Generator Principles
Generator Construction
Excitation System
Operational aspects
Generator Protections
Alternator:
An Alternator is an equipment which
converts Mechanical Energy into
Electrical Energy.
Sources of Mechanical
Energy
Steam Turbines
Gas Turbines
Hydraulic Turbines
Other sources
This forms the basis for the conversion of
Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy.
This can be presented in two forms which
are applicable to the operation of
Generators.
N
R
Y
B
S
When a Rotating Magnetic Field cuts the conductors,
Voltage is induced in them.
This is applicable to the main generator
+
_
When a Rotating conductor cuts the Magnetic Field ,
Voltage is induced in the conductor.
This applicable to the Exciter.
A DC Voltage is applied to the Rotor and it
becomes a Magnet
When this magnet is rotated,it induces
voltage in the stator windings
STATOR
ROTOR
EXCITER
SLIP RINGS
BRUSHES
BEARINGS
COOLING SYSTEM
PROVIDED FOR EXTERNAL
EXCITATION
USED FOR ROTOR EARTH FAULT
PROTECTION
SLEEVE BEARINGS ARE USED
THEY ARE MADE OF WHITE METALS
NDE SIDE BEARING IS INSULATED TO
AVOID SHAFT CURRENT CURRENT
CIRCULATION
Stator frame
Stator core
laminations
Stator windings
End shield
Rotor poles
Rotor coils
: Mild steel
: Silicon steel
: Copper strips
: Aluminum alloy
: Alloy steel
: Silver alloyed copper
To take away the heat dissipated in the
stator and the rotor
Maximum loading of the machine depends
on the effectiveness of cooling system.
AIR COOLING
WATER COOLING
HYDROGEN COOLING
For low ratings
For medium ratings
For higher ratings
TO SUPPLY THE FIELD WINDING OF THE
GENERATOR WITH DC CURRENT AND
CONTROL IT
THIS KEEPS THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE
CONSTANT
ENSURES PROPER REACTIVE POWER
SHARING
IMPROVES STABILITY
STATOR
STATOR
+
ROTOR
DIODE
ROTOR
SHAFT
ROTOR
RECTIFIER
ROTOR
STATOR
STATOR
Powering
11 KV
PT
AVR
Feedback
STATOR
STATOR
STATOR
ROTOR
DIODE
ROTOR
MAGNET
ROTOR
MAGNET
SHAFT
ROTOR
RECTIFIER
STATOR
STATOR
STATOR
Feed back
11 KV
PT
AVR
Powering
POWERING
AC - DC
CONVERTER
Aux. power
+
TO EXCITER
-
FIRING PULSE
GENERATOR
Aux. power
CONTROLLER
Reference
Feedback
REFERENCE
FEEDBACK
PROCESSING
PROCESSING
There are two identical AVRs present
The AVR will not come into line unless
the turbine reaches 85% of full speed
One of the AVR will be on line and the
other one will remain as standby.
If the main AVR fails , then the stand
by AVR will automatically come onto
line
A manual excitation control provision
also exists
Parameters List:
Voltage
Frequency
Active power
Reactive power
Excitation voltage / current
Power Factor
Frequency - Real power
f
NL
FSR 3
FSR 2
FSR 1
FL
FL
Voltage - Reactive Power:
V
NL
IF 3
IF 2
FL
IF 1
FL
TURBINE REACHES FULL SPEED
CLOSE THE FIELD BREAKER
BUILD UP VOLTAGE TO 11KV
SYNCHRONISATION
INCREASE THE LOAD
ISLAND OPERATION
PARALLEL OPERATION
6 MW
GT-A
6 MW
LOADS
Real and Reactive power supplied will be the amount demanded by the Load.
GOVERNOR SET POINT DECIDES THE FREQUENCY
FIELD CURRENT DECIDES THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE
More load in shared condition.
Increase in Reliability.
Flexibility in Maintenance.
GT-A
GT-B
ARE THE FREQUENCIES SAME?
ARE THE PHASE SEQUENCES SAME?
LOADS
ARE THE VOLTAGES SAME?
37 MW
GT-A
4 MW
GT-B
LOAD HAS TO BE SHARED BETWEEN THEM
7 MW
LOAD
LOAD DEMAND IS CONSTANT
GT-A
6 MW
3 MW
GT-B
1MW 4 MW
TO SUMMARISE:
Load demand is constant
Increase in Governor set point of one Generator
increases the system frequency and Real power
on that Generator
Increase in Field current of one Generator
increases the system voltage and Reactive power
on that Generator
Voltage and Frequency are constant i.e not in our control
f
WHEN INCOMING FREQUENCY IS GREATER THAN GRID:
APTRANSCO
PAPTRANSCO
GT-A
PGT
GT-A TAKES PART OF LOAD
WHEN INCOMING FREQUENCY IS LESSER THAN GRID:
APTRANSCO
PAPTRANSCO -PGT
GT-A
GT-A ACTS AS LOAD
WHEN THE GOVERNOR SET POINT OF GT-A INCREASES:
APSEB
6 MW 4 MW 2 MW
GT-A
1 MW 3 MW 5 MW
Voltage and Frequency are fixed by GRID
Governor set point decides the Real
Power
Field current decides the Reactive power
To prevent the equipment from severe
damages during fault conditions
To continuously track the various
parameters and isolate the equipment
when they deviate from the set value
Over current Protection
Stator Earth Fault Protection
Differential Protection
Unbalance Protection
Reverse power Protection
Loss of Excitation Protection
Over / Under Frequency Protection
Over / Under voltage Protection
CTS
Winding
Winding
Winding
B
O/C OCCURS
I > 540 A or 1941 A
NGR
RELAY
Relay operates in t sec
It monitors the overloading pattern of the generator
and trips incase of heavy loading
It follows an Inverse curve and so it trips in less time
for a higher current
The set point initiates the relay typically at 540 A or 1941 A
t
Winding
Winding
Winding
I >15.2 A or
20 A
CT
Relay operates
NGR
The star point of the Generator is
earthed through a Resistor to limit
Earth fault current
So whenever an Earth fault occurs , the
fault current flows through NGR
When the neutral current exceeds the
set value , the relay operates
CTS
RELAY
CTS
Winding
Winding
Winding
I > 105 A (OR) 350 A
Relay operates
This relay is to protect the stator
winding phase wise
This is the fastest relay available
Under normal condition both the CT
currents are same and the differential
current is zero.
But when there exists a fault in the
stator winding both CT currents differ
leading to a differential current
When this differential current is more
than set value the relay operates
Unbalance condition arises when the
three phase loads are not same
This relay operates if the percentage of
unbalance exceeds the set value
Typically 8%
To avoid reverse flow of power i.e power
into the generator
In this state Generator will act as a motor
If continues to operate , this will cause
overheating of turbine
Typically 3% ( 5% ) reverse flow
To avoid running the machine without
excitation
It works on the principle,
Impedance=V/I.
The terminal voltage falls if a sudden
heavy load demand or AVR failure
occurs, this will cause the current to
increase and the impedance falls.
The relay is an Impedance relay and it
operates when Impedance falls below
certain limit.
UNDER VOLTAGE
= 7.4 KV
OVER VOLTAGE ALARM = 12 KV
; 7.5 KV
; 11.5 KV
OVER VOLTAGE TRIP
= 12.5 KV , 12.5 KV
OVER FREQUENCY
= 51.5 Hz , 52 Hz
UNDER FREQUENCY
= 47 Hz
, 47.5 Hz
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ACTS
STATOR EARTH FAULT OCCURS
LOSS OF EXCITATION HAPPENS
