4.
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RESONANCE
BAKISS HIYANA BT ABU BAKAR
JKE,POLISAS
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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
1.
2.
Explain AC circuit concept and their
analysis using AC circuit law.
Apply the knowledge of AC circuit in solving
problem related to AC electrical circuit.
4.1 UNDERSTAND
RESONANCE IN SERIES AND
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
4.1.1 EXPLAIN THE RESONANCE
PHENOMENON AND ITS FUNCTIONS
Resonance is a condition in RLC circuit in which the capacitive and
inductive reactance are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a
purely resistive impedance.
Z = R + j(
) ; note:
=0
XL=XC
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SERIES RESONANCE:
Current will be maximum & offering minimum
impedance.
PARALLEL RESONANCE:
Current will be minimum & offering maximum
impedance.
RESONANCE FUNCTIONS:
Resonance circuit serves as stable frequency
The frequency set by the tank
source.
circuit is solely dependent
upon the value of L & C
Resonance circuit serves as filter.
Acting as a short
of frequency
filter to strain
certain
frequencies out
of a mix of
others
4.1.2 EXPLAIN THE EFFECT OF CHANGING
THE FREQUENCY TO
A) RLC SERIES CIRCUIT:
A series RLC circuits reactance changes as
you change the voltage sources frequency.
Its total impedance also changes.
At low frequencies, Xc > XL and the circuit is
primarily capacitive.
At high frequencies, XL > Xc and the circuit is
primarily inductive.
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B) RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
Reactance change as you change the voltage
sources frequency.
At low frequencies, XL < Xc and the circuit is
primarily inductive.
At high frequencies, Xc< XL and the circuit is
primarily capacitive.
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4.1.3 DRAW THE GRAPH OF IMPEDANCE VS
FREQUENCY
SERIES:
A series RLC circuit contains both inductive reactance (X L) and
capacitive reactance (Xc).
Since XL and Xc have opposite phase angles, they tend to cancel
each other out and the circuits total reactance is smaller that
either individual reactance:
XT < XL & XT < Xc
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PARALLEL:
The smaller reactance dominates, since a smaller
reactance results in a larger branch current.
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4.1.4 PRODUCE RESONANT FREQUENCY
EQUATION FOR SERIES CIRCUITS
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4.1.5 PRODUCE RESONANT FREQUENCY
EQUATION FOR PARALLEL CIRCUITS
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4.1.6 DETERMINE:
SERIES CIRCUIT:
(a)
(
Q factor:
Q is the ratio of power stored to power dissipated in the circuit
reactance and resistance.
Q is the ratio of its resonant frequency to its bandwidth.
IF;
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PARALLEL CIRCUIT:
(a) Quality factor: the ratio of the circulating branch currents to the supply
current .
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(b)
Frequency bandwidth, B = f2 f1:
The difference between the two half-power frequencies.
Bandwidth, f is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of
series resonant circuit.
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Lower cut-off frequency, (L):
Upper cut-off frequency, (H):
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BW = fc/Q
Where:
fc = resonant frquency
Q = quality factor
A HIGH Q RESONANT CIRCUIT HAS A NARROW BANDWIDTH AS
COMPARED TO A LOW Q
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A LOW Q DUE TO A HIGH RESISTANCE IN SERIES WITH THE
INDUCTOR PRODUCES A LOW PEAK ON A BROAD RESPONSE
CURVE FOR A PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT
Parallel resonant response varies with Q.
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EXAMPLE:
In Figure above, the 100% current point is 50 mA. The 70.7% level is 0707(50
mA)=35.4 mA.
The upper and lower band edges read from the curve are 291 Hz for fl and 355 Hz
for fh. The bandwidth is 64 Hz, and the half power points are 32 Hz of the center
resonant frequency
BW = f = fh-fl = 355-291 = 64
fl = fc - f/2 = 323-32 = 291
fh = fc + f/2 = 323+32 = 355
Since BW = fc/Q:
Q = fc/BW = (323 Hz)/(64 Hz) = 5
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(c) The dissipation factor, D:
The ratio of the power loss in a dielectric material to the total
power transmitted through the dielectric.
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SUMMARY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESONANT RLC CIRCUITS:
CHARACTERISTIC
SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Resonant frequency,
fr
Quality factor,Q
Bandwidth, BW
Half power
frequency,
fL & fH
&
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EXAMPLE NO1
A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30, a capacitor
of 2uF and an inductor of 20mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply
voltage which has a constant output of 9 volts at all frequencies.
Calculate, the resonant frequency, the current at resonance, the
voltage across the inductor and capacitor at resonance, the quality
factor and the bandwidth of the circuit. Also sketch the corresponding
current waveform for all frequencies.
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SOLUTION
Resonant Frequency, r
Bandwidth, BW
The upper and lower -3dB frequency
points, H and L
Current Waveform
Circuit Current at Resonance, Im
Inductive Reactance at Resonance, XL
Voltages across the inductor and the
capacitor, VL,VC
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EXAMPLE NO2
A series circuit consists of a resistance of 4, an inductance of 500mH and
a variable capacitance connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate
the capacitance require to give series resonance and the voltages
generated across both the inductor and the capacitor.
Solution:
Resonant Frequency, r
Voltages across the inductor and the capacitor, VL,VC
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EXAMPLE NO3
A parallel resonance network consisting of a resistor of 60, a capacitor of
120uF and an inductor of 200mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply
voltage which has a constant output of 100 volts at all frequencies.
Calculate, the resonant frequency, the quality factor and the bandwidth of
the circuit, the circuit current at resonance and current magnification.
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SOLUTION:
Resonant Frequency, r
Inductive Reactance at Resonance,
XL
The upper and lower -3dB frequency
points, H and L
Circuit Current at Resonance, IT
At resonance the dynamic impedance
of the circuit is equal to R
Quality factor, Q
Bandwidth, BW
Current Magnification, Imag
We can check this value by
calculating the current flowing
through the inductor (or capacitor)
at resonance.
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SUMMARY
For resonance to occur in any circuit it must have at least
one inductor and one capacitor.
Resonance is the result of oscillations in a circuit as stored
energy is passed from the inductor to the capacitor.
Resonance occurs when XL=XC and the imaginary part of the
transfer function is zero.
At resonance the impedance of the circuit is equal to the
resistance value as Z=R.
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