Numerical and Experimental Studies on
Heat Transfer in Circulating Fluidized Bed
Boilers
6
th
semester
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Anusorn Chinsuwan
Examination Committee: Prof. Sivanappan Kumar (Chairman)
Dr. Animesh Dutta (Co-chairman)
Dr. Hemantha P Jayasuriya
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Asian Institute of Technology
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Hydrodynamics in CFB furnace
Most combustion take place in fast fluidized bed zone
The majority of bed particle move upwards through core, but they flow
downwards along the wall.
Turbulent or Bubbling
Fluidized Bed
F
a
s
t
F
l
u
i
d
i
z
e
d
B
e
d
S
w
i
r
l
F
l
o
w
M
o
v
i
n
g
P
a
c
k
B
e
d
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Heat Transfer in CFB Boilers
fraction of wall receiving
heat from clusters
fraction of wall receiving
heat from clusters
Heat transfer surface
Cluster moving
upward
Cluster moving
downward
Cluster moving
downward
Convection from
dilute phase
Conduction from
particles
Radiation of dense
and dilute phase
CFB water walls
Particles flow down
along
the wall in
form of
clusters
Particle Convection plays most important role in heat transfer.
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Advantages of CFB boilers
Fuel Flexibility
The special
hydrodynamics
condition in
CFB furnace
Excellent gas-solid
and
solid-solid mixing
Fuel particles are
rapidly heated above
ignition temp.
CFB furnace
can burn
any fuel
High Combustion Efficiency
Better gas-solid mixing
A majority of unburned fuel
particles are recycled back
to the furnace
High combustion
efficiency
Efficient Sulfur Removal
More residence time
for sulfur
dioxide to contact with
sorbents
Smaller particle size of
sorbents
Efficient
sulfur
removal
Low NO2 Emission
Fuel
Nitrogen does not find O2 in
the immediate vicinity for
produce oxides
Fuel nitrogen transfer to
molecular nitrogen
Sub-
stoichiometri
c air supplied
as primary
air
Reducing
zone
Secondary air
Limited opportunity for
formation of NO2
Asian Institute of Technology
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Heat Transfer Coefficient
Summary of empirical correlations of heat transfer in large scale CFB
boilers (Dutta and Basu, 2003)
The heat transfer
coefficient is a function of
cross section average
suspension density.
b
h a =
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Model for Predicting Suspension Density
It seems to be more practical but it can not explain the influence of bed diameter and it have been
yet validated with other commercial CFB boilers
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Statement of Question 1
Are there models for
predicting the suspension
density along the height of
commercial CFB boilers?
What are the
limitations of each
available model?
Could the suspension density along
the height of commercial CFB boilers
be developed in more practical?
Yes, there are Kunii and
Levenspiel Model(1991),
Johnsson and Leckner
Model(1995) and Teplitskiy and
Ryabov Model(1999)
The models need some measured
values which are not available and
difficult to measure.
?
Statement of Question 3
Statement of Question 2
Is there
information of
heat transfer
behavior in
membrane water
wall along the
height of
commercial CFB
boilers ?
No, there is not.
Is there any way to increase the heat
absorption from CFB furnace with less costly
and less risk of material erosion ?
Is it easy to manufacture and revamp from an
existing boiler ?
Yes, by welding
longitudinal fins on tube.
?
Does longitudinal fin
orientation have any effect
on heat transfer behavior?
Is there literature reporting heat transfer
behavior in membrane water wall with two fins at
45 deg on both sides of the tube crest ?
No
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Rational
Heat transfer coefficient
Heat transfer coefficient correlation:
b c
h a T =
Model for predicting cross sectional
average suspension density along
CFB furnace height
Temperature
distribution along
the height of
CFB furnaces
wall
Heat flux along
the height of CFB
furnaces wall
Optimum design of
CFB boilers
Numerical investigation of heat
transfer behavior in membrane
water wall tube along the height of
CFB boilers
Heat generation by
combustion
Water wall of CFB
furnace
Small heat absorbed
by wall
Large heat absorbed
by wall
High furnace
temp
Low furnace
temp
To maintain the combustion temp at an
optimum level, it is required for the wall of
CFB furnace to absorb a certain fraction of
the heat input
Enhancement of heat
absorption in CFB furnace
Additional heat transfer
equipments
Additional heating surface area
on membrane water wall
Wing wall, omega tubes,
external heat exchangers
Costly and may enhance the
risk of tube surface erosion
Simple to manufacture and
less costly and it may be
used to revamp an existing
boiler
Objective
1. Develop an empirical model for predicting the cross sectional average
suspension density in commercial circulating fluidized bed boilers.
