Journal Reading
Ultrasound in Chronic Liver Disease
(J. F. Gerstenmaier & R. N. Gibson)
PEMBIMBING: DR.A. MUNIR, SP.RAD.
PRESENTAN : ANDHIKA HADI W.
1102010020
FK YARSI
KEPANITERAAN KLINIK BAGIAN ILMU
RADIOLOGI
Abstract
Background
With the high prevalence of diffuse liver disease there
is a strong clinical need for noninvasive detection and
grading of fibrosis and steatosis as well as detection of
complications.
Methods
B-mode ultrasound supplemented by portal system
Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound are the
principal techniques in the assessment of liver
parenchyma and portal venous hypertension and in
hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance.
Results
Fibrosis can be detected and staged with reasonable
accuracy using Transient Elastography and Acoustic
Radiation Force Imaging. Newer elastography
techniques are emerging that are undergoing
validation and may further improve accuracy.
Ultrasound grading of hepatic steatosis
currently is predominantly qualitative.
Conclusion
A summary of methods including B-mode,
Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and various
elastography techniques, and their current
performance in assessing the liver, is provided.
INTRODUCTION
US : major role in the diagnosis and management of
chronic liver diseases
Purpose : to summarise the range of US techniques
now available and to provide some perspective
ontheir current and potential future value,
The Clinical Challenge Fibrosis and
Steatosis Grading and Staging
Hepatic fibrosis is a response to chronic liver injury
and a process that tends to progress to cirrhosis and
end-stage liver disease
five stages, e.g. the METAVIR
(F0) = normal connective tissue
(F1) = fibrous portal expansion
(F2) = periportal or scanty porto-portal septa
(F3) = fibrous septa with architectural
(F4) = cirrhosis.
Macrovesicular steatosis of the liver can be graded
S0S3 based on percent of hepatocytes in the biopsy
involved
S0 : none;
S1 is up to 33 %;
S2 is 3366 %;
S3 is >66 %)
The grade of steatosis is one parameter in the staging
for NASH
Dixon macrovesicular grading :
grades 04 assigned to
<5%,
525%
2550 %,
5075%
>75 %
Biopsy : gold standard in fibrosis assesment
Weakness :
has a complication rate of approximately 1 %
have a high rate of sampling error in patients with
diffuse parenchymal liver diseases
A typical specimen volume taken at core biopsy
represents only 1/50,000 of liver volume
Ultrasound Modalities
B mode ultrasound
Fatty Liver Disease
Diffuse fatty infiltration results in increased
echogenicity of the liver when compared to other
organs such as the renal cortex (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 B-mode ultrasound of liver and right kidney. Diffuse
fatty infiltration. The liver is of markedly increased echo
intensity relative to the renal cortex, indicative of severe
steatosis
Qualitative grading :
0 = normal.
Grade 1 (mild) = diffuse slight increase in fine echoes
in the hepatic parenchyma with normal visualisation
of the diaphragm and intrahepatic vessel borders.
Grade 2 (moderate) = a moderate diffuse increase in
fine echoes with slightly impaired visualisation of the
intrahepatic vessels and diaphragm.
Grade 3 (marked) = marked increase in fine echoes
with poor or no visualisation of the intrahepatic
vessel borders,diaphragm and posterior portion of
the right lobe of the liver
Effectiveness of steatosis detection can be increased
by quantification of liver brightness. The
sonographic hepatorenal index (SHRI) is based on
comparison between liver and kidney brightness:
An image including both liver and kidney is
required, typically showing segment 6 of the liver
and the upper pole of the right kidney.
Regions of interest (ROI) of an appropriate size
(>400 pixels) are selected in the liver parenchyma.
The SHRI is the mean liver brightness divided by the
mean renal cortex brightness (Fig. 2).
The authors found that SHRI cutoff points of 1.21,
1.28 and 2.15 yielded 100 % sensitivity for the
diagnoses of steatosis greater than 5 %, 25 % and 50
%, respectively,with a specificity greater than 70 %.
In summary, the SHRI appears to be an appealing
technique for diagnosis and quantification of hepatic
steatosis.
Doppler ultrasound
Doppler ultrasound can measure hepatic blood flow.
In the past, several investigations of the utility of
Doppler ultrasound as a noninvasive method of
assessing the degree of hepatic fibrosis have been
made
The
main role of Doppler ultrasound is the
assessment of portal venous hypertension as a
complication of cirrhosi and hepatofugal flow in the
portal vein are both specific signs and have a high
positive predictive value for the presence of portal
hypertension
Recanalisation of the paraumbilical vein as shown by
venous Doppler signal in the ligamentum teres. This
is sensitive and specific for the presence of portal
venous hypertension
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Contrast-enhanced
ultrasound
(CEUS)
uses
microbubbles as kinetic tracers. By measuring
vascular
transit
times
and
parenchymal
enhancement, the severity of liver disease can be
assessed. In patients with cirrhosis, the transit times
of microbubbles are shortened
Elastography
There is a correlation between hepatic parenchymal
pathology and liver stiffness. As a surrogate marker
of fibrosis and cirrhosis, the measurement of liver
stiffness forms the basis of elastography.
Elasticity is the tendency of solid materials to return
to their original shape after being deformed by a
force applied and removed. In elastography, such
force is coupled with a system that measures the
deformities caused by the force
Ultrasound elastography techniques :
Transient elastography (FibroScan),
Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI),
shear wave mode elastography
Strain elastography
Transient elastography
Based on Hookes law : the force required to
compress or extend a spring is proportional to the
distance compressed or extended
Transient elastography (TE) is the technique used
with the FibroScan ultrasound unit
The stiffer the tissue is, the higher the speed of wave
progression
Acoustic force radiation impulse
A 5mm 10mmregion of interest (ROI) cursor is
placed during real-time B-mode scanning. The
technique was termed shear wave elastography at a
point (pSWE) given the small size of the ROI cursor
The tissue in the ROI is excited with a short duration
(262 s) fixed frequency (2.67 MHz) ultrasound
pulse to displace tissue locally.
Two-dimensional shear wave elastography
The shear wave elastography (SWE) Aixplorer
ultrasound system generates shear waves in tissue
from the acoustic radiation force obtained with
focussed ultrasound pulses.
Serial pulses create plane shear waves that propagate
transversely.
Plane wave imaging is used to determine the speed
of shear waves.
Tissue elasticity is related to shear wave velocity and
expressed in kPa
Range of colours is from red (soft tissue) to blue
(hard tissue).
On a frozen image, mean and standard deviation of
tissue stiffness can be displayed within a set ROI
Strain elastography (real-time tissue
elastography)
Strain elastography is technically distinct from
transient elastography, using a conventional
ultrasound transducer to collect signals with and
without distortion of tissue
While initially used for the assessment of focal
lesions in the pancreas, prostate, breast and thyroid,
this method is now also being used for liver fibrosis.
Conclusion
Conventional B-mode ultrasound remains a valuable
tool in first-line screening of patients with chronic
liver disease, supplemented by portal venous
Doppler studies.
Elastographic methods of TE and ARFI have now
been validated for the assessment of fibrosis, other
elastographic technologies are emerging and are
likely to become more widely applied
