AR 6512
SITE ANALYSIS AND PLANNING
I-INTRODUCTION
Definition
of
measurements.
plot,
site,
land
Introduction
to
and
region,
survey,
units
of
methods
of
surveying, where they are used, Surveying Instruments and
their
application.
Need
for
surveying.
Measuring
drawing out a site plan from the measurements
and
plot
region
means the area of
contiguous parcel of
land
enclosed
by
definite
boundaries
over
which
the
applicant has legal right
for development.
The
place
construction
at
site
which
work
is
undertaken; a building site.
An area of land designated
by a planning application
for a specific development,
or one for which a proposed
building is to be designed.
land
an area or plot of
ground on the earths
surface.
Aregionis
an
area.
Aregioncan
be
geographic like a part of
aAregionis
country any space that
is distinct from another
area. The wordregionis
from
the
Latinregionemwhich
means
direction,
boundary, district.
Units of measurements:
There
are
four
kinds
of
measurements
used in plane
surveying:1. Horizontal distance
2. Vertical distance
3. Horizontal angle
4. Vertical angle
SURVEYING
Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative positions
of various points or stations on the surface of the earth by measuring
the horizontal and vertical distances, angles, and taking the details of
these points and by preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale.
Short History of
Surveying
Beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
18th & 19th Century in the New World
Land along the Nile River was divided for taxation
the need for mapping and marking land
ROPE-STRETCHERS Egyptian surveyors were created
measurements were made with ropes having knots at unit
distances
Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and
developed Geometry
Developed one of the earliest surveying instruments
Romans:
developed surveying into a
science to create the Roman roads,
aqueducts, and land division systems.
Groma cross instrument used to determine lines and right
angles
Libella A frame with a plumb bob used for leveling
1785: United Stated began extensive surveys of public
lands
30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System
1807: United States Geological Survey founded
20th Century and Beyond:
As technology advanced, population increased, and land
value caused development of licensure for surveyors in all
states.
Educational requirements for licensure began in the early
1990s
Capable of electronic distance measurement, positioning
Chorobates 20 straight edge with oil in notch for leveling
using global positioning systems, construction machine
Middle Ages:
control, and lidar (scanning) mapping.
land division of Romans
continued in Europe
Quadrans square brass frame capable of turning angles
up to 90 and has a graduated scale developed by an
Italian named Von Piso.
Involvement
in
rebuilding
of
the
infrastructure
and
geographic information systems (GIS)
Shortage of licensed professionals is projected well into the
21st century
Levelling
Leveling is a branch of surveying
which
deals
with
the
measurement
of
Surveying
relative heights of different points on, above or below the surface of the
earth. Thus in leveling, the measurements (elevations) are taken in the
vertical plane.
Objectives of
Surveying
The object of surveying
is to prepare a map
or plan to show the relative positions of the
objects on the surface of the earth.
The map or plan is drawn to some suitable
scale. It also shows boundaries of districts,
states, and countries too.
It
also
includes
engineering
features
details
of
different
such
as
buildings,
roads, railways, dams, canals etc. named
Von Piso.
Uses of Surveying
Topographical maps
cadastral maps
The surveying may be used for following
purposes:
To prepare a topographical map which shows
hills, valleys, rivers, forests, villages, towns etc.
To prepare a cadastral map which shows the
boundaries of fields, plots, houses and other
properties..
To prepare an engineering map which shows the
position of engineering works such as buildings,
roads, railways, dams, canals.
To
prepare
contour
map
to
know
the
Engg. maps
Contour maps
topography of the area to find out the best
possible
site
for
roads,
railways,
bridges,
reservoirs, canals, etc.
Surveying is also used to prepare military map,
geological map, archaeological map etc.
For setting out work and transferring details from
the map on the ground.
geological maps
military map
Setting out
work
Primary Divisions of Surveying
We know that the shape of the earth is spheroidal. Thus the surface is obviously curved.
Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the curvature of the earths
surface.
Plane Surveying
Geodetic Surveying
Plane
type of surveying
Surveying
in which earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is
ignored. In such surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to be straight. The triangle formed
by any three points is considered as a plane triangle, and the angles of the triangle are considered as
plain angles.
Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2 . It is carried out by local or state agencies
like R & B department, Irrigation department, Railway department.
Geodetic
The geodetic Surveying
Surveying
is that type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into
account.
It is generally extended over larger areas.
The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line.
The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be spherical and the angles of the triangle are
considered to be spherical angles.
