Animal
Tissues
1
Introduction
Any distinct type of material animal cells are made of, which
consists specialized cells and cellular products, which show
inflammation reaction to any infection or injury are known as
tissues. In animal organs are made up of four basic types
of tissues epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and
nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific
functions which combine to form functioning organs.
A tissue
is composed of cells that function together in a
specialized activity.
2
There are four types of tissues found in
an animal.
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
3
1. Epithelial tissue
Forming tight covering and
protecting layers below
2. Connective tissue
Holding other tissues
together and are surrounded by
lots of nonliving material.
4
3. Muscle tissue
Shortening and lengthening to
move other tissues.
4. Nervous tissue
Dendrites
Nucleus of
schwann cell
Layer of myelin
Allowing rapid flow of ionsNucleus
Cell body
in and out to conduct
Axon
signals
Myelin sheath
Axon
Node of ranvier
5 Terminal
knob
[Link] tissues
Two types of epithelial tissues
1. Covering and lining epithelium ( outer layer of the
skin and some organs)
2. Glandular epithelium
( constitute the secreting portion of glands)
Epithelial tissues
There are three types of cells in epithelial tissues
1. Squamous thin flat cells
Form the lining of cavities
such as the mouth,
blood vessels, heart and
lungs and make up the outer layers of the skin
2. Cuboidal cells are roughly square
Each cell has a spherical nucleus
in the center
Found in glands and in the lining
of the kidney tubules
[Link] - elongated cells.
Nuclei are elongated and are
usually located near the base of the cells
Columnar epithelium forms the lining
of the stomach and intestines
Some columnar cells are specialized
for sensory reception such as in the
nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue
Epithelial tissues
Three types of cell layers exist in epithelium tissues
Epithelium
tissue
Simple
epithelium
Stratified
epithelium
Pseudo
epithelium
9
CELL LAYERS
Simple
epithelium
made up of only one
cell layer
Pseudostratified
Stratified
epithelium
has more than a
single layer of cells
epithelium
madeupofcellsthatreachthebasementme
mbraneandappeartobestratifiedbecauset
heirnucleiareatdifferentlevels.
10
Glandular epithelium
Glands are made up of single or a mass of epithelial
cells.
Two types of glands
1. Exocrine - Secrete their products in to ducts
Eg . Salivary glands and mammary glands
2. Endocrine - Secrete their products into blood
stream
Eg. Pancreas
11
Functions of epithelial tissues
1. Provides physical protection
2. Controls permeability
3. Detects sensations (sight, smell , taste,
equilibrium)
4. Secretion of hormones into the blood vascular
system, and/or the secretion of sweat, mucus,
enzymes, and other products that are delivered
by ducts
12
2. Connective tissue
Most abundant and most widely distributed
tissue in the body.
These tissues provide support for organs and the
body as a whole, protect and insulate internal
organs and compartmentalize structures such as
skeletal muscles, nerves.
13
Connective tissue
Connective tissue is made up of cells, ground
substances and fibers. Ground substances together
with fibers make matrix.
14
Connective tissue
There are 3 main types of connective tissue
Loose
Connective Tissue
Fibrous
Connective Tissue
Specialized
Adipose
Connective Tissues
Tissue (Fat)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
15
Loose Connective Tissue (LCT)
Fibroblasts
are separated by a collagen fibercontaining matrix
Collagen provides elasticity and flexibility
Occurs beneath epithelium in skin and many
internal organs
Forms a protective layer over muscle,
nerves and blood vessels
16
Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT)
Consists
of many collagen fibers closely
packed together
Occurs
in tendons, connecting muscle to
bone
Make
up ligaments, connecting bone-tobone at a joint
17
Adipose
Another
name for fat
Insulates
the body and
provides padding
Cells
sometimes
referred to as ghost
cells
18
Cartilage
Soft
Structural
proteins deposited in the matrix
between cells
Forms
embryonic skeletons
Occurs
in mature human adults in ears, joints
and tip of nose
19
Blood tissue
Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes
carbon dioxide and other wastes
Blood cells are separated by plasma
Types red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
20
Bone tissue
Cells are called osteocytes
Hard
Calcium salts deposited in matrix
Proteins provide elasticity while minerals provide strength
Dense bone has osteocytes located in lacunae (Haversian
canals)
Spongy bone occurs at the end of bones and absorb stress
(two types; compact and spongy)
compact with osteons
spongy - no osteons
21
Muscle Tissue
Facilitates
movement by contraction of
individual muscle cells referred to as
muscle fibers
Found only in members of the animal
kingdom
Three types:
Skeletal
(Striated)
Smooth
Cardiac
22
These cells have main properties
1. Excitability ( ability to respond to stimuli)
2. Contractibility (ability to contract)
3. Extensibility (ability to be stretched without
tearing)
4. Elasticity (ability to return to its normal shape)
23
Muscular Tissue
Muscle tissue is classified into three types
(Cardiac, Skeletal and Smooth)
24
Skeletal Muscle
Function
in conjunction with the
skeletal system in voluntary
muscle movement
Striated
with alternating bands at
right angles to the long axis of the
cell
The
bands are areas of actin and
myosin deposition
Striated,
voluntary, and
multinucleated
25
Smooth Muscle
Lack
banding
Spindle
shaped cells that form masses
Function
in involuntary movements and/or
autonomic responses like breathing, secretion, etc.
Make
up structures in the digestive system,
reproductive tract and blood vessels
non-striated,
involuntary, and single nucleus
26
Cardiac Muscle
Striated
Limited
to the heart
Cells
are forked, with nucleus
near the center
Cells
are connected together
by disks
Intercalated
striated,
disks
involuntary, and single
nucleus
27
Nervous Tissue
Important
in the integration of stimulus
and control of the response to that
stimulus
Made
of nerve cells called neurons and
glial cells (helper cells)
Neurons
transmit nerve messages
Glial
cells are in direct contact with neurons
and often surround them
28
The
neuron is the functional
unit of the nervous system
Variable in size and shape
Humans have about
100,000,000,000 (100 billion)
neurons in their brain! Wow!
29
Nervous Tissue
Cells of nervous tissue have three principal parts
1. Dendrites
2. Cell body
Dendrites
3. Axon
Nucleus
Nucleus of
schwann cell
Layer of myelin
Axon
Cell body
Axon
Myelin sheath
Node of ranvier
30
Terminal knob
Nervous Tissue
Neuroglial cells that do not transmit impulses but
instead support the activities of the neurons .
Schwann cells, a type in the peripheral nervous
system only in mammals.
31
Animal Tissues
Epithelial
Muscular
Connective
Tendon
Squamous
Cuboidal
Areolar
Smooth
Adipose
Bone
Skeletal
Glandular
Fluid
Striated
Ligament
Columnar
Cilliated
Nervous
Cardiac
Cartilage
Blood
Lymph
32
