EARTH SCIENCE
NS 101
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
MISSION
The
University
of
Batangas
provides quality education by
promoting
personal
and
professional growth and enabling
the person to participate in a global,
technology, and research driven
environment
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
VISION
We envision the University of
Batangas to be a center of excellence
committed to serve the broader
community through quality education
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
PHILOSOPHY
The University of Batangas , a stock,
non -sectarian, private educational
institution believes in the pursuit of
knowledge,
values
and
skills
necessary for the preservation and
improvement of the Philippine
society.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
It has faith in the dignity of human
person, in demographic process, in
reward for individual excellence, and in
freedom of a person to worship God
according to his conscience.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Thus, the institution believes that the
development of the individual as a
person and worker is an effective
means in building a better family,
community, and nation, and a better
world.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Objectives
The University of Batangas aims to:
Pursue academic excellence through a
continuing search for and application of
truth, knowledge and wisdom via
traditional and alternative modes of
instructional delivery
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Promote moral and spiritual development
through an integrated education process
that will enhance human character and
dignity
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Develop cultural, economic and socio-civic
conscience through an educational
content relevant to national development
needs, conditions and aspirations;
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Strengthen involvement in community
services through varied economic projects
and extensive research
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Attain institutional self-reliance through
responsive programs for staff, facilitates
and systems development; and
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Ensure financial viability and profitability
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
EARTH SCIENCE
Refers to all the sciences that collectively
seek to understand earth and its
neighbors in space
It involves the understanding of the
several branches of physical sciences
such as geology, meteorology and
astrononomy
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
GEOLOGY
From the Greek word Greeky, g,
earth and , logos, study) is the
science that comprises the study of the
solid Earth and processes by which it is
shaped and changed
Provides a primary evidence for plate
tectonics, the history of life and evolution
and past climates
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
AREAS OF GEOLOGY
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
Investigates the materials composing the
Earth and seeks to understand the many
processes that operate beneath and upon its
surface
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
AREAS OF GEOLOGY
HISTORICAL GEOLOGY seeks to
understand the origin of the Earth and the
development of the planet.
It aims to establish an orderly chronological
arrangement of the multitude of physical
and biological changes that have occurred
in the geologic past.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The study of PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
logically precedes the study of EARTHS
HISTORY because we must first
understand how the Earth works before
we attempt to unravel its past
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
GEOLOGY
Commercially important for mineral and
hydrocarbon exploration
Evaluating water sources
Publicly important for the prediction and
understanding of natural hazards
Important for the remediation of environmental
problems
For providing insights into past climate change
Plays an essential role in geotechnical engineering
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
ANCIENT GREECE
THEOPHRASTUS (372 287 BC)
Wrote the PeriLithon (On Stones)
ROMAN PERIOD
PLINY THE ELDER
Wrote in detail, the many minerals and metals then
in practical use, and correctly noted the origin of
amber
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
MODERN SCHOLARS
FIELDING H. GARRISON
believes that modern geology began in the
medieval Islamic world Abu al Rayhan al
Biruni (973 1048 AD) was one of the earliest
geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian sub
continent was once a sea
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
IbnSina (Avicenna, 981-1037)
Proposed detailes explanations for the
formation of mountains, the origin of
earthquakes, and other topics central to
modern Geology, which provided an essential
foundation for the later development of
science.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
ShenKua (1031-1095), China, a polymath
Formulated a hypothesis for the process of
land formation
Based on his observation of fossil animal
shells in a geological stratum in mountain
hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred
that the land was formed by erosion of the
mountains and by deposition of silt
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
NICOLAS STENO (1638-1686)
is credited with:
1. the law of superposition
- an axiom that forms one of the bases of the
sciences of geology, archeology, and other fields
dealing with geological stratigraphy.
- it states that in undeformed stratigraphic sequences,
the oldest strata will be at the bottom of the
sequence
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
2. the principle of original horizontally
- states that layers of sediment are originally
deposited horizontally under the action of
gravity.
- It is a relative dating technique.
- The principle is important to the analysis of
folded and tilted strata.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
3. the principle of lateral continuity
- states that layers of sediment initially extend
laterally in all directions; in other words, they
are laterally continuous.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Schematic representation of the principle of
lateral continuity
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
JEAN ANDRE DELUC first used that word
geology in 1778.
