etc.
 It causes acidification of water bodies.
 It reduces crop productivity
 It harms human health.

Control of air pollution

Activity 7.3 Finding solutions to reduce air pollution
Look at the pictures of human activity given in the Table 7.3. Suggest the possible control
measure for each human activity to reduce air pollution.
Table 7.3
Human activity Possible suggested solutions or actions
 Expand public transport services within the city
areas.
 Encourage healthy life style ( walk and cycling)
 Encourage your family to use public transport when
commuting..
 Promote cleaner technologies for the industries.
 Locate all the industries and factories at one place.

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  Create awareness on pollution by forestfire
 Impose stringent fine to the offender

 Import of premium quality diesel and petrol.

 Encourage the import of electric powered
automobiles.

 Encourage the use of electric appliances for cooking

and heating purposes.

Questions
1. Identify the following pollutants as primary and secondary pollutants.
CO, SO2, NO, SO3, HNO3, CO2, He2SO4, NO2, O3
Primary- CO, SO2, NO, CO2
Secondary- O3, SO3, HNO3, He2SO4
2. Answer the following questions using the given information.
a. Why is ozone layer depletion harmful to human?
 the ozone layer prevents most harmful ultraviolet
radiation from passing through the atmosphere.
 skin cancer and cataracts

Because
………………………………………………………………………..ozone
depletion will cause………………………………

b. Why do you think acid rain is the result of human activity?

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  automobiles and industrial production release large
amounts of acidic gases
 the acidic gases dissolve in the rain

Acid rain is a problem caused by humans because……………………..

when……………………. the rain then turns into acid rain.

3. Water pollution

Learning objectives

On completion of this topic, you should be able to

 explain water pollution.

 identify sources water pollution.
 discuss the cause and effect of water pollution
 illustrate the process of eutrophication
 .describe various preventive measures of water pollution.

Water is a substance which is required by all living beings for sustaining life. Rivers, streams,
springs and lakes are the main sources of water in our country. Many of our water sources are
getting polluted day by day by natural and human activities.

Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharge into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove the harmful compound. Therefore,water pollution is contamination of water
bodies (e.g lakes,river,oceans and ground water).

The pollution can be classified as point source and non point source pollution. If pollutants come
from a single and identifiable source is known point-source pollution. For examples sewage

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pipe from a company, oil leak from oil drill platform and others. The water pollutants from many
different scattered sources are called nonpoint-source pollution. For example pollutants that
enter the water supply from soils, ground water and from the atmosphere in the form of acid rain.
Activity 7.4 Identify the sources of water pollution
Carefully examine the illustration Figure 7.1 and answer the questions.

Figure 7.1 various sources of water pollution

Source: Retrived from http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1225/

i. Identify the various sources of water pollution.

Untreated sewage, industrial wastes, surface run of water acid rain and others
ii. What are other sources of pollution that are not visible in the illustration?
Faming and use of pesticide in the field
iii. Draw a simple illustration of water pollution in your community.
( their own illustration)

Water pollutants

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 There are many sources of land pollutants. Some the pollutants are microorganisms,
pesticide, heavy metals, silts and radioactive substance.

Table 7.4 major categories of water pollutants

Category Examples Sources

Biological agent Bacteria, virus, protozoa and Human and animal waste, domestic
parasitic worm sewage

Organic chemicals Oil, gasoline, plastic, Industrial effluent, household

cleaning solvent, and cleansers, surface runoff from farms
detergents. and yards.

