Bio

fuels
1
Introduction
2
Biofuels

Renewable, liquid, but also solid (e.g.

wood) or gaseous fuels (e.g. biogas) made
from recent, nonfossil biological plant
matter (e.g. crops),

Biodiesel and bioethanol are widely known

biofuels

eedstock biofuels are oil and tree seeds,

grain, beets and roots, lea!es grasses,
wood, but also waste materials such as
manure, waste water, fermentation
residues, slurries, abattoir and food waste.

"he #$ %irecti!e 2&&'(2)(#* (Renewable

#nergy %irecti!e or R#% for short) de+nes
the term biofuels in its, own way in -rticle
2i where it says. ,,-rticle 2 (i). biofuels
means liquid or gaseous fuel for
transport produced from biomass,,.
/
Biomass

Biomass is a term gi!en to biological

matter that either grew naturally
without human interference, or in a
cultured en!ironment (e.g.
monocultures), and made use of
photosynthesis. "his includes grown
materials such as

trees, shrubs, reeds, wood

a multitude of crops and plants,

containing oils and hydrocarbons

aquatic plants such as algae, water

plants and weeds

organic wastes such as slurries, farm

residues, food waste, forestry residues
0
1
st
generation Biofuels

1st generation biofuels employ pro!en

technologies a!ailable today. *lassic
1st generation biofuels together with
their feedstock include

Biodiesel

Bioethanol (ethyl alcolhol)

Biogas

Biobutanol

1ood and B"2 (Biomass to 2iquid)

3
1
st
generation Biofuels
B i o e t h a n o l
4 u g a r c a n e
5 a i 6 e
1 h e a t
B i o e t h a n o l
4 u g a r c a n e
5 a i 6 e
1 h e a t
Biodiesel
7egetable oils
8alm oils
Rape seed oil
4un9ower oil
Biodiesel
7egetable oils
8alm oils
Rape seed oil
4un9ower oil
Biogas
#nergy crops
5ai6e
4ugar beet
Biogas
#nergy crops
5ai6e
4ugar beet
B " 2
" h e r m o c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s
w i t h p y r o l y s i s a n d
g a s i + c a t i o n
8 r o d u c e s s y n g a s
B " 2
" h e r m o c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s
w i t h p y r o l y s i s a n d
g a s i + c a t i o n
8 r o d u c e s s y n g a s
#dible
feed stock
#dible
feed stock
:
Whats wrong with the
1
st
generation fuels

land use and land use change

potentially increased carbon

emissions

potentially increased nitrogen o;ide

emissions

indirect fossil fuel

crop residues stabilise soil organic

water use from irrigation

soil erosion
<
2
nd
generation fuels

"he answer may be a more ad!anced

class of biofuels known as 2
nd
generation
biofuels.

1hat separates them from +rst generation

biofuels the fact that feedstock used in
producing second generation biofuels are
generally not food crops.

"he only time the food crops can act as

second generation biofuels is if they ha!e
already ful+lled their food purpose
)
Characteristics of 2
nd
generation
=on>food
feedstocks

ood waste

arm slurries

*hicken litter

1aste wood
?mpro!ed
con!ersion
technology

5ore complete
con!ersion

@rown on
marginal land
?mpro!ed
performance

*ompared to 1
st

generation fuels
low @A@
emmision
'
Third generation
Biofuels
-d!anced biofuels were de+ned by the
inal Rule from the $nited 4tates
#n!ironmental 8rotection -gency (#8-)
Renewable uel 4tandard (R4) 8rogram
as being renewable fuels from algae,
other than ethanol deri!ed from corn
starch, for which lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions are at least 3&B less than the
gasoline or diesel fuel it displaces
directly substituted for petro>fuels
without any alterations to pipelines and
infrastructure
1&
#nergy *ontent

"he energy content of biodiesel is about '&B that of

petroleum diesel.

"he energy content of ethanol is about 3&B that of

gasoline.

"he energy content of butanol is about )&B that of

gasoline.

5ost biofuels are at least as energy dense as coal, but

produce less carbon dio;ide when burned.