HORACE BENEDICT DE SAUSSURE
introduced geology as a fixed term
WILLIAM SMITH (1769-1839) drew some of
the first geological maps and began the process
of ordering rock strata (layers) by examining the
fossils contained in them.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
JAMES HUTTON is often viewed as the first modern
geologist.
Presented a paper entitled, Theory of the Earth in 1785, to
the Royal Society of Edinburgh
He explained that the Earth must be much older than had
previously been supposed in order to allow enough time
for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new
rocks at the bottom of the seas, which in turn were raised
uo to become dry land.
He published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795.
Followers of Hutton were known as Plutonists because
they believed that some rocks had settled out a large
ocean whose level gradually dropped over time.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
SIR CHARLES LYELL first published
his famous book, Principles of Geology,
in 1830.
this book influenced the thought of Charles
Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine
of uniformitarianism
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Doctrine of Uniformitarianism
- This theory states that slow geological
processes have occurred throughout the Earths
history and are still occurring today.
* This theory was not totally accepted at that time it
was presented by Hutton
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
*Catastrophism is the theory that Earths
features formed in single, catastrophic
events and remained unchanged
thereafter.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
19TH CENTURY
geology revolves around the question of the
Earths exact age
estimates varied from 100,000 to billions of
years
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
20TH CENTURY
Radiometric dating allowed the Earths age to
be estimated at two billion years
This opened doors to new theories about the
processes that shaped the planet
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
Theory of Plate Tectonics (1960)
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
HISTORY
THE PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
- Revolutionized the Earth Science
- (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the
Greek: "pertaining to
building") is a scientific theory that
describes the large-scale motion of
Earths lithosphere.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
- This theoretical model builds on the
concept of continental drift which was
developed during the first few decades of
the 20th century.
- The geoscientific community accepted the
theory after the concepts of seafloor
spreading were later developed in the late
1950s and early 1960s.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Earth is known to be
approximately 4.5 billion
years old
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ASSIGNMENT #1
1. What is the Clock of Eras?Illustrate the
Modern Clock of Eras.
2. What is the Geologic Time Scale?
Illustrate.
3. What is Relative Dating?
4. What is Absolute Dating?
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
5. Read on the following:
- The principle of intrusive relationships
- The principle of cross cutting relationships
- The principle of inclusions and components
- The principle of uniformitarianism
- The principle of original horizontality
- The principle of superposition
- The principle of faunal succession
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Write your answers in your notebook.
There will be a Graded Recitation next
meeting
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
CLOCK OF ERAS AND
GEOLOGIC TIME
A graphic aid to help us visualize geologic time.
Uses analogy of a circular clock to represent the
development of our planet in geologic time.
The clock represents geologic time on the Earth
since its birth to the present, from the initial
events that brought about the formation up to
now.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
CLOCK OF ERAS AND
GEOLOGIC TIME
A concept that was developed in Montessori
Education where the colors as used in the
Montessori clock relate to the life that was
present during the time.
PALEOZOIC ERA blue, because life was
primarily in the seas
MESOZOIC ERA brown, because life moved to
the land
CENOZOIC ERA green, because of the fresh
new life: the mammals
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
CLOCK OF ERAS AND
GEOLOGIC TIME
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
CLOCK OF ERAS AND
GEOLOGIC TIME
Provides a system of chronologic measurement relating
stratigraphy to time that is used by geologists,
paleontologists and other earth scientists to describe the
timing and relationships between events that have
occurred during the history of the Earth.
Geological Time put in a diagram called a geological
clock, showing the relative lengths of eras of the Earths
history
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
CLOCK OF ERAS AND
GEOLOGIC TIME
It subdivides the 4.5 billion year history
of the Earth into many different units and
provides a meaningful time frame within
which the events of the geologic past are
arranged.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
GEOLOGIC
TIME SCALE
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
RELATIVE DATING
First emerged as a
formal science
Cross cutting
relations can be
used to determine
the relative ages of
rock strata and other
geological
structures.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
RELATIVE DATING
is the science of determining the relative order of
past events (i.e., the age of an object in
comparison to another), without necessarily
determining their absolute age, (i.e. estimated
age).
