Chapter 5:
Operational Amplifiers
Introduction
The operational amplifier or op-amp is a circuit of
components integrated into one chip.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages
and has an inverting(-) and a non-inverting input
(+) and an output.
An op amp is an electronic device which provides
a voltage output based on the voltage input
Basic op-amp
Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals
and one output
Operational Amplifiers
Five important pins
! The inverting input
" ! The non-inverting input
# ! The output
$ ! The negative power supply %
-
(-%cc)
& ! The positive power supply %
+
(+%cc)
Operational Amplifiers
The output of the op amp is given by the following
e'uation(
%
d
) *
+
! *
and %
o
) A
%O,
(%
d
)
A
%O,
is called the open-loop voltage gain because it
is the gain of the op amp without any e-ternal feedbac.
from output to input
Operational Amplifiers
Positive Saturation !
where the output
voltage e-ceeds the
positive power input
Operational Amplifiers
Linear Region !
where the output
voltage is linear
based on A (gain)
Operational Amplifiers
Negative Saturation !
where the output
voltage would be less
than the negative
power input
Operational Amplifiers
What do they really look like?
IC Circuit
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth/
we .now this is impossible.
0owever/ op-amps do have(
very high gain
very high input impedance(1
in
) 2)
very low output impedance (1
out
) 3)
wide bandwidth.
Application of opamp
1. eneral
!. "ilter and oscillator application
#. Comparator and detector
$. %pecial purpose ckt application and
5. %elected system application
Application in op-amp
There are types of application in op-amp
,inear application
4on-linear application
,inear application is where the op-amp operate
in linear region(
Assumptions in linear application(
5nput current/ 5
i
) 3
5nput voltage( %
+
)%
-
Feedbac. at the inverting input
4on-linear application is where the op-amp
operate in non-linear region
6y comparing these two input voltages(
positive input voltages/ %
+
and negative input
voltage/ %
-
where(
%
O
) %
77
if %
+
8 %
-
%
O
) -%
**
if %
+
9 %
-
5nput current/ 5
i
) 3
Application in op-amp
Applications of op-amp
7omparator
5nverter
Audio amplifier
:ifference Amplifier
Filter
;umming Amplifier
5nverting Amplifier
4on-5nverting Amplifier
;umming Amplifier
<nity Follower
:ifference Amplifier
5ntegrators
:ifferentiators
Op-amp Circuit Application
Application: In&ertin' amplifier
=rovide a constant gain multiplier
5nput signal is connected to the inverting input of the op-
amp. Therefore/ the output signal is +>3 degree out of
phase from the input signal
?
f
is the feed-bac. resistor to control the voltage gain of
the op-amp
%ummary of op-amp (eha&ior
%
o
) A(%
+
- %
)
%
o
@A ) %
+
- %
,et A infinity
then/
%
+
- %
3
V
+
= V
I
+
= I
= 0
;eems strange/ but the input terminals to an
op-amp act as a short and open at the same time
%ummary of op-amp (eha&ior
)o analy*e an op-amp circuit for linear
operation
ABrite node e'uations at + and - terminals
(5
i
)5
+
) 5
-
) 3)
A;et %
+
) %
-
A
;olve for %
o
Analysis of in&ertin' amplifier
I
1
I
f
I
i
V
+
0 I
i
0
I
1
I
f
+ I
i
V
s
V
R
1
V
o
R
f
V
V
+
0
V
o
V
s
R
f
R
1
V
o
R
f
R
1
V
s
Application:+on-in&ertin' amplifier
+on-in&ertin' confi'uration
,
_
+
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
0
;
0
:
; 0
:
R
R
V V
R
V V
R
V
V V insert
R
V V
R
V
so
I while
I I I
KCL use
V V V
i o
o i i
i
o
i
i
i
Vi
I
1
I
2
I
i
Application: %ummin' amplifier,can
(e used as summer- scalin' and
a&era'in' amplifer.
/irtual-'round e0ui&alent circuit.
%ummin' Amplifier, in&ertin'.
