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Allergic Rhinitis: Causes & Management

Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes caused by exposure to allergens. It is characterized by repetitive sneezing, watery rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, and nasal congestion. Symptoms can be intermittent or persistent and mild or moderate-severe. Allergic rhinitis is diagnosed based on history, examination, and allergy testing, and treated with allergen avoidance, medications like antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids, and immunotherapy.

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223 views15 pages

Allergic Rhinitis: Causes & Management

Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes caused by exposure to allergens. It is characterized by repetitive sneezing, watery rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, and nasal congestion. Symptoms can be intermittent or persistent and mild or moderate-severe. Allergic rhinitis is diagnosed based on history, examination, and allergy testing, and treated with allergen avoidance, medications like antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids, and immunotherapy.

Uploaded by

mel_napster
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ALLERGIC RHINITIS

Allergic Rhinits: Definition

Allergic rhinitis is clinically defined as a


symptomatic disorder of the nose induced
by an IgE-mediated inflammation after
allergen exposure of the membranes lining
the nose

ARIA Report 2001


Natural History of AR
 Onset is common in childhood,
adolescence and early adulthood
 Symptoms often wane in older adults, but
may develop or persist at any age
 No apparent gender selectivity or
predisposition for developing allergic
rhinitis
 May contribute to other conditions such as
– Sleep disorders
– Fatigue
– Learning problems
Causes of AR
The Allergic Reaction
?How are the symptoms caused
 Irritation of free
nerve endings---- Itching and sneezing
 Increased
mucus production ------ Rhinorrhoea
 Vasodilation -------- Congestion

 Increased
vascular permeability---- Oedema
Clinical Manifestations

Others
 Repetitive sneezing  Eye symptoms
 Watery rhinorrhea  Ear symptoms
 Nasal pruritus  Postnasal drainage

 Nasal congestion
ARIA Classification

Intermittent Persistent
• < 4 days per week • ≥ 4 days per week
• or < 4 weeks • and ≥ 4 weeks

Mild Moderate-severe
normal sleep  abnormal sleep
& no impairment of daily  impairment of daily
activities, sport, leisure activities, sport, leisure
& normal work and school  abnormal work and
& no troublesome symptoms school
 troublesome symptoms

ARIA Report 2001


Diagnosis of AR
 History
 Physical / Nasal Examination
 Laboratory Testing
- Skin Prick Test
- Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow Rate
- Rhinomanometry
Management of AR
 Allergen Avoidance
 Pharmacotherapy
 Immunotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Medications used to treat allergic rhinits:

 Antihistamines- chlorpheneramine
 Decongestants - oxymetaxoline
 AH-D combinations
 Corticosteroids - beclomethasone
 Mast Cell stabilizers – cromolyn sodium
 Anticholinergics
 Antileukotrienes
Anti-Histamines
 Act by preventing histamine from binding to the
H1-receptors
 Primarily helpful in controlling Sneezing, itching &
rhinorrhoea; ineffective in releiving nasal blockage
 1st generation anti-histamines
- chlorpheniramine
- diphenylhydramine
 2nd generation anti-histamines
- cetrizine
- azelastine
- fexofenadine
- loratadine
Viral rhinitis
Common causative organisms
 Rhinovirus
 Resp syncytial virus
 Adenovirus

mainly spreads by droplet infection


CLINICAL FEATURES
 Rhinnorea
 Sneezing
 Nasal congestion
 Sorethroat
 Lethargy
 Fatigue
complications
 Pharyngitis
 Sinusitis
 Otitis media
 Tonsilitis
 Chest infections

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