Geodetic surveying is conducted by the survey of India Department and is carried out for a larger area
exceeding 250 km2
Plain Surveying Vs Geodetic Surveying
No.
Plain Surveying
The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface.
The Curvature of the earth is
2.
ignored
3
Line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight
Geodetic Surveying
The earth surface is considered as
Curved Surface.
The curvature of earth is taken into
account.
The line joining any two stations is
considered as spherical.
The triangle formed by any three
4.
points is considered as plain
The Triangle formed by any three
points is considered as spherical.
The angles of triangle are
5.
considered as plain angles.
The angles of the triangle are
considered as spherical angles.
Carried out for a small area < 250
6.
2
km
Carried out for a small area > 250 km
Fundamental Principles of
Surveying
Two basic principles of surveying are:
Always work from whole to the part, and
To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from fixed reference points
Always work from whole to the part:
According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first enclosed by main stations (i.e.. Control
stations) and main survey lines.
The area is then divided into a number of divisions by forming well conditioned triangles.
The
main
survey
lines
are
measured
very
accurately with precise survey instruments.
The remaining sides of the triangle are measured.
The purpose of this method of working is to
control accumulation of errors.
During measurement, if there is any error, then it
will not affect the whole work, but if the reverse
process is followed then the minor error in
measurement will be magnified.
Fundamental Principles of
Surveying
To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or
angular) from fixed reference points.
According to the second principle the points are located by linear or angular measurement or by both in
surveying.
If two control points are established first, then a new station can be located by linear measurement.
Let A & B are control points, a new point C can be established.
Following are the methods of locating point C from
such reference points A & B.
The distance AB can be measured accurately and
the relative positions of the point can be then
plotted on the sheet to some scale.
(a) Taking linear measurement from A and B for C.
(b) Taking linear measurement of perpendicular
from D to C.
(c) Taking one linear measurement from B and one
angular measurement as ABC
Taking two angular measurement at A & B as angles
/ CAB and / ABC.
Taking one angle at B as / ABC and one linear
measurement from A as AC.
classification of Surveying
Survey can be classified into various categories depending on methods used and nature of the field.
Classification Based on Instruments.
Chain Survey:
This is the simplest type of surveying in which only
linear measurements are made with a chain or a tape.
Angular measurements are not taken.
Compass Survey:
In Compass Survey, the angles are measured with the
help of a magnetic compass.
Chain and compass survey:
In this survey linear measurements are made with a
chain or a tape and angular measurements with a
compass.
classification of Surveying
Plane Table Surveying
It is a graphical method of surveying in which
field
works
and
plotting
both
are
done
simultaneously.
Theodolite Survey:
In theodolite survey the horizontal angles are
measured
with the theodolite more precisely
than compass and the linear measurements are
made with a chain or tape.
Tachometry Survey:
A special type of theodolite known as tachometer is
used to determine horizontal and vertical distances
indirectly.
classification of Surveying
Leveling Survey:
This type of survey is used to determine the vertical
distances (elevations) and relative heights of points
with the help of an instrument known as level.
EDM Survey:
In this type of survey all measurements
( length, angles, co-ordinates) are made
with the help of EDM instrument ( i.e..
Total Station).
Photogrammetric Survey:
Photogrammetry
is
the
science
of
taking
measurements with the help of photographs taken by
aerial camera from the air craft.
classification based on
methods
Triangulation:
Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the
area to be surveyed is large, triangulation is adopted.
The entire area is divided into network of triangles.
Triangulation:
A Traversing is circuit of survey lines. It may be open
or closed.
When the linear measurements are done with a chain
and a tape and the directions or horizontal angles are
measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively
the survey is called traversing.
classification based on
purpose
Geological Survey:
In this both surface and subsurface surveying are
conducted to locate different minerals and rocks. In
addition, geological features of the terrain such as
folds and faults are located.
Mine Survey
Mine Survey includes include both surface and
underground
surveys.
It
is
conducted
for
the
exploration of mineral deposits and to guide tunneling
and other operations associated with mining.
Archaeological Survey
It is conducted to locate relics of antiquity, civilization,
kingdoms, forts, temples, etc.
Military Survey
It has a very important and critical applications in the
military. Aerial surveys are conducted for this purpose.
It is conducted to locate strategic positions for the
purpose of army operations
classification based Nature of
Field
Land Survey
Land Survey is done on land to prepare plan and
maps of a given area.
Topographical, city and cadastral surveys are some of
the examples of land surveying.
Hydrological Surveying
This survey is conducted on or near the body of water
such as lake, river, coastal area.
