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Trigonometry

Trigonometry deals with relationships between sides and angles of triangles, especially right triangles. It has its origins in ancient civilizations over 4000 years ago and was used to calculate sundials. Six trigonometric ratios relate the sides of a right triangle to an angle: sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. Trigonometric functions and identities can be used to solve problems in fields like astronomy, navigation, architecture, engineering, and more.

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3K views15 pages

Trigonometry

Trigonometry deals with relationships between sides and angles of triangles, especially right triangles. It has its origins in ancient civilizations over 4000 years ago and was used to calculate sundials. Six trigonometric ratios relate the sides of a right triangle to an angle: sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. Trigonometric functions and identities can be used to solve problems in fields like astronomy, navigation, architecture, engineering, and more.

Uploaded by

Jnanam
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction to Trigonometry: Provides a basic introduction to trigonometry, including its definition and scope in mathematics.
  • History of Trigonometry: Discusses the historical background and development of trigonometry from ancient civilizations.
  • Right Triangle: Explains the concept of a right triangle and introduces the hypotenuse and legs.
  • Pythagoras Theorem: Describes the Pythagorean theorem and its application to right triangles.
  • Trigonometric Ratios: Introduces and defines the primary trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, and tangent, along with their applications.
  • Complementary Angles: Examines the relationships between trigonometric functions of complementary angles.
  • Trigonometric Table: Provides a table for trigonometric ratios at key angles: 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°.
  • Trigonometric Identities: Details important trigonometric identities based on ratios and angles.
  • Applications of Trigonometry: Explores various applications of trigonometry in fields such as astronomy, engineering, and physics.
  • Conclusion: Summarizes the significance and wide-ranging applications of trigonometry, emphasizing ongoing research.

Trigonometry

Trigonometry
Trigonometry is derived from Greek words
measure). Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics which deals with triangles, particularly triangles in a plane where one angle of the triangle is 90 degrees Triangles on a sphere are also studied, in spherical trigonometry. Trigonometry specifically deals with the relationships between the sides and the angles of triangles, that is, on the trigonometric functions, and with calculations based on these functions.

trigonon (three angles) and metron (

History
The origins of trigonometry can be traced to the
civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, more than 4000 years ago. Some experts believe that trigonometry was originally invented to calculate sundials, a traditional exercise in the oldest books The first recorded use of trigonometry came from the Hellenistic mathematician Hipparchus circa 150 BC, who compiled a trigonometric table using the sine for solving triangles. The Sulba Sutras written in India, between 800 BC and 500 BC, correctly compute the sine of /4 (45) as 1/2 in a procedure for circling the square (the opposite of squaring the circle). Many ancient mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta,Ibn Yunus and Al-Kashi made significant contributions in this field(trigonometry).
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Right Triangle
A triangle in which one
angle is equal to 90 is called right triangle. The side opposite to the right angle is known as hypotenuse.
AB is the hypotenuse

The other two sides are


known as legs.
AC and BC are the legs

Trigonometry deals with Right Triangles

Pythagoras Theorem
In any right triangle, the area of the square
whose side is the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs.

In the figure
AB2 = BC2 + AC2

There are six trigonometric ratios : Sine C = Opposite Side


Hypotenuse

Opposite Side B

Trigonometric ratios

Cosine C = Adjacent Side

Ajacent Side

Hypotenuse Tangent C = Opposite Side


Adjacent Side

A Opposite Side B

Cosecant C = Hypotenuse
Opposite Side

Secant C =Hypotenuse
Adjacent Side

Ajacent Side

Cotangent C =Adjacent Side


Opposite Side

Sin(90 C)= cos C Cos(90 C)= sin C Tan(90 C)= cot C Cosec(90 C)= sec C Sec(90 C)= cosec C Cot(90 C)= tan C

Opposite Side B

Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles

Ajacent Side

Trigonometric Table
0 Sine Cosine 0 1 30 1/2 3/2 45 1/2 1/2 60 3/2 1/2 90 1 0

Tangent

1/ 3

Not defined

Cosecant
Secant Cotangent

Not 2 defined
1 2/ 3

2
2 1

2/ 3
2 1/ 3

1
Not defined 0

3 Not defined

sin2A + cos2A = 1
cos2A = 1- sin2A sin2A = 1- cos2A

Opposite Side B

Trigonometric identities

1 = sec2A + tan2A
1- sec2A = tan2A 1- tan2A = sec2A

Ajacent Side

1 + cot2A = cosec2A
cosec2A- cot2A= 1 1- cosec2A= cot2A

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Applications of Trigonometry
This field of mathematics can be applied in
astronomy,navigation, music theory, acoustics, optics, analysis of financial markets, electronics, probability theory, statistics, biology, medical imaging (CAT scans and ultrasound), pharmacy, chemistry, number theory (and hence cryptology), seismology, meteorology, oceanography, many physical sciences, land surveying and geodesy, architecture, phonetics, economics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, computer graphics, cartography, crystallography and game development.

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Applications of Trigonometry in Astronomy


Since ancient times trigonometry was used in astronomy. The technique of triangulation is used to measure the distance to nearby
stars. In 240 B.C., a mathematician named Eratosthenes discovered the radius of the Earth using trigonometry and geometry. In 2001, a group of European astronomers did an experiment that started in 1997 about the distance of Venus from the Sun. Venus was about 105,000,000 kilometers away from the Sun .

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Application of Trigonometry in Architecture


Many modern buildings have beautifully curved surfaces. Making these curves out of steel, stone, concrete or glass is
extremely difficult, if not impossible. One way around to address this problem is to piece the surface together out of many flat panels, each sitting at an angle to the one next to it, so that all together they create what looks like a curved surface. The more regular these shapes, the easier the building process. Regular flat shapes like squares, pentagons and hexagons, can be made out of triangles, and so trigonometry plays an important role in architecture.

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Conclusion
Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics with several important and useful applications. Hence it attracts more and more research with several theories published year after year..

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