In geology rock or superficial deposits, fossils
and lithologies can be used to correlate one
stratigraphic column with another.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
RELATIVE DATING
Though relative dating can only determine
the sequential order in which a series of events
occurred, not when they occur, it remains a
useful technique especially in materials lacking
radioactive isotopes.
Relative dating by biostratigraphy is the
preferred method in paleontology, and is in
some respects more accurate (Stanley, 167
69).
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
RELATIVE DATING
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABSOLUTE DATING
The process of determining an age on a
specified time scale in archaeology and geology.
Some scientists prefer the
terms chronometric or calendar dating, as use of
the word "absolute" implies an unwarranted
certainty and precision.
provides a numerical age or range in contrast
with relative dating which places events in order
without any measure of the age between events.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABSOLUTE DATING
In archeology, absolute dating is usually based on the
physical, chemical, and life properties of the materials of
artifacts, buildings, or other items that have been modified
by humans and by historical associations with materials
with known dates (coins and written history).
Techniques include tree rings in timbers, radiocarbon dating
of wood or bones, and trapped charge dating methods
such asthermoluminescence dating of glazed ceramics.
Coins found in excavations may have their production date
written on them, or there may be written records describing
the coin and when it was used, allowing the site to be
associated with a particular calendar year.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABSOLUTE DATING
In geology, the primary methods of absolute
dating involve using the radioactive decay of
elements trapped in rocks or minerals, including
isotope systems from very young (radiocarbon
dating with 14C) to systems such as
uranium-lead dating that allow acquisition of
absolute ages for some of the oldest rocks on
earth.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABSOLUTE DATING
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Intrusive
Relationships
concerns crosscutting intrusions.
In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts
across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be
determined that the igneous intrusion is younger
than the sedimentary rock.
There are a number of different types of
intrusions, including stocks, laccoliths,
batholiths, sills and dikes.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Cross-cutting
Relationships
pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the
sequences through which they cut.
Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if
a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not
those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are
older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must
be younger than the fault.
Finding the key bed in these situations may help
determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust
fault.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Inclusions and
Components
states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts)
are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older
than the formation that contains them.
For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel
from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a
newer layer.
A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when
xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as
magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in
the matrix.
As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which
contains them.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Uniformitarianism
states that the geologic processes observed in
operation that modify the Earth's crust at present
have worked in much the same way over
geologic time.
A fundamental principle of geology advanced by
the 18th century Scottish physician and
geologist James Hutton, is that "the present is
the key to the past." In Hutton's words: "the past
history of our globe must be explained by what
can be seen to be happening now."
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Original
Horizontality
states that the deposition of sediments
occurs as essentially horizontal beds.
Observation of modern marine and nonmarine sediments in a wide variety of
environments supports this generalization
(although cross-bedding is inclined, the
overall orientation of cross-bedded units is
horizontal).
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Superposition
states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically
undisturbed sequence is younger than the one
beneath it and older than the one above it.
Logically a younger layer cannot slip beneath a layer
previously deposited.
This principle allows sedimentary layers to be viewed
as a form of vertical time line, a partial or complete
record of the time elapsed from deposition of the
lowest layer to deposition of the highest bed.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Principle of Faunal Succession
is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks.
As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the
world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to
provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found.
Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred
years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of
evolution, the principles of succession were developed
independently of evolutionary thought.
The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the
uncertainties of fossilization (Paleontology), the localization of
fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in
sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found
globally at the same time.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
METHODS OF GEOLOGY
Petrology (from the Greek , petra,
"rock" and , logos, "study") is the
branch of geology that studies the origin,
composition, distribution and structure of
rocks.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
METHODS OF GEOLOGY
Stratigraphy-the study of sedimentary
layers), and
structural geology-the study of positions of
rock units and their deformation
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Field Methods
Geological mapping
Structural mapping: the locations of major rock units
and the faults and folds that led to their placement
there.