2. Numerical simulations on heat transfer behavior along the height of
membrane water wall of CFB boilers. The specific objectives are:
a) Numerical simulations on temperature distribution in membrane water
wall tubes of commercial CFB boilers
b) Numerical simulations on heat flux distribution on membrane water wall
tubes of commercial CFB boilers
3. Experimental study and numerical analysis on the effect of
longitudinal fin orientation on heat transfer in membrane water walls.
The specific objectives are:
a) Experimental investigation of the effect of longitudinal fin orientation on
heat transfer in membrane water wall tubes in a circulating fluidized
bed.
b) Investigation of the heat transfer behavior of longitudinal finned
membrane water wall tubes in CFB boilers.
Asian Institute of Technology
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Energy
Scope and Limitations
Objective 1
The empirical model is developed and
validated based on measured data of
commercial CFB boilers reported in
literature.
The model is developed as a function:
Fr , ,
p
t
s
d
z
f
D H
(
=
(
z
Air
distributor
Secondary air
injectors
Center of
furnace exit
Fuel feed Return
D
z
Z H
Objective 2
Numerical simulations are performed in
3D under normal operating conditions of
CFB boilers:
Tb =850C
Frt = 0.0007, 0.125 and 0.250
dp/D= 15,125 and 250 m/m
Membrane tube configurations
25.4 , 6 w mm t mm = =
50.8 30.8 mmOD mmID
Objective 3
Experiments are performed on 3 tube types in a
cold model CFB riser.
Tb =75C, <70kg/m
3
,
U=8m/s
Tube type A Tube type B
Tube type C
Asian Institute of Technology
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Research Methodology
Experimental data from
Andersson (1996)
Grouping based on
Proposed model based on dimensionless
groups:
Error analysis based on
RMS differences
Error analysis based on
RMS
differences for the model
of Johnsson and Leckner
(1995)
Error analysis based on
RMS
differences for the model
of Teplitskiy and Ryabov
(1999)
Model
assessment
Available measured data of
large scale CFB boilers from
literature
Development of model
Comparison
of error
Error analysis based
on RMS differences
for the obtained
model
Error analysis based
on RMS differences
for model of
Johnsson and
Leckner(1995)
Error analysis based
on RMS differences
for model of
Teplitskiy and
Ryabov (1999)
Conclusions
Comparison
of error
Model validation
3
3
3
3
c
d
p b
t
s
d
z
a Fr
D H
(
(
=
(
(
p
d
Objective 1
Asian Institute of Technology
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Research Methodology
Objective 2
GAMBIT
- Geometry setup
- Grid generation
- Boundary setup
Develop User Defined (UDF)
Function using C language
FLUENT
- Material definition
- Boundary definition
- Calculation
- Postprocessing
Problems
Solution
Available data from literatures
Model validation
No
Grid dependence study
No
Yes
Yes
Computational model
Geometry
Operating and geometric conditions of
CFB boilereported in literature:
Fr , / , /
t p
d D z H and Z
Physical
model
Obtained model from Study #1
3
3
3
3
c
d
p b
t
s
d
z
a Fr
D H
(
(
=
(
(
Available model for predicting local
heat transfer coefficient in literature
(Dutta and Basu, 2002)
Development of
computational model
Simulation
Perform the simulation
Fr , / , /
t p
d D z H and H in the
range of simulation
Model of Dutta and Basu (2002) Develop User
Defined (UDF)
Function using C
language
Obtained model from Study #1
3
3
3
3
c
d
p b
t
s
d
z
a Fr
D H
(
(
=
(
(
Results
Temperature profiles
( ) ( ) Fr , / , /
o t p
f d D z H u
(
=
Heat flux profiles
( ) ( ) Fr , / , /
o t p
f d D z H |
(
=
Material limit based
on allowable stress
Material limit based
on oxidation
Steam quality profile
in water wall tube
Critical heat flux and
tentative tube burn out
and critical height of
hot water boilers
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Research Methodology
Objective 3
Experimental study
Study #3
Numerical simulation
Compare the obtained
data with data in
literature
Conclusion
Hydrodynamics
Heat transfer study
Compare the obtained
data with data in
literature
Heat transfer coefficient
Ratio of heat transfer in
longitudinal fin to the combination
of tube and membrane fins portion
Ratio of heat transfer coefficient at
longitudinal fin to the combination of
tube and membrane fins portion
Membrane water
wall with a
longitudinal fin at
the tube crest
Membrane water
wall
Membrane water wall
with two longitudinal
fins at 45 on both sides
of the tube crest
Ratio of heat transfer of membrane
tube with longitudinal fin(s) to
without longitudinal fin
Ratio of heat transfer coefficient of
membrane tube with longitudinal
fin(s) to without longitudinal fin
Simulation
Computational model
validation
Available
heat transfer
coefficient
in
commercial
CFB boilers
in literature
Conclusion
- Heat flux profile on
inner tube wall of the
membrane tube with
and without longi-
tudinal fin(s).
