William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor of Educational Leadership
The University of Texas of the Permian Basin
Introduction to Teaching
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Field Experience
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Articles
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Format 10 points
Introduction 20 points
Body 30 points
Conclusion 20 points
Grammar 10 points
Articles
This report was very eye-opening.
This surprised me because
I support this article and agree on
Even though I feel the study was
unfair, I can still understand
Philosophy: a study of theories of
knowledge, truth, existence, and good
Theory: a set of related principles that
are based on observation and are used
to explain additional observations
Philosophy of education: provides a
framework for thinking about
educational issues, and it guides
professional practice
How do I get one???
Teachers acquire a
philosophical framework to
guide their practice by
becoming knowledgeable and
reflective, which allows them
to make professional decisions
that promote as much growth
in their students as possible.
Traditional Schools of
Philosophy
4 cohesive philosophies on which
most educational decisions are based:
Idealism
Realism
Pragmatism
Existentialism
Idealism
Plato, Greek Philosopher
A traditional philosophy asserting
that, because the physical world is
constantly changing, ideas are the
only reliable form of reality
Idealism and Teaching
Socratic method: questioning
Believe that teaching and learning should
focus on ideas. Teachers provide guidance
by helping students become more precise
and logical thinkers
Criticized for being cold because it
emphasizes the rational and logical over
other dimensions of the human experience.
Realism
Aristotle, Greek
Philosopher
Holds that the features of the universe
exist whether or not a human being is
there to perceive them
There are important ideas and facts that
must be understood and they can only be
understood by studying the material world
Realism and Teaching
Curriculum emphasizes essentials like
math, science, reading, and writing
Teachers emphasize observation,
experimentation, and critical reasoning
De-emphasize feelings and other personal
factors
Criticized for failing to take the whole
person into account in the learning process
Pragmatism
John Dewey, American
Philosopher
A traditional philosophy that rejects
the idea of absolute, unchanging
truth, instead asserting that truth is
what works
Pragmatism and Teaching
Experience and problem solving are
key ideas
More hands-on, concrete experiences
than lecture
Interdisciplinary problem solving
Criticized for emphasizing student
interests too strongly at the expense
of essential knowledge
Existentialism
Sartre, French Philosopher
A traditional philosophy suggesting that
humanity isnt part of an orderly universe;
rather, individuals create their own
realities in their own unique way
View humanity as meaningless on a small,
isolated planet in an uncertain universe
where nothing is determined
Existentialism and Teaching
Places primary emphasis on the individual.
We teach a child, not math.
Education is an individuals search for
personal understanding, not something to
be tested on
Learner-centered and nondirective
approach
Criticized for impossibility of total
freedom in a society with rules
Schools of Philosophy
Idealism: A traditional philosophy asserting that,
because the physical world is constantly changing,
ideas are the only reliable form of reality
Realism: Holds that the features of the universe
exist whether or not a human being is there to
perceive them
Pragmatism: A traditional philosophy that rejects
the idea of absolute, unchanging truth, instead
asserting that truth is what works
Existentialism: A traditional philosophy suggesting
that humanity isnt part of an orderly universe;
rather, individuals create their own realities in
their own unique way
Which is closest to your beliefs as a student? A
parent? A teacher? Discuss in your groups.
Philosophies of Education
Perennialism
Essentialism
Progressivism
Postmodernism
Perennialism
An educational philosophy suggesting that
nature, including human nature, is constant
Believe in rigorous intellectual curriculum
for all students
The extent to which students find their
studies relevant isnt crucial
Criticized for being elitist
Essentialism
An educational philosophy suggesting that
there is a critical core of information that
all people should possess.
Back to the basic skills and academic
subjects. Students should be able to
master these subjects
Criticize interdisciplinary teaching
Progressivism
An educational philosophy emphasizing
curricula that focus on real-world problem
solving and individual development
Hands-on, learner-centered, teacher as
facilitator
Also criticized for focusing too much on
the childs personal interest
Postmodernism
An educational philosophy that contends
that many of the institutions in our
society, including schools, are used by
those in power to control and marginalize
those who lack power
Study events from the view of the
marginalized partys perspective
Which most accurately describes your views of education, from the 2005byPearsonEducation,Inc.
perspective of a real teacher? Comment on your paper.
Lets watch the DVD
segment referred to on
page 203.
Read pages 204-207 and
create your own Philosophy of
Education Statement. Be sure
to use philosophy names.
It should be typed, double
spaced with standard fonts and
margins. Length is up to you,
but less than one page is not
recommended.
Exit: There is nothing more to turn in, but you
need to stay until you have a handle on how to
begin your paper.