This Survey consists of locating shore lines of water
bodies.
Astronomical Survey
This survey is conducted for the determining of
latitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time, etc. for
various places on earth by observing heavenly bodies
( sun or the stars).
Aerial Survey
An aerial survey is conducted from aircraft. Aerial
cameras take photographs of the surface of the earth
in overlapping strips of land.
This is also known as photographic survey.
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.
PLAN
A plan is the graphical representation to some scale,
of the features on, near or below the surface of the
earth as projected on a horizontal plane.
The horizontal plane is represented by plane of
drawing sheets on which the plan is drawn to some
scale
However the surface of the earth is curved it cannot
be truly represented on a plane without distortion.
In plane surveying the area involved are small, the
earths surface may be considered as plane and
hence
plan
is
constructed
by
orthographic
projections.
A plan is drawn on a relatively large scale.
MAPS
If the scale of the graphical projection on a
horizontal plane is small, the plan is called a
map.
Thus graphical representation is called a plan if
the scale is large while it is called a map if the
scale is small.
On plan, generally only horizontal distances and
directions or angles are shown.
On topographical map, however the vertical
distances (elevations) are also represented by
contour lines.
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.
REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION
SCALE
The ratio of the distance on the drawing to
It is basic requirement for the preparation of plan or
the corresponding actual length of the object
map Scale is used to represent large distances on
on the ground is known as the representative
paper.
fractions. i.e..
The ratio by which the actual length of the object is
R.F=
Distance of the Object on Drawing
reduced or increased in the drawing is known as the
Corresponding Actual distance of object on
Scale for example., if 1 cm on a map represents a
Ground
distance of 10 metres on the ground, the scale of the
Both the distances are in same unit.
map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.
For example,
If a scale is
1 cm = 10 m
R.F. =
1
1000
10 x 100
= 1
1000
or 1:
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.Graphical Representation of Scale
REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION
Graphical representation of scale on maps has the
advantage that if the paper shrinks, the scale will
also
shrink
accordingly
and
representation will not be disturbed
Types of Scale
(a) Plain Scale
(b) Diagonal Scale
(c) Chord Scale
(d) Vernier Scale
the
distance
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.
Types of Scale
Plain Scale
The plain Scale is the most commonly used in
maps,
this
successive
scale
is
used
units,
such
to
as
represent
tenths,
two
metres,
decimetres,Scale
etc.
Diagonal
Using a diagonal scale, one can measure three
dimensions
such
hundredths,
as
i.e.
metre,
Units,
tenths
decimeter,
and
and
centimetres, and so on
Chord Scale
A scale of chord is used to measure or to set off
angles. It is marked either on rectangular or on an
ordinary wooden scale.
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.
Types of Scale
Vernier Scale
In 1631, Pierre Vernier invented a device for
the purpose of measuring a fractional part of
a graduated scale.
It consists of two approximating scales, one
of them is fixed and is called the primary
scale.
Choice
of movable
Scale of
The other
anda
is Map
called the vernier.
Scale of a map is the ratio of the distance
drawn on the map to the corresponding
distance on the ground.
As the area involved are rather large, it is
essential to select a suitable scale for
representing the area on a map.
Selection of the scale depends upon the
purpose, size and the required precision of
plotting.
Scales are generally classified as large, medium and
small as under.
Large Scale: 1 cm= 10 m or less than 10 m
Medium Scale: 1 cm = 10 m to 100 m
Small Scale: 1 cm= 100 or more than 100 m
For most of engineering projects, the scale varies from
1 cm = 2.5 m to 100 m Small scale topographical
maps are usually drawn to scale 1 cm = 1 km, a scale
of 1 cm= 5 m to 50 m is generally used for plans
prepared for subdivisions of land.
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.
Choice of Scale of a Map
One of the basic objective of surveying
is to prepare plans and maps.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
The system of units in India in the recent years in M.K.S. and S.I. but all the records available in
surveying done in the past are in F.P.S. units therefore,
for an engineer it becomes necessary to know the conversion of units from one system to
another, a few are listed below.
Length
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 0.3048 m
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 1.609 km
1nauticalmile = 1.852 km
Area
1 are = 100
100 are= 1 hectare
2
1 hectare = 10,000 m
1 hectare = 2.471 acres
2
100 hectares= 1 km
2
REFERENCES
http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/
http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/
http://www.usgs.gov/
http://asi.nic.in/
http://www.imd.gov.in/
BOOKS
SURVEYING VOL I: B.C.PUNMIA
