Noise
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ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS THROUGH ADVANCED
BY WAYNE TOMASI
E.B.P.
NOISE
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Electrical Noise (or simply noise) is defined as any
undesirable electrical energy that falls within the pass-band of the
signal. For example, in audio recording, any unwanted electrical
signals that fall within the audio frequency band of 0Hz to 15KHz
will interfere with the music and therefore considered noise.
Effect of noise on an electrical signal
Signal without noise
E.B.P.
signal with noise
GENERAL CATEGORIES OF NOISE
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Correlated Noise noise that exists only when
signal is present. It is produced by non-linear
amplification and is a form of internal noise.
Uncorrelated noise noise that is present all the
time whether there is a signal or not
E.B.P.
UNCORRELATED NOISE
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External Noise is noise that is generated outside
the device or circuit.
Internal Noise is electrical interference generated
within device or circuit
E.B.P.
External Noise
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Atmospheric Noise is naturally occurring
electrical disturbances that originate within Earths
atmosphere.
Extraterrestrial Noise consists of electrical
signals that originate from outside Earths
atmosphere and is, therefore , sometimes called
deep-space noise
Man-made Noise is simply noise that is produced
by mankind
E.B.P.
Internal Noise
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Shot Noise is caused by the random arrival of
carriers (holes and electrons)at the output element
of an electronic device ,such as a diode field-effect
transistor, or bipolar transistor
Transit time noise occurs when the time taken by
charge carrier to cross a junction is comparable to
the period of the signal
E.B.P.
Internal Noise
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Thermal Noise is associated with the rapid and
random movement of electrons within a conductor
due to thermal agitation and is temperature
dependent. Also called Brownian noise , Johnson
noise or white noise because the random movement
is at all frequencies.
Partition noise occurs whenever current has to
divide between two or more electrodes and results
from the random fluctuation in the division
E.B.P.
Internal Noise
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Flicker noise is associated with crystal surface
defects in semiconductor and also found in vacuum
tubes. It is sometimes called pink noise because it is
concentrated at the lower end of the spectrum.
E.B.P.
CORRELATED NOISE
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Harmonic distortion (also called amplitude
distortion) occurs when unwanted harmonics of a
signal are produced through non-linear amplification
(mixing). Harmonics are integer multiples of the
original input signal. The original signal is the first
harmonic and is called the fundamental frequency.
E.B.P.
CORRELATED NOISE
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TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
%THD
vhigher
v fundamental
Where:
%THD = percent total harmonic distortion
Vhigher = quadratic sum of the rms voltages of the harmonics above the
fundamental frequency;
vhigher
2
2
v32 ... vn2
Vfundamental = rms voltage of the fundamental frequency
E.B.P.
CORRELATED NOISE
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Intermodulation distortion is the generation of
the unwanted sum and difference frequencies called
cross products, when two or more signals are
amplified in non-linear device such as large signal
amplifier.
cross products mf1 nf 2
Where:
f1 & f2 are fundamental frequencies
m & n are positive integers
E.B.P.
CORRELATED NOISE
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Impulse Noise is characterized by high amplitude
peaks of short duration in the total noise spectrum
and is consisted of sudden burst of irregularly
shaped pulses.
Interference is a form of external noise and, as the
name implies, means to disturb or detract from.
Electrical interference is when information signals
from one source produce frequencies that fall outside
their allocated bandwidth and interfere with
information signals from other sources.
E.B.P.
Noise Power
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John B. Johnson proved that thermal noise power
is proportional to the product of the bandwidth
and temperature. Mathematically,
N KTB
KTB
0.001
N dBm 10 log
Where;
N = Noise power (Watts)
K = Boltzmanns proportionality constant (1.38 x 10-23 joules per Kelvin)
T = absolute temperature (Kelvin) (room temperature = 17 C or 290 K)
B = Bandwidth (Hz)
Note: to convert C to Kelvin, simply add 273, thus T = C + 273
E.B.P.
Noise Voltage
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Noise Source
VN/2
Load
Ri
VN
VN = noise voltage
R
VN/2
VN 4 RKTB
Note: For worst case condition and maximum transfer of noise power
R is made equal to Ri
Noise source equivalent circuit
E.B.P.
Noise Voltage
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Addition of noise due to several sources
VNTotal VN21 VN22 VN23 VNn2
E.B.P.
S/N Power Ratio
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Signal-to-noise power ratio is the ratio of
the signal power level to the noise power level.
S Ps
N Pn
Where:
PS = signal power (watts)
Pn = Noise power (watts)
E.B.P.
Ps
S
10 log 10
N ( dB)
Pn
Noise Factor and Noise Figure
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Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (F) are figures of
merit used to show much the S/N ratio deteriorates as
the signal passes through a circuit or series of circuits.
input signal to noise power ratio
F
output signal to noise power ratio
NFdB 10 log F
E.B.P.
Noise Factor and Noise Figure
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(a)
(b)
Si
Ni
Ideal
Amplifier
(Ap)
Si
Ni
Non-ideal
Amplifier
(Ap)
(Nd)
Ap = amplifier gain
Ap S i
Ap N i
Si
Ni
Ap S i
Ap N i N d
Si
N i N d Ap
Nd = internal noise
Noise figure:
(a) ideal, noiseless amplifier, (b) amplifier with internally generated noise
E.B.P.
Noise Factor and Noise Figure
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When two or more amplifiers are cascaded, the total
noise factor is the accumulation of the individual
noise factors. Friiss formula is used to calculate the
total noise factor.
F2 1 F3 1 F4 1
FT F1
A1
A1 A2 A1 A2 A3
E.B.P.
Noise Factor and Noise Figure
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Si
N i dB
Amplifier 1
NF1
A1
So
Si
NFT
N o dB N i
E.B.P.
Amplifier 2
NF2
A2
Amplifier n
NF3
A3
NFT ( dB ) 10 log FT
So
N o dB
Noise Figure Degradation in Cascaded Amplifiers
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S in 60 dBm
N in 90 dBm
Amplifier 1 S1
A1=10dB
N1
Nd1 = 1.5dB
Amplifier 2
A2 = 10dB
Nd2 =2.5dB
S out
N out
Sout = 40dBm
S1= 50dBm
Sin = 60dBm
S/N = 30dB
E.B.P.
4 dB
S/N = 26dB
68.5 dBm
S/N = 28.5dB
80 dBm
Nd1
N in 90 dBm
NFdB 30 dB 26 dB
N 1 78.5 dBm
Nd2
N out 66 dBm
Equivalent Noise Temperature
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Equivalent noise temperature (Te) is a hypothetical
value that cannot be directly measured. It is an
indication of the reduction in the signal to noise ratio
a signal undergoes as it propagates through a
receiver.
E.B.P.
Equivalent Noise Temperature
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N
T
KB
Te T F 1
N = Noise power in watts
K = Boltzmanns proportionality constant (1.38 x 10 -23 Joules per Kelvin)
B = Bandwidth (Hz)
Te = equivalent noise temperature (Kelvin)
T = absolute temperature (Kelvin) (room temperature = 17 C or 290 K)
F = noise factor (unitless)
E.B.P.