"he lower energy content of biofuels means !ehicles

tra!el shorter distances on the same amount of fuel.
"his has to be taken into account when considering
emissions.
11
4ubstitutability of biofuels
with common petroleum>
deri!ed fuels
12
Feed stock
Terrestrial feed stock
Rich in sugar and lipids
*ellulosic Biomass
Aquatic feed stock
-quatic
8hotosynthetic algae
*ynobacteria
1/
Rich sugar
or lipids
*orn
grain
4ugar
cane
4oybea
n oil
*ellulosic
Biomass
-gricult
ural
residues
orest
residues
#nergy
crops
Terrestrial feed stock
10
Tpes of Biofuels and Intermediates
Biofuels
#thanol and other alcohols
Biodiesel (-5#)
-d!anced Aydrocarbons
?ntermediates
4ugar or carbohydrates deri!ati!es
2ipids
4yngas
Bio oils
13
Biomass con!ersion techniques
"asi#cation of biomass to syngas
(*C D A2) and further con!ersion of
syngas to liquid fuels,
fast prolsis or liquefaction of
biomass to produce bio>oils followed
by upgrading or blending for use as
fuels, and
hdrolsis of biomass into sugar
and lignin monomer units for
con!ersion to targeted products
1:
Biomass con!ersion and
solid waste con!ersion
to energ paths
Biomass resources
2ignin
*ellulose
hemicellulo
se
"hermochemic
al con!ersion
8yrolysi
s
@as( Cil(
*harcoal
@asi+ca
tion
4yngas
Biochemical
con!ersion
5icrobial
fermentat
ion
#thanol (
Butanol
-naerobi
c
digestion
Biogas
1<
8otential bene+ts and challenges
Bene#ts
Challenges

#nergy 4ecurity

%omestic energy source

2ocally distributed

1ell connected supply>demand

chain

Aigher reliability

#conomic stability

8rice stability

#mployment generation

Rural de!elopment

Reduce inter>fuels comptition

Reduce demand>supply gap

Cpen new industrial dimentions

*ontrol on monopoly of fossil

rich states

#n!ironmental gains

Better waste utili6ation

Reduce local pollution

Reduce @A@s emission

from energy consumption

Reduction in land+ll sites

eed stock

*ollection network

4torage facilities

ood>fuel competition

"echnology

8retreatment

#n6yme production

#Eciency impro!ement

"echnology cost

8roduction of !alue added co>products

8olicy

2and use change

und for research and de!elopment

8ilot scale demonstration

*ommercial scale deployment

8olicy for biofuels

8rocurement of subcidies

on biofuels production

"a; credits on production

and utili6ation of biofuels

1)
Bioethanol
production
1'
1orld 4cenario

8roduction (2&&'>1&) . 1&& Billion liters

*onsumption.

uel . :)B

?ndustries. 21B

8otable . 11 B

4old commercially in two forms

#13( 13B #thanol D )3B @asoline)

#)3 ()3B #thanol D 13B @asoline)

Raw material maForly used

4ugar cane (:&B) . ?ndia, Bra6il, *olumbia

*orn (0&B) . $4, #$, *hina

2&
8rotocol for preparation
8roduction
and
gathering of
feed stock
8retreatment
ermentation
of sugar
#thanol
reco!ery
Biological en6ymes
%ownstream processing
21
*urrent challenges and
areas of research
?ntroduction of new feedstocks,
8roduction of second generation bioethanol
from bagasse,
4election of new yeast strains more
adapted to stressing conditions of industrial
fermentations,
Bacterial and yeast contamination in the
fermentation process with cell recycling, and
Reduction of !inasse !olume.
22
Biodiesel production
2/
%iGerent feed stock

Rapeseed oil, canola oil, soybean oil,

sun9ower oil and palm oil.

Beef and sheep tallow and poultry oil from

animal sources

"here are !arious other biodiesel sources

( research stage) .
almond, andiroba (*arapa guianensis),
babassu (Crbignia sp.), barley, camelina
(*amelina sati!a), coconut, copra, cumaru
(%iptery; odorata), *ynara cardunculus, +sh
oil, groundnut, Hatropha curcas, karanFa
(8ongamia glabra), laurel, 2esquerella
fendleri, 5adhuca indica, microalgae
(*hlorella !ulgaris), oat, piqui (*aryocar sp.),
poppy seed, rice, rubber seed, sesame,
sorghum, tobacco seed, and wheat

?n ?ndia and southeast -sia, the Hatropha tree

(Hatropha cursas) IaranFa (8ongamia
pinnata)and 5ahua (5. indica) is used as a
signi+cant fuel source.
20
8rotocol for production
Cil
*rops
#;traction
#steri+cation
Biodies
el
8retreatmen
t
23
8roduction method
2:
"ransesteri+cation

"ransesteri+cation is a chemical reaction between

triglyceride and alcohol in the presence of catalyst.

?t consists of a sequence of three consecuti!e

re!ersible reactions where triglycerides are
con!erted to diglycerides and then diglycerides
are con!erted to monoglycerides followed by the
con!ersion of monoglycerides to glycerol.

