Data Entry -The First Step Analysis with Software The Second Step
The physical structure of data
The data collected from the field contains filled-in questionnaires or sheets Each sheet must have a serial number The sheets should be converted into a data file for use in computer We can probably divide the work and make more than one file and assign the work to Data Entry Operators The Data Entry Design should be well planned and be common for all operators These data files can be pooled up if necessary to make a project-data-file
Data should be arranged as separate records one for each individual (entity) The data should be numeric for carrying out any analysis Names and other labels will not go in for analysis but can be used for reporting
TAKING DATA FROM BOOK TO COMPUTER
Suitable coding should be defined before entering data in the computer
There are many packages for data entry like..
FoxPro Lotus MS-Excel MS-Access Oracle On-line formats
Software for data entry and data Packages for Statistical Analysis analysis
SPSS SAS MINITAB SYSTAT
A VISIT TO EXCEL
MAKING A DATA FILE
Open Excel On the title bar of the Excel window the file name appears as Microsoft Excel Book1 It usually contains three sheets named Sheet1,Sheet2 and Sheet3 In Sheet1 start entering the data from cell A1 Reserve the first row for column headings like Sno, Age, Gender etc Key in the data row wise or column wise (press ENTER key after each entry) Save the file with a suitable name in a Folder meant for this project
A SAMPLE DATA SHEET
File Name: Food Folder: D:\Statman
NOT THE CORREC T STYLE OF DATA ENTRY
THE RIGHT WAY!
DATA SHEET OF HEALTH INSURANCE
Finding sums
Data sorting and Filtering Making one dimension tables Cross tabulations Creating different types of graphs Making abstracts from worksheets Changing the styles of presenting data Linking Excel report to a document
ANALYTIC AL FEATURE S IN EXCEL
Selecting a part of data
Sorting Filtering Column width Cut, Copy & Paste Auto Fill Paste Special Freeze Panes Exporting Excel data to Word
SOME TIPS IN DATA HANDLIN G
A free package of simple statistical tools is available in Excel
It is called Data Analysis Pak It provides for analyses like Summary statistics Comparison of groups Correlations Regression analysis Statistical tests of hypothesis ..and many more
DATA ANALYSIS PAK
Data Prepared In Word Table
SNO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
NAME GENDER RAJA. M B ANITHA. R G NEELIMA. K G SIVARAJAN. A B MUTHU. B G GOPAL.R B BEENA. A G ACHUTAN. S B PRADEEP.M B PERUMAL. S B VARADAN. D B DIVYA. T G VASUMATHI. D G ANDAL. B B JAYA. L G RAMAN. N B MUREGESH. M B GANESH. L B SASIKALA. R G VALLI. M G
CASTE SC SC ST OC OC OC BC BC BC OC OC BC BC SC ST BC ST ST BC SC
ENGLISH MATHS 60 27 55 44 46 54 35 47 20 46 54 50 63 46 54 52 35 40 25 36 28 40 64 56 37 45 63 44 56 52 45 48 50 46 35 38 52 50 41 55
SCIENCE 45 36 65 28 35 45 64 65 54 45 38 37 54 36 63 54 68 65 54 58
It is enough to copy the Word Table and Paste in Excel!
We have got it in Excel!
Soft Skill
Can we make a table of counts (frequencies) from this data?
WHY NOT ? USE PIVOT TABLES OPTION
Skill
You can make one-way and two-way frequency tables from Excel sheet Use Data menu and select the Pivot Table and Chart sub menu Follow the Wizard steps You will get the required tables
Make Frequency Tables!
Frequency distribution of students by caste (one-way table)
Count of SNO CASTE Total BC 7 OC 5 SC 4 ST 4 Grand Total 20
Frequency distribution of students by Caste and Gender (two-way table)
Count of SNO GENDER CASTE B BC 3 OC 4 SC 2 ST 2 Grand Total 11 G 4 1 2 2 9 Grand Total 7 5 4 4 20
Can we do this with hand calculations if there are thousands of cases? Not impossible but difficult to do!
Soft Skill
Can we make a Frequency table with given class intervals?
CERTAINLY !
USE STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS
Built-in Functions In Excel
STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
Built-in Functions In Excel
AQUIRE SKILL BY DOING
DEMO FOLLOWS..
Making a Frequency Table
Body length (cm) of 120 fish
16.7 16.9 14.3 13.8 16.9 15.3 15.6 15.6 12.7 19.5 16.9 12.9
12.6 13.7 18.3 13.2 15.0 18.9 18.0 15.4 14.1 14.3 12.4 13.5
15.1 16.0 18.3 13.7 17.2 14.8 15.8 12.6 12.2 16.2 15.4 15.1
13.4 14.4 16.6 18.4 14.5 16.0 15.7 15.4 16.6 15.9 17.6 14.2
16.7 15.3 13.2 17.1 13.6 18.5 20.6 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.2 15.3
17.7 16.4 17.5 13.9 16.6 13.3 13.5 15.1 15.6 15.3 14.4 14.8
14.6 12.8 16.9 20.5 13.0 19.2 16.3 14.1 14.7 17.3 18.8 15.2
18.0 11.5 15.2 13.2 17.9 16.2 15.1 13.1 18.7 13.1 13.5 14.4
15.8 13.4 14.0 14.9 18.8 14.4 14.3 15.4 18.3 12.3 14.2 16.1
14.8 16.0 17.7 17.4 17.9 17.8 10.7 13.5 13.2 17.0 14.8 18.2
Prepare a frequency table using Excel
min max range interval
10.7 20.6 9.9 2
freq 2 26 43 31 16 2
We use the Paste function
FREQUENCY
lower limit upper limit upper bound (BIN) 10 12.0 11.9 12 14.0 13.9 14 16.0 15.9 16 18.0 17.9 18 20.0 19.9 20 22.0 21.9
Class 10 - 12 12 - 14 14 -16 16 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 22
freq 2 26 43 31 16 2 120
Learn more by Do it yourself
You can also construct a Bar Chart
Class 10 - 12 12 - 14 14 -16 16 - 18 18 - 20 20 - 22 TOTAL
freq 2 26 43 31 16 2 120
ADVANCED FEATURES
Data Analysis Pak
Data Analysis Pak
Body Mass Index of Tribal Groups
The t-test
Is the Average BMI Same for the two groups ?
Sugali Yanadi 20.43 17.7 22.51 21.4 18.99 20.7 20.49 19.3 23.12 21 25.63 17.9 18.08 18.6 20.63 18.5 22.55 18.2 22.43 20.3 22.77 23.23
t-test output
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Sugali Yanadi Mean 21.73833 19.36 Variance 4.319215 1.898222 Observations 12 10 Pooled Variance 3.229768 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 20 t Stat 3.090767 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.002882 t Critical one-tail 1.724718 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.005764 t Critical two-tail 2.085962
p-p Plot
WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS
Control charts Forecasting Curve fitting Solver for optimization
College Admissions
Evaluation of test scores & ranking and many more!
The best way of learning Excel is to work with Excel
Statistics Made Simple Do it yourself on PC
By K.V.S.Sarma Prentice Hall India
Thank you
