NiTiNOL
Kishore Boyalakuntla, National Technical Manager, Analysis Products.
NiTiNOL
Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory
55 wt % Ni; 45 wt % Ti
Shape Memory & Super Elastic Material
Unique phase transformation between Austenite and Martensite phases
Medical Instruments
Homer Mammalok biopsy marker
Biocompatible
Widely used in medical applications
Nitinol eyeglass frames
Putter with Nitinol Inset
Images taken from www.nitinol.com/4applications.htm
Hysteresis
Steel
Unloading Curve for Steel Parallels Elastic Modulus
Nitinol
Unloading Curve for Nitinol Follows Hysteretic Curve
Nitinol experiences little to no permanent deformation Steel is permanently deformed
Hysteresis / Biocompatibility
Hysteresis shown by Nitinol is more similar to biological materials than steel
http://www.memory-metalle.de/html/01_start/index_outer_frame.htm
Stress-Strain Curve
Steel
Elastic Limit for Steel = 0.3% Elastic limit for Nitinol = 8%
Plastic Deformation
Nitinol
Super Elastic Linear Elastic
0.3%
8.0%
NiTiNOL contains greater wt% Ni, but strong Ni-Ti bonds make Nitinol more chemically stable than steel.
Super Elasticity
Occurs when mechanically deformed above its Af (Austenite Finish Temperature) Deformation causes stressinduced phase transformation to Martensite Martensite is unstable at this temp, therefore when stress is removed will spring back to austenite phase in pre-stressed position
Stress-Induced Phase Transformation
Austenite Super-Elastic Response
Deformed Martensite Unstable!
Spinal vertebrae spacer image from http://www.devicelink.com/mpb/archive/97/03/003.html
Nitinol Phases
Temperature
Austenite
Deformed Martensite
Af = Temp at which transition
to Austenite Finishes Ms = Temp at which transition to Martensite Starts
Temp at which transition = As to Austenite Starts Temp at which transition = Mf to Martensite Finishes
Martensite
0
% Austenite
100
Shape Memory
Temperature
1. Material shaped at high temperature 5. Above Af, material will always spring back to original shape after being deformed (Superelasticity)
Austenite
2.
Af As Ms Mf
Material transitions to Martensitic Phase upon Cooling
4. When heated above Af, returns to austentite phase and pre-deformed original shape.
3.
Material is deformed in martensitic phase
Martensite
Deformation
Shape Memory & Super Elasticity
Temperature
Superelasticity
Austenite
Af As Ms Mf
Shape Memory
Martensite
Deformation
Transition Temperatures
Temperature
What are typical Af values? Available -25C to 120C Dependant on alloy composition, mechanical treatment and heatworking Must be lower than body temperature for biomedical products
Deformation
Af As Ms Mf
Transition Temperatures
Temperature
How large is this gap? Typically 30-40C Manipulated by alloying
NiTi + Copper 15C height NiTi + Niobium 120C height
Af As Ms Mf
Deformation
Effect of Temperature
Stress-Strain Curve is dependent on Af temperature
Super Elasticity
Stress
Temp
Shape Memory
Af
Strain
Corrosion Resistant Properties
Oxidizes to form TiO2 layer on surface at high temperatures in air
Electroplating reduces Ni in surface and creates TiO2
Less corrosive and more chemically stable than steel Surface similar to that of pure Ti
O2 Ni
TiO2 Surface Layer
NiTi
Fatigue
Orders of magnitude greater resistance than any other linearly elastic material.
Typical limit at 107 cycles = .5% in outer fiber strain bending fatigue
Increasing mean strain (up to 4%) extends fatigue endurance
Mean strains above 4% follow strain-based Goodman Relationship
Increasing temperature decreases fatigue life
Due to increase in plateau stress
Affected by surface finish, but not melting technique
Info from: http://www.memry.com/nitinolfaq/nitinolfaq.html#typicalfatigue
Nitinol in COSMOS
Yield Stresses
Linear Elastic Regions Non-Linear Plastic Regions With Phase Transformation
Nitinol in COSMOS
Yield Stresses
For Tensile Loading Initial Yield Stress (st1) [SIGT_S1] Final Yield Stress (ft1) [SIGT_F1] For Tensile Unloading [SIGT_S1] [SIGT_F1]
Initial Yield Stress (st2) [SIGT_S2]
Final Yield Stress (ft2) [SIGT_F2] [SIGT_F2] [SIGC_F2] [SIGC_S2] [SIGC_S1] [SIGC_F1]
[SIGT_S2]
For Compressive Loading Initial Yield Stress (sc1) [SIGC_S1] Final Yield Stress (fc1) [SIGC_F1] For Compressive Unloading Initial Yield Stress (sc2) [SIGC_S2] Final Yield Stress (fc2) [SIGC_F2]
Uniaxial Stress-Strain Behavior for a Shape-Memory-Alloy (Nitinol)
Nitinol in COSMOS
Exponential Flow Rate Measures
Exponential Flow Rate Measures (t1, t2 , c1 , c2) constant material parameters measuring the speed of transformation for tensile and compressive loading and unloading
t1 = for tensile loading, [BETAT_1] t2 = for tensile unloading, [BETAT_2]
c1 = for compressive loading, [BETAC_1] c2 = for compressive unloading, [BETAC_2]
Uniaxial Response for Nitinol Assuming an Exponential Flow Rule t1 = 100., t2 = 20., c1= 100. , c2=20. psi
Nitinol in COSMOS
Other Variables
Elasticity modulus (EX)
Poisson's ratio in the XY dir (NUXY) Ultimate plastic strain measure (Tension) (EUL)
Mass Density (DENS)
Coeff. of thermal expansion (1st dir) (ALPX)
Elasticity Modulus (EX)
Ultimate Plastic Strain (EUL)
Stress
Strain
Typical Values
Typical mechanical properties of Alloy BB (most popular alloy for superelastic applications) at 37C:
Loading plateau stress: Unloading plateau stress: Permanent strain after 8% strain: Ultimate tensile strength: Tensile elongation: Youngs modulus (austenite): Youngs modulus (martensite): 60-80 Ksi 10-30 Ksi 0.2-0.5% 160-180 Ksi 10-20% 12 Msi 5 Msi
http://www.memry.com/nitinolfaq/nitinolfaq.html#mechanical
Typical Values
From COSMOS Nitinol Tutorial (SI Units):
Elasticity modulus (EX) Poisson's ratio in the XY dir For Tensile Loading
Initial yield stress (SIGT_S1) Final yield stress (SIGT_F1) Initial yield stress (SIGT_S2) Final yield stress (SIGT_F2) Initial yield stress (SIGC_S1) Final yield stress (SIGC_F1) Initial yield stress (SIGC_S2) Final yield stress (SIGC_F2)
5e10 0.3
5e8 5e8 3e8 3e8 7e8 7e8 4e8 4e8
For Compressive Loading
Ultimate plastic strain measure (Tension) (EUL) 0.2
Nitinol Application - Stent
Why Nonlinear?
Material is Nitinol ( alloy of Nickel + Titanium)
Super elasticity 10 times more elastic than Stainless steel Shape memory Restoring predetermined shape thru heating after plastic deformation
Nitinol Material Curve
250000
200000
Stress (psi)
150000 Series1 100000
50000
0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Strain 0.4 0.5 0.6
Why Nonlinear?
Large displacement
Elastoplasticity-Nitinol Material Model
Symmetry Condition
(Full)
Quarter (1/4th)
(1/8th)