- Comparison of the heat
flux profile of the
membrane tube with
and without longi-
tudinal fin(s) Agree
Disagree Disagree
Prepare apparatus
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Research Methodology
Objective 3, Experimental setup
EL. 00
Distributor
plate
300
300
300
300
300
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
To bag filter
From bag filter
From air
compressor
Water manometer
Temperature
indicator
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge
Pressure regulator
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Storage
column
EL. 1800
EL. 3000
EL. 4200
EL. 4800
Particle
measuring valve
Particle control valve
Test section
Bypass
Air heater box
Blower
T
Circulating
pump
Bypass
Drain
Water storage
tank
Rotameter
Flow control
valve
T
To
test
tube
type
B
To
test
tube
type
A
To water manometer
To
test
tube
type
C
Test
tube
400
Particle measuring
column
Bed material sand
Mean diameter,
p
d 231 m
Density,
s
3
1515kg m
Bed properties
Bulk density
3
2774kg m
Superficial velocity, U
1
8ms
Suspension density,
3
25 75kg m
Bed inventory, I 15kg
Solid circulation rate,
s
G
2 1
22 110kg m s
Operating conditions
Bed temperature,
b
T 70 75 C
Experimental conditions
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Research Methodology
Objective 3, Experimental setup
Plywood
6mm thk
Tube type A
2 inch thick Glass Wool
Pressure tap
Temperature
probe
Tube type B
Tube type C
SECTION C-C
Temperature
measuring point
400
400
EL. 1800
EL. 3000
E E
E E
C C
Pressure tapping
2 inch
Glass Wool
For clarity, one test tube is shown.
Plywood
6mm thk
Tube type A
Pressure tap
Tube type B
Tube type C
SECTION E-E
Temperature
measuring point
2 inch thick Glass Wool
(a) (b) (c)
Insulation
Insulation
Insulation
Membrane
fin Longitudinal
fin
Tube type A Tube type B Tube type C
3 3 3
14 14
14
14 14
14
14
3
3
3
7 7
45
o
31.8 OD x 6.5 thk.
31.8 OD x 6.5 thk.
31.8 OD x 6.5 thk.
Asian Institute of Technology
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Schedule
Tentative Schedule
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Results
Objective 1
Air distributor
Secondary air injectors
Center of furnace
exit
Fuel
feed
Return
D
Z
H
z
z/H
.001 .01 .1 1
(
s
)
/
[
F
r
t
0
.
4
1
9
3
(
d
p
/
D
)
-
0
.
9
9
8
]
.01
.1
1
10
100
d
p
=224m, U=1.83m s
-1
, U
t
=1.25m s
-1
d
p
=224m, U=2.65m s
-1
, U
t
=1.32m s
-1
d
p
=329m, U=3.58m s
-1
, U
t
=2.26m s
-1
d
p
=329m, U=2.68m s
-1
, U
t
=2.39m s
-1
d
p
=432m, U=4.53m s
-1
, U
t
=3.33m s
-1
d
p
=432m, U=6.39m s
-1
, U
t
=3.45m s
-1
( )
( )
0.4326
0.998
0.4193
/
2.5513 /
Fr /
s
t p
z H
d D
=
Boiler No.
Equation (Equation no.)
