Tutorial 4
ERD Exercises
CompSci 230
Software Design & Construction
Muhammad Sulayman
SUMMARY OF ER-DIAGRAM
NOTATION FOR ER SCHEMAS
Symbol
Meaning
ENTITY TYPE
WEAK ENTITY TYPE
RELATIONSHIP TYPE
IDENTIFYING RELATIONSHIP TYPE
ATTRIBUTE
KEY ATTRIBUTE
MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTE
COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTE
DERIVED ATTRIBUTE
E1
E1
E2
R
R
R
N
(min,max)
E2
E
TOTAL PARTICIPATION OF E2 IN R
CARDINALITY RATIO 1:N FOR E1:E2 IN R
STRUCTURAL CONSTRAINT (min, max) ON
PARTICIPATION OF E IN R
Creating an ERD from the
Investigated Facts
Identify all the entities.
Identify all the relationships.
Identify cardinality and multiplicities (min
max).
Simple ERD 1
A painter can paint many paintings; each
paining is painted by one painter. A gallery
can have many paintings. A painting can
be exhibited by a gallery.
Painter
(1,1)
(0,N)
Paint
Painting
(0,N)
Displayed
(1,1)
Gallery
Simple ERD 2
An employee can learn many skills; each
skill can be learned by many employees.
Expert Level? (L1.. L5)
Employee
(0,N)
Learn
Level
(0,M)
Skills
Simple ERD 3
An employee manages one store; each
store is managed by one employee
Employee
(1,1)
Manages
(0,1)
Store
Simple ERD 4
A College example
Students in a typical college or university will
discover that each course can have many
sections, bye each section refers to only one
course.
For example, an Accounting II course might
have two sections: one offered on Monday,
Wednesday, and Friday from 10:00 a.m. to
10:50 a.m., and one offered on Thursday from
6:00 p.m. to 8:40 p.m.
(0,N)
(1,1)
Course
Has
Section
Simple ERD 5
Each student can take many classes (or
none) and each class can contain many
students.
Student
(1,M)
Take
(0,N)
Classes
Combining ERDs
A class can be identified with course and
section.
Course
Student
(1,1)
(1,M)
Has
Take
(0,N)
(0,N)
Section
Section
Course
(1,1)
Has
(0,N)
Section
(0,N)
Student
(1,M)
Take
Adding Additional Conditions
Adding prerequisite, enroll grade
Course
(0,M)
(1,1)
Has
Has
(0,N)
Section
(0,N)
(0,N)
Prerequisite
Student
(1,M)
Take
Grade
Case Study (Pine Valley Furniture Company )
The company sells a number of different furniture
products.
These products are grouped into several product lines.
The identifier for a product is Product_ID, while the
identifier for a product line is Product_Line_ID.
Referring to the customer invoice, we identify the
following additional attributes for product:
Product_Description, Product_Finish, and Unit_Price.
Another attribute fro product line is Product_Line_Name.
A product line may group any number of products, but
must group at least one product.
Each product must belong to exactly one product line.
Case Study
Customers submit orders for products The
identifier fro an order is Order-ID, and another
attribute is Order_Date.
A customer may submit any number of orders,
but need not submit any orders.
Each order is submitted by exactly one
customer.
The identifier for a customer is Customer_ID.
Other attributes include Customer_Name and
Customer_Address.
Case Study
A given customer order must request at
least one product.
Any product sold by Pine Valley Furniture
may not be requested on any order, or
may be requested on one or more orders.
An attribute associated with each order
and product is Quantity, which is the
number of units requested.
Case Study
Pine Valley Furniture has established
sales territories for its customers.
Each customer does business in one or
more of these sales territories.
The identifier for a sales territory is
Territory_ID.
A sales territory may have any number of
customers, or may not have any
customers doing business.
Case Study
Pine Valley Furniture Company has several
salespersons. The identifier for a salesperson is
Salesperson_ID.
Other attributes include Salesperson_Name,
Salesperson_Telephone, and Salesperson_Fax.
A salesperson serves exactly one sales territory.
Each sales territory is served by one or more
salespersons.
Case Study
Each product is assembled from one or
more raw materials.
The identifier for the raw material entity is
Material_ID.
Other attributes include Unit_of_Measure
and Unit_Price.
Each raw material may be assembled into
one or more products.
Case Study
Raw materials are supplied by vendors.
The identifier for a vendor is Vendor_ID.
Other attributes include Vendor_Name and
Vendor_Address.
Each raw material can be supplied by one or
more vendors.
A vendor may supply any numver of raw
materials, or may not supply any raw materials
to Pine Valley Furniture.
An attribute of the relationship between vendor
and raw material is Unit_Price
Case Study
Pine Valley Furniture has established a
number of work centers.
The identifier for a work center is
Work_Center_ID.
Another attribute is Location. Each product
is produced in one or more work centers.
A work center may be used to produce
any number of products, or may not be
used to produce any products.
Case Study
The company has over 100 employees.
The identifier for employee is
Employee_ID.
Other attributes are Employee_Name,
EmployeeAddress, and Sill.
An employee may have more than one
skill. And Each skill can be mastered by
many employees or none.
Case Study
Each employee works in one or more work
centers.
A work center must have at least one
employee working in that center, but may
have any number of employees.
Case Study
Each employee has exactly one
supervisor.
An employee who is a supervisor may
supervise any number of employees, but
not all employees are supervisors.