Plant nutrients Water soluble compounds Sewage, manure and runoff of

containing nitrate, phosphate agriculture
and ammonia

Sediments Soil and silt Land erosion due to agriculture and

strip mining

Inorganic chemicals Compound of toxic metal, Indusial effluents household

leads, arsenic and fluoride cleansers, chemicals used for killing
insects, fungi and weeds in
agricultural land

Radioactive Radioactive isotopes of Nuclear power station plant, mining

substances iodine, uranium and thorium of uranium containing minerals,
nuclear weapon production

Heat (Thermal Excessive heat Water used for cooling in industries

pollution)

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Effects of water pollution
i. Effects the human health
Water polluted with human and animal wastes can spread typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea and
other diseases.
ii. Depletion of dissolved oxygen
Microorganisms such as bacteria are responsible for decomposing organic waste. When
organic matter such as dead plants, leaves, manure, sewage, or even food wastes are
present in a water supply, the bacteria will begin the process of breaking down these waste.
When this happens, much of the available dissolved oxygen is consumed by aerobic
bacteria. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will be a lot
of bacteria working to decompose this waste. In such case, the demand for oxygen will be
very high. As the wastes are consumed or dispersed through the water, Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) levels will begin to decline. Biological Oxygen Demand is a measure of
the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste.

ii. Reduce oxygenation of water

Oil present on the surface of water prevents water oxygenation. This reduces respiration
and metabolism in aquatic organism leading to dead.
iii. Eutrophication is intensified.
Eutrophication is a major environmental concern for lakes, tributaries, rivers, estuaries
and coastal waters. Eutrophication refers to an increase in nutrients, especially nitrogen
and phosphorus, which leads to an explosive increase in the growth of algae, called algal
blooms. The major source of nutrients is the chemical fertilizer applied on the agriculture
fields. There are two types of eutrophication: natural and cultural.

Natural eutrophication

Over centuries, gradual buildup of nutrients, sediments and organic material begin to fill
many lake basins. As the lakes become more eutrophic, they are able to support more
living organisms.

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 Cultural Eutrophication

The alteration of nutrient input to water basins by human activity can dramatically
increase eutrophication, leading to major ecological changes in decades, rather than
centuries. Cultural eutrophication is primarily associated with phosphorus, which is found
in fertilizers and untreated sewage. Phosphorus has been found to be one of the strongest
stimulators of algae growth. The primary source of man-caused sedimentary
eutrophication is soil erosion caused by the removal of trees and vegetation. The health of
aquatic habitats is directly tied to the human activity that takes place throughout the
entirety of their watersheds.

Activity 7.5 Illustrate process of eutrophication

Copy and complete the Table 7.5 using given word or phrase and answer the question
given below.
Eutrophication, Chemical fertilizer, Soluble, Water bodies, Alga, plants, oxygen

Table 7.5

Process Phenomenon

In order to increase farm productivity , many farmers

resort to use

The chemical fertilizer is ……..in water. The residues

of chemical fertilizer in the soil dissolve in rain water.

Rain water carries the dissolved chemical fertilizer into

When water body becomes rich in nutrients and it

enhances the growth of ……………….

Intensive spreading of alga on the surface of water

body prevents sunlight reaching at the bottom thereby

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 leading to death of many aquatic.

Decomposers break the dead plants using dissolved

oxygen. In the process ….get depleted.

Subsequently aquatic animals die due to lack of food

and oxygen. This process is called………………….

i. Explain the process of eutrophication

Descried the sequence shown in the table
ii. What is the main cause of eutrophication in the above given process?
Excessive use of chemical ferrtilizers
iii. Suggest the ways to lower the intensity of eutrophication?
Educating farmer, reduce and encourage the use of organic fertilizer

Measures to control water pollution

i. The sewage must be treated before it is released into water body.
ii. Provide education to famers about uses of chemical harmful effect of fertilizer
iii. Encourage people use organic fertilizer (compost manure).
iv. Create awareness to the public about effect of water of water

Questions

1. Differentiate between the natural and cultural eutrophication?

2. Descried the various sources of water pollution.
3. Why is not advisable to eat the fishes from polluted water body?
4. Suggest atleast four ways to control the land pollution

4. Land pollution

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On completion of this topic, you should be able to:
 explain land pollution.
 discuss causes and effects of land pollution.
 describe biomagnifications.
 identify the effects of pesticide pollution.
 Practice various methods to control pollution.
 analyze the various pollution presentation drive.

