Channel Structure and Function

ZTE University

Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to master:
Classification of channels Structure and Function of channels

Content

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels

Physical layer procedure

Architecture of UMTS
CN Iu RNS RNC Iub Iub Iur RNC Iub NodeB Iub NodeB RNS Iu

NodeB

NodeB

UE

Channel Type

Physical channel Transport channel Logical channel

UE
Node B

RNC

Logical channel Transport channel Physical channel

Concept of channel

RLC layer Logical channel MAC layer Transport channel PHY layer

L2

L1

Physical channel

Channel Type

Logical channels:

Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be transmitted)

Transport channels:

Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.

Physical channels:

Protocol stack of the Uu interface

RRC

control

L3
Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP

control

control

control control

L2/PDCP
BMC

L2/BMC

RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

RLC

L2/RLC

Logical Channels MAC

L2/MAC
Transport Channels

PHY

L1

Logical Channels

Control Channel (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channel (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels Broadcast Channel (BCH) Paging Channel (PCH) Random Access Channel (RACH) Forward Access Channel (FACH) Common Packet Channel (CPCH) Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Dedicated Transport Channels Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channels Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH) Downlink Physical Channels Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Mapping relationship
Uplink
Logic Channel CCCH DCCH DTCH

Downlink
PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH DCCH DTCH

Transport Channel

RACH CPCH DCH

PCH

BCH

FACH

DSCH

DCH

Mapping relationship
Transport Channels
DCH

Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)

RACH CPCH

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

BCH FACH PCH

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH) DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Content

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels

Physical layer procedure

WCDMA frame structure

Physical Channels(1)

The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

Superframe

One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames. One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15 timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips, it is a basic unit of the physical layer. A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding to 2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot depends on the specific type of the physical channel.

radio frame

Timeslot

Physical Channels(2)

The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:

Ttimeslot= 2560 chip

Tslot #1 Tslot #2

Tslot #I

Tslot #15

Tframe=10 ms

Frame #0

Frame #1

Frame #I

Frame #71

Tsuperframe=720 ms

Uplink physical channel

2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and DPCCH) 2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and PCPCH)

Dedicated physical Control channel DPCCH Dedicated physical DPDCH data channel Physical random PRACH Access channel Physical common PCPCH Packet channel UL Dedicated physical channel

UL Common physical channel

Uplink Dedicated physical channel

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PRACH consists preamble part and message part Random access transmit 1or more 4096 chips length preambles and 10ms or 20ms length message part.

Preamble

Preamble

Preamble

Message part

4096 chips

10 ms (one radio frame) Preamble Preamble

Preamble

Message part

4096 chips

20 ms (two radio frames)

PRACH transmitted structure

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel 10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists of 2560chips. Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are transmitted in parallel . Data part :SF=32~256 , control part: SF=256.
Data Ndata bits Pilot Npilot bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3) TFCI NTFCI bits

Data Control

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i Message part radio frameRACH T = 10 ms

Slot #14

Downlink physical channel

DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel1 Shared physical channel and five Common control channels.
SCH CPICH

PICH
DL common physical channel AICH CCPCH PDSCH

DPCH

Downlink dedicated physical channel

CPICH

CPICH

There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-PICH P-CPICH: P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to spread ,the bit rate of P-CPICH is also fixed. The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code. There is one and only P-CPICH per cell. The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell primary scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also used for measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and cell re-selection. S-CPICH: A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the SCPICH. A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code. There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell. A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is may be a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer signalling.

P-CCPCH

SCH (1)

The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell search. The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH. The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.

Structure of synchronization channel

SCH (2)

P-SCH The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256 chips. The modulated code need not spreading and scrambling. The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every slot The PSC is the same for every cell in the system. S-SCH The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length 15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips. the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in parallel with the Primary SCH. Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256. This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.

S-CCPCH

PICH

PICH carries PIPage IndicationSF=256 radio frame=10msconsists 300bits288 bits for paging indication12 bits Tx Off PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH

288 bits for paging indication b0 b1

12 bits (transmission off) b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

PICH frame structure

Content

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels

Physical layer procedure

Cell Search

UE has to get the system information before it registers with the network and access to services. The system information is beared in the BCH channel, and its data is mapped into the Primary CCPCH. So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode the data of P-CCPCH.

Cell search procedure (1)

The cell search is typically carried out in three steps: Step1: Slot synchronization

During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the SCH channel's primary synchronization code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell. This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched filter output.

Sketch of Slot Synchronization

Cell search procedure (2)

Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification

During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the SCH channel's secondary synchronization code to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step. This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronization code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronization is determined.

Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping

8176 8176PSCNo.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group 8177 No. 8177 SSC No. 7 Code Scrambling 510 Scrambling GroupCode Group 112 8176PSC 8160 8160 8191 8191SSC 113 8177 8161 8161 No. 1 Scrambling Code Group No. 504 Scrambling Code Group 8064 8064 16 16PSC 127 8191 8175 8175 8065 8065 17 17SSC No. 0 Scrambling Code Group 0 0PSC 8079 8079 31 31SSC 1 1SSC 15 15SSC

Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code

Cell search procedure (3)

Step3: Scrambling-code identification

During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the cell. The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the code group identified in the second step.

After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected so that the cell specific BCH information can be read.

Cell search procedure

Summary of the process

Synchronization acquired
Chip, Slot, Symbol Synchronization

Note
Synchronization 256 chips The same in all cells

Secondary SCH

Frame Synchronization, Code Group (one of 64)

15-code sequence of secondary synchronization codes. There are 16 secondary synchronization codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups 256 chips, different for different cells and slot intervals To find the primary scrambling code from common pilot CH Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256

Common Pilot CH PCCPCH

Scrambling code (one of 8)

Synchronization, BCCH info

RACH procedure

UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and their scrambling codes and signatures It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is set with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected the preamble If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit power If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with the same power as the last preamble

RACH procedure

Exercise

pls write down the 3 types of channel and describe their mapping relations. One radio frame has a period of ( )ms, and comprises( ) timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to ( ) chips, it is a basic unit of the physical layer. pls describe the main function of each physical channel. pls describe the cell search procedure. pls describe RACH procedure.