Stratigraphic mapping: the locations of sedimentary
facies (lithofacies and biofacies) or the mapping of
isopachs of equal thickness of sedimentary rock
Surficial mapping: the locations of soils and surficial
deposits
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Field Methods
Surveying of topographic features
Creation of topographic maps
Work to understand change across
landscapes, including:
Patterns of erosion and deposition
River channel change through migration and
avulsion
Hill slope processes
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Subsurface mapping through
geophysical methods
These methods include:
Shallow seismic surveys
Ground-penetrating radar
Aeromagnetic surveys
Electrical resistivity tomography
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
They are used for:
Hydrocarbon exploration
Finding groundwater
Locating buried archaeological artifacts
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
High-resolution stratigraphy
Measuring and describing stratigraphic
sections on the surface
Well drilling and logging
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology
Collecting samples to:
Determine biochemical pathways
Identify new species of organisms
Identify new chemical compounds
And to use these discoveries to:
Understand early life on Earth and how it functioned and
metabolized
Find important compounds for use in pharmaceuticals.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Paleontology: excavation of fossil material
For research into past life and evolution
For museums and education
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Collection of samples
for geochronology and thermochronology
Glaciology: measurement of
characteristics of glaciers and their motion
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Earth History
The Geologic
Time Scale
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Age of the Earth
4.6 billion years
old =
4,600,000,000
Image courtesy of NASA, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg#file
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE EARTH FORMED
ALONG WITH THE SOLAR SYSTEM 4.6 BILLION
YEARS AGO (4,600 MYA)
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
A SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR EVENTS IN EARTHS HISTORY
EON largest segment of geologic time
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH smallest segment of geologic time
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The earths 4.6 billion year history is divided into
major units of time:
Precambrian Time
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Precambrian Time
4.6 billion years before present to 544 million
years before present
Longest era with a sparse fossil record
Origin of earths crust, first atmosphere, and
first seas
Earliest fossils of cyanobacteria use
photosynthesis to produce oxygen
Ozone layer in the atmosphere is formed from
oxygen
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Paleozoic era
544 million years before
present to 245 million years
before present
Marine communities flourish
Early fishes develop
Origin of amphibians, insects
& reptiles
Recurring ice ages/
Appalachians mountains form
Spore-bearing plants dominate
Images courtesy of: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/p/paleozoic/support.gif,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobites
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard
R.N., M.A.N
College.
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Paleozoic era
(continued)
286 - 248 million years
before present:
Supercontinent of
Pangea forms
248 million years before
present: MASS
EXTINCTION-90 % of
all known families lost!
Image courtesy of http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/plates/teaching_ideas.htm?PHPSESSID=def1b9
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard
R.N., M.A.N
College.
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Mesozoic Era
245 million years before present 65 million years before present
The age of the dinosaurs!
Gymnosperms dominate land
plant/ origin of angiosperms flowering plants
Origin of mammals & birds
145 million years before present asteroid impact? MASS
EXTINCTION
Pangea begins to separate/
Rocky mountains form
Image courtesy of http://nascarulz.tripod.com/dinomain.html
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard
R.N., M.A.N
College.
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
65 million years before
present.
ASTEROID IMPACT!
Mass extinction of ALL
dinosaurs and many
marine organisms
End of the Mesozoic
era
Image courtesy of NASA: http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_912a.php?id=01-074&gl=912
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard
R.N., M.A.N
College.
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Cenozoic Era
65 million years before
present -today
Present era we live in
Continued evolution and
adaptations of flowering
plants, insects, birds,
mammals
Mammals dominant
Major crustal movements &
mountain building (Alps &
Himalayan mountains form)
Image courtesy of: http://www.karencarr.com/gallery_Cenozoic_arch.html
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard
R.N., M.A.N
College.
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
And during the Cenozoic
era
The most primitive hominid
(human ancestor) evolves approximately 4.4million
years before present
The first modern humans
(homo sapiens) evolved
approximately 100,000
years before present
Image courtesy of: http://www.wilderdom.com/images/evolution/8.jpg
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Structure
of the Earth
and Plate
Tectonics
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
Structure of the Earth
Mantle
The Earth is
made up of 3
main layers:
Outer core
Inner core
Core
Mantle
Crust
Crust
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
The Crust
This is where we live!