V
1
V
2
V
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
f
This circuit is called
a weighted summer
,
_
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
; 0
:
; 0
:
0
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
V insert
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
so
I while
I I I I I
KCL use
V V
f o
f
o
f
o
i
Rf i R R R
Application: 1nity "ollo2er
1
V V
O
Application:
3ifference amplifier 4%u(tractor
) (
2 1
2
4
V V
R
R
V
O
4 3
2 1
R R
R R
Application
Adder %u(tractor
Application:
Instrumentation Amplifier
2
R
2
R
1
R
1
R
A
R
B
R
A
R
2
R
%ome other application includes
A7 Amplifier
%oltage to 7urrent
:7 Amplifier
7urrent to voltage
0alf wave rectifier
Full wave rectifier
7lipper
clamper
=ea. %alue
detector
5alf 2a&e rectifier
"ull 2a&e rectifier
67ercise 1
"ind /
O
?
%+)-. and v)3
%+)and v)3.+C
/18-&!81
67ercise !
"ind /
!
and /
#
?
67ercise #
"ind /
O
?
67ercise $
"ind /
O
?
,
_
,
_
1 exp
T k
qV
I I
D
s D
kelvins in re tempratu As!lute T
") 10 1#$ ( %&ar'e (le%tr!ni%
)1*
q
v!lta'e ias f!r+ar, Applie,
D
V
-./) 10 1#30 ( %!nstant s 1!lt2mann3
)23
k
%urrent saturati!n Reverse
s
I
Shockleys Equation
Diode: as logarithmic
device
The Major Problem: Dynamic range of diodes is too
less to be useful in any practical application
Logarithmic amplifier
,
_
,
_
1 exp
T k
qV
I I
D
s D
D
I i
1
,
_
,
_
1 exp
2
T k
qV
I
R
v v
D
s
in
D B
I I i +
1
R
v v
i
in 2
1
0
B
I
,
_
T k
qV
R I
v v
D
s
in
exp 1
2
out D
v v V
v
2
2
0
,
_
+
T k
qv
R I
v
out
s
in
exp 1
,
_
1 ln
R I
v
q
T k
v
s
in
out
,
_
R I
v
q
T k
v
s
in
out
ln
A I
R I v
s
s in
13
10
>
Exponential amplifier
,
_
,
_
1 exp
T k
qV
I I
D
s D
f D
i I
R
v v
T k
qV
I
out D
s
,
_
,
_
2
1 exp
B f D
I i I +
R
v v
i
out
f
2
0
B
I
,
_
T k
qV
R I
v v
D
s
out
exp 1
2
2
2
0
v v V
v
in D
,
_
T k
qv
R I
v
in
s
out
exp 1
1
]
1
,
_
kT
qv
R I v
in
s out
exp 1
,
_
kT
qv
R I v
in
s out
exp
0 >
in
v
Inte'rators
=ut capacitor in op amp feedbac. path
%
out
) - %
in
(1
f
@ ?
in
) ) - %
in
@ ( D f 7 ?
in
)
;imilar to low pass filter in high fre'uency limit
e-cept applies to low fre'uencies also
can show large gain near dc
?ecall %
+
E 3 forces 5
in
) -5
feedbac.
charge on capacitor is integral of 5
f
since %out ) F@7
f
/ %
out
is integral of 5
in
Result is integrator
integration speed E + @ ?
in
7
f
Integrator
R
in
-
+
V
in
V
out
C
f
V
1
I
in
I
f
log(V
out
V
in
!
log( f !
Unity gain at
f = ! " #$
%ain response
"hase
shift
log( f !
Phase response
#$% &egrees
% &egrees
Single#pole rolloff
' &(octa)e
* 1% &(&eca&e RC
%
+'%&(
%hunted inte'rator
,imit dc gain
Advantages(
dc input voltage no longer saturates op amp output
prevents servo runaway
:is-advantages
long term errors not well corrected by servo
log(V
out
V
in
!
log( f !
Unity gain at
f = ! " #
in
$
f
%ain response
"hase
shift
log( f !
Phase response
#$% &egrees
% &egrees
,ax gain * R
f
R
in
at f & ! " #
f
$
f
%
'hunted integrator
R
in
-
+
V
in
V
out
C
f
V
1
I
in
I
f
R
f
3eri&ation for re'ion of operation of
inte'rator and differentiator