RMS
1 2 3 4 5
overall
RMS
8.89
0.998 0.4326
0.4193
2.5513Fr (4.6)
p
t
s
d z
D H
( (
=
( (
Present work
RMS
5.60 11.50 14.51 1.77 1.94
overall
RMS
24.90
0.45
0.62
0.053Fr (4.3)
t
s
z
H
(
=
(
Teplitskiy and Ryabov (1999)
RMS
21.93 30.45 15.58 2.49 7.84
overall
RMS
na
( ) ( )
2,
( ) (4.2)
x
x
a z H b H z
x H exit g
e e
= + +
Johnsson and Leckner(1995) RMS 14.6 na na na na
RMS is the Root Mean Squared Deviations and ( )
2
/
predicted measured
RMS N = E , where N is number of data.
na: not applicable
The numbers in italic show the lowest RMS .
Boiler specification
Operating conditions
Boiler
No.
Authors
Capacity
Furnace size
( W L Z )[
3
m ]
b
T [ C ]
p
d [ m ]
U
[
1
ms
]
t
U
[
1
ms
]
1 Andersson(1996)
12
th
MW 1.5 1.7 13.5
865 288 3.68 1.90
2 Johnsson and Leckner (1995)
12
th
MW 1.5 1.7 13.5
850 320 2.7,4.7 2.2
3 Yang et al. (2005)
135
e
MW 6.6 13.1 38
885,896,892 332,318,300 3.5 3.02,2.89,2.73
4 Kavidass et al. (1997)
35
th
MW
3.1 3.66 24.4
870 350 5.0-6.0 3.2
5 Kavidass et al. (1997)
81
th
MW 4.32 4.57 30.5
870 350 5.0-6.0 3.64
0.998
0.4326
0.4193
2.5513Fr
p
t
s
d
z
D H
(
(
=
(
(
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Suspension density [ kg m
-3
]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
H
e
i
g
h
t
a
b
o
v
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
a
i
r
p
o
r
t
s
[
m
]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Data from boiler no. 4 (Kavidass, 1997)
Present predicted curve eq. (4.6)
Teplitskiy and Ryabov (1999) model eq. (4.3)
Suspension density [ kg m
-3
]
0 10 20 30 40
H
e
i
g
h
t
a
b
o
v
e
i
n
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
p
o
i
n
t
[
m
]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Data from boiler no. 3 (Yang et al.,2005)
Present predicted curve eq. (4.6)
Teplitskiy and Ryabov (1999) model eq. (4.3)
Suspension density [ kg m
-3
]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
H
e
i
g
h
t
a
b
o
v
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
a
i
r
p
o
r
t
s
[
m
]
0
5
10
15
20
25
Data from boiler no. 5 (Kavidass et al., 1997)
Present predicted curve eq. (4.6)
Teplitskiy and Ryabov (1999) model eq. (4.3)
Suspension density [ kg m
-3
]
0 20 40 60
H
e
i
g
h
t
a
b
o
v
e
a
i
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
o
r
[
m
]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Data from boiler no. 1 (Andersson, 1996)
d
p
=288 m, U=3.68m s
-1
, U
t
=1.90m s
-1
Present predicted curve eq. (4.6)
Johnsson and Leckner (1995) model eq.(4.2)
predicted by Andersson (1996)
Teplitskiy and Ryabov (1999) model eq.(4.3)
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Results
Objective 2
Parameters Symbol Unit Values
Water tube diameter
o
d mm 60
Tube thickness
t mm 6
Tube pitch
P mm 78
Membrane fin thickness
f
t mm 6
The height from secondary air ports to furnace exit
H m 10, 20,30
Thermal conductivity
k
1 1
Wm K
20
Inner heat transfer coefficient of the water tube
i
h
2 1
Wm K
5500
External heat transfer coefficient of the water tube
o
h
2 1
Wm K
As Dutta and Basus Model
Cross sectional average suspension density
3
kg m
As result from Study #1
Inner fluid temperature
f
T C ( ) 342.25 15MPa
Bed temperature
b
T C 850
Froude number Fr
t
- 0.0007, 0.125, 0.25
Particle to furnace diameter ratio /
p
d D
1
mm
15,125, 250
Adiabatic surface
External surface
Internal convection
surface
Symmetric surface
Symmetric surface
Symmetric surface
Insulation
CFB or PC furnace
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Temperature distribution at the top of water wall
Temperature distribution at the bottom of
water wall
Heat flux distribution at the top of
water wall
Grid Scheme
Asian Institute of Technology
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Height along furnace, z[m]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
H
e
a
t
f
l
u
x
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
S
t
e
a
m
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[
-
]
0.00
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
72MW
th
, Chatham unit
109MW
th
, Flensburg unit
Predicted steam quality
165MW
th
, Orebro unit
Heat flux absorbed of 165MW
th
, Orebro unit
Design heat flux of 158MW
th
PC boiler,
(Payan-Rodriguez et al., 2005)
Design steam quality of 158MW
th
PC boiler,
(Payan-Rodriguez et al., 2005)
Temperature Distribution
0.324
0.1414
,
0.8976Fr
p
o m t
d
D
u
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
0.13985
0.324
0.1414
0.8147
Fr /
o
t p
z
H
d D
u
| |
=
|
\ .