The Earths crust is made
of:
Continental Crust
- thick (10-70km)
- buoyant (less dense
than oceanic crust)
mostly
ABIGAIL -MARIE
UMALIold
HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Oceanic Crust
- thin (~7 km)
- dense (sinks under
continental crust)
- young
How do we know what the Earth
is made of?
Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetics,
electrical, geodesy
Acquisition: land, air, sea and satellite
Geological surveys: fieldwork, boreholes, mines
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
What is Plate Tectonics?
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the
continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Plate Tectonics
The Earths crust is divided into 12 major
plates which are moved in various directions.
This plate motion causes them to collide, pull
apart, or scrape against each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic
set of Earth structures or tectonic features.
The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of
the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Plate Tectonics
The Earths crust is divided into 12 major
plates which are moved in various directions.
This plate motion causes them to collide, pull
apart, or scrape against each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic
set of Earth structures or tectonic features.
The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of
the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Plate Tectonics
The Earths crust is divided into 12 major
plates which are moved in various directions.
This plate motion causes them to collide, pull
apart, or scrape against each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic
set of Earth structures or tectonic features.
The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of
the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
World Plates
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
What are tectonic plates made of?
Plates are
made of rigid
lithosphere.
The lithosphere is
made up of the
crust and the upper
part of the mantle.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
What lies beneath the tectonic plates?
Below the
lithosphere
(which makes
up the tectonic
plates) is the
asthenosphere.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Plate Movement
Plates of lithosphere are moved around by
the underlying hot mantle convection cells
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Practical
Exercise
1
Supercontinents!
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
What happens
at tectonic
plate
boundaries?
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
Three types of plate boundary
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Divergent Boundaries
Spreading ridges
As plates move apart new material is erupted to
fill the gap
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Age of Oceanic Crust
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Courtesy of www.ngdc.noaa.gov
Iceland: An example of continental rifting
Iceland has a divergent
plate boundary running
through its middle
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Convergent Boundaries
There are three styles of convergent
plate boundaries
Continent-continent collision
Continent-oceanic crust collision
Ocean-ocean collision
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Continent-Continent Collision
Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Himalayas
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
Called SUBDUCTION
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Subduction
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Oceanic lithosphere
subducts underneath the
continental lithosphere
Oceanic lithosphere heats
and dehydrates as it
subsides
The melt rises forming
volcanism
E.g. The Andes
Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other
which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a
subduction zone.
The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very
deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench.
The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along
trenches.
E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Transform Boundaries
Where plates slide past each other
Above: View of the San Andreas
transform fault
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Practical
Exercise 2
Where will the UK be in:
1,000 years?
1,000,000 years?
1,000,000,000 years?
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
Volcanoes and
Plate
Tectonics
whats the connection?
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
Pacific Ring of Fire
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Volcanism is
mostly
focused at
plate
margins
Volcanoes are formed by:
- Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Pacific Ring of Fire
Hotspot
volcanoes
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
What are Hotspot Volcanoes?
Hot mantle plumes breaching the
surface in the middle of a tectonic plate
The Hawaiian island chain are
examples of hotspot volcanoes.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com
The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot
forming a chain of volcanoes.
The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Earthquakes
and Plate
Tectonics
whats the connection?
Name of Presenter
Position
Department/College
(click View>>Master>>Slide Master to edit)
As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not
randomly distributed over the globe
Figure showing
the distribution of
earthquakes
around the globe
At the boundaries between plates, friction
causes them to stick together. When built up
ABIGAIL MARIE
UMALI HERNANDEZ,
energy
causes them to break, earthquakes
R.N., M.A.N
occur.
UNIVERSITY OF
BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Where do earthquakes form?
Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
Plate Tectonics Summary
The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core,
mantle, crust)
On the surface of the Earth are tectonic
plates that slowly move around the globe
Plates are made of crust and upper mantle
(lithosphere)
There are 2 types of plate
There are 3 types of plate boundaries
Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely
linked to the margins of the tectonic plates
ABIGAIL MARIE UMALI HERNANDEZ,
R.N., M.A.N
UNIVERSITY OF BATANGAS LIPA CITY
