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Understanding Static and Dynamic Loads

The document discusses different types of loads including static, dynamic, cyclic, and impact loads. It provides examples of each type of load and explains that cyclic loads vary in a repetitive manner and can cause fatigue failure over millions of load cycles even if the stress is below the elastic limit. The document also describes three mathematical models for cyclic loads: fluctuating or alternating loads, repeated loads, and reversed loads.

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Omkar Kumar Jha
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146 views17 pages

Understanding Static and Dynamic Loads

The document discusses different types of loads including static, dynamic, cyclic, and impact loads. It provides examples of each type of load and explains that cyclic loads vary in a repetitive manner and can cause fatigue failure over millions of load cycles even if the stress is below the elastic limit. The document also describes three mathematical models for cyclic loads: fluctuating or alternating loads, repeated loads, and reversed loads.

Uploaded by

Omkar Kumar Jha
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Things To Be Done Today: - Types of Loads - Cyclic Stresses

Significance of Todays Lecture - Various ways of failure - To avoid failure

Types of Loads are : 1. Static Load 2. Dynamic Load i. Cyclic Load ii. Impact Load

Static Load :- Does not vary in magnitude or direction w.r.t time . - It is gradually applied and once it is applied then remains constant . - Ex. Dead weights of machinery , tightening up loads on bolts and fasteners .

Dynamic Load :- Varies in magnitude or in direction or in both w.r.t time.

Types of Dynamic Loads: i. Cyclic Load :- Varies in magnitude in a repetitive cyclic manner , either completely reversing itself from tension to compression or oscillating about some mean value

- Pattern of load variation w.r.t time is repeated again and again for thousands of cycles . - e.g forces induced in gear teeth ,forces acting on the compression spring of the valves in internal combustion engine.

ii. Impact Load :- applied suddenly at a high velocity . - energy transferred during the impact is converted into heat . - load with time reaches to a static value. -e.g punch press ,rivet gun etc.

Yielding Static Load

Plastic deformation after yield point No plastic deformation and fail by sudden fracture

fracture

Fatigue Failure : * Failure may occur when the load cycles are repeated several million times even though the stress is below the elastic limit. - failure begins with a crack at highly stressed point

* Pattern of stress variation due to dynamic loads is irregular and unpredictable . * 80% of mechanical failures are due to fatigue resulting from cyclic loads .

3 mathematical models of cyclic loads are : - fluctuating or alternating loads - repeated loads -reversed loads

FLUCTUATING OR ALTERNATING LOAD : - VARIES IN A SINUSOIDAL MANNER W.R.T TIME -POSSESS SOME MEAN VALUE AND AMPLITUDE VALUE -FLUCTUATES BETWEEN TWO LIMITS i.e MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LOAD -LOAD CAN BE TENSILE OR COMPRESSIVE OR PARTLY TENSILE OR PARTLY COMPRESSIVE

Repeated Load :-varies in sinusoidal manner w.r.t time -variation is from 0 to some maximum value -minimum load is 0 in this case -amplitude load and mean load are equal

Reversed Load :- varies in a sinusoidal manner w.r.t. time -it has 0 mean load -half portion of the cycle consists of tensile load and remaining half of compressive load . -mean load is 0 .

m = ( max + min) a = 1/2( max min ) * In fluctuating stresses , tensile stress is taken as + compressive stress is taken as * Repeated stress and reversed stress are special cases of fluctuating stress with min=0 and m=0 respectively.

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