Fr
t
= (U-U
t
)
2
/gH
.01 .1
u
o
,m
/
(
d
p
/
D
)
-
0
.3
2
4
.01
.1
1
10
100
, 0.1414
0.324
0.8976Fr
o m
t
p
d
D
u
=
| |
|
\ .
Numerical predicted curve
Chalmers, 12MW
th
(Andersson, 1996)
Chatham, 72MW
th
(Couturier et al., 1993)
Flensburg, 109MW
th
(Werdermann and Werther, 1994)
Orebro, 165MW
th
(Andersson et al., 1997)
0.13984
0.324
0.1414
5.2244
Fr
o
p
t
z
H
d
D
|
| |
=
|
\ . | |
|
\ .
Heat Flux Distribution
0.86016
x
x F z =
( ) ( )
0.324
0.1414
0.13984
Fr /
2
6.0738
b f t p
x
fg
T T d D
F k
Gdh d H
| |
= |
|
\ .
Steam Quality
Material Limits
( )
,
, 0.324
0.1414
0.8976
Fr /
max stress
stress
t p
F
d D
u
u
= >
( )
,
, 0.324
0.1414
0.8976
Fr /
max ox
ox
t p
F
d D
u
u
= >
Common steel tubes used
in boiler industrial can be
used to as evaporator tube
in CFB boilers.
Tube Burnout
Parameters
for Designing
CFB Furnaces
Next page
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Energy
z[m]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
H
e
a
t
f
l
u
x
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
H = 30m
Heat flux absorbed
Critical heat flux
Height along CFB furnace, z [m]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
H
e
a
t
f
l
u
x
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
72MW
th
, Chatham unit
109MW
th
, Flensburg unit
165MW
th
, Orebro unit
72MW
th
, Chatham unit
109MW
th
, Flensburg unit
165MW
th
, Orebro unit
Critical heat flux
Heat flux absorbed
z[m]
0 5 10 15 20
H
e
a
t
f
l
u
x
[
k
W
/
m
2
]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 15MPa
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m, 20MPa
H = 20m
Heat flux absorbed
Critical heat flux
Parameters for
Designing CFB
Furnaces
Tube Burnout
0.0007 Fr 0.250, 10 , 20 , 30
t
H m m m s s =
15 / / 250 /
p
m m d D m m s s
max
300 20
6 8
p
d m D m
D m m
~ ~
~
Fr 0.125
20
Fr 0.250
Fr 0.125
30
Fr 0.25
20
/ 15 /
0
t
t
t
t
p
H
MPa
d
H
m
m
D
m
m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Real situation
4 cases of tube burnout
are found.
