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Java Loop Structures Explained

The document discusses different types of loops in Java including while, do-while, and for loops. It provides flow charts and examples to illustrate how each loop works. It also traces examples of a while and for loop step-by-step to demonstrate the flow of execution. The key differences between the loops and best practices for using break and continue statements are explained.

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Sajedah Al-hilo
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109 views32 pages

Java Loop Structures Explained

The document discusses different types of loops in Java including while, do-while, and for loops. It provides flow charts and examples to illustrate how each loop works. It also traces examples of a while and for loop step-by-step to demonstrate the flow of execution. The key differences between the loops and best practices for using break and continue statements are explained.

Uploaded by

Sajedah Al-hilo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Chapter 4: Loops

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

while Loop Flow Chart


while (loop-continuation-condition) {
// loop-body;

int count = 0;
while (count < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

Statement(s);

count++;

}
count = 0;

Loop
Continuation
Condition?
true
Statement(s)
(loop body)

(A)

false

(count < 100)?

false

true
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;

(B)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop

int count = 0;

Initialize count

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

(count < 2) is true

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

Print Welcome to Java

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

Increase count by 1
count is 1 now

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

(count < 2) is still true since


count is 1

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

Print Welcome to Java

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

Increase count by 1
count is 2 now

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

animation

Trace while Loop, cont.

int count = 0;

(count < 2) is false since count is


2 now

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

10

animation

Trace while Loop

int count = 0;

The loop exits. Execute the next


statement after the loop.

while (count < 2) {


System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
count++;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

11

Caution
Dont use floating-point values for
equality checking in a loop control.
Since floating-point values are
approximations, using them could
result in imprecise counter values and
inaccurate results. This example uses
int value for data. If a floating-point
type value is used for data, (data != 0)
may be true even though data is 0.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

12

do-while Loop
Statement(s)
(loop body)

true

do {
// Loop body;

Loop
Continuation
Condition?
false

Statement(s);
} while (loop-continuation-condition);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

13

for Loops
for (initial-action; loopcontinuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
// loop body;
Statement(s);
}

Initial-Action

Loop
Continuation
Condition?

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
}
i=0

false

(i < 100)?

true
Statement(s)
(loop body)

true
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java");

Action-After-Each-Iteration

i++

(A)

(B)

false

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

14

animation

Trace for Loop

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
}

Declare i

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

15

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(
"Welcome to Java!");
}

Execute initializer
i is now 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

16

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!");
}

(i < 2) is true
since i is 0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

17

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.


Print Welcome to Java

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

18

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Execute adjustment statement


i now is 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

19

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

(i < 2) is still true


since i is 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

20

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.


Print Welcome to Java

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

21

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Execute adjustment statement


i now is 2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

22

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

(i < 2) is false
since i is 2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

23

animation

Trace for Loop, cont.

int i;
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}

Exit the loop. Execute the next


statement after the loop

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

24

Note
The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more
comma-separated expressions. The action-after-eachiteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more commaseparated statements. Therefore, the following two for
loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice,
however.
for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++));

for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {


// Do something
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

25

Note
If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted,
it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a),
which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is
better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:

for ( ; ; ) {
// Do something
}

(a)

Equivalent

while (true) {
// Do something
}

(b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

26

Which Loop to Use?


The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are
expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of these
three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following figure
can always be converted into the following for loop in (b):
while (loop-continuation-condition) {
// Loop body
}

Equivalent

for ( ; loop-continuation-condition; )
// Loop body
}

(a)

(b)

A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the
following while loop in (b):
for (initial-action;
loop-continuation-condition;
action-after-each-iteration) {
// Loop body;
}
(a)

Equivalent

initial-action;
while (loop-continuation-condition) {
// Loop body;
action-after-each-iteration;
}

(b)

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

27

Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before
the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:

Logic
Error

for (int i=0; i<10; i++);


{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

28

Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
while (i < 10); Logic Error
{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
}

In the case of the do loop, the following


semicolon is needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
i++;
Correct
} while (i<10);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

29

Using break and


continue
break

immediately ends the innermost


loop that contains it.
continue

only ends the current interation.

These

keywords are generally used with


an if statement.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

30

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){


if(i == 3)
continue;
System.out.println("Welcome");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

31

for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++){


if(i == 3)
break;
System.out.println("Welcome");
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Sixth Edition, (c) 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

32

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