The undesirable change in the composition of soil is called land pollution. Land pollution is also
known as soil pollution. Land pollution is brought by poor agricultural practices, mineral
exploitation, industrial waste dumping, and improper disposal of wastes. The main reason for the
soil contaminated is man-made waste because our waste contains full of chemicals that are not
originally found in nature and this lead to soil pollution. For examples chemical fertilizers like
suphala, potash, urea and other.

Activity 7.6 identifying the solid pollutants

Instructions: Figure 7.2 and 7.3 are two ways of soil pollution
Observe the figures carefully and answer the following question

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 Figure 7.2 Figure7.3

1. What kinds of pollution do you expect in each the figure 7.2 and 7.3?
Fig 1 –solid waste fig 2- chemical pollution
2. What are the sources of land pollution?
Solid waste from home and city, chemical fertilizers/pesticide applied in the field.
3. What differences and similarity do you see in the above figure?
Similarity both pollutes the soil
Differences: In fig.4.1 Solid wastes (non biodegradable) that remains for long time
In fig.4.2 liquid spray to kill the pesticide ultimately selttle doam to the ground

4. Why some of the solid wastes bring pollution to soil?

Takes longer time to decompose like plastics, rubber and glass
5. What are the some of ways to overcome this problem?

Land pollutants and causes

i. Poor agricultural practices

Farmers often use pesticides and herbicides to get rid of pests and weeds from their farmland.
They also use chemical fertilizers like potash, urea suphala and others to increase the
productivity of the farm yield. However, excessive such chemicals result in contamination and
poisoning of soil
ii. Solid waste
Solid waste is the major source of land pollution. The solid waste includes plastic products,
cans, electric goods, rubber, glass and metals are non biodegradable. Some of the sources of
solid waste are
-waste from agriculture comprise of crops matter, animal dung and farm residues.
-Waste from mining activities includes heaps of slag, soil and of refuses.

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 -waste form industrialization includes organic and inorganic chemical waste. These non
useable chemicals are drained into the arid land. The industrial waste also include heavy
metals (Hg, Cu, lead, Zinc and other) detergents, petroleum, acid, alkalis, phenols, carbonates,
alcohol, cyanides, arsenic and chlorine.
iii. Nuclear waste
The radioactive substances are released from the mining activity. Nuclear plants produce large
amount of radioactive waste harms that living organism around the plants.

Effect of land pollution

Effect on human health

The toxic materials that are pollute the soil can get into the human body directly by
contact or through air, water and foods. The land pollution can affect the health of
wildlife in various ways. The toxic chemicals and pesticides lead to skin cancer,
pulmonary diseases, hematological morbidity, inborn deformities suppression of immune
system, disruption of endocrine (hormonal) system, cellular and DNA damage and
reproductive inhibition or failure.

Effect on environment
Pesticides are included in a broad range of organic micro pollutants that have ecological
impacts. Different categories of pesticides have different types of effects on living
organisms. The land pollution due to human activity not only destroyed our pristine
environment but also destroy the natural habitat of many organisms. Polluted
environment may not be suitable for many living organism. Land pollution has driven
many organisms away from their natural habitat. Therefore many species are pushed to
the verge of extinction

Biomagnification
The herbicides and pesticides are used for killing weeds and pest respectively in
agriculture field. If farmer uses such chemicals frequently, the chemicals left in the soil
are absorbed by the grasses and vegetables. When animal eats the grasses, the chemicals

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 enter into food chains. Some of these chemical takes longer time to break down such
chemical gets accumulate in the tissues of the animals. The process in which substances
become concentrated in tissues as they move up the food chain is known as
biomagnifications. Figure 7.4 shows biomagnifications. At each tropic level, the
concentration of toxins increases by 10 times. Thus, the chemical becomes highly
concentrated at highest tropic level which causes serious metabolic and physiological
disorders leading to dead of an organism.

Figure 7.4 shows that pollutants get concentrated over time as move it up the tropic
level.
Retrieved from http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/

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 Activity 7.7 Identify the effect of pesticide
Instructions: Observe the Figure 7.5 carefully and answer the questions.

