Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
1.1 C++ Programming Environment 1.2 Compiling Process An error In Programming
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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Learning Outcomes 1.1
At the end of this sub-chapter, students should be able to:
1.1 Introduce the C++ programming environment
Explain the history of C++ Illustrate a simple C++ program structure Describe C++ programming development process Develop C++ program using Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Get started with IDE Create a project Create a simple C++ program Compile a C++ program Run a C++ program
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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The history of C++
C (Early 1970) C with Class (Before 1983)
C++ was designed for the UNIX system environment C++ expanded and enhance version of C that embodies the philosophy of OOP. C++ enables programmers to improve the quality of code produced, thus making reusable code easier to write.
C++ (1983)
C++s clarity, extensibility, efficiency and ease of maintenance makes it the language of choice for development of large software projects. used widely in the area of communication, personal file systems and databases.
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
Prepared by Pn Mazniha bt Berahim, Information Tech and Communication Department
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
Prepared by Pn Mazniha bt Berahim, Information Tech and Communication Department
A simple C++ program structure
Source code (The name of the file end in .cpp )
// my first program in C++ #include <iostream.h> int main () { cout << Welcome to C++!"; return 0; } Output Welcome to C++! When executed, this program displays the message 'Welcome to C++! ' on the screen. When it is compiled, it is called a executable code (running of the program)
A First Program - [Link]
// Program: Display greetings Preprocessor /* Hello World!*/ directives #include <iostream> using namespace std; void main() { cout << "Hello world!" << endl; return 0; } Ends executions of main() which ends program Insertion statement New line Comments
Function named main() indicates start of program
Greeting Output
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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C++ Programming Development Process
Identify: needed input required output needed process.
Design Program
A framework shows steps in [Link] Methods : Algorithm - a sequence of instructions (in human language) Flowchart - A graphical symbols to show process Pseudo code half in programming code and half in human language.
Understand the Problem
Convert an algorithm into a C++. programmin g language - include adequate documentati on, which are comment statements written in your Write program Program code Code
Test & Debug the Update Code Program Verifies
Use a set of data to discover errors and to ensure accuracy of the program Process of identify& correct error. Run program and check results.
whether performing as planned/ meet the current requirement Edit code to make it more efficient.
Maintenance & Documentation
For example, some part uses C++ language code and some part use Malay /English language.
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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Develop C++ program using Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
What IDE?
An integrated development environment (IDE) a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. All of the tools for writing, compiling and testing code in one place
An IDE normally consists of: a source code editor a compiler and/or an interpreter build automation tools a debugger
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
Prepared by Pn Mazniha bt Berahim, Information Tech and Communication Department
Develop C ++ program
Do in lab activities 1
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
Prepared by Pn Mazniha bt Berahim, Information Tech and Communication Department
Learning Outcomes 1.2
At the end of this sub-chapter, students should be able to:
1.2 Compiling and debugging process and error in programming
Describe the compiling process of a program Identify the following errors in programming: Syntax/ compile time errors Run time errors Logical errors Identify effective debugging process Debug programs with syntax/ compile time, run time and logical error
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Basic compiling process
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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Example of compiling process of a program
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
Compiling process of a program
1. Syntax Checking
The code checking for valid syntax use compiler. This includes checking for semi-colons, matching braces, etc. This doesn't mean the code is correct, but it does determine whether the code can be turned into machine code as written. This step doesn't exist for all languages/compilers. Compilers convert source code (C++ language) to machine code .
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2. Converting To Assembly
At this step, many linkers will do final checks to make sure all 3. Linking Machine Code the required pieces, functions, components, etc have been accounted for. Into An Executable
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Compiler This is where the "work" is done. High level code is translated into machine code, the result is object files. Linker All object files and relevent resources are linked together. Symbol information is verified (run into a Linker error may be more then once) and an executable is made.
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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Errors in programming
ERRORS Syntax/ Compile Run Time
Logical
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
3 basic types of errors in programming
Error Syntax errors/ compile error Decriptions Grammar errors in the use of the programming language. Common examples Misspelled variable and function names. Missing semicolons(;) Improperly matches parentheses, square brackets[ ], and curly braces{ } Incorrect format in selection and loop statements Trying to divide by a variable that contains a value of zero Trying to open a file that doesn't exist There is no way for the compiler to know about these kinds of errors when the program is compiled. Multiplying when you should be dividing Adding when you should be subtracting Opening and using data from the wrong file Displaying the wrong message
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Run time Occur when a program errors with no syntax errors asks the computer to do something that the computer is unable to reliably do. Logic errors Logic errors occur when there is a design flaw in your program.
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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Special Characters in C++ programming syntax
Character Name
// # < > Double slash Pound sign
Meaning
Beginning of a comment
Beginning of preprocessor directive Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include
( )
{ } " " ;
Open/close parentheses Open/close brace
Open/close quotation marks Semicolon
Used when naming a function Encloses a group of statements Encloses string of characters
End of a programming statement
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What is syntax?
Set of rules in programming language.
FP201: Programming Fundamentals/ Chapter 1
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Debug programs with syntax/ compile time, run time and logical error
Do in lab activities 1
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