Introduction to Oncology
Prof.Dr.Sukardiman,Apt.MS
Departemen Farmakognosi Fitokimia
Fakultas Farmasi UNAIR
Retroviruses
Retroviruses are members of one family of RNA viruses
that cause cancer in variety of animals and humans.
The Retrovirus is made of 3 main genes gag, pol & env that
are required for virus replication but not play role in cell
transformation.
a retrovirus can transform cells from normal to cancer if
they include a specific gene that is capable of inducing cell
transformation this gene is known as Oncogene.
Retrovirus
Cancerous
Retrovirus
Oncogene
Retrovirus oncogene
Two main types of oncogenes:
Viral oncogene: gene from the retrovirus itself
Non-Viral oncogene (Cellular oncogene): genes
derived from the genes of the host cell that are in an
inactive form usually. Occasionally if the gene
incorporates with the viral genome will form a highly
oncogenic virus.
Proto-oncogenes: are the form of cellular genes
that inactive normally but can incorporate with the
viral genome to produce a highly oncogenic virus.
Proto-Oncogene
Oncogene
The proto-oncogene become oncogene by:
1.
Mutation:
Example: mutation in Ras gene
Continuous activation of Ras by (constitutively in
the GTP-bound conformation )
Unregulated
cell proliferation
Cell transformation.
Proto-Oncogene
Oncogene
2. Abnormal Activity:
Example: Removal of the Regulatory domain in the Raf
gene and replaced by gag gene
Raf kinase
domain consciously active
Cell
transformation
Raf Proto-oncogene
Regulatory Domain
Protein Kinase Domain
Raf oncogene
gag
Protein Kinase Domain
Proto-Oncogene
3. Gene translocation:
Example: c-myc gene is
translocated from
chromosome 8 to the IgH
on the chromosome 14
resulting in abnormal
c-myc expression
Cell transformation
Oncogene
Proto-Oncogene
Oncogene
4. Amplification:
Example: Amplification of n-myc
neuroblastoma.
Amplification of erbB-2
Breast & ovarian
carcinomas
How does a Proto-oncogene become
?an Oncogene
Proto-Oncogene
1.Mutation
2. Abnormal
Activity
Oncogene
3.Gene Translocation 4. Amplification
Abnormal Activity
Functions of oncogene
1. Growth Factor (example, Epithelium growth factor
EGF , and platelet derived growth factor PDGF)
2. Growth Factor Receptor (Example; PDGFR)
3. Signal transudation (example; Ras, Raf, & MEK)
4. Transcription Factor (example; Jun, Fos, Elk-1 &
myc)
Oncogenes
Oncogene causes cancer by affecting:
1.
2.
Cell Proliferation: (example; Ras, Raf, EGF)
Cell differentiation (example, PML/RAR that
inhibits the differentiation of promyelocyte to
granulocyte which will maintain the cell in its active
proliferate state)
3.
Cell Survival (example; Pl-3/AKT which will
activate BCL-2
cell survival.
inhibit Apoptosis & maintain
PML/RAR Action
Pluripotent stem cell
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
PML/RAR
differentiation
proliferation
Tumour Suppressor Genes
Tumour Suppressor genes: are genes that act to
inhibit cell proliferation and tumour development.
If Tumor Suppresor Gene was
Mutated
OR
Inactivated
It will lead to cell transformation
Tumour Suppressor Genes
Mutation of the tumour suppressor gene will cause
cancer.
Example; deletion of Rb gene will cause
retinoblastoma. The development of retinoblastoma can
be either:
Hereditary: a defective copy of Rb gene is inherited from the
affected parents.
Nonhereditary: in which 2 normal Rb genes are inherited and
develop mutation during life.
Retinoblastoma is developed if 2 somatic mutations
inactivate both copies of Rb in the same cell.
Hereditary
Mutation
Nonhereditary
Mutation
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Inactivation of Tumour suppressor gene will cause cancer.
If the Rb gene interact with DNA tumour virus (SV40) it will
induce cell transformation.
SV40
Function of Tumour Suppressor gene
1. Antagonize the action of oncogene. (ex.PTEN
which converts PIPIII to PIPII because PIPIII will
activate Pl-3/AKT which will activate BCL-2 that will
inhibit apoptosis and induce cell transformation)
PIPII
PTEN
PI-3
PIPIII
AKT
BCL-2
Inhibit apoptosis & induce
cell transformation
Function of Tumour Suppressor gene
2. Transcription factors
Repressor transcription factors: example; WT1 is a
repressor that appears to suppress transcription factor
( Insulin like growth factor) which will contribute in the
development of tumour.
Activator transcription factors: example; SMAD family
that are activated by TGF-, leading to inhibition of
cell proliferation.
Function of Tumour Suppressor gene
3. Regulate cell cycle :
Rb gene: that inhibits the cell cycle in the G1 phase
decrease cell proliferation.
INK-4 gene: that produces P16
that inhibits
cdk4/cyclin D action ( to phosphorylate Rb gene to
inactivate its action)
P53: that produces P21 that has the same action of
P16 in inhibiting the action of cdk4/cyclin D
Regulate cell cycle
P16
Cdk4/cyclin D
Rb
Rb
Rb inactive
G1
G2
Cell Cycle Blocked
G1
S
M
G2
Cell Cycle Proceeds
Function of Tumour Suppressor gene
4. Induce apoptosis:
P53 release will
increase Bax
holes in the mitochondria
release
cytochrom c
activate apoptosis
form
Cancer Detection
Cancer detection :
Clinical detection by mammogram, coloscopy etc
Molecular detection by
Cerotype
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
PCR
Western Blot
Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy:
Deals with DNA damage, & has affinity to all
proliferating cells not specifying if it was a cancer cell
or not.
Inhibiting Angiogenesis
Inhibit blood flow/supply to the tumour cells
Decrease franesylation of Ras
Decrease activation of Ras, because Ras mutation
causes most cancers.
Monoclonal Antibody
