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Directional Drilling

Directional drilling involves steering a wellbore along a planned trajectory to reach a target location. It is used to drill wells under obstacles like lakes or cities. Directional drilling requires controlling the inclination angle and horizontal departure from vertical of the wellbore. Various bottomhole assembly tools are used to build or drop the inclination angle and change the wellbore direction. Planning involves designing the optimal trajectory type like build-and-hold and selecting the proper drilling parameters and tools to drill along that trajectory. Deviations from planned trajectories must be corrected by making adjustments to drilling parameters and downhole tools.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

385 views43 pages

Directional Drilling

Uploaded by

asif712

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 8: Directional Drilling and Deviation Control: Introduces directional drilling and deviation control methods along with their purposes and applications.
Planning the Directional Well Trajectory: Discusses planning considerations for well trajectories including geological impacts and economic paths.
Directional Drilling Tools: Lists and describes tools employed in directional drilling to enhance stability, accuracy, and trajectory control.

DRILLING ENGINEERING

CHAPTER # 8
Directional Drilling and
Deviation Control
1

Definition
Directional Drilling:
The process of directing the wellbore along some trajectory to a
predetermined target.

Deviation Control:
The process of keeping the wellbore contained within some prescribed
limits, relative to inclination angle, horizontal excursion from the vertical
or both.

X-Y Plane

X Plane = direction plane

Y Plane = inclination plane

Angles

X-Y = Plane X angle = direction angle

Y-Z = Plane Y angle = inclination angle

Purpose of Directional Drilling

Res. Under lake (economics, environmental reasons)

Offshore drilling.
Res. beneath population centers.
Res. beneath natural obstruction (mountains) Or severe
topographical features.
Sidetracking out of an existing wellbore to bypass an obstruction
(fish) or explore additional producing horizons in adjacent sectors.
Relief well to plug a blow out.

Inclination and direction planes as a wellbore proceeds in

the depth plane.

Plan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a lake

Typical offshore development platform with directional

wells
6

Developing a field under a city using directionally drilled

wells
7

Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is

beneath a major surface obstruction
8

Sidetracking around a fish

Using an old well to explore for new oil by sidetracking

out of the casing and drilling occasionally
10

7.1 Planning The Directional Well

Trajectory
Trajectory
Well path that will intersect given target.

First design propose the various types of paths that

can be drilled economically.

Second includes effects of geology on the bottomhole

assemblies (BHA) and other factors that could
influence the final wellbore trajectory.
11

Types of Trajectories
Build and hold trajectory penetrates target at max. buildup angle.
Build-hole and drop (s-shape) penetrate angle vertically
Build-hold drop and/or hold (modified s-shape) penetrates
target at angle less than max. inclination angle in the hold
section.
Continuous build trajectory inclination angle is increasing.

< 3 < 2 < 4

X3 = horizontal departure
= radius of curvature
D3 = TVD true vertical depth
D1 = kick off point TVD
q = rate of inclination angle build up

Geometry of build-and-hold type well

7.2 Build and Hold Trajectory

Circumference = r
S=r
n radians max. inclination angle
1 radian = 180 o/ = 57.29578 o
1o = /180 radians
q = degrees per unit length = /L
= inclination angle build up rate
q = 1o/100ft

r = S /
r = radius of curvature

S =
1 deg rees

q
S
length

1 length

q deg rees

1 length

q deg rees

180

180 1
180
or q

1
q
1

(8.1)

= T

(8.2)

To find angle T look at triangle OBA

BA 1 X 3
tan T

AO D3 D1

(8.3a)

1 X3
T arctan
D3 D1

(8.3b)

To find angle consider triangle OBC

CO
Sin
BO

(8.4)
17

CO =

BO (OA) 2 ( BA) 2
BO ( D3 D1 ) ( 1 X 3 )
2

Sin

1
( 1 X 3 ) ( D3 D1 )
2

arcsin

(8.5)

( 1 X 3 ) 2 ( D3 D1 ) 2

= T
18

arcsin

arctan 1 X 3
D D
( 1 X 3 ) 2 ( D3 D1 ) 2
1
3

(8.6)
Length of the arc section DC (buildup section)

DC r1
180

1
r1

180 q

DC
q

(8.7)
19

Length of CB (Trajectory Path)

Straight at constant inclination angle can be
determined from BCO

CO
r1
tan

CB CB
r1
CB
tan
Total measured depth DM for TVD of D3 is

r1
Dm D1
q tan

(8.8)
20

Horizontal departure at end of build up

X 2 EC

considerDOC

X 2 r1 r1 cos r1 (1 cos )

(8.9)

True Vertical depth at end of build up section

D2 D1 r1 sin

(8.12)

Geometry for the build section

Measure depth and Horizontal departure before reaching

maximum angle along any part of build up.
Consider intermediate inclination angle
XN=Horizontal Departure at C
DN=Vertical depth
Consider DOC

DN D1 r1 sin

(8.10)

X N r1 r1 cos
X N r1 (1 1 cos )

(8.11)
23

New measured depth for any part of the build up

DMN

D1
q

(8.13)

New measured depth at TVD of (D< D3)(D2<D< D3)

DMP

D D1 r1 sin
D1
q
cos

(8.16)

Horizontal Departure X* (X2<X*< X3)

X r (1 cos ) ( D D1 r1 sin ) tan

(8.18)
24

For r1 < X3
D3 D1
r1
180 arcTan (
) arcCos (
)
X 3 r1
D3 D1

D3 D1
sin arcTan (
)
X 3 r1

(8.20)

Build-hold-and-drop and hold (modified-S)

Directional quadrants and compass measurements

Vertical calculation
28

Horizontal calculation
29

Three-dimensional view of a wellbore showing components that

comprise the X, Y and Z parts of the trajectory

Techniques for making a positive direction change

7.3 Directional Drilling Tools

Stabilizing Tools
The Stiff Hook-Up
The Pendulum Hook-Up
Angle Building Hook-Ups
The Lock-in Hook-Ups
Angle Losing Hook-Ups
32