Figure 7.5 shows the pesticide cycle

1. Why do people use pesticide?

To kill pest
2. Where do pesticide ultimate go?
Go into water body

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 3. Suggest the way to control pesticide pollution
Minimize the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer

Measures to control land pollution

Activity 7.8 Creating awareness on pollution prevention

Study the diagrams given in the Table 7.7 and complete the table

Table 7.7

Organization
Name pollution
Control drive responsible for
prevented
prevention

Example Examples

Air, water pollution 1. RSTA

2. NEC

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 Creating awareness
on

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Questions

1. Why garbage problem is more serious in urban than rural areas?

2. How is water pollution different from land pollution?
3. Why do toxic chemicals accumulate to at higher tropic level?

Summary
1. Pollution is release of substances in a quantity that harms the health, welfare and
comforts of living beings in the environment.
2. Indoor air pollution is contamination of air inside the building by tobacco smoke; burning
of wood, coal, fossil fuels, heating appliances, vapour from building materials, paint etc.
3. The presence of solids, liquids and gaseous substances in outdoor air in the quantity that
has impact on human health and the environment is called outdoor air pollution.
4. Air pollution causes acid rain and ozone layer depletion.
5. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies.
6. Various sources of water pollution-sewage,effuent,fertilizer,oil spill and radioactive
substance.
7. Water pollution increases the BOD and leads to eutrophication.
8. Domestic sewage adds large quantities of nutrient to the fresh water ecosystem resulting
in algal blooming is called eutrophication.
9. The causes of water pollution are excess use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer,
industrial waste, heavy metals.
10. The undesirable change in the land that harmfully affects the life activities is called land
pollution.
11. The process in which substances such as pesticides, herbicide and heavy metals become
concentrated in tissues as they move up the food chain is known as biomagnification.

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 12. The causes of water pollution are excess chemical fertilizer, industrial effluent, heavy
metal etc.
13. The measures to control pollution is educating the public.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks

1. Global warming may cause………….change and rise in …………

2. ……… is also known as biocides
3. One of the major gases that cause greenhouse effect is…………..
4. Undesirable change brought about by the pesticide is known as……
5. Burning fuel produces waste gases which pollutes the ………………..

Check whether the following statements are True or False

1. We cannot participate in pollution control drive.

2. Ozone is an irritating toxin, but its presence in the atmosphere filters out harmful
ultraviolet rays.
3. Biomagnifications is the effect of excess chemicals used in agricultural field.
4. Bactria and fungal spores can contributors to indoor air pollution.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Particulate pollutants are

a. small solid particles and liquid droplets
b. liquid droplets in atmosphere
c. small solid particles released into the atmosphere
d. all of the above

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 2. Demand of oxygen increases in water with increases in
a. Concentration of solid waste
b. Number of aquatic plants
c. Number of aquatic animal
d. Concentration of chemicals
e.
3. Fine organic or inorganic particles suspended in air is called
a. Particulate pollutants
b. Gaseous pollutant
c. Aerosol
d. None of these

4. Which of the following is a secondary pollutants?

a. CO2
b. CO
c. O3
d. SO2

Answer the following questions

1. Define the following:

a. Pollution
b. Biomagnifications
c. Pollutants
d. Eutrophication

Short answer questions

1. Why is CO a poisonous gas?
2. What are the primary pollutants produced by your daily life styles.

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 3. What human activity has the greatest contribution toward the production of greenhouse
gases?
4. What the sources of water pollution in Bhutan
5. Why farmer are to be educated about the use of chemical fertilizer?
6. Why is it important to educate farmer about the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer?
7. Explain why ozone high in the atmosphere is important to living things?
8. What different things you as an individual can do to reduce pollution?
9. Why is pollution an important issue today?
10. Which will have more oxygen demand in the river or in the ocean? Why?

11. Why garbage problem is more serious in cities than rural?

12. Biological oxygen demand of ______ is the least.

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