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Height above secondary air ports, z(m)
0 2 4 6 8 10
+
0.0
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m
H=10m
Height above secondary air ports, z(m)
0 5 10 15 20
+
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=250m/m
H=20m
Height above secondary air ports, z(m)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
+
0
2
4
6
8
10
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.0007, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=15m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=125m/m
Fr
t
=0.250, d
p
/D=250m/m
Fr
t
=0.125, d
p
/D=125m/m
H=30m
Hot water CFB
boilers
/ 125 /
/ 150
10 Fr 0. 0
/
00 7
p
t
p
H
d D m m
d D
m
m m
= =
=
=
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Results
Objective 3
Suspension density, (kg m
-3
)
20 40 60 80
H
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
h
(
W
m
-
2
o
C
-
1
)
20
40
60
80
100
Test tube type A
Test tube type B
Test tube type C
Suspension density, (kg m
-3
)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
H
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
a
t
i
o
(
-
)
0.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
Q
t-mf,lf
/Q
T,lf
Q
t-mf,2lf
/Q
T,2lf
Suspension density, (kg m
-3
)
20 40 60 80
H
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
h
(
W
m
-
2
o
C
-
1
)
20
40
60
80
100
120
h
lf
h
t-mf,lf
h
2lf
h
t-mf,2lf
h
avg,mf
h
lf
h
t-mf,lf
h
t-mf,2lf
h
2lf
h
avg,mf
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Suspension density, (kg m
-3
)
0 20 40 60 80
H
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
a
t
e
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
.2
.4
.6
.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Q
B
/ Q
A
Q
C
/ Q
A
h
B
/ h
A
h
C
/ h
A
1.25
C B
A A
Q Q
Q Q
~ ~
0.8
C B
A A
h h
h h
~ ~
Measured heat transfer coefficient, h (W m
-2 o
C
-1
)
80 100 120 140 160
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
h
(
W
m
-
2
o
C
-
1
)
80
100
120
140
160
+10%
-10%
Angle from the tube crest, u [degree]
0 45 90 135 180
I
n
n
e
r
w
a
l
l
h
e
a
t
f
l
u
x
,
q
i
(
k
W
m
-
2
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Tube type A
Tube type B
Tube type C
u
Angle from the tube crest, u [degree]
0 45 90 135 180
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
[
o
C
]
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Tube type A
Tube type B
Tube type C
Membrane fin tip of tube type A
Membrane fin tip of tube type B
Membrane fin tip of tube type C
Longitudinal fin tip of tube type B
Longitudinal fin tip of tube type C
Membrane fin base
Membrane fin base
Longitudinal fin base
Longitudinal fin base u
Chinsuwan, A. and Dutta, A. (2008). An empirical model for predicting the
cross sectional averaged suspension density in commercial
circulating fluidized bed boilers, Journal of the Energy Institute,
81(2).
Chinsuwan, A. and Dutta, A. An experimental investigation on the effect
of longitudinal fin orientation on heat transfer in membrane water
wall tubes in a circulating fluidized bed. Submitted to International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2008.
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Works Published
Paper in Refereed International Journal
Papers in Refereed International Conference
Chinsuwan, A. and Dutta, A. (2006). A Developing of Empirical
Correlation for Predicting the Axial Suspension Density Distribution
in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler. Proceeding of Sustainable
Energy and Environment: Technology and Policy Innovations.
November, Bangkok, 761-765.
Chinsuwan, A. and Dutta, A. Investigation of the heat transfer behavior
of longitudinal finned membrane water wall tubes in circulating
fluidized bed boilers. Submitted to Powder Technology since
January, 2008.
Chinsuwan, A. and Dutta, A. Investigation of the temperature distribution
and material limits of membrane water wall tubes of circulating
fluidized bed boilers. Submitted to Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering in April, 2008.
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Works under Review
Under Review in Refereed International Journals (2 papers)
Summary of Present Study
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Experimental
Literature review; Chapter 2
Summary of the
study
Numerical
simulations
Membrane water
wall tube
Chapter 7
Membrane water wall tube
with a longitudinal fin
Chapter 7
Membrane water wall
tube with two
longitudinal fins
Chapter 7
Develop model for predicting
suspension density
Chapter 4
Temperature
distribution in
membrane wall
Chapter 5
Heat flux
distribution on
membrane wall
Chapter 6
Heat behavior
in membrane
water wall with
and without
longitudinal fin
Chapter 8
The
empirical
models
-Total heat transfer
-Heat transfer on fin portion
-Heat transfer on the combination of tube
and fin portion
-Heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient
ratio
-Average heat transfer
coefficient
-Heat transfer coefficient on
fin portion
-Heat transfer coefficient on
the combination of tube and
membrane fins portion
-Temperature profile
-Material limits base on
strength
-Material limits base on
oxidation
Temperature and heat flux distribution on inner tube wall of membrane
tubes with and without longitudinal fin under normal operating conditions of
CFB boilers
-Heat flux profile
-Steam quality
-CHF and DNB
-Critical height of hot
water CFB boilers
Theoretical
Summary of the Results
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Descriptions Equation Operating/Test Conditions
Error
(%)
Reference/
Nature of
investigation
Model for predicting average suspension
density
Section 4.3/
Theoretical
Model for predicting temperature profile at the
membrane tube crest.