- catalyst is usually used to impro!e the reaction

rate and yield. Because the reaction is re!ersible,
e;cess alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium to
the product side.
2<
Research prospects
%e!elopment of a 8ortable Biodiesel
8roduction acility
%e!elopment of 4olid *atalysts for Biodiesel
Biodiesel %irectly from Cilseeds. JReacti!e
#;tractionK
"he Rapeseed Biodiesel Biore+nery
Biodiesel from -lgae in #;truded 8olymer
5icroreactors
*old low 8roperties of Biodiesels
Biodiesel from =on>edible Cilseeds
%e!elopment of *atalysts for *racking of
7egetable Cils
Aigh "emperature Aeterogeneous
#steri+cation *atalysts
2)
"hird generation Biofuels
2'
"he process
/&
Biofuels using -lgal source
/1
1hy -lgae

-lgae Biodiesel is a good

replacement for standard crop
Biodiesels like soy and canola

$p to <&B of algae biomass is usable

oils

-lgae does not compete for land and

space with other agricultural crops

-lgae can sur!i!e in water of high

salt content and use water that was
pre!iously deemed unusable
/2
1orld scenario
//
*urrent scenario usage of diGerent
R5
/0
*ommercial !iability

Ballestra, ?taly

B%" Biodiesel
"echnologies, -ustria

Biodiesel ?ndustries, $.4.

Biodiesel ?nternational,
$.4

Biosourceuels, 22*, $.4.

B?CL *orporation,
*anada

*rown ?ron 1orks

*ompany, $.4.

#nergeaBiodiesel
"echnology, -ustria

?mperial 1estern 8roducts,

?nc., $.4.

2urgi84?, ?nc.$.4.

8aci+c Biodiesel, ?nc.Aawaii.

4uperior 8rocess
"echnologies, $.4.
/3
/:
/<
/)
?ndian scenario
/'
*urrent scenario

Biomass based power is being promoted in ?ndia

#nergy *on!ersion in Biomass based power is less

eEcient than Biouels

1 ton of dry bagasse yields )&&>1&&& k1h of

power

1 ton of dry bagasse is e;pected to yield 1/&&

k1h of energy content in ethanol (/&>:&B
higher)

Biomass power is subsidi6ed in se!eral states

8ower 8urchase 8rice is Rs : per k1h in some

states

-t Rs 2< per liter of ethanol, equi!alent price for

ethanol is Rs 0.3& per k1h

Biomass to #thanol addresses a more important

problem than Biomass to 8ower

?ndiaMs annual thermal coal imports are :& 5n

tons at N3 Bn

?ndiaMs Cil imports ha!e crossed N1&& Bn

0&
8olicy

"arget. 2&B blending of biodiesel and bio>

ethanol by 2&1<.

#Gort to stimulate rural de!elopment and

create employment opportunities

#n!ironment protection

%eri!e bio>fuel from non>food sources

5ission =ew #nergy, ?ndia O - pilot plant of

&.&< 52(yr cellulosic ethanol utilises
agricultural waste (wheat(rice(corn(barley
straw, and in the future Hatropha *urcas, an
oil>seed tree) using a no!el hydrolysis process.
2ignin is separated from the cellulose and
hemicellulose prior to hydrolysis, which is
conducted without the use of any en6ymes.
Pields of 3&& 2(t of feedstock are reported
which is /:B more eEcient than competing
cellulosic ethanol technologies. - commercial
scale plant is planned.
01
Bioethanol production O
raw material used
02
*ommerciali6ation

"he @o!ernment launched three pilot proFects in

2&&1,

2 in 5aharashtra

1 in $ttar 8radesh

"hese pilot proFects ha!e been supplying 3B

ethanol blend (#3) only to the retail outlets under
their respecti!e supply areas.

?n total, 23& million tons of ethanol were produced

for blending purposes out of 22&& million tons.

"he rest was used in industry and for alcohol

consumption
0/
uture > challenges

"echnology de!elopment to treat any undissol!ed pellets

of ICA left in alcohol

"echnology de!elopment which would allow separation of

glycerol and reduction of formation of soap

*ommercial, 7iable $p 4caling of production of biodiesel

treating the a!erage high content of - (Q2B) in ?ndian
eedstocks for Biodiesel production like Hatropha Cil,
8ongamia Cil,5ahua,8ilu, 4al,=ahor,Iokam, Iamala,
Rubber 4eed through a continuous process of
transesteri+cation

*omplete remo!al of alcohol, catalyst, water, soaps,

glycerine, unreacted and partially reacted triglycerides and
free fatty acids
00
uture > challenges

"echnology de!elopment for processing large !ariety of

raw and re+ned !egetable oils with low eRuent
generation and adaptable to large range of production
capacities

Aeterogeneous "rans>esteri+cation 8rocess

%e!elopment of additi!es for Bio>diesel>%iesel blends

%e!elopment of 4olid -cid *atalysis technique of

transesteri+cation

%e!elopment of 2ipase O*ataly6ed (#n6yme *ataly6ed)

process

*ontinuous deglyceroli6ation

=on ?onic Base *ataly6ed 8rocess

03
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