Section 5.5.1/
Numerical
Model for predicting mean temperature profile
at the membrane tube crest.
ditto
Section 5.5.1/
Numerical
Model for predicting temperature limits of tubes
based on allowable stress
ditto
Section 5.5.2/
Numerical
Model for predicting temperature limits of tubes
based on oxidation
ditto
Section 5.5.2/
Numerical
Model for predicting heat flux profile at the
membrane tube crest of steam CFB boilers
ditto
Section 6.3.1/
Numerical
Model for predicting heat flux profile at the
membrane tube crest of hot water CFB boilers
ditto
Section 6.3.1/
Numerical
Model for predicting steam quality in
membrane water wall tube
ditto
Section 6.3.2/
Numerical
Heat transfer ratio
Section 8.4/
Theoretical
0.998
0.4326
0.4193
2.5513Fr
p
t
s
d
z
D H
(
(
=
(
(
0.00092 Fr 0.075
t
< <
1 1
34.17 / 200.75
p
mm d D mm
< <
25%
( )
0.13985
0.324
0.1414
0.8147
Fr /
o
t p
z
H
d D
u
| |
=
|
\ .
0.0007 Fr 0.250
t
s s
1 1
15 / 250
p
mm d D mm
s s
24.80% +
12.08%
0.324
0.1414
,
0.8976Fr
p
o m t
d
D
u
| |
=
|
\ .
24.80% +
12.08%
,
0.8976
stress
F
u
>
,
0.8976
ox
F
u
>
0.13984
0.324
0.1414
5.2244
Fr
p
t
z
H
d
D
|
| |
=
|
\ . | |
|
\ .
0.1181
0.2722
0.1227
3.3747
Fr
p
t
z
H
d
D
|
| |
=
|
\ . | |
|
\ .
0.86016
x
x F z =
/ / 0.8
B A C A
h h h h ~ ~
3
5.61 6.62kg m
=
858 918
b
T C =
10%
Summary of the Results
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Descriptions Table/Figure Operating/Test Conditions
Reference/
Nature of
investigation
Limits of water wall
tube material based on
allowable stress
Table 5.5
Section 5.4.4/
Theoretical
Limits of water wall
tube material based on
oxidation
Table 5.6
Section 5.4.4/
Theoretical
Steam quality factor Table 6.1 and Table 6.2
Section 6.3.3/
Numerical
Tendency of water wall
tubes burnout
Figure 6.8-6.10
Section 6.3.3/
Numerical
Critical height of hot
water CFB boilers
Figure 6.14-6.16
Section 6.3.3/
Numerical
Comparison of heat
flux on inner tube wall
among tubes type A, B
and C
Figure 8.4
Section 8.4/
Numerical
Comparison of
temperature on outer
tube wall among tubes
type A, B and C
Figure 8.5-8.8
Section 8.4/
Numerical
0.0007 Fr 0.250
t
s s
1 1
15 / 250
p
mm d D mm
s s
0.0007 Fr 0.250
t
s s
1 1
15 / 250
p
mm d D mm
s s
15MPa
20MPa
15MPa
20MPa
0.0007 Fr 0.250
t
s s
1 1
15 / 250
p
mm d D mm
s s
10 30 H m =
0.0007 Fr 0.250
t
s s
1 1
15 / 250
p
mm d D mm
s s
10 30 H m =
850
b
T C =
3
15kg m
=
15 p MPa =
850
b
T C =
3
15kg m
=
15 p MPa =
Summary of the Results
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
0.8
C B
A A
h h
h h
~ ~
, , , ,
riser dimension:
Descriptions Equation/Figure Operating/Test Conditions
Reference/
Nature of
investigation
Ratio of heat transfer
through the tube and
membrane fins portion
of the tubes type B and
C
Figure 7.9
Section 7.4/
Experimental
Heat transfer
coefficient of the
longitudinal fin and the
combination of tube
and membrane
portions of the tube
type B and C
Figure 7.10 ditto
Section 7.4/
Experimental
Average heat transfer
capacity, heat capacity
of the longitudinal fin
portions of the tubes
type A, B and C
Figure 7.11 ditto
Section 7.4/
Experimental
Heat transfer ratio of
membrane tube with
longitudinal fin to
membrane tube
ditto
Section 8.4/
Experimental
Heat transfer
coefficient ratio of
membrane tube with
longitudinal fin to
membrane tube
ditto
Section 8.4/
Experimental
1
8 U ms
= 231
p
d m =
3
25 75kg m
=
2 1
22 110
s
G kg m s
=
70 75
b
T C =
100 100 4.8 mm mm m
Test tube: 31.8 1000 mmOD mm
1.25
C B
A A
Q Q
Q Q
~ ~
Contribution of Present Study
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Heat transfer
There is no literature that
reported:
-temperature and heat
flux profile along the
height of CFB boilers
-limit of tube materials
base on stress and
oxidation
-steam quality in
membrane water wall
tubes
-tendency of tube burn
out in CFB boilers
-critical height of hot
water CFB boilers
There is no
practical model
for predicting
average
suspension
which includes
the effect of
The average heat transfer
coefficient is not available
Present study
Modify the model which was
developed as a function of
dimensionless parameters
based on operating
conditions by taking into
account of the effect of
First reported the study on temperature and heat
flux profile on CFB water wall tubes, limits of tube
based on stress and oxidation, steam quality in
tube along the height of CFB boilers, tendency of
tube burn out in CFB boilers and critical height of
hot water CFB boilers.
First reported the study on heat transfer
behavior in membrane water wall tube
with two longitudinal fins at on both sides
of the tube crest and comparison of inner
wall heat flux of membrane tube with and
without longitudinal fins
C
O
N
T
R
I
B
U
TI
O
N
B
A
C
K
G
R
O
U
N
D
Hydrodynamics
Membrane wall tube Membrane water wall
tube with a
longitudinal fin
The comparison of heat transfer rate
and heat transfer coefficients between
membrane tube with longitudinal fin
and without the fin is not available
The heat transfer from
longitudinal fin portion is not
available
The heat transfer from the
combination portion of tube
and membrane fins is not
available
The heat transfer coefficient of
longitudinal fin portion is not
available
The heat transfer
coefficient of the
combination portion of
tube and membrane fins
are not available Heat flux profile on inner
wall tube is not available
Membrane water wall
tube with two
longitudinal fins
/
p
d D
/
p
d D
Contribution of Study #1
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Hydrodynamics in CFB boilers
There is no practical model for
predicting cross sectional average
suspension density in commercial
CFB boilers
Back ground
Modify the model which was developed as a function of
dimensionless parameters based on operating
conditions by taking into account of the effect of
Contribution
/
p
d D
Contribution of Study #2
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Numerical Analysis
Temperature
Profile
Heat Flux Profile
Model for predicting
Temp. and heat flux profiles
along the CFB
furnace height
Steam Quality
Critical Heat Flux
Tube Burnout
Materials
limits
Material Limits
Based on
Stress
Material Limits Based
on
Oxidation
The model for predicting
steam quality
Critical heat flux
Critical height of H/W CFB boilers
Contribution
Result from
Study #1
Steam Boilers H/W Boilers
Critical Height
Tendency of tube burnout
Contribution of Study #3
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
Experimental
Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
Coefficients
First reported the heat
transfer behavior in
membrane tubes with a
longitudinal fin at the
tube crest and two
longitudinal fins at 45
o
on both sides of the
tube crest
First reported the
comparison of the heat
transfer behavior among
the 3 tube types under
normal operating
conditions of CFB boilers
Contribution
Heat Transfer
Capacity
B
A
Q
Q
,
,
t mf lf
T lf
Q
Q
,2
,2
t mf lf
T lf
Q
Q
C
A
Q
Q
B
A
h
h
C
A
h
h
lf
h
2lf
h
, t mf lf
h
,2 t mf lf
h
, avg mf
hA
, avg lf
hA
,2 avg lf
hA
lf
hA
2lf
hA
Numerical simulations on heat transfer behavior of 3
tube types under normal operating conditions of CFB
boilers
Temperature distribution Heat Flux distribution
THANK YOU
Asian Institute